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THE 


ORDNANCE  MANUAL 


THE  USE  OF  THE  OFFICERS 


CONFEDERATE     STATES    ARMY. 


PREPARED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  COL.  J.  GORGAS,  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE,  AND 
APPROVED  BY  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR. 


FIRST    EDITION, 


CHARLESTON : 

EVANS  A  COGSWELL,  NO.  3  BROAD  STREET. 
1863. 


Ktamb  t  Cogswell,  PujfTnu, 

No.  S  TtWOAlt  8TBUT,  ClARUSTMt.  8.  C. 


Hi 


^JLt^uj-iJ<^  Cler^ 


PREFACE. 


Tliis  Manual  ik  adopted,  with  some  necessary  changes,  omissions,  and 
alterations,  from  the  Ordnance  Manual  of  the  United  States  service  of 
1861,  prepared  under  the  immediate  direction  of  Major  Laidi.ky.  The 
material  of  the  two  8erA*ices  is.  of  course,  nearly  identical,  differing  only 
in  the  shape  of  the  new  Columbiads  and  the  Rifle  (inns,  and  the  addi- 
tion to  our  service  of  the  Mountain  Rifle  of  2.25  inch. 

It  may  be  added  that  the  labor  of  Ordnance  ofiicers  now  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Confederate  States,  has  contributed  to  this  new  edition  of 
the  United  States  Manual. 

Ordnance  Office, 

Richmond,   Va.,  1862. 
i 


# 


^43859 


Digitized  by  tine  Internet  Arciiive 
in  2010  witii  funding  from 
Duke  University  Libraries 


littp://www.arcliive.org/details/ordnancemanualfoOOconf 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


PAOB 

Chapter  I. — Orpnance 9 

II. — Shot  and  Shells 29 

III. — Artillery  Carriages 38 

IV. — Machines,  etc.,  FOR  Sieob  and  Garrison  Service 104 

V. — Implements  and  Equipments 121 

VI. — Artillery  Harness  and  Cavalry  Equipments 136 

VII. — Paints,  Lackers,  etc 162 

VIII. — Small  Arms,  Swords,  and  Accoutrements 170 

IX.— Gunpowder 223 

X. — Ammunition  and  Fireworks 242 

XI. — Equipment  op  Batteries   for  Field,  Sieob  and  Garrison 

Service 316 

XII. — Mechanical  Manceuvres 358 

XIII. — Artillery  Practice 367 

XIV.— Materials 389 

XV. — Miscellaneous  Information 428 


* 


:^43859 


LIST  OF  PLATES. 


PLATB 

OUNS 1 

Field  Gcn-carriaoe 2 

Caisson  and  Limber 3 

Travelling  Forge 4 

Battery-wagon   5 

Moi'NTAiN  Artillery 6 

Siege  QuN-rARRiAGE « 7 

Mortar-wagon 8 

Barbette  Ghn-carriage  (wooden) 9 

Casemate  Gin-carrtage        "          10 

Casemate  Gin-carriage  for  24-pdr.  Howitzer  (wooden) 11 

Parts  of  Garrison  and  Sea-coast  Carriages  (iron) 12 

Barbette  Carriages,  Front-pintle  (iron) 13 

Barbette  Carriages,  Centre-pintle    "      14 

Casemate  Carriages  (iron) 15 

Field  Gin Ifi 

Casemate  Gin 17 

Sling-cart 18 

Machines 19 

Artillery  Saddles 20 

Artillery  Harness 21 

Parts  of  Cavalry  Equipments 22 

Cavalry  Equipments 23 

Parts  of  Muskets 24 

25 

Small  Arms 2fi 

Packing  Small  Arms 27 

Swords  and  Sabres 28 

Apparatus  for  Proving  Gunpowder 29 

Lightning  Conductors 30 

Ammunition 31 

Ammunition  Chests 32 

Knots 33 


ERRATA  AND  REMARKS. 

Page  20.  FirKt  paragraph — No  iteel  guns  have  yet  boon  made  in  the  Coofederat« 
StatcB. 

"     30.     Third  line  from  bottom,  for  "wj^ich"  read  "with." 

"  149.     Not« — The  uao  of  the  "Jenifer"  tree  ia  discontinued. 

"  170.  The  calibre  .677  baa  been  adopted  for  all  infantry  arms  of  the  C.  8.  ser- 
vice. 

"  171.  Third  line  from  bottom — The  Manaal  of  1891  is  simply  a  republication 
of  the  r.  S.  Manual  of  1S50. 

"  176.     Twelfth  lino— Fill  up  blank  with  "204." 

"  217.  Tbc  cavalry  Fubrc  belt,  and  all  other  designs  involving  the  xxfe  of  the 
eagle,  coiiiipiruously.  arc  fi>r  the  present  omitted. 

"  265.     For  •'23-pdr."  read  "  32-pdr." 

"  285.     Fifth  lino  from  bottom — read  "scoured"  for  "secured." 

"  368.     First  paragraph,  la«t  line — "  Heavy  Artillery"  of  the  U.  S.  serrioe. 


ORDNANCE   MANUAL 


Chapter    First. 


ORDNANCE. 

All  ordnance  for  the  land  acrvice  is  made  by  private  contractors,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  artillery  officers  on  ordnance  duty.  The  kinds  and  calibres  used  are  as  fol- 
lows: 


KIND    OF    ORDNANCE. 


Guns. 


Mountain  Rifle 
Field , 


Siege  and  garrison. 
Sea-coast 


Columbiads 


'  Mountaih . 
Field 


Howitzers 


Mortars 


Garrison  and  siege. 

Sea-coast 

Siege 

I  Sea-coast 

[  Coehorn 


2.25-in 

3-inch  (rifled).. 

6-pounder 

12-pounder  

12-pounder 

4.62-inch  (rifled). 

12-pounder 

18      "         

24       "         

32       "         

42       "         

8-inch 


10     "    

10     "    

15     "     

12-pounder. 
12      " 
12       " 
24       " 
24-pounder. 
8-inch  . . . . 


10     "     

S-inch  . . . . 

10     "     

10     "     

13     "     

24-pounder. 


MATERIAL. 


Bronze  . . 
Cast-iron 
Bronze  . . 


Cast-iron 


Bronze  . . 

Iron 

Bronze  .. 

Cast-iron 


Bronze. 


MODEL. 


1862 
1861 
1841 
1841 
Napoleon. 
1862 
1839 
1839 
1839 
1841 
1841 
1844 
1861 
1844 
1861 
1862 
1841 
1862 
1841 
1844 
1841 
1841 
1841 
1841 
1841 
1841 
1844 
1841 
1841 


There  are,  in  some  of  the  forts,  guns  of  an  older  model  than  the  above.  The 
42-pounder  gun,  and  the  8  and  10-inch  sea-coast  howitzers,  are  suppressed  by  order 
of  February  9,  1861. 


10  ORDNANCE     MANUAL. 

Some  of  the  R  and  10-inch  columbiRilo  hare  been  riflp<l :  the  fir»t  to  a  (•■lihre  r>f 
6.8  inch;  the  second,  6.4  inch.  Their  fre(|uent  bnrsting  hag  caused  thiw  clans  of 
rifle  gun  to  be  discontinoed.  A  few  of  the  8-inch  siege  h«wit»ers  were  alto  rifled, 
for  experiment,  with  a  bore  of  4.ft2  inch. 

Tlic  formn  of  the  several  pieces  of  ordnance  are  shown  in  the  Plates  1,  2.  «,  7,  », 
10,  11  and  14. 

Ounx  and  howitzers  take  their  denominations  from  the  weights  of  their  solid  shot 
in  round  numbers,  including  the  42-pnundcr ;  larger  pieces,  rifle  gvns,  and  mortars, 
from  the  diameter  of  the  bure. 

DEFINITIONS. 

Cateable. — The  knob  on  the  end  of  the  breech  of  a  gun  ;  it  is  composed  of  the 
Arno6  and  the  ncc A';  sometimes  the_^//ff. 

Breech. — The  mass  of  solid  metal  behind  the  bottom  of  the  bore,  extending  to 
the  cascable. 

lime  of  the  hrrech. — The  rear  surface  of  the  breech. 

Base-line. — A  line  triwcd  around  the  pun  in  rear  of  the  rent. 

Bate-riiKj. — A  projecting  liand  of  metal  adjoining  the  base  of  the  breech,  and 
connected  with  the  body  of  the  gun  by  a  concave  moulding. 

Reinforce. — The  thickest  part  of  the  body  of  thi-  gun,  in  front  of  the  base-ring 
or  lino:  if  there  is  more  than  one  reinforce,  that  which  if  next  to  the  base-ring  i« 
called  the  /ir«t  reinforce ;  the  other,  the  second  reinforce. 

Reinforcc-hand. — A  band  at  the  junction  of  the  fir-'t  and  second  reinforces. 

Chute. — The  conical  part  of  the  gun  in  front  of  the  reinforce. 

Aitraijal  and  filletJi. — The  moulding  at  the  front  end  of  the  chase. 

Chaic-riny. — A  band  at  the  front  end  of  the  chase. 

Neck. — The  smallest  part  of  the  piece,  in  front  of  the  chase, 

Sicell  of  the  muzzle. — The  largest  part  of  the  gun,  in  front  of  the  neck. 

Muzzle-hand. — A  band  which  takes  the  place  of  the  swell  of  the  muzzle  in  some 
guns. 

Fact  of  the  piece. — The  plane  terminating  the  gnn  at  the  mnizle. 

Trunnions. — Two  cylinders,  near  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the  gun,  by  which  it  is 
supported  on  its  carriage.  The  axes  of  the  trunnions  are  in  a  line  perpendicular  to 
the  axis  of  the  bore,  and,  in  our  guns,  in  the  same  plane  with  that  axis. 

Rimhase. — The  shoulder  at  the  base  of  the  trunnion. 

Bore. — All  the  part  bored  out,  including  the  chamber,  and  the  junction  of  the 
bore  with  the  chamber. 

Chamber. — The  small  part  of  some  bores;  it  contains  the  charge  of  powder. 

Gomer  chamber. — A  conical  chamber  which  is  joined  to  the  cylinder  of  the  bora 
by  a  portion  of  a  spherical  surface. 

True  icindage. — The  difference  lietween  the  true  diameters  of  the  bore  and  of  the 
ball. 

Lock-piece. — A  block  of  metal  at  the  outer  opening  of  the  vent,  to  facilitate 
attaching  a  lock  to  the  gun. 


NOMENCLATURE.  H 

Kntural  lin'  of  tight. — A  line  drawn  in  a  vertical  plane  through  the  axis  of  the 
piece,  from  the  highest  point  of  the  bape-ring  to  the  highect  point  of  the  swell  of 
the  musszle,  or  to  the  top  o'f  the  sight,  if  there  be  one. 

NnturnI  angle  of  sight. — The  angle  which  the  natural  line  of  sight  makes  with  the 
axis  of  the  piece. 

Di^jiftrt.— The  difference  of  the  semidiameters  of  the  base-ring  and  the  swell  of 
the  mnz/.le,  or  the  muzzle-band.  It  is,  therefore,  the  tangent  of  the  natural  angle  of 
sight,  to  a  railius  equal  to  the  distance  from  the  rear  of  the  base-ring  to  the  highest 
point  of  the  swell  of  the  muzzle,  the  sight,  or  the  front  of  the  muzKle-band,  as  the 
case  may  be. 

Preponderance. — The  excess  of  weight  of  the  part  in  rear  of  the  trunnions  over 
that  in  front:  it  is  measured  by  the  weight  which  the  breech  bears  on  a  balance, 
the  point  of  support  resting  at  the  rear  of  the  base-ring,  at  the  base-line,  or  at 
the  bottom  of  the  ratchet,  the  gun  being  suspended  freely  on  the  axis  of  the 
trunnions. 

HaniUet. — Flat  rings  cast  on  some  bronze  pieces:  they  are  placed  with  their 
centres  over  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the  piece. 

Ear. — A  lug  of  metal  cast  on  some  mortars:  it  is  attached  to  a  clevis  by  a  bolt, 
and  constitutes  a  handle. 

NOMENCLATURE. 

Guns  of  the  Model  of  1861. 

PartK. — The  bore,  a  cylinder  terminated  by  curved  surfaces,  the  chamber.  The 
breech:  the  caacable,  the  knob,  the  neck.  The  body  of  the  gnu:  the  reinforce,  the 
chase,  the  muzzle,  the  face,  the  trunnions,  the  rimbases. 

3foiildings. — None. 

CoLUMBiADS. — Add  to  the  above  the  ratchet ;  the  sight-jyiece. 

The  vent  is  in  the  vertical  plane  of  the  axis,  perpendicular  to  it,  and  enters  the 
bore  at  the  termination  of  the  cylinder  of  the  bore,  or  in  front  of  it. 

Guns  of  the  Model  of  1841  and  1844. 

The  same  as  for  guns  of  model  of  1861,  with  the  following  exceptions: 

Parts. — The  bore  is  terminated  by  a  plane  perpendicular  to  the  axis,  united  with 
the  sides  (in  profile)  by  an  arc  of  a  circle,  the  radius  of  which  is  one-fourth  of  the 
diameter  of  the  bore  at  the  bottom.  The  vent  is  in  the  vertical  plane  passing 
through  the  axis,  and  makes  an  angle  of  80°  with  it.  It  enters  the  bore  at  a  dis- 
tance from  the  bottom  equal  to  one-fourth  the  diameter  of  the  bore. 

Add  the  second  reinforce,  the  swell  of  the  muzzle. 

Mouldings, — Add  the  filet  of  the  cascable,  the  base-ring,  the  lock-piece,  the  chatte- 
ring, the  muzzle-mould  tugs,  ttvo  echinus.     The  rimbases  are  cylindrical. 

Field  Guns. — The  same  as  above,  except  as  follcws:  Omit  the  se-ond  reinfone, 
lock-piece,  chase-ring,  two  echinus,  and  add  vent-p>ifC€,  wrought-coppur,  screwed  in, 
for  bronze  guns.  The  astragal,  the  fillets,  the  lip,  the  fillet,  the  handles  for  ti.c 
12-pounders. 


12 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


CoLUMBiADS. — Same  as  guns  of  the  model  of  1841  and  1844,  except  as  follows: 
Bore,  add  the  chomber  cylindrical,  terminated  by  a  hemisphere  ;  the  junction  of  tht 
bore  with  chamber  conical;  add  the  ratchet,  the  tight-piece  ;  omit  the  lock-piece. 

Sea-coA8T  HowiTZEua. — Same  as  guns  of  model  of  1844,  except  as  follows: 
Bore,  add  the  chamber  cylindrical,  ih^  junction  of  the  bore  with  chamber  conical. 

Moulding!. — Add  the  reinforce^hand. 

SiKQK  Howitzers. — Same  as  sea-coast  howitzers,  except  as  follows:  for  the^rtt 
reinforce,  substitute  the  recesi;  the  base  of  breech  is  the  frustum  of  a  cone ;  omit 
the  chase-rinff,  the  »trell  of  the  muzzle;  add  the  muzzle-band,  the  fillet. 

FiKLD  Howitzers. — Same  as  sea-coast  howitzers,  except  as  follows:  Bate  of 
breech,  a  frustum  of  a  cone;  omit  lock-piece,  reinforce -band,  itotU  of  muzzle;  add 
muzzle-blind, JxUet,  handlen,  except  for  the  12-pounder,  which  has  none;  vent-piece, 
wrought-coppcr.  screwed  in. 

Mountain  Howitzers. — Same  as  field  12-pounder,  except  for  reinforce  read 
recent. 

Sea-coast  Mortars. — The  bore,  the  chamber  conical,  terminated  by  a  hemii- 
phcrc ;  the  junction  of  the  bore  with  chamber  (in  profile),  the  arc  of  a  circle.  The 
body  of  the  mortar,  the  breech,  portion  of  a  sphere;  the  fruniiion*,  at  the  end  of  the 
breech  ;  the  rimbases,  the  muzzle,  the  face,  the  muzzle-band,  the  ear.  Vent  at  right 
angles  to  the  a.rit  of  the  bore,  in  the  vertical  plane  through  it. 

Siege  Mortars. — Same  as  the  sea-coast,  except  the  rhamhtr,  which  is  "  Oomer," 
terminuted  at  the  bottom  by  a  plane,  the  angles  rounded  by  arcs  of  circles.  Add 
tnuzzle-Jillel ;  no  ear. 

Guns  of  the  Model  of  1839. 

Same  as  those  of  1841,  except  the  muzzle-mouldingi,  which  consist  of  an  erhtnut, 
&  fillet,  and  a  cavctto. 

Grooves  of  the  Rifled  Guns. 


Number  of  grooves 

Width 

Depth  " 

Twist  " 

Width  of  lands 


I 


62-inch  rifled  guns 7 


3 

4.62 
3 
62 


4.62 
3 


"  0.5  inch. 

" 0.4     " 

" A..  0.1     " 

"  0.07  " 

" 1  turn  in  19  feeC 

" 1      "  14   " 

" 1.87  inch. 

" 1.5       " 


to  designate  a  piece  of  ordnamck. 
State  the  kind,  the  calibre  (in  inches  if  it  be  foreign  ordnance),  the  material,  the 
weight,  the  inspector's  initials,  the  number,  the  country  in  which  it  was  made,  the 
date,  the  place  of  fabrication,  the  founder's  name,  the  name  inscribed  on  it,  iti 
condition  for  service,  the  kind  of  chamber,  if  any  :  whether  it  has  a  vent-piece,  a 
lock-piece,  handles;  the  ornaments,  and  any  particular  marks  which  may  serve  to 
identify  it. 


PRINCIPAL   DIMENSIONS    AND    WEIGHTS    OF   GUNS. 


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ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


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MATERIALS    FOR    ORDNANCE.  17 

MATERIALS  FOR  ORDNANCE. 

Bronze. 

Bronze  for  cannon  (commonly  called  brass),  consists  of  90  parts  of  copper  and 
10  of  tin,  allowing  a  variation  of  one  part  of  tin,  more  or  less.  It  is  more  fusible 
than  copper,  much  less  so  than  tin,  more  sonorous,  harder,  and  less  susceptible  of 
oxidation,  and  much  less  ductile  tlian  either  of  its  components.  When  the  mixture 
is  well  made,  the  metal  is  homogeneous  :  the  fracture  is  of  a>  uniform  yellow  color, 
with  an  even  grain.  The  specific  gravity  of  bronze  is  about  8.700,  being  greater 
than  the  mean  of  the  specific  gravities  of  copper  and  tin. 

Pure  cojtper  is  of  a  red  color,  inclining  to  yellow ;  it  has  a  fine  metallic  lustre. 
The  fracture  of  cast-copper  is  even  grained ;  that  of  a  forged  bar  exhibits  a  short, 
even,  close  grain,  of  a  silky  appearance;  it  is  strong,  very  ductile  ami  very  mal- 
leable. The  greater  the  purity  of  copper,  the  more  malleable  it  is,  and  the  finer 
the  grain.  Specific  gravity,  from  8. COO  to  9.000.  The  copper  of  commerce  is 
impure,  freijucntly  containing  oxygen,  silver,  iron,  lead,  tin,  zinc,  antimony  and 
arsenic.  It  should  be  rejected,  for  the  manufacture  of  guns,  if  it  contain  sulphur 
in  an  appreciable  (luantity ;  more  than  one-thousandth  of  arsenic  and  antimony 
united;  more  than  about  three-thousandths  of  lead,  iron,  or  oxygen  ;  if  it  contain 
more  than  about  five-thousandths  of  foreign  substances  altogether;  or  if,  near  these 
limits,  it  give  bad  results  when  subjected  to  the  mechanical  tests  of  hammering, 
rolling  and  wire-drawinj^. 

Pure  tiv  is  of  a  white  color,  a  little  darker  than  silver:  it  is  very  malleable,  and 
susceptible  of  being  rolled  into  thin  sheets;  it  is  not  very  ductile;  it  is  soft,  and 
when  in  rods  or  bars  is  bent  backward  and  forward,  it  gives  a  peculiar  crackling 
sound,  the  distinctness  of  which  is  in  proportion  to  the  purity  of  the  tin.  Specific 
gravity,  7.290  to  7..320. 

Tin,  for  gun-metal,  should  be  rejected,  if,  when  run  into  elongated  drops,  it  have 
not  a  smooth  and  reflecting  surface,  without  any  considerable  sign  of  rough  spots; 
if,  when  analyzed,  it  contain  more  than  about  one-thousandth  of  arsenic  and  anti- 
mony united;  more  than  about  three-thousandths  of  lead  or  iron;  or  more  than 
four-thousandths  of  foreign  substances. 

All  bronze  ought  to  be  rejected  which  contains  sulphur  in  an  appreciable  amount; 
which  contains  more  than  about  one-thous.andth  of  arsenic  and  antimony  united ; 
more  than  about  three-thousandths  of  lead,  iron  or  zinc;  or,  in  all,  more  than 
about  five-thousandths  of  foreign  substance^. 

Notice  should  bo  taken  of  the  appearance  of  the  fracture  of  specimens :  it  some- 
times gives  indications  sufficient  to  authorize  the  rejection  of  certain  bronzes  full 
of  sulphur  or  oxides. 

Analysis  of  Bronze. 

Tin. — Nitric  acid  dissolves  the  copper,  and  converts  the  tin  into  an  insoluble  per- 
oxide.    Put  into  a  small  glass  matrass  10  parts  (say  100  grains)  of  bronze,  in  small 


18  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

parlieleg,  and  80  parts  of  very  pure  nitric  a«id,  at  22°  Beaumo's  hydrometer  (spo- 
cific  gravity,  1.180);  beat  it  gradually  to  cl>\il!itiou,  and  continue  that  heat  »intil 
red  vaporB  ceaso  to  come  over.  Let  it  settle ;  jiour  off  the  lif|uor,  and  add  to  the 
oxide  of  tin  20  parts  of  nitric  acid;  let  it  boil  ten  minutes;  decant  the  liquor 
again,  and  repeat  the  same  operation  ;  dilute  the  first  portion  decanted  with  2  ui-  3 
time?  its  volume  of  water,  and  pass  it  through  a  filter ;  do  the  same  with  the  second 
and  third  portions.  Then  throw  the  oxide  of  tin  on  a  double  filter,  tlie  two  parts 
of  which  are  equal ;  wash  the  precipitate  on  the  filter  until  the  water  that  comea  off 
no  longer  gives  a  blue  color  when  heated  with  ammonia,  and  due*  nut  change  the 
color  of  litmus  paper.  Sproad  the  filt  .r  on  paper,  and  dry  it  perfectly  in  a  stove  or 
a  sand-bath.  Weigh  it,  adding  the  exterior  filter  to  the  weights,  in  order  to  ascer- 
tain the  quantity  of  peroxide  of  tin  which  remains  on  the  upper  filter;  127  parts 
of  peroxide  give  100  parts  of  pure  tin. 

CopPEn. — Collect  the  nitric  acid  solutions  obtained  in  the  process  described 
above:  evaporate  them  to  dryness;  calcine  and  weigh  the  black  rcsi<luum  ;  it  is 
the  oxido  of  topper;  100  grains  of  oxide  of  copper  contains  79.82  gr.<.  of  copper. 
Or,  dissolve  in  a  large  matrass  with  a  narrow  neck,  about  1.1  gr.  of  bronze  in  pure 
aqua  regia,  adding  to  it  about  0.1  gr.  of  lead.  Pour  ii\to  the  solution  an  excess  of 
ammonia;  then,  keeping  the  liquid  constantly  boiling,  pour  into  it  from  a  gradu- 
ated vessel  a  solution  of  monosulphuret  of  sodium,  until  the  liquid  becomes  entirely 
colorless.  From  the  volume  of  sulphuret  used,  the  amount  of  copjier  in  the  liquid 
can  be  determined. 

SuLPHTR. — In  boiling  bronze  in  nitric  acid  or  aqua  regia,  a  jiart  of  the  sulphur 
is  converted  into  sulphuric  acid,  whic'h  remains  in  the  solution  :  the  rest  collects  on 
the  surface  in  yellow  globules.     These  globules  are  collected  and  weighed. 

The  sulphuric  acid  is  precipitated  as  a  sulphate  of  baryta  by  the  chloride  of 
barium,  and  is  weighed  after  being  washed  and  dried:  100  grains  of  the  sulphate 
of  baryta  contains  13.797  grs.  of  sulphur. 


Mechanical  Tests. 

Chemical  analysis  is  not  sufficient  to  give  a  correct  estimate  of  the  qualities  of 
all  bronzes.  In  other  words,  good  bronzes  according  to  the  results  of  analysis  may 
be  very  inferior,  deficient  in  strength,  on  account  of  oxides  interspersed  between 
the  molecules,  or  want  of  homogeneitjt 

Bronzes  should  be  subjected  to  fusion  in  a  close  crucible ;  to  hammering  into 
thin  plates,  and  to  wire-drawing,  both  before  and  after  fusion  ;  if  it  improves  in 
these  particulars  by  the  fusion,  a  comparison  with  the  analysis  will  show  whether 
the  improvement  is  due  to  the  volatilization  of  certain  metals  or  to  the  decomposi- 
tion of  oxides.  The  results  obtained  by  hammering  and  wire-draning,  should  be 
compared  with  those  made  on  bronze  known  to  be-  of  tLe  best  quality. 


MATERIALS    FOR    ORDNANCE.  19 

Cast-iron. 

(See  also  Chapter  XIV.) 

Iron  for  making  cannon  should  be  smelted  with  the  greatest  possible  care,  with 
charcoal,  and  a  blast  of  a  constant  temperature  of  125°  to  300°,  depending  upon 
the  ore  used.  All  the  materials  which  enter  the  smelting  furnace  should  be  of  the 
be.'rt  and  purest  quality,  should  be  kept  drj',  be  supplied  at  regular  intervals  of 
time,  be  regularly  and  uniformly  mixed  together  in  the  sraelting-furnaee,  and,  as 
far  as  practicable,  rendered  independent  of  the  vicissitudes  of  the  weatlier,  that  the 
gi"catest  possible  uniformity  in  the  iron  produced  from  day  to  day  may  bo  obtained. 

The  most  important  quality  of  gun-iron,  after  a  medium  strength  of  25,000  to 
30,000  pounds  per  square  inch,  is  loiiformity,  without  which,  no  two  guns  can  bt 
made  alike  or  any  idea  formed  of  what  kind  of  guns  are  being  made. 

The  quality  of  iron  in  the  pig  is  generally  judged  of  by  its  strength,  and  by  the 
appearance  and  feel  of  the  freshly-fractured  surface.  It  should  be  soft,  j'ielding 
easily  to  the  file  or  chisel ;  its  fracture  should  present  a  rough,  jagged  surface,  of 
uniform  appearance,  a  dark  gray  color,  a  brilliant  aspect,  and  crystals  under 
medium  size,  angular,  and  sharp  to  the  touch. 

But  iron  for  making  guns  requires  to  be  still  further  tested  before  it  can  be 
known,  even  by  the  most  practiced  eye  and  judgment,  to  possess  all  of  the  essential 
qualities  of  a  good  gun-iron.  These  qualities  are  tenacity,  elasticity,  extensibility 
and  incompressibility  :  that  iron  will  be  the  best  which  has  them  all  to  the  greatest 
degree,  and  the  absence  of  any  one  will  render  the  iron  unfit  for  guns.  The  exist- 
ence of  these  qualities  is  best  determined  by  actual  experiment  on  specimens  cut 
from  castings  of  the  size  of  the  gun  to  be  made. 

The  density  is  indicative,  to  some  extent,  of  the  tenacity,  elasticity  and  incom- 
pi-essibility  of  the  iron  ;  but  the  density  will  increase  after  the  tenacity  and  exten- 
sibility have  reached  their  maximum. 

When  cast  into  cannon,  iron  should  be  above  medium  in  hardness,  but  yielding 
readily  to  the  file  or  chisel,  and  offering  no  groat  difficulty  in  turning  and  boring. 
Its  color  should  be  a  bright,  lively  gray,  showing  incipient  mottle  in  small  guns, 
and  becoming  more  marked  as  the  size  of  the  gun,  and  time  of  cooling,  increase. 
The  structure  should  be  uniform,  close  and  compact;  crystals  small,  with  acute 
angles,  and  sharp  to  the  touch;  the  fractured  surface  uneven,  rough  and  jagged, 
with  many  fragments  strongly  adhering. 

Before  making  guns  from  an  iron  which  has  never  been  tried  for  this  purpose,  a 
sample-gun  of  the  calibre  of  the  gun  to  be  made  should  first  endure  a  satisfactory 
proof  with  service  charges. 

The  mean  specific  gravity  of  gun-iron  is  about  7.248,  and  the  average  tenacity 
about  30,000  per  square  inch. 


20  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Wroxight-iron  and  Steel. 

Experimental  guns  have  been  made  of  wrought-iron  and  steel,  giving  satisfactory 
results,  and  an  order  has  been  given  for  guns,  to  be  made  of  the  former  material. 
The  superior  strength  of  these  materials,  and  the  evenness,  smoothness  and  hard- 
ness of  surface  of  which  they  arc  susceptible,  render  it  probable  that  these  are  the 
materials  of  which  our  field  rifle  guns  will  soon  be  made,  exclusively. 

INSPECTION  OF  ORDNANCE. 

Instruments. 

1  &'l<ir-yau</e. — This  is  an  instrument  for  measuring  the  diameter  of  the  bore  of  a 
gun,  at  any  part. 

The  head  is  of  brass,  with  four  steel  sockets  for  the  measuring-points.  Two  of 
the  sockets  are  soldered  fast  into  ^the  head ;  the  other  two  are  movable.  The 
uiMvable  sockets  and  points  are  pushed  out  by  moans  of  two  inclined  cylinders, 
which  are  fastened  to  a  stem,  forming  a  conical  slider.  This  slider  tapers  0..35 
inches  in  a  length  of  2.2  inches ;  so  that  by  pushing  the  slider  the  35th  part  of  this 
length  (about  .06  inches),  the  distance  between*  the  movable  points  is  incrcai>od 
.01  inches. 

The  slider  is  connected  with  a  square  steel  rod,  consisting  of  three  parts,  which 
arc  screwed  together,  according  to  the  length  of  bore  to  be  measured.  This  rod 
slides  through  a  brass  tube,  which  is  also  made  in  three  pieces. 

The  tube  is  graduated,  m  inches  and  quarters,  commencing  at  the  measuring- 
points,  so  as  to  indicate  the  distance  of  the  latter  from  the  muzzle  of  the  gun. 

The  handle  is  of  wood,  attached  to  a  brass  cylinder,  or  socket,  through  which  the 
sliding-rod  passes.  In  the  tube  of  the  handle  there  is  a  slit,  on  the  side  of  which  a 
scale  is  marked,  to  indicate  the  movements  of  the  measuring-points.  Each  joint  of 
the  long  tube  has  a  mark,  made  on  a  small  plate  of  silver,  which  shows  the  place  of 
the  zero  on  the  scale  when  the  measuring-points  are  adjusted  to  the  true  diameter 
of  the  bore.  In  this  position  the  handle  is  fixed  on  the  sliding-rod  by  means  of  a 
screw-clamp. 

A  riiig-i/aiige,  for  each  calibre,  is  used  for  adjusting  the  instrument  for  use. 

A  >•(-»«,  in  the  form  of  a  T,  is  placed  in  the  mouth  of  the  gun,  to  keep  the  instru- 
ment  in  the  axis  of  the  bore.  This  rest  has  three  slides,  which  can  be  adjusted  to 
the  diSFerent  sizes  of  bore;  the  upright  branch  is  movable,  for  convenience  of 
pa^^king. 

The  star-gauge,  its  points  and  rest,  are  packed  in  one  box,  and  the  ring-ganges  in 
another. 

2.  The  cyJinder-stnff. — This  is  a  round  staflF,  made  of  mahogany-,  or  other  hard 
wood.  It  is  in  two  parts,  which  are  joined  together  by  brass  sockets  and  screws; 
each  part  has  also  a  brass  socket  and  screw  at  the  outer  end,  to  receive  the  cylinder- 
gauge,  guide-plate,  and  measuring-point.  The  staff  is  graduated,  in  inches  and 
tenths,  on  a  strip  of  brass  let  into  it,  on  one  side.     These  graduations  are  arranged 


INSPECTION    OF    ORDNANCE.  21 

to  read  the  distances  from  the  extremity  of  the  measuring-point,  when  it  is  screwed 
on  the  staff. 

The  cylinder-staff  is  supported,  at  the  muzzle  of  the  piece,  by  a  hulf  tompion  of 
wood,  having  in  the  centre  a  groove  of  the  size  of  the  staff.  The  rent  for  the  star- 
gauge  may  be  used  also  for  this  purpose. 

3.  The  cylinder-yawje  is  a  hollow  cylinder  of  wrought  or  cast-iron,  turned  to  the 
exact  minimum  (or  true)  diameter  of  the  bore.  The  length  of  the  cylinder  is  equal 
to  its  diameter.  It  has  cross-heads,  at  right  angles  to  each  other:  one  with  a  smooth 
hole  of  the  same  diameter  as  the  cylinder-staff;  the  other  tapped  for  the  screw  of 
the  staff-socket.     Weight  for  8  in.,  27  lbs. ;  for  10  in.,  40  lbs. 

4.  The  guide-plate  is  a  circular  iron  plate  0.2  inch  thick,  and  of  the  minimum 
diameter  of  the  bore;  it  has  a  hole  in  the  centre,  with  a  thread  by  which  it  is 
screwed  to  the  cylinder-staff  j  it  serves  to  direct  the  measuring-point  to  the  centre 
of  the  bottom  of  the  bore. 

6.  The  nteaaurinij-pi)int  is  screwed  on  the  end  of  the  cylinder-staff,  over  the  guide- 
plate,  to  measure  the  depth  of  the  bore :  it  is  of  iron,  cylindrical  in  shape,  so  far 
as  it  screws  on  the  end  of  the  staff,  and  tapering  down  to  the  diameter  of  0.75  inch. 

6.  The  trnnnion-iinnije  is  an  iron  ring  of  the  diameter  of  the  trunnions,  which 
must  pass  over  them  and  fit  closely.  The  exterior  diameter  of  this  gauge  serves  to 
verify  that  of  the  rimbases. 

7.  The  tnninioii-nqurtre  is  a  double  square  of  wood,  the  distance  between  whose 
branches  is  the  same  as  that  between  the  rimbases  of  the  gun;  in  the  centre  is  a 
pointed  slidiug  plate,  with  a  thumb-screw  to  fasten  it;  the  lower  edges  of  the 
branches,  which  are  shod  with  iron,  are  in  the  same  plane,  parallel  to  the  upper 
edge  of  the  connecting  piece,  so  that  when  the  square  is  placed  with  its  l)ranches 
resting  on  the  truuuions.  the  upper  edge  of  the  connecting  piece  is  parallel  to  their 
axis.  Each  branch  has  also  an  iron  plate  projecting  perpendicularly  from  one  side  to 
rest  on  the  top  of  the  trunnions.  It  is  used  to  ascertain  the  position  of  the  trun- 
nion^B  in  relation  to  the  axis  of  the  bore  and  to  each  other. 

8.  The  trunnion-rule,  for  measuring  the  distance  from  the  rear  of  the  base-ring  to 
the  rear  of  the  trunnions. 

9.  Callipers,  to  measure  diameters. 

10.  A  standard  scale,  for  verifying  other  instruments. 

11.  A  wooden  rule,  to  measure  exterior  lengths. 

12.  The  vent-gauges  are  two  pointed  pieces  of  steel  wire,  0.005  in.  greater  and  less 
than  the  true  diameter  of  the  vent. 

\?>.  The  veiit-scarchcr  is  a  hooked  steel  wire,  about  half  the  diamctur  of  tht 
vent. 

14.  A  rammer-head,  shaped  to  the  form  of  the  bottom  of  the  bore,  and  furnished 
with  a  staff,  is  used  to  ascertain  the  interior  position  of  the  vent. 

15.  A  mirror;  siyerni  candles ;  beeswax. 

16.  Rammer,  sponge,  and  priming-unre. 

17.  Figure  and  letter  stumps,  to  affix  the  required  marks. 


22  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Inspection  of  Ordnance. 

Cannon  proscntud  for  inspection  and  proof  are  placed  on  skills  for  the  conve- 
nience of  turning  and  moving  tlicni  easily.  They  are  first  examined  carefully  on 
tlio  exterior,  to  ascertain  whether  there  be  any  flaws  or  cracks  in  the  metal,  wlictlier 
thoy  be  finished  as  prescribed,  and  to  judge,  as  well  as  practicable,  of  thc()unlity  of 
the  metal.  They  must  not  be  covered  with  paint,  lacker,  or  any  other  composition, 
ir  it  be  HHcertained  that  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  conceal  any  flaws  or  cavities 
'j.V  plugging,  or  filling  them  with  cement  or  any  substance,  the  gun  is  rejected  with- 
out further  e.xamination.  After  this  preliminary  examination,  the  inspector  pro- 
coeds  to  verify  the  dimensions  of  the  piece.  The  interior  of  the  hare  is  first 
examined  by  reflecting  the  sun's  rays  into  it  from  the  mirror;  or,  if  the  sun  bo 
obscured,  by  a  lighted  candle  or  a  lamp  placed  on  the  end  of  a  rod  and  inserted  into 
the  bore.  The  cylinder-gntigc,  screwed  on  the  stafl",  is  then  jtushed  gently  to  the 
bottom  of  the  cylindrical  part  of  the  bore  and  withdrawn;  it  must  go  to  the  bottom, 
or  the  bore  is  too  small. 

The  hnre  of  the  piece  is  then  measured  with  the  star-gauge.  The  measurements 
should  bo  made  at  intervals  of  I  inch  in  the  part  of  the  bore  occupied  by  the  shot; 
at  intervals  of  1  inch  in  the  rest  of  the  bore  in  rear  of  the  trunnions,  and  of  about 
1  calibre  from  the  trunnions  to  the  muzzle. 

The  position  of  the  triitinioiig,  with  regard  to  the  axis  of  the  bore  and  to  each 
other,  is  next  ascertained. 

To  verify  the  poeition  of  the  axis  of  the  trunnions. — Set  the  trunnion-square  on  the 
trunnions,  and  see  that  the  lower  edges  of  its  branches  touch  them  throughout  their 
whole  length  ;  push  the  slide  down  till  it  touches  the  surface  of  the  piece,  ami  secure 
it  in  that  position  bj-  the  thumb-screw:  turn  the  gun  over,  and  apply  the  trunnion- 
square  to  the  opposite  side,  and  if,  when  the  point  of  the  slide  touches  the  surface  of 
the  piece,  the  lower  edges  of  the  branches  rest  on  the  trunnions,  the  axis  of  the 
trunnions  is  in  the  same  plane  with  the  axis  of  the  bore;  if  they  do  not  touch  the 
trunnions,  their  axis  is  above  the  axis  of  the  bore  by  half  the  space  between  ;  and  if 
the  edges  touch  the  trunnions,  and  the  point  of  the  glide  does  not  touch  the  surface 
of  the  piece,  their  axis  is  below  the  axis  of  the  bore. '  If  the  nlii/nment  of  the  trun- 
nions be  accurate,  the  edges  of  the  trunnion-square  will  fit  on  them  when  applied  to 
different  parts  of  their  surface:  their  diameter  and  cylindrical  form,  and  the  diam- 
oier  of  the  rimbases,  are  verified  with  the  trunnion-gauge. 

To  ascertain  the  length  of  the  bore. — Screw  the  gnide-plute  and  weaturimj-point  on 
the  cylinder-staff,  and  push  them  to  the  bottom  of  the  bore  :  jilace  a  half  tompion  in 
the  muzzle,  and  rest  the  staff  in  its  groove;  apply  a  straight-edge  to  the  face  of  the 
muzzle,  and  read  the  length  of  the  bore  on  the  staff.  The  exterior  lengths  are 
measured  by  the  rule,  or  by  a  profile,  the  accuracy  of  which  is  first  verified.  The 
exterior  diameters  are  measured  with  the  callipers  and  graduated  rule.  The  position 
of  the  interior  orifice  of  th^  rent  is  found  from  the  mark  made  on  the  rammer-head 


INSPECTION    OF    ORDNANCE.  23 

by  the  veiit-gauf/e  inserted  in  the  vent,  \7hile  the  rammer-head  is  held  against  the 
bottom  of  the  bore  ;  two  impressions  are  taken.  The  position  of  the  exterior  orifice 
of  the  vent  is  also  verified.  The  rent  is  examined  with  gauges,  and  with  the  vent- 
Hcarcher,  to  ascertain  if  there  arc  any  cavities  in  it. 

All  bronze  ordnance  should  be  bored  under  size  from  .04  to  .06  inch,  and  after 
proof,  reamed  out  to  jthe  exact  calibre.  Whitish  ipntx  show  a  separation  of  the  tin 
from  the  copper,  and,  if  extensive,  should  condemn  the  piece.  A  great  variation 
from  the  true  weight,  which  the  dimensions  do  not  account  for,  shows  a  defect 
in  the  alloy. 

In  mortars,  the  dimensions  of  the  chambers,  and  the  form  of  the  breech,  may  be 
verified  with  patterns  made  of  plate-iron. 

After  the  powder  proof,  the  bore  is  washed  and  wiped  clean,  and  the  bore  and 
vent  are  again  examined,  .and  the  bore  remeasured.  The  results  of  each  of  the 
measurements  and  examinations  are  noted  on  the  inspection  report  against  the 
number  of  the  gun. 

A  proper  discretion  must  be  exercised  in  the  inspection  of  ordnance  ;  such  slight 
imperfections  as  do  not  injure  a  piece  for  service  may  be  disregarded,  whilst  the 
instructions  should  be  strictly  enforced  with  regard  to  defects  which  may  impair 
its  utility. 


34 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Variations  allowed  in  the  Dimensions  of  Ordnance. 


In  the  bork 


More  than  the  pre?cribeil  dijiraeter 

Less  than  the  preserilicd  diameter 

T  r  Where  turned,  more  or  lc!>s 

In   exterior         J  (more 

DIAMETERS. ...  1  Where  not  turned. .  j  ,       .".'.''..'.*"..'...!!! 

f  Of  the  bore,  more  or  less 

From  rear  of  base-line  to  face  of  muzzle,  morel 

or  less I 

Of  the  breech,  including  cascable,  more  or  less. ' 

In  THE  LENGTH  .  ■{  Of  the  base-ring,  more  or  less | 

Of  the  reinforce,  more  or  less j 

Of  the  chase,  including  the  muzzle,  more  or  less] 

From  rear  of  trunnions  to  base-line,  more  or  less,  i 

in  different  pieces | 

I  Above  the  axis  of  the  bore 

OF  THE  AXIS  OF  j  g^j^^  ^^^  ^^j^  ^f  ^^^  l,^^^ , 

THE  TRUNNIONS  (, 

_  f  more ' 

In  THE  LENGTH  OF  THE  TRUNNIONS..  <  .  i 

Diameter  of  trunnions,  less ! 

In  the  distance  between  the  rimbases,  less I 


In  the  position 


In  the  same  gun,  no  variation  is  allowed  in  the  position  or  in  the 
alignment  of  the  trunnions. 


In   the  VENT.  . 


Depth 

TIES. 


Diameter. .  ^  , 
,'  (  let-6 

j  Position  of  exterior  orifice,  more  or  less. 

[  Position  of  interior  orifice,  more  or  less. 

f  In  the  bore  or  vent 

I  On  the  exterior  surface 


■{  On  the  trunnions,  within  one  inch  of  the  rim- 
bases  

[  On  the  trunnions  elsewhere 


Inches 
0,02 
.00 
.04 
.10 
.05 
.10 

.10 
.15 
.05 
.10 
.10 

.10 

.(10 
.20 

.10 
.05 
.03 
.05 


.00; 

.00 
.05 
.20 
.00 
.20 

.10 
.20 


GAR- 
RISON, 
ETC. 


Inches 
0.03 
.00 
.05 
.20 
.05 
.20 

.25 
.20 
.05 
.20 
.15 

.20 

.00 
.20 

.10 
.05 
.04 
.05 


.005 

.00 

.05 

.20 

.00 

.25 

.10 
.25 


The  whole  exterior  surfaces  of  guns,  except  mortars,  are  turned  in  the  lathe,  or' 
dressed  smooth  in  the  parts  which  cannot  be  turned. 


PROOF  OF  ORDNANCE. 
Gunpowder  for  proving  ordnance  should  be  of  the  best  quality,  giving  not  less 
than  the  standard  Initial  velocity ;  it    should  be  proved  immediately  before  being 
used,  unless  it  shall  have  been  proved  within  one  year  previously,  and  there  be  no 
reason  to  suspect  that  it  has  become  deteriorated. 


PROOF    OF    ORDNANCE — MARKS.  25 

The  caitridf/e-haija  are  made  of  cotton  or  paper,  the  full  diameter  of  the  bore  or 
chamber.  They  arc  filled  by  weight;  and,  if  not  filled  at  the  place  where  the 
guns  are  proved,  each  bag  should  be  enveloped  in  a  paper  cylinder  and  cap, 
marked  with  the  weight  of  powder  and    its  proof  qualities. 

The  shot  must  be  smooth;  free  from  seams  and  other  inequalities  that  might 
injure  the  bore  of  the  piece,  and  they  must  be  of  Uie  true  diameter  given  in  the 
tables. 

Guns  and  howitzers  are  laid  with  the  muzzle  resting  on  a  block  of  wood,  and  the 
breech  on  the  ground,  or  on  a  thick  plank,  giving  the  bore  a  small  elevation. 

Jironze  pieces  are  mounted  on  appropriate  carriages  or  beds. 

J/oit((r8  are  mounted  on  strong  wooden  frames  or  iron  beds,  at  an  elevation  of 
45°,  supported  by  the  trunnions. 

In  proving  iron  ordnance,  after  pricking  the  cartridge,  prime  with  powder,  or  a 
tube,  and  place  over  the  vent  a  piece  of  port-fire,  set  in  clay  or  putty,  long  enough 
to  permit  the  man  who  fires  it   to  reach  a  place  of  safety  before  the  charge  ex- 


Each  piece  shall  be  fired  three  rounds  with  the  following 

Proof -charges. 

15-iiicl)  colunibiad 50  lbs.  of  powder  and  1  slioll. 

10    "  "  IS    •'  "  "  Ishot. 

8    "  •'  12    "  •'  "  1     " 

32-pdr.  gun 9     "  "  "  1    " 

24    ••      ••    .< 8    •'  '•  '•  1    '• 

18    "      "    6    •'  '•  ••  1    " 

12    '•      •'    4    "  "  "  1    " 

8-iiicli  siogo  howitzer 4     "  "  '•  ]     " 

24-pdr.  howitzer  (iron) 3    •■  '   '•  '•  1     "       strapped. 

All  field  fiiins     (bronze) '^  weight  of  shot  •'  1     "  " 

24-pdr.  howitzer,      "        2.5    lbs.  of  powder  "  1     "  '• 

12    '•  ••  "        1.25     "  •'  '•  1     "  " 

12    "  "        mountain  (bronze) 0.25     '•  •'  "  1     '■  •' 

Cochorn  mortar  (bronze) 0.5       "  "  ■■  1  shell. 

13-iuch  S.  C.  mortar  (ironj 20        "  ''  "  1     "1 

10    "        '■        "  '•    10        "  "  '•  1     •'  I      Filled 

10    "        "        "         "lTi„i,t  (5  •■  „  u  1     "f  with  sand. 

8    '•        "        "         j^'SM 1 2.5       "  '•  "  1     "J 

4.62"    rifled  siege  gun 4.5       "  '•        "    1  shot  of  36  lbs. 

3    ■'        "      tield      '•    1.5       "•  "        "    1     •'    of  11    " 

214"    niountain  rifle    6  oz.  "       "    1     "    of  2]!/^  " 

Should  any  of  the  guns  proved  at  one  time  fail  to  sustain  the  above  proof,  the 
rem.ainder  shall  be  rejected  if  made  of  the  same  metal  treated  in  the  same  manner. 

The  bore,  vent,  and  the  exterior  surface  of  every  piece  which  is  approved  should 
be  well  covered  with  sperm  oil  immediately  after  the  inspection. 

MARKS. 

All  guns  arc  required  to  be  weighed,  and  to  bo  marked  as  follows,  viz:  the  num- 
ber of  the  </nn,  the  initials  0/  the  inspector's  name  and  that  of  the  foundry,  the  year  of 
fabrication,  and  the  weiyht  of  the  piece  in  pounds,  on  the  face  of  the  piece,  in  a 
circle  concentric  with  the  bore,  in  letters  and  figures  at  least  one  inch  long ;  the 


26  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

numbers  in  a  separate  series  for  each  kind  and  calibre  at  each  foundry ;  the  foun- 
dry number,  in  smiiU  figures,  ou  the  end  of  t!ie  right  rimbase,  above  the  trunnion; 
the  letters  C.  S.,  in  large  characters,  on  tho  upper  surface  of  the  piece,  iu  rear,  but 
near  the  trunnions.  * 

The  highost  point  of  metal  at  the  base-line  and  at  the  mu7.7,le,  when  the  axis  of 
the  trunnions  is  horizontal,  .should  be  marked,  with  a  fine  line  cut  into  the  metal, 
whilst  the  piece  is  in  tho  trunnion-lathe. 

Guns  rejected  on  inspection  are  marked  X  C,  on  the  face  of  tho  muzzle;  if  con- 
demned for  erroneous  dimen.sions,  which  cannot  be  remedied,  aild  XI);  if  by 
powder  proof,  X  P. 

INJURIES  CAUSED  BY  SERVICE. 

Bronze  guns  are  little  subject  to  external  injury,  except  from  the  bending  of  the 
trunnions  sometimes,  after  long  service  or  heavy  charges. 

Internal  injuries  arc  caused  by  the  action  of  tho  gases  developed  in  the  combus- 
tion of  the  ptiwrlcr,  or  by  tho  action  of  tho  shot  in  passing  out  of  the  bore.  These 
elTects  generally  increase  with  tho  calibre  of  tho  piece. 

Of  the  first  kind,  the  principal  one  is  the  cutting  away  of  the  metal  of  the  upper 
surface  of  the  bore  over  the  scat  of  the  shot. 

Those  of  the  second  kin<l  arc :  tkf  lodijmmt  »/  the  ihoi,  a  compression  of  the 
metal  on  the  lower  side  of  the  bore,  at  the  scat  of  the  shot,  caused  by  the  prcsenre 
of  the  gas  in  escaping  over  tho  top  of  the  shot.  There  is  a  corresponding  burr  in 
front  of  the  lodgment,  and  the  motion  thereby  given  to  the  shot  cuuses  it  to  strike 
alternately  on  the  top  and  bottom  of  the  bore,  pruducing  other  rulai-gvment*,  gen- 
erally three  in  number;  it  is  chiefly  from  this  cuui^)  that  bronze  guns  bocoLi^o  unser- 
viceable. Scratehcn  caused  by  the  fragments  of  a  broken  chot,  or  the  roughness  of 
an  imperfect  one. 

Tke  durahiUty  of  bronze  guns  may  be  much  increased  by  careful  use,  and  by  the 
precautions  of  increanhig  the  length  of  the  cirtri'dge,  or  that  of  the  tabot,  or  using  a 
tcad  over  the  cartridge,  in  order  to  change  the  place  of  the  shot;  by  irrnjiping  the 
shot  in  trootleu  or  other  cloth,  or  in  paper,  go  as  to  diminish  the  windage  and  the 
bounding  of  the  shot  in  the  bore.  In  lield  g>in>,  both  bronze  and  iron,  the  paper 
cap,  which  is  taken  off  from  the  cartridge,  should  always  be  put  over  the  shot. 

Iron  ijun»  are  subject  "to  tho  above  defects  in  a  less  degree  than  bronie,  except  the 
corrosion  of  the  metal.  The  principal  cause  of  injury  to  iron  guns  is  the  rutting  of 
the  metal,  producing  a  roughness  and  enlargement  of  the  bore. 

The  service  to  which  an  iron  gun  has  been  subjected  may  generally  be  deter- 
mined by  the  appearance  of  the  vent.  After  about  500  rounds  the  vent  becomei 
enlarged  to  .3  inch,  and  should  not  be  longer  used. 

In  rifled  guns,  the  wear  of  the  vent  is  about  twice  as  great  as  in  smooth-bored 
guns. 

Replacing  vent*. — In  bronze  field  pieces,  the  vent-piece  is  taken  out  and  a  new 
one  is  screwed  in.     In  other  guns,  the  vent  is  filled  up  by  pouring  in  melted  rinc, 


SPIKING    AND    UNSPIKTNG    GUNS.  27 

the  vent  being  closed  on  the  interior  by  means  of  clay  placed  on  the  head  of  a 
rammer  and  pressed  against  the  upper  surface  of  the  bore,  and  a  now  vent  is  bored 
at  a  distance  of  two  or  three  inches  from  the  first. 

Spilling  and  unspiking  guns,  and  rendering  them  unserviceable. 

To  fpiJce  u  piece,  or  to  render  it  unserviceable. — Drive  into  the  vent  a  jagged  and 
hardened  steel  spiko  with  a  soft  point,  or  a  nail  without  a  head ;  break  it  off  flush 
with  the  outer  surface,  and  clinch  the  point  inside  by  means  of  the  rammer. 
AVcdge  a  shot  in  the  bottom  of  the  bore  by  wrapping  it  with  felt,  or  by  means  of 
iron  wedges,  using  the  rammer  or  a  bar  of  iron  to  drive  them  in  ;  a  wooden  wedge 
would  be  easily  burnt  by  means  of  a  charcoal  fire,  lighted  with  the  aid  of  a  bel- 
lows. Cause  shells  to  burst  in  the  bore  of  bronze  guns,  or  fire  broken  shot  from 
them  with  high  charges.  Fill  a  piece  with  sand  over  the  charge  to  burst  it.  Fire 
a  piece  against  another,  muzzle  to  muzzle,  or  the  muzzle  of  one  to  the  chaSe  of  the 
other.  Light  a  firo  under  the  chase  of  a  bronze  gun,  and  strike  on  it  with  a  sledge 
to  bend  it.  Break  off  the  trunnions  of  iron  guns;  or  burst  them  by  firing  them 
with  heavy  charges  and  full  of  shot,  at  a  high  elevation. 

When  guns  are  to  be  spiked  temporarily,  and  are  likely  to  be  retaken,  a  spring 
spike  is  used,  having  a  shoulder  to  prevent  its  being  too  easily  extracted. 

7'o  unspike  a  piece. — If  the  spike  is  not  screwed  in  or  clinched,  and  the  bore  is 
not  impeded,  put  in  a  charge  of  powder  of  J  the  weight  of  the  shot,  and  ram  junk 
wads  over  it  with  a  handspike,  laying  on  the  bottom  of  the  bore  a  strip  of  wood, 
with  a  groove  on  the  under  side  containing  a  strand  of  quick-match  by  which  fire 
is  communicated  to  the  charge  :  in  a  bronze  gun,  take  out  some  of  the  metal  at  the 
upper  orifice  of  the  vent,  and  pour  sulphuric  acid  into  the  groove  for  some  hours 
before  firing.  If  this  method,  several  times  repeated,  is  not  successful,  unsci'ew 
the  vent-piece,  if  it  be  a  bronze  gun,  and  if  an  iron  one,  drill  out  the  spike,  or 
drill  a  new  vent. 

To  drive  out  a  shot  wedyed  in  the  bore. — Unscrew  the  vent-piece,  if  there  be  one, 
and  drive  in  wedges  so  as  to  start  the  shot  forward,  then  ram  it  back  again  in  order 
to  seize  the  wedge  with  a  hook;  or  pour  in  powder  and  fire  it,  after  replacing  the 
vent-piece.  In  the  last  resort,  bore  a  hole  in  the  bottom  of  the  breech,  drive  out 
the  shot,  and  stop  the  hole  with  a  screw. 

To  use  a  piece  which  has  been  spiked. — Insert  one  end  of  a  piece  of  quick-match 
in  the  cartridge,  allowing  the  other  to  project  out  of  the  muzzle  of  the  gun.  Apply 
the  fire  to  the  quick-match,  and  get  out  of  the  way. 

When  quick-match  of  sufficient  length  is  not  at  hand,  insert  one  end  in  the  cart- 
ridge, the  other  projecting  in  front  of  the  shot,  and,  after  ramming  the  cartridge 
home,  throw  two  or  three  pinches  of  powder  into  the  bore.  Place  another  piece  of 
match  in  the  muzzle,  the  end  projecting  out.  The  piece  may  bo  fired  in  this  way 
without  danger.  Quick-match  in  the  cartridge  may  be  dispensed  with  by  piercing 
three  or  four  holes  in  the  cartridge-bag.  In  this  manner  the  gun  may  be  fired  with 
great  rapidity. 


28  ORDNANCK    MANUAL. 


PRESERVATION    OF   ORDNANCE. 

Cannon  Fhould  be  placed  together,  according  to  kind  and  caliliro,  on  skids  of 
stone,  ircjn  or  wood,  laid  on  hard  ground,  well  rammed,  and  covered  with  a  layer  of 
cinders  or  of  some  other  material  to  prevent  vegetation. 

Guim  and  bnnj  howitzers. — The  pieces  should  rest  on  the  gki<l.«  in  front  of  the  base- 
ring  and  in  rear  of  the  astragal;  the  axis  inclined  at  an  angle  of  4  or  b  degrees 
with  the  horizon,  the  muzzle  lowest;  the  trunnions  touching  each  other;  or,  if 
space  be  wanting  for  that  arrangement,  the  trunnion  of  one  piece  maj  rest  on  the 
adjoining  piece,  so  that  the  axis  of  the  trunnions  is  inclined  about  45°  with  a  hori- 
zontal lino;  the  muzzle  closed  with  a  tompion  or  a  plug  of  dry  wood,  well  saturated 
with  oil  or  grease  ;  the  vent  down,  stopped  with  a  greased  wooden  plug,  or  with 
]>utty  or  tallow.  If  circumstances  require  it,  the  pieces  may  be  piled  iu  two  tiers, 
with  skidding  placed  between  them,  exactly  over  those  which  rest  on  the  ground; 
the  muzzles  of  both  tiers  in  the  same  direction  and  their  axes  preserving  the  same 
inclination. 

i)/ii>ri  howiJzcra  and  moriarn. — On  thick  planks,  standing  on  their  muzzles,  the 
trunnions  touching,  the  vcuts  stopped. 

Iron  ordnance  should  be  covered  on  the  exterior  with  a  hickcr  impervious  to 
water  (see  Chap.  VII);  the  bore  and  the  vent  should  be  greased  with  a  mixture  of 
oil  and  talluir,  or  of  tiillotc  and  beemnix  melted  togclher,  and  boiled  to  expel  the 
water.  The  lacker  should  be  renewed  as  often  as  required,  and  the  grease  at  least 
once  every  year. 

The  lacker  and  grease  should  be  applied  iu  hot  weather. 

The  cannon  should  be  frequently  inspected,  to  see  that  moisture  dues  out  collect 
in  the  bore. 


SHOT    AND    SHF.LLS. 


29 


Chapter    Second 


SHOT  AND  SHELLS. 


NOMENCLATURE.  DIMENSIONS,  WEIGHTS. 

Shot,  shells,  grape  and  canister  shot,  take  the  name  of  the  gnn  or  howitzer  in  which 
they  are  used.  The  size  of  grape  and  canister  shot  is  so  regulated  that  a  certain 
number  shall  chamber  in  the  bore. 

The  ears  of  a  shell  are  holes  for  the  points  of  the  shell-hooks,  0.5  inch  in  diame- 
ter, bored  on  opposite  sides  of  the  fuze-hole,  their  axes  perpendicular  to  the  axis  of 
the  fuze-hole.  The  metal  is  cut  out  above  them  at  the  distance  indicated  in  the 
table,  in  a  direction  perpendicular  to  the  axes  of  the  holes,  which  must  remain 
0.25  inch  deep,  with  a  thickness  of  0.25  inch  of  metal  above  them,  at  the  thinnest 
part. 

Shot. 


Diameter in. 

Weight lbs. 


13-in. 

12-in. 

10-in. 

8-in. 

7.88 
65 

42 

( 

6.84 
42.5 

32 

6.25 
32.4 

24 

5.68 
24.3 

18 

5.17 
18.3 

12 

9 

4.10 
9.14 

6 

3.58 
6.1 

4 

3.12 
4.07 

3 

2.84 
3.05 

12.87 

282.84 

11.87 
222 

9.87 
127.5 

4.62 
12.25 

1.95 
1 


Shells. 


Di.ameter 

Tliicknessof  CTnie 

sides   and <  Greatest ... 

bottom.      (Least 

Thickness  at  fuze-hole 

Diameter  of  f  Exterior 

fuze-hole. '( Interior 

Distance  between  ears.... 

Weight lbs, 


1 

For  Colum- 

biarisaudS.C. 

Howitzers. 

10-in. 

8-in. 

In. 

In. 

9.87 

7.88 

2. 

1.5 

2.1 

1.58 

1.9 

1.42 

3. 

2.25 

1.45 

1.338 

1. 

1. 

6. 

5. 

101.67 

49.75 

13-in. 

10-iu. 

In. 

In. 

12.87 

9.87 

2.1 

1.6 

2.25 

1.7 

1.95 

1.5 

2.1 

1.6 

1.8 

1.75 

1.485 

1.51 

7. 

6. 

197.3 

88.42 

8-in. 


In. 

7.88 

1.25 

1.33 

1.17 

1.25 

1.3 

1.113 

6. 

44.12 


For  Guns  and  Howitzers. 


42 

32 

24 

18 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

6.S4 

6.25 

5.68 

5.17 

1.2 

1. 

0.9 

0.9 

1.25 

1.05 

0.95 

0.94 

1.15 

0.95 

0.85 

0.S6 

1.8 

1.35 

l..'5o 

1.35 

1. 

0.9 

0.9 

0.9 

0.73 

0.698 

0.698 

0.698 

31.3 

22.5 

16.8 

13.45 

In. 

4.52 

0.7 

0.74 

0.66 

1.05 

0.9 

0.743 

8.34 


The  8-inch  mortar-shell  is  used  for  the  siege  howitzer.  The  15-inch  shell  is  14.85 
in.  diameter.  It  has  two  ears  at  the  extremities  of  the  diameter  at  right  angles  to 
the  axis  of  the  fuze-hole.  Thickness  of  shell,  2.5  inch.  Thickness  of  the  13-inch 
shell,  2.5  in. 


30 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL 


Spherical-cnse  Shot. 




• — 











8-In. 

42 

32 

2« 

18 

12 

6 

In. 

In. 

In. 

III. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

".S8 

U.84 

0.26 

6.6K 

5.17 

4.52 

3.68 

0.7 

0.05 

0.00 

0.65 

0.5 

0.45 

0.36 

0.725 

0.676 

0.626 

0.575 

0.52.') 

0.475 

0.386 

0.676 

0.635 

0.675 

0625 

0.475 

0.426 

0.!J36 

1.5 

1.25 

1.26 

1.1 

1.1 

0.9 

0.9 

.4 

.4 

.4 

.4 

.4 

.4 

.4 

1.62 

1.62 

1.62 

1.62 

1.62 

1.62 

1.62 

.75 

.76 

.75 

.75 

.75 

.76 

.76 

30^ 

ao.7s 

16.13 

12.32 

0.27 

6.22 

3.22 

Diainotor 

I  True 

Tliickiii«R  iif  metal  at  the  sides -^  Oi<«te«t 

TliirknoNN  of  nietnl  at  the  fuze  hole 

Uejitli  of  rcce*8  fur  fii/.o 

_.        ,         ,  ,       u  1      f  Kxtorlor  

Diameter  of  fuze-hole.  |  ,,„^rior 

llMtn  weight > Itw 


The  tliicknoss  of  inctul  at  the  fiicc-hole  is  »u|(|>ogcd  to  be  mcugurvl  in  tbo  axil  of 
tlie  fuf.c-holc,  between  the  spherical  «urf»ee«  of  the  obeli  and  of  the  reiiif'ircc. 

Sphcricul-ca8c  shot  of  the  old  pattern  miy  be  used  with  the  Bormunn  fuzos. 

The  fuze-boles  of  shells  and  »plicrical-oa»c  shot  for  the  fuie-i)lug  taper  0.13  Inch 
to  1  inch. 

Diameter  of  Gauges  for  Shot  and  Shells. 


134n. 

12-in. 

In. 
11.90 
11. S4 

10-in. 

Ma. 

42 

It. 

3S 

I.. 

S4 

1., 

18 

1.. 

12 

1.. 

9 

III 

• 

4 

8 

In 

1 

In. 

11!  90 
12.K4 
12.80 

In. 

9.90 
tf.K4 
0.80 

f .. 

In 

'^-"-ir;:::: 

■- 

•  The  gauges  for  8  Inch  $olid  thf>(  are  T.85  and  7.80  incIiM  re»pectiToly. 
For  the  manner  of  using  ibe^c  };auget>,  »ee  page  33. 


Ciise  Shot  for  Rifled  Guns. 


DIMENSION'S. 

4.63- 

Dcb. 

3-incb. 

HEMARU. 

Iron. 

Copper 
Wac. 

Iron. 

Copper 

Diameter in. 

Len^h  in. 

ThickneiiS  of  metal  at  sides...  in. 

'•'•'•      bottom. ..in. 

*««*«*    fose-bolcin. 

4.57 

10.90 

.776 

1. 

1.6 

4i7 
.836 

7.16 
.6 
.6 

2.95 
.63 

Leriptl]  <.f    ; 
thirkn.-^       • 
dish.  >^Mti  r 
of  4.8  incliee  (ji  i. 
of  2.5  inches. 

- 

ZJ 

.25 

rtt-iiua 

:r'L 


SHOT — LEAD   BALLS. 


31 


Grenades. 

Six-pounder  spherical-case  shot  may  be  used   for  hand  c/i-euades,  and  shells  of 
any  ciilibrc  for  rampart  grenades. 

Grape  Shot. 


8-in. 

In. 

3.60 

3.54 

6.1 

42 

32 

In. 

2.90 

2.86 

3.15 

24 

18 

12 

Diameter  of  large  gauge 

Diameter  of  small  gauge 

Mean  weight Ihs. 

In. 

3.17 
3.13 

4.2 

In. 

2.64 
2.60 

2.4 

In. 

2.40 
2. 36 

1.8 

In. 

2.06 

2.02 

1.14 

Canister  Shot. 


NATURE  OF  ORDNANCE. 

c 

5 
c 

In. 

c 

0- 

to 

c 

uco.-t: 
1-11 

i 

c 

12-pdr.  how- 
itzer. 

Field. 

Moun- 
tain. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

niaincter  of  large  giugo 

2.26 

2.06 

1.87 

1.70 

1.49 

1.35 

1.17 

1.08 

.69 

Diameter  of  small  gauge 

2.22 

2.02 

1.S4 

1.67 

1.46 

1.32 

1.14 

1.05 

Musket 

Mean  weight lbs 

1.5 

1.14 

0.86 

0.64 

0.43 

0.32 

0.21 

0.16 

ball. 

Lead  Balls. 

DIAMETERS  OF  LKAD  BALLS  FKOM  1  TO  32  TO  THE  POtTND. 


u 

s^ 

u 

^^ 

No.  of 

3 

No.  of 

No.  of 

No.  of 

balls  to 

B 

balls  to 

balls  to 

a 

ball.'*  to 

a 

1  lb. 

lib. 

a 

1  lb. 

OS 

1  lb. 

cj 

ft 

P, 

/ 

ft 

o 

In. 

In. 

In. 

/ 

In. 

1 

l.f.70 

9 

0.803 

17 

0.650 

25 

0.571 

2 

l.;526 

10 

.775 

18 

.  638 

26 

.564 

3 

1.157 

11 

.751 

19 

.626 

27 

.557 

4 

l.O.H 

12 

.730 

20 

.615 

28 

.550 

5 

.977 

13 

.710 

21 

.605 

29 

.544 

6 

.919 

14 

.693 

22 

.596 

30 

.637 

7 

.873 

15 

.670 

23 

.687 

31 

.531 

8 

.835 

16 

.663 

24 

.579 

32 

.626 

For  the  mode  of  fabrication  of  lead  balls,  see  Chapter  X. 


32  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

niAMETRRS   OP    CA8T-IR0X  BALLS   FROM   i   POOWn   TO   50    PODNnS   WRIGHT. 


Weight 

Diamoter. 

Weight. 

Diameter. 

1 

Weight. 

Diameter. 

Weight. 

Dittinetcr. 

LbK. 

07,. 

In. 

Lbs. 

1 
In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

4 

1.231 

9 

4.065 

23 

5.531 

37 

6..M2 

6 

1.403 

10 

4.211 

24 

5.631) 

38 

6.570 

8 

1.551 

11 

4.310 

25 

5.714 

39 

6.627 

10 

1.665 

12 

4.474 

26 

5.789 

40 

«.«84 

12 

1.701 

13 

4.595 

27 

5.862 

41 

fi.73S 

14 

1.S65 

1       ^* 

4.710 

28 

5.930 

42 

6.793 

1 

1.9i4 

15 

4.819 

29 

6.004 

43 

0.S46 

2 

2.462 

16 

4.924 

30 

6.06S 

44 

6.S9S 

3 

2.819 

17 

5.025 

31 

6.140     1 

45 

6.951 

4 

3.104 

18 

5.121     , 

32 

6.205     1 

46 

7.002 

5 

3.341 

10 

5.215     1 

33 

6.268 

47 

7.052 

0 

3.551 

!       20 

b.ZOi 

34 

6.330     I 

48 

7.101 

7 

3.7.38 

21 

5.393     1 

85 

6.393     j 

49 

7.145 

8 

S.tfOS 

22 

6. 476 

i 

3« 

6.442     1 

50 

7.198 

The  specific  gravity  of  shot  is  7,000  ;  sbells,  7.1. 

To  find  the  treight  iif  n  cfft-iron  tjk«f  or  ihell  : 

Multiply  tlic  cul)0  of  the  diameter  <if  the  shot  in  inches  by  .1326^,  and  the  iliffer 
cncc  of  the  cubes  of  the  exterior  au>l  interior  diauictcrs  of  the  8hcll  by  O.I.J  158,  for 
the  weight  in  pound.". 

For  /«■«</  Ixll;  the  multiplier  is  0.2142,  for  a  density  of  11.301. 

7*0  fiiiii  the  dinmi-trr  of  a  rn*t-ir,iu  ihni  <>/ a  yi'tn  irtiijhl :  » 

Divide  the  weight  in  pounds  by  0.134,  and  the  cube  root  of  the  quotient  will  be 
the  diameter  in  inches. 

To  find  the  (/Krtwfify  tif  putrdfi-  trkick  a  ihell  trill  contnin  : 

Multiply  the  cube  of  the  interior  diameter  of  the  shell  in  inches  by  0.01741,  for 
the  weight  of  powder  in  pounds. 

General  directions  in  the  fabrication  of  shot  and  shells. 

All  shot  and  shells,  except  canifiter  shot  for  mountain  howitiers,  are  made  of 
cast-iron.  It  should  be  gray  or  mottled  iron,  of  good  quality.  (PeoChap.  XIV. 
Catt-iroH.)  They  must  be  cast  in  sand,  and  not  in  iron  moulds :  the  shot  from  the 
latter  are  generally  not  spherical  in  form,  nor  uniform  in  sue :  they  are  also  full  of 
cavities,  and  arc  cracked  by  being  heated. 

Sp)iericnl-cn»e  "hot  must  be  made  with  peculiar  care,  of  the  best  quality  of  iron, 
in  order  that  they  may  not  be  liable  U>  break  in  the  gun. 

Grnpe  and  eaninier  »hui  should  be  made  of  a  soft.  ;:ray  iron  :  it  ought  to  be  vary 
fluid.     They  are  smooth,  and  polished  by  rolling  in  a  barrel  for  that  purj.ose. 

A  sample  bar,  1.5  inch  square  and  S  inches  long,  with  a  head  4  inches  long,  is 
cast,  on  end,  from  the  same  meul  th.it  sh<a  and  shells  are  made  of,  to  be  tested  as 
to  its  strength  and  the  character  of  the  metal. 


i 


INSPECTION    OF    SHOT   AND    SHELLS.  33 

INSPECTION  OF  SHOT  AND  SHELLS. 

Shot. 

Inspecting  Instruments. — One  large  and  one  small  gauge,  and  one  cylinder- 
gauge,  for  each  calibre :  the  cylinder-gauge  has  the  same  diameter  as  the  large 
gauge ;  it  is  made  of  cast-iron,  and  is  5  calibres  long.  The  gauges  should  be  veri- 
fied from  time  to  time,  and  when  they  have  become  .008  larger  than  their  true 
diameter,  they  should  no  longer  be  used.  One  Aammer,  weighing  half  a  pound,  and 
having  a  flat  face  and  a  conical  point.     Steel  punches. 

One  searcher,  of  steel  wire,  No.  20,  with  a  handle. 

The  shot  should  be  inspected  before  they  become  rusty ;  after  being  well  cleaned, 
each  shot  is  placed  on  a  table  and  examined  by  the  eye  to  see  that  its  surface  is 
smooth,  that  the  metal  is  sound  and  free  from  seams,  flaws,  and  blisters.  If  cavi- 
ties or  small  holes  appear  on  the  surface,  strike  the  point  of  the  hammer  or  punch 
into  them,  and  ascertain  their  depth  witli  the  searcher;  if  the  depth  of  the  cavity 
exceed  0.2  inch,  the  shot  is  rejected  ;  and  also  if  it  appear  that  an  attempt  has  been 
made  to  conceal  such  defects  by  filling  up  the  holes  with  nails,  cement,  etc. 

The  shot  must  pass  in  everj'  direction  through  the  large  guage,  and  not  at  all 
through  the  small  one ;  the  founder  should  endeavor  to  bring  the  shot  up  as  near 
as  po.ssible  to  the  large  gauge  or  to  the  true  diameter. 

After  having  been  thus  examined,  the  shot  are  passed  through  the  ci/linder-gauge, 
which  is  placed  at  an  inclination  of  about  2  inches  between  the  two  ends,  and  sup- 
ported on  blocks  of  wood  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  easily  turned,  from  time  to 
time,  to  prevent  its  being  worn  in  furrows.  Shot  which  slide  or  stick  in  the  cylin- 
der are  rejected :  the  latter  must  be  pushed  out  from  the  lower  end  with  a  wooden 
rammer. 

Shi)t  are  proved  by  dropping  them,  from  a  height  of  20  feet,  on  a  block  of  iron,  or 
rolling  them  down  an  inclined  plane  of  that  height,  against  another  shot  at  the 
bottom  of  the  plane. 

The  average  weight  of  the  shot  is  deduced  from  that  of  three  parcels  of  20  to  50 
each,  taken  indiscriminately  from  the  pile  :  some  of  those  which  appear  to  be  the 
smallest  should  be  also  weighed,  and  they  are  rejected  if  they  fall  short  of  the 
weight  expressed  by  their  calibre  more  than  one  thirty-second  part.  They  almost 
invariably  exceed  that  weight. 

Grape  and  Canister  Shot. 

The  dimensions  are  verified  by  means  of  a  large  and  a  small  gauge  attached  to 
the  same  handle.     The  surface  of  the  shot  should  be  smooth,  and  free  from  seams. 

Shells  and  Hollow  Shot. 

Inspecting  Instruments. — A  large  and  small  gauge  for  each  calibre,  and  a 
cylinder-gauge  for  shells  of  8  inches  and  under. 

Callipers  for  measuring  the  thickness  of  the  metal  at  the  sides  of  the  shell. 
3 


34  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Cnllipern  f^  measure  the  thirUmsH  al  the  '^     ■  'm  of  the  shell. 
•      (laiitffii  for  the  diincnsioDc  of  the  fuzc-holc,  ;i..'l  for  the  ihickncfs  of  metal  at  the 
fiir,e-h<ile. 

A  pair  of  hand-heUowii  ;  a  wooden  plug  to  6t  the  fuze-bolc,  aiid  bored  through  to 
receive  the  rauKzlc  of  the  bcUowa. 

A  hiimiiifr  ;   a  trnrchrr  ;   a  colii-rhiirl  ;   utrel  punrhcu. 

The  furfHoe  of  the  fhell  and  it8  exterior  dimeii!ioni<  are  examined  as  in  the  case 
of  f<hot,  particuiar  attention  bein;;  ]>uid  to  tin'  hemisphere  rippfiiiiie  the  fuxe-hole. 
CavilieH  and  imjierfeelionei  in  casting  are  generally  fouml  about  '.U\°  from  the  top  of 
the  dholl,  when  in  the  position  in  which  it  waj  cast.  KhelU  lihould  l>c  rejected  for 
rough  casting,  projecting  seami!,  sand-flaws,  a  collection  of  dross,  cavities  or  honey- 
combs  of  more  than  two-tenths  of  an  inch  in  depth,  whatever  their  diameter,  or  a 
number  of  small  holes  giving  the  projectile  a  apongy  appearance. 

The  shell  is  next  struck  with  the  hummer,  t4i  judge  by  the  hound  whether  it  be 
free  from  cracks;  the  position  and  dimensioni  of  the  cars  arc  verified  :  the  thick- 
ness of  metal  is  then  measured  at  several  points  on  the  great  circle  iterpcndicular  to 
the  axis  of  the  fur.e-hole,  and  at  the  bottom,  and  at  the  fute-hole.  The  diameter  of 
the  fnnc-holc,  which  shouUI  be  accurately  reumed.  is  then  verified,  and  the  sound- 
ness of  the  metal  about  the  inside  of  the  hole  is  ascertained  by  inserting  the 
finger. 

The  shell  is  iinw  ]daced  on  a  trivet,  in  a  tub  containing  water  deep  enough  to 
cover  it  nearly  to  the  fute-hole:  the  bellows  and  plug  are  inserted  into  the  fucc-hole 
and  the  air  forced  into  the  shell  ;  if  there  be  any  holes  in  the  shell,  the  air  will  rise 
in  bubbles  through  the  water.  This  test  also  gives  another  indication  of  the  sound- 
ness of  the  metal,  as  the  parlK  containing  cavities  will  dry  more  slowly  thas^fc* 
other  parts. 

The  mean  weight  of  shells  is  ascertained  in  the  same  manner  as  that  of  sliot. 

Shot  and  shells  rejected  in  the  inspection  are  marked  with  an  X,  made  with  the 
cold-chisel :  on  shut  near  the  gate,  and  on  shells  near  the  futc-hole. 


PRESERVATION  AND  PILING  OF  BALLS. 

Balls  should  be  carefully  lackered  as  soon  as  possible  after  th«y  ure  received. 
The  ncir  8-iiirA  eiilid  '■hot  are  painted  red,  to  distinguish  them  from  the  old,  which 
will  not  answer  for  hot-shot  firing.  All  tpkerieal-aitr  »hot  are  also  painted  red. 
Other  projectiles  arc  lackered  hl<uk.  For  the  composition  of  lacker  and  the  manner 
of  apjilying  it^  see  Chap.  VII. 

When  it  becomes  necessary  to  renew  the  lacker,  the  old  lacker  should  be  remored 
by  rolling  or  scraping  the  balls,  which  should  never  be  heated  for  that  purpose. 

Balls  are  piled  according  to  kind  and  calibre,  under  cover  if  practicable,  in  a 
place  where  there  is  a  free  circulation  of  air.  to  facilitate  which,  the  pile'  should  be 
made  narrow  if  the  locality  permits;  the  width  of  the  bottom  tier  may  be  from  12 
to  14  balls,  according  to  the  calibre. 


PTLING    OF    RALLS.  35 

Prepare  the  grour-l  '■  r  the  base  of  the  pile  by  raising  it  above  the  surrounding 
ground  so  as*  to  throw  oil'  the  water  ;  level  it,  ram  it  well,  and  cover  it  with  a  layer ' 
of  screened  sand.  Make  the  bottom  of  the  pile  with  a  tier  of  unserviceable  balls, 
buried  about  two-thirds  of  their  diameter  in  the  sand;  this  base  may  be  made  per- 
manent: clean  the  base  well  and  form  the  pile,  putting  the  fuze-holes  of  shells 
downward,  in  the  intervals,  and  not  resting  on  the  shells  below.  Each  pile  is 
marked  with  the  number  of  serviceable  balls  it  contains. 

The  base  may  be  made  of  bricks,  concrete,  stone,  or  with  borders  and  braces  of 
iron.  Good  and  imperfect  b.alls  should  not  be  used  in  the  same  base :  and,  to  avoid 
confusion,  the  unserviceable  should  be  left  unpainted,  or  painted  of  a  different 
color  from  the  serviceable. 

Grape  and  canister  shot  should  be  oiled  or  lackered,  put  in  piles  or  in  strong 
boxes,  on  the  ground-floor  or  in  dry  cellars,  each  parcel  marked  with  its  kind, 
calibre  and  number. 

To  find  the  number  of  balls  in  a  pile. 

Multiply  the  sum  of  thv  three  parallel  edges  hy  one-third  of  the  number  of  halls  in  a 
triangular  face. 

In  a  square  pile,  one  of  the  parallel  edges  contains  but  one  ball ;  in  a  triangular 
pile,  two  of  the  edges  have  but  one  ball  in  each. 

The  number  of  balls  in  a  triangular  face  is  ^-~~^;  n  being  the  number  in  the 
bottom  row. 

The  sum  of  the  three  parallel  edges  in  a  triangular  pile  is  n  -f-2;  in  a  square 
pile,  2  »(  -f  1 :  in  an  oblong  pile,  3  TV-f  2  n  —  2 ;  iV  being  the  length  of  the  top  row, 
and  n  the  width  of  the  bottom  tier:  or,  3  »i  —  h  + 1 ;  m  being  the  length  and  n  the 
width  of  the  bottom  tier. 

If  a  pile  consist  of  two  piles  joined  at  a  right  angle,  calculate  the  contents  of  one 
as  a  common  oblong  pile  and  of  the  other  as  a  pile  of  which  the  three  parallel 
edges  are  equal. 

To  find  the  length  of  a  jnle  ivhich  shall  hold  a  given  number  of 
balls,  the  width  of  the  base  being  fixed. 

■     A  =  the  number  of  balls  to  be  piled. 

n  =  the  number  in  the  width  of  the  base  of  the  pile. 

m  =  the  number  of  balls  in  the  length  of  the  base  of  the  pile;  then 

_  6.1+n(»-f  l)(n  +  l)^ 
"'""  3«(n  +  l) 

In  the  following  Table  of  the  number  of  balls  in  a  pile,  the  second  line  shows  the 
number  iu  a  triangular  pile,  the  base  of  which  is  the  corresponding  number  in  the 
first  line. 

The  other  numbers  show  the  contents  of  square  and  oblong  piles;  the  length  aud 
width  of  the  base  being  in  the  upper  line  and  in  the  left-hand  column  respectively 


36 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL 


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PILING    OF    BALLS. 


37 


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38  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


C  11  A  1'  T  K  »      Till  U  It 


ARTlLLEin'     (A  i:  HI  A(i  KS 


NOMKNCLATURi:. 

The  nomcnclnluro  nnd  the  tiiblcs  of  wcijjhti'  aiul  (iiintMiHiniiii  givin  in  iliis  t'!in|itcr 
apply  to  the  latest  patterni:  a(lo|iti-d. 

The  parts  aro  ciiuiiuTiiteil  ^'cncrally  in  Iho  order  in  wiiich  thoy  iirc  put  together. 

The  wheels  lire  dosignuteil  )iy  iuinil«w»  referring  to  special  description  given  after 
•he  carriages. 

The  nxle-treei!,  watshers,  linchpinc,  navc-hoxes,  bolts,  nuU,  ete.,  are  designated 
by  letl«re  and  uunibers  which  refer  to  the  forms  and  dimensions  luid  down  in  the 
tables. 

Fiel'l  (iun-carruiges.     (Plate  2.) 

There  are  fonr  gun-carriageii  for  field  service,  tIi  : 

One  for  the  6-pounder  gun  and  I2-pounder  howilter.  Jt^ 

One  for  the  2-1-pounder  howitzer.  ^^P 

One  for  the  12-pounder  gun,  NH]>oleon. 

One  for  the  12-pouuder  gun  and  the  32-poundcr  howitzer. 

The  parts  of  tbo!>c  carriages'  nre  all  similar,  differing  only  in  their  dimensions. 
The  parts  which  are  common  to  all  arc  marked  with  an  asteri'k  (•). 

The  carriages  for  the  24-pounder  howitzer  ami  12-poundcr  Napoleon  gun,  differ 
chiefly  in  the  length  of  the  eheeks  and  the  position  of  the  elerating-scrcw. 

Wood. — 1  itock  in  two  pieces,  assembled  with  2  dotceU ;  2  ehrt-kt  ;   1  <iJ-lf-bo<iif. 

Iron.—*  2  trail-handles,  fastened  by  2  hnlu  No.  .1  A,  and  2  uuii. 

1  lock-rhain  (page  62);    1  lork-chain  boll  A  ;   1  irniher ;   I  ntil. 

1  liitieitt  for  the  trail:  the  under  side  of  the  front  part  of  the  circumference  ia 
plated  with  steel. 

1  Irail-plotf,  plate-iron  No.  6.  fixed  to  the  lunette  by  2  rireu  No.  3  B.  The  lunette 
is  fastened  to  the  stock  by  6  nniU  No.  2  C,  and  the  trail-plate  by  (5  natU  No.  2  C.  and' 
both  by  the  pointing-ring  bolt«. 

1  laty  pointitiff-riny  and  plat r :  the  plate  is  fastened  to  the  trail  by  2  Imltt  No.  3 
H,  and  2  nnti,  octagonal. 

1  tmall  pointing-rittg  ;  2  bolt*  No.  3  H,  and  2  nnU,  octagonal. 


LIMBER.  39 

*  2  wheel-ffunrd p/atrs,  fastened  to  the  sides  of  the  stock  by  10  nails  No.  2  C. 

*  2  proloii(/c-lioo/,-s,  fastened  on  the  top  of  the  stock  by  8  nails  No.  2  C. 

1  sto])  for  rammer  head,  fastened  to  the  under  side  of  the  stock  by  4  iiailn 
No.  1  C. 

*1  ear-plate  for  worm,  fastened  to  the  under  side  of  stock  by  2  naih  No.  2  C. 
*1  ear-plate  key  and  chain  of  6  links  No.  1,  and  2  rintjs  No.  1  B,  attached  to  the 
stock  by  1  eye-pin  No.  1. 

2  chains  and  hasps  for  sponges  and  rammers,  united  to  1  eye-plate,  which  is  fast- 
ened to  the  under  side  of  stock  by  2  screws  No.  20,  3-in. 

*2  turubnc/clcs  (brass),  riveted  on  the  studs  of  2  stud-plates,  which  are  fastened 
to  the  sides  of  the  stock  by  4  nails  No.  2  C. 

2  trunnion-jtlates,  fastened  to  the  cheeks  by  6  cheek-holts  A,  4  washers,  6  nuts  ;  by 
2  chin-bolts,  2  hevel-irashers,  2  nuts  ;  by  2  key-holts,  2  nuts,  and  by  28  nnils  (16  No.  2 
D  and  12  No.  2  C)  for  the  12-poundcr  carriage,  and  by  20  nails  (12  No.  2  D  and  8 
No.  2  C)  for  the  others. 

2  cap-squares;  2  eye-pins  No.  1,  riveted  into  the  cap-squares ;  2  cap-square  chains, 
each  consisting  of  5  links  No.  2  and  2  rings  No.  2  B. 

2  eye-pins  No.  2,  screwed  into  the  outside  of  the  cheeks;  2  cap-square  keys;  2 
key-chains,  each  5  ^ihA-»  No.  1  and  2  r/ni/*  No.  1  B;  2  eye-pins  No.  1  for  key-chains, 
screwed  into  the  outside  of  the  cheeks. 

*2  D-rtmjs  for  handspikes,  fastened  near  the  head  of  the  cheeks  by  4  staples. 
6  rondellen  (east-iron),  placed  between  the  cheeks  and  stock. 

3  assewblinij-holts,  for  the  cheeks  and  stock;  3  washers;  3  nuts,  1  of  them 
octagonal. 

*l  washer-hook  for  lock-chain,  under  the  head  of  middle  assembling-bolt  on  the 
right  cheek. 

2  washer-hooks  for  handspikes,  held  by  the  rear  assembling-bolt. 

1  axle-tree  No.  1.     (See  page  61.) 

2  understraps  :  the  front  ends  hold  the  implement-hooks. 

1  axle-strap  has  an  eye  for  the  sponge-bucket,  3  bolts  No.  4  B,  3  nuts;  1  bevel- 
washer  for  the  6-pounder. 

2  axle-bands  on  the  end  of  the  axle-body,  fastened  by  6  nails  No.  1  C. 
*1  box  for  eleratinff-screw  (brass):  2  bolts  No.  3  C;  2  washers;  2  nuts. 

*  1  elevating-screio. 

*2  shoulder-washers  No.  1,  shrunk  on  the  axle-tree;  *2  linch-washers  No.  1;  *2 
linchpins  No.  1. 

2  wheels:  No.  1  for  the  6-pounder;  No.  2  for  the  other  carriages.     (See  page  60.) 

Limber. 

The  same  limber  is  used  for  all  the  tield  carriages,  including  caisson,  forge  and 
battery-wagon. 

Wood. — \  axle-body  ;  2  hounds  ;  \  fork ;  1  splinter-bar;  A  foot-boo rd  brackets; 
2  foot-boards ;   1  pole;   \  p<>le-proj>. 


40  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Iron. — 8  trrewK  for  foot-buard  brackets  No.  16;  20  nnlh  for  foot-boardn  No.  1  C. 

4  ricetK  No.  2  B,  4  burrt,  one  at  each  end  of  the  hound. 

4  tpa»hfr-plnlet  for  stay-pinfi.  let  in  and  fastened  on  upper  and  under  side  of 
boundi<  by  8  iiaiV*  No.  1  C. 

1  tij-l'-trre  No.  1  (see  page  CI):  2  nhoulder-waiiherit  No  1  ;  2  linrh-imiiheni  No.  1  ; 
2  h'lirhping  No.  1. 

I  pinlli-hook  :  the  inside  of  the  cylindrical  part  is  plated  with  steel ;  3  Ixdtn  No.  4 
C  ;  2  trathrri;  3  nuts  No.  4. 

1  Htny. plait  for  ammiiuition-cbcst,  fastened  on  the  under  Fide  of  the  fork  with  2 
naiU  No.  2  C.  and  held  by  the  pintle-hook  bolt. 

1  pinth-l-py,  attached  to  the  rear  of  the  axle-body  by  1  kcy-chfiiu  of  8  link*  No.  3, 
and  2  rings  No.  2  A,  and  1  eye-pin  No.  3. 

1  tar-liiiekft  hook,  fastened  to  the  front  of  the  axle-body  by  2  iiaiV*  No.  1  C. 

2  liollH  No.  3  E  ;  2  wanhrm  ;  2  tiuff  No.  3,  to  connect  the  axle-body  and  hounds. 
2  undiiKlropg ;  A  holln  No.  W  U  ;   4  nult. 

2  arle-brtndg,  shrunk  on  the  ends  of  the  axle-body,  and  fa.''tcnc<l  by  0  uaiU 
No.  1  C. 

2  end  bands  for  splinter-bar,  having  2  trace-hooks,  fastened  by  4  ricels  No.  2 
(wire) ;  2  bolts  No.  3  D  for  bounds  and  cplinter-bar ;  4  icnthers  ;  2  nuti. 

1  eyc-pliitc  for  pole-prop  socket,  let  in  the  under  side  of  cplinter-bar. 

2  middle  bands  for  splinter-bar,  baring  2  trace-hook*. 

1  fork-Mfrap. 

2  bolts  No.  3  D  for  dpiintor-bar  and  fork  ;  2  nuts  Now  3. 

I  pole-prop  socket,  hooked  in  the  eye-plate;   1  rivet  No.  2. 

1  pole-prop  ferrnle  ;  1  riret  No.  2. 

2  stay-pins  for  ammunition-chest ;  2  Avy*;  2  key-chains,  5  /i;iA:«  No.  1  and  2  riWt 
No.  1  B;  2  eye-pins  No.  1. 

1  mW  No.  3  B   and  1  burr,  for  largo  end  of  the  pole;  1  poU-bolt  No.  3  D;  2 
Hfoshers ;  1  nut. 
1  pole-pad  bolt. 

1  pole-yoke,  composed  of  1  tniiff;  1  co//ar,  in  2  parts  :  2  branches;  2  slidinj-rings  ; 
2  6o/f«  No.  3  for  collar  ;  1  crasher  for  muff;   1  A-«y. 

2  .rAfc^  No.  1. 

Leatber. — 1  pole-prop  strap,  with  1  buckle  No.  10,  held  by  3  serctri  1-inch, 
No.  12. 

1  Ammukition-chest. 

Caisson.     (Plate  3.) 

Wood.— 1  middle  rail ;  2  side  rails;  1  cross-bar,  framed  into  the  rails  ;  1  boUttr 
for  front    foot-board;   \  front  foot -board  ;    1  rear  foot -board  ;   \  ajcle-body  ;    \  stock. 

Ibon. — 1  middle  assembling -bar,  fa«t«ned  to  the  rails  by  2  bolts  No.  3  A;  2 
feathers;  2  nuts. 

1  carriage-hook,  let  in  on  the  under  side  of  the  middle  rail. 


CAISSON.  41 

1  renv  aHsemhling-hnr,  fastened  to  the  side  rails  by  2  hoJu  No.  3  D;  2  washers; 
2  nntH. 

1  bridle  for  rear  of  middle  rail,  fastened  to  .sides  by  4  i}aih  No.  1  C. 

1  «2>arr.-ir>heel  axle,  consists  of  1  hody  ;  1  washer  ;  2  ribs,  fastened  to  the  body  by  3 
rieets  ;  1  chain  and  toggle  ;  2  stays  ;  2  nuts. 

1  stay-bolt  No.  3  D  :  \  foot-bolt  No.  3  D  ;  1  niit. 

i  foot-board  bolts  No.  3  D;  2  washers  ;  4  nuts  ;  2  nails  No.  1  C,  fastening  the  front 
foot-board  to  the  side  rails  ;  6  nails  No.  1  C  for  the  rear  foot-board. 

2  loih-rhain  bridles,  fastened  under  the  front  end  of  the  side  rails  by  the  four 
foot-board  bolts. 

2  lock-chains  (sec  page  62). 

2  lock-chain  hooks,  fastened  to  the  outside  of  the  side  rails  by  4  nails  No.  1  C. 

1  a.rlc-trce  No.  1  ;  2  shoulder-icanhcrs  No.  1  ;  2  linch-washcrs  No.  1  ;  2  linchpins 
No.  1. 

2  understraps  ;  4  bolts  No.  3  B ;  4  nuts. 

2  axle-bands,  fastened  on  the  ends  of  the  axle-body  by  6  nails  No.  1  C. 
2  rivets  and  2  burrs  No.  3  B  for  the  stock. 

1  lunette:  the  lower  side  of  the  ej'e  is  plated  with  steel.  The  plates  are  fastened 
to  the  stock  by  2  bolts  No.  3  D ;  2  nuts;  12  naj7»  No.  2  C. 

1  key-plate  for  spare  pole,  fastened  to  the  under  side  of  the  lunette  by  the  front 
lunette-bolt ;  1  key  for  the  same,  attached  to  the  left  side  of  the  stock  by  1  key-chain 
of  11  links  No.  1  and  2  rings  No.  1  A,  and  1  eye-pin  No.  1. 

2  tnheel-guard  plates,  fastened  to  the  stock  by  10  nails  No.  2  C. 

1  stock-stirrup,  held  by  2  bolts  No.  3  I),  which  pass  through  the  front  foot-board  ; 
2  washers  ;  2  nuts. 

1  axle-strap,  fastened  to  the  middle  rail  by  3  bolls — one,  No.  3  D,  and  two,  No.  3 
B ;  3  nuts. 

1  spare-pole  ring,  held  by  the  axle-strap,  in  rear  of  the  axle-tree. 

4  stay-pins,  like  those  for  the  limber,  except  in  length  ;  8  washer-p)lates  for  same, 
let  in  the  top  and  bottom  of  side  rails,  and  fastened  by  16  nails  No.  1  C  j  4  keys  for 
stay-pins  ;  4  chains ;  4  eye-pins,  the  same  as  for  the  limber. 

1  ring-bolt  for  spare  handspike,  on  the  right  side  of  the  middle  rail ;  2  washers; 

1  JIM*. 

1  key-plate  for  spare  handspike,  fastened  on  the  right  side  of  the  middle  rail  by  2 
nails  No.  1  C  :  1  key  ;  1  key-chain  ;  1  eye-pin,  same  as  those  for  ammuuition-chest 
stay-pins. 

1  key-plate  for  the  shovel  handle,  fastened  on  the  inside  of  the  right  side  rails  by 

2  nails 'No.  1  C:  1  key  ;  1  key-chain;  1  eye-pin,  the  same  as  for  spare  handspike. 

2  staples  for  tool  handles,  driven  into  the  top  of  the  axle-body. 
2  wheels  No.  1. 

Leathf.r. — 1  pole-prop  strap,  with  one  buckle  No.  10,  held  by  3  screws,  1-inch 
No.  12. 

2  ammunition-chests,  like  the  one  on  the  limber.     (See  page  46.) 


42  ORHNANCK    MANIAL. 

TrnveUing  Forge.     (Plate  4.) 

DUDY    Alin    BKM.0W8    H0I'8K. 

Woot). — 2  KiVr  milt;  1  front  rront-biir,  fuftfiicd  t<i  the  jiclc  rail*  by  2  irnodtn 
pin»  ;  2  uiiddlf  crimt-hnri,  faxtcncd  to  llic  Hide  fuils  by  6  irondrn  pint  ;  1  rrnr  rroti- 
hnr,  riif<tco(<l  li>  the  oifle  rail*  ]>y  2  imutim  pint  ;  1  middh  mil,  the  euJn  rutcncd  to 
the  middle  rr'iKg-lmr  by  4  trmm  No.   14  ;  1  nj-lt-hndy  ;  1  »u,rh. 

4  fliiur-hiiitrdii.  Tautened  Ifl  Ibo  middle  cronH-barc  by  Ifi  irmct  N<j.  14. 

4  corner  ttudt,  joined  hy  Icnono  to  the  iiiile  raiU,  anil  Tautened  by  8  piHM. 

1  front  rnd  board,  morlivcd  into  front  Htuds,  and  fa«t4.-ned  by  'J  pin: 

2  tide  ttiidt,  fuslcned  to  side  rail*  and  platv*  with  tenons  and  4  pint. 
2  plnlet,  framed  on  the  upper  coda  of  the  atudi. 

\  front  end  »tud,  mortii<ed  into  the  front  end  buarda. 

2  rnd  bonrdm  for  roof,  fai«tcned  to  the  pliitt-n  and  corni-r  -tii  i-  n_v  i.  ..  r.  u-  .\o.  12 
and  4  temn  No.  14. 

2  roof-linirt,  fattened  to  the  platei  by  4  trreirt  No.  14. 

2  tide  /ininijt  for  iron  room,  fastt-ned  to  the  (tud«  by  12  nniU,  8-peuny. 

1  rear  end  for  iron  room,  dorelailed  into  the  aide  liningg. 

2  groor«-rhiiit  for  cover  of  iron  room,  fa^t^ned  to  the  stud*  by  6  trmrt  No,  14. 

1  tlidinij  rorrr  for  iron  room,  ronaiala  of  6  boardt,  faatened  to  2  huticnt  by  36  uaiU 
wrought). 

2  braret  for  the  bidlowa-arma,  framed  into,  and  faatened  Xa>,  the  corner  aide  ituda 

by  6  tcreVt  No.   14. 

1  enp  for  coal-bojr,  let  in  and  faatcned  to  the  rear  end  board  of  roof  by  b  tertwt 
No.  14. 

10  boardt  for  hidea  of  bellowa-houae,  lit  into  rabbetn  in  the  corner  ttuda,  ride  raila 
and  platen,  to  which  they  arc  fa^tcDcd  by  4-peDny  nailg. 

7  bonrdt  for  tke  roof,  faatoDed  t«i  the  rouf-bowi  and  eud  board  by  4 -penny 
cut-naila. 

I  prop  for  the  ctoelc.  lilce  the  pole-prop  for  the  limber. 

1  bellotrt-polr  (hicl(ory,  oali,  or  a»h). 

Ibon. — I  axle-tret,  the  aame  mt  for  the  ((-pounder  gun-carriage. 

5  ojcle-bandt.  fastened  oD  the  cndi>  of  the  axle-body  by  6  nailt  No.  1  C. 

2  underttritpt,  fastened  to  the  »ido  raila  by  4  holu  No.  3  D,  4  icatkert,  and   4   Hula. 
2  rireti.  2  bnrrt  for  the  front  end  of  Ituelc. 

1  Inmettr,  like  that  for  the  caiaaon,  except  the  aite  of  the  rear  bole,  and  1  addi- 
tional b«ilt-hole:  1  middle  bolt  No.  3  D;  1  prup-boli  No.  3:  1  viie-boU  No.  3;  3 
n\it*  ;   12  nailt  No.  2  C. 

1  pole-prop  tocLrt  ;  1  ferrule. 

1  ttock-itirrup,  fastened  to  the  front  croaa-bar  by  2  boltt  No.  3  B  ;  2  nutt. 

1  boll  No.  3  B  for  the  middle  cri'-'i^-bar  aod  atock  ;   1  tratker  ;  1  nut. 

1  axle-ttrap,  fa«t«ued  to  the  mi<ldk-  rail  by  2  buUt  No.  3  B  ;  2  nuft. 

2  Kkeel-yuard  plalet,  like  those  for  the  caiaaon,  faateoed  by  10  nai7«  No.  2  C. 


TRAVELLING    FOIKJK.  43 

2  atiid-pldtcs  for  coal-box.  let  in  the  rear  corner  studs,  and  fastened  by  2  screen 
No.  16  and  2  n'refi  No.  2  I?. 

2  kei/s ;  2  key-chnim ;  4  ^nii;*  No.  1  and  2  /■iH^<t  No.  1  B:  2  cy>:-pins  No.  1, 
screwed  into  the  two  rear  corner  studs. 

2  lock-cliniii  h«nJ:8,  fastened  to  the  side  rails  by  4  iiaiVo  No.  1  C. 

1  bellowg-pole  hook,  like  the  lock-chain  book,  fastened  on  the  right  of  the  front 
corner  stud  by  2  nails  No.  1  C. 

1  alaple  for  bellows-pole,  driven  into  the  rear  corner  stud,  to  carry  the  bellows- 
pole  when  travelling. 

2  front  Htny-platcH  for  bcllnws-arms,  fastened  to  the  braces  by  6  xcrorx  No.  14. 

2  rear  stay-p/atpn  for  bellows-arms,  fastened  to  the  braces  by  4  bults  No.  1  D  ;  4 
thumh-niitK. 

I  front  for  bellows-house  (sheet-iron  No.  24),  fastened  to  the  front  studs  and  roof- 
boards  with  12-('2.  larks  (iron). 

1  sheet-iron  cover  for  cross-bar  (sheet-iron  No.  24),  fastened  to  the  cross-bar  with 
\2-oz.  iron  turks. 

1  (jnard  for  stock  (sheet-iron  No.  24),  bent  over  the  top,  and  fastened  on  the  sides 
of  the  stock  by  18  iron  tackn  (12-oz). 

1  stay  and  stud  for  bellows-pole,  fastened  to  the  front  roof-board  and  to  the  front 
middle  cross-bar  by  4  screira  No.  14. 

1  cover  for  roof  (sheet-copper  No.  24),  fastened  to  the  edge  of  the  roof-boards  by 
315  copper  taeks  (12-oz).  * 

1  fireplace :  consists  of  1  back  plate,  made  of  2  pieces  ;  2  side  plates;  1  front  plate, 
placed  parallel  to  the  back  plate ;  I  bottom  plate,  resting  on  flanges  formed  by  the 
2  side  plates  and  the  back  and  front  plates.  The  upper  back  plate  is  No.  11,  the 
others  No.  8.     The  plates  are  riveted  together  where  they  lap  by  59  rirets  (0..3  inch), 

1  air-back  (east-iron) :  consists  of  1  box  and  back  plate,  ]om&^  air-tight  by  4  bolts 
No.  2  E  :  the  air-back  is  fastened  to  the  back  plate  of  the  fireplace  by  5  holts  No.  2 
E  ;  5  nuts,  octagonal. 

1  hook  for  forge-bucket,  like  the  lock-chain  hook,  riveted  to  the  back  of  the  fire- 
place by  2  rivets  No.  2. 

3  plates  for  side  rails  and  cross-bar,  bent  down  on  the  inside  of  the  rails  and 
cross-bar,  and  riveted  to  the  sides  and  front  of  the  fireplace;  the  plates  arc  fastened 
to  the  side  rails  and  cross-bar  by  10  bolts  No.  2  D  :  8  uashers  and  10  nuts. 

2  lock-chain  bridles,  like  that  for  the  caisson,  except  size  of  the  holes,  fastened  by 
the  4  front  bolts  in  the  side  rails. 

2  lock-chains.     (Sec  page  62.) 

1  brace  for  fireplace,  fastened  to  the  back  of  the  fireplace  and  the  front  end  board 
of  roof  by  2  rivets  No.  2 ;  2  rivets  No.  2  B. 

1  bellows-jwle  strap,  fastened  to  the  pole  by  2  i-irets  No.  2  and  3  screws  No.  14. 

1  bellows-jjole  chain  :  2  links,  one  of  which  is  fastened  in  the  hook. 

2  wheels  No.  1. 


44  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Bellows. 

Wood. — 3  lf!!iiir»-p1nnk»,  each  miulc  of  2  picocs  joined  by  a  tongue  of  huril  wood. 

2  rro*»-hrtidii,  fastened  to  the  middle  plank  by  12  tcreim  Xo.  20. 

2  riht:  each  consigtR  of  2  auleji,  1  emi,  1  i-ro»»-h»r,  glued  and  fa9t<!ned  by  16  cloiit- 
uiiils. 

2  ralre* ;  2  ballrtm,  fastened  by  10  tiiiiU. 

4  rifiil*  for  the  bellowe-arms.  fastened  to  the  middle  plunk  by  16  »i-rric»  No.  14. 

Ikon. — 0  bun-hingm  ( wrought-iron),  let  into  the  upper  and  lower  bcllowa-pluiki 
and  croes-hcads,  and  fastened  by  .'iO  trmrt  No.  14. 

2  armt,  fuBtc-nod  to  the  middle  plank  by  4  riVrf*  No.  2  B  and  8  gcreirt  No.  1-i. 

1  hook,  fastened  to  the  lower  |)lank  by  .'{  rirrtt  No.  2  B  and  4  mrnrt  No.  14. 

1  teintlpijir :  conBiHts  of  I  tlhuir  (bra(ii<)  screwed  into  the  wind-hole  of  the  bel- 
lows; 1  collar  (hrass)  screwed  to  the  elbow;  I  joini-pipt  (hrAea);  1  It  nt  pipe  ((beat- 
copper  No.  IS),  riveted  and  soldered  to  ibc  joint-pipe. 

Leatukk. — 4  hingri  for  the  ribs. 

2  hingci  for  the  valves  (bag-leather  or  deer-skin  with  the  hair  on). 
2  valrr-itrapn. 

392  copptr  i»cl»  for  hinges. 

1  hrltoic»-hiitli<r  for  the  sides,  fastened  to  the  adgw  of  the  planks  with  bellow*' 
tinilt  and  to  the  ribs  with  cl.>ut-naiU. 

617  brIlotrt-tiaiU :  tii/e*  U>  go  under  the  heads  of  the  nails. 

To  put  ihe  bfllijiri  in  ill  pliirt  ;  Remove  the  ooal-box  from  the  back  of  the  bel- 
lowii-huuse  ;  take  out  the  two  stay-plates  at  the  lower  ends  of  the  rabbets  in  tho 
braces  :  put  the  projecting  ends  of  the  upper  bellows-arm  in  the  rabbets,  and  slide 
them  up  until  the  ends  of  the  lower  arm  come  into  their  places;  put  on  the  tUkj- 
platcs,  and  fasten  them  down  with  the  thumb-nut4.  Screw  tho  brass  elbow-pip« 
into  its  place,  through  the  hole  iu  the  sheet-iron  front  of  the  bellows-house;  put  io 
the  copper  pipe,  and  si-rcw  up  the  collar  which  connects  it  wilb  the  elbow-pipe. 

C(Mil-l/ojc. 

Wood. — 2  i!dc»,  2  tnJ»,  and  1  bottom,  rabbeted  t<'^ciher  and  fastened  with  fjO  cul- 
fiaiU  (6-penny). 

1  top  piece,  fastened  by  7  tcretr*  No.  14. 

I  lid  ;  2  clampn,  framed  on  eat'h  end. 

Iron. — 4  comer platt$  (sheet-iron  No.  13),  fastened  by  60  »ereirt  No.  12. 

1  end  ttrapi.  fastened  to  the  ends  of  the  box  by  2  riret*  and  4  terete*. 

2  kandlen,  fastened  inside  of  the  box  by  2  tcfuhert  and  2  nut*. 

1  itvd-plnte  for  turnbuckle,  fa«teued  to  the  front  of  the  box  ;  2  rirtU  No.  2  B. 
1  tHmbuckle  (brassl.  riveted  on  the  stud. 

1  hn*p  and  itrap,  fastened  on  the  inside  of  the  lid  by  1  riret  No.  2  B  and  3  icreict 
No.  14. 


BATTERY-WAGON.  46 

1  cover  (sheet-copper  No.  24)  in  2  piece?,  fastened  on  the  top  of  the  box  and  lid 
by  185  copper  tacks  (12-07,j. 

2  hinges,  fastened  on  the  outside  of  the  copper  covering  by  4  rivets  No.  2  B  and  16 
screws  No.  14. 

Battery-ivagon.    (Plate  5.) 

The  battery-wagon  carries  tools,  spare  parts  of  carriages,  spare  harness,  and 
other  stores  required  for  the  service  of  the  battery  in  the  field  and  for  repairs. 

WAGON-BODV. 

Y^'ooD. 2  lower  side  rails;  5  cross-bars,  fastened  to  the  side  rails  with  tenons  and 

10  wooden  pins;  3  floor-hoards,  fastened  to  the  cross-bars  by  36  nails  No.  1  C;  1 
axlc-hurhj  ;  2  ujiper  side  rails  ;  2  sides  ;  2  ends  ;  1  stoekti  2  cleats,  1  bottom,  and  1 
side  for  till ;  the  cleats  are  fastened  to  the  ends  of  the  body  by  6  screws  No.  14  ;  the 
side  is  fastened  to  the  edge  of  the  bottom  by  11  cut-nails  (8-penny)  ;  I  foraije-rack, 
composed  of  2  «i'rfe«  and  3  bars,  fast«ncd  to  the  sides  by  6  u-ooden  pins. 

Iron.— 2  rivets  No.  3  B  ;  2  burrs,  through  the  rear  end  of  the  lower  rails. 

8  side  studs,  fastened  to  the  sides  by  14  rivets  No.  3  D. 

2  chains,  for  the  forage-rack,  each  consisting  of  1  rintj,  32  links,  and  1  lioidc  welded 
in  an  eye  in  the  rear  studs. 

1  spare  stock-hook,  fastened  to  the  roar  stud,  on  the  right  side,  by  the  assembling- 
bolt  and  groove-bolt. 

1  button  for  spare  stock,  fastened  by  the  middle  groove-bolt. 

1  spare  stock-stirrup,  fastened  to  the  front  stud  by  the  two  lower  groove-bolts. 

4  grooves  for  wagon-ends  (sheet-iron  No.  7),  fastened  to  the  sides  by  12  bolts  No.  1 
C  ;  12  nuts. 

2  assembling-holts  for  lower  side  rails,  pass  through  the  end  cross-bars  :   2  nuts. 

3  bolts  for  middle  side  studs  ;  3  washers;  3  )ii(««. 

1  turnbuckle-bolt ;  1  turnbuckle  (brass),  riveted  on  the  head  of  the  bolt;  1  imsher  ; 

1  nut. 

1  hook  for  cover-prop  ;  1  burr  :  passes  through  top  of  forward  middle  stud. 

1  eye-pin  for  cover-hasp ;  1  burr  :  passes  through  the  top  of  the  rear  middle  stuil. 

2  stays  for  the  upper  rails,  fastened  by  4  screu-s  No.  14. 

2  end  studs,  fastened  to  the  ends  of  the  body  by  6  rivets;  1  bolt  No.  3  B  ;  1  nut 
for  the  front  stud,  and  1  nut  and  1  washer  for  the  rear  stud. 

1  mortise-plate,  fastened  to  the  front  of  axle-body  by  8  screws  No.  14. 

1  axle-tree  like  that  for  6-pounder  carriage;  2  shoulder-washers  ;  2  linch-u^ashcrs ; 

2  linchpins. 

2  understraps  ;  4  bolts  No.  4  B  ;  4  nuts. 

1  holt  for  front  end  of  right  side  rail;  2  washers  ;  1  nut. 

2  lock-chain  bridles,  like  those  of  the  caisson,  at  the  front  end  of  the  side  rails; 
2  bolts  No.  3  D  and  No.  3  B  ;   1  washer;  2  nuts;  2  lock-chains.     (See  page  62.) 

2  lock-chain  hooks,  fastened  to  the  side  rails  by  4  nails  No.  1  C. 


40  o[n)NANCK    MANUAL. 

2  rirrtt  No.  3  B  ;  2  hurr'  for  front  end  of  Ft^ick. 

1  lunette,  like  that  for  caiHiion  :   2  hoU»  No.  .3  1>  :   2  nuti  ;  \2  nnil*  No.  2  C. 

2  icheel-tfuard  platen,  like  tbo^o  of  the  caision,  fastened  by  10  nniU  No.  2  C. 

1  itorle-»tirniji  ;   2  fc»i/M  No.*4  B:    2  nr/f*. 

2  hoUn  No.  1  B  for  dock  and  erocis-bar  ;  2  uut»  ;  2  iranhm. 
2  tratfier-jihitri  for  side  rail*,  fastened  by  4  irrrtr*  No.  14. 

2  foragr-rnck  hiindt,  faFtcned  to  the  raek  by  2  rtrr»»  No.  2  and  22  tcrrtrt  No.  14. 
4  trnnher-phitr*  for  fornjte-rark,  sideji  fai>len<-d  by  4  riret*  No.  2  I). 
2/'>rn;frrark  holf  No.  4  ;    2  irn»Arr»  ;    2  iiiif*. 
2  irhctln  No.  1. 

WAOOX-COVKR. 

Wood. — 2  «iVr  rnt7«  .■  2  r>ii/  rnih,  dovclailcd  into  the  lide  rails  :  2  rM</  *tu<i;  fast- 
ened to  the  end  rails  by  i  tr<,n<lrn  pin$,  and  t4i  Ihc  end  boards  l)y  4  r!rtit. 

2  enii  huoriiii,  fastened  to  the  side  and  end  rails  by  8  icmr*  No.  12,  and  to  the  and 
."tuil  by  6  «crr»r«r  No.  12  :  1  riilyr-pule  ;  0  corer-bonrd;  fastened  to  the  end  boardf  by 
'.',(\  iiin'lt  (i-\Hsan\),  and  (o  the  end  bow*  by  3A  rirrf*  No.  1  II,  and  to  the  middle 
bows  by  .36  teretci  No.  12. 

luos. — I  cortirr  »^ti<i;r«,  fastened  on  the  inside  of  the  frame  by  Ifl  trmrt  No.  14. 

2  end  Itiiirt. 

4  joiiit-liitlti  for  eorer-frami-.  pa-^s  through  the  rails  and  end  bowe :  -i  nut*  No.  1. 

2  middit  hoirt.  fast4.'ned  in  mortiset  in  the  rails  by  4  rirrU  No.  3  B. 

2  pI'itrK  niid  finpirt  for  covi-r-|ir<p|i  and  hasp,  fattened  to  the  left  eover-rail  bjr  3 
lirrtu  No.  3  B  and  2  rcmet  No.  12;  1  curer-prop,  fastened  in  the  front  itaple;  1  Aa4tp, 
faslened  in  the  rear  staple. 

^  hinijm,  fastened  to  the  rail  by  0  rirrtt  No.  3  B,  and  to  the  body-rail  by  6  6oto 
No.  1  B  ;   6  II Mf*. 

The  roof  is  covered  with  xiron;;  linen  oaorasa,  which  is  fastened  by  264  copp«r 
nnilt  (I2-or..).  with  ^trips  of  U,ahtr  under  tb«ir  heada. 

Am  m  unition-rhest. 

The  same  ammunition-chest  is  adapted  to  the  limbers  of  the  different  field  gan- 
cnrria;;es  and  to  their  eaii^fons.  The  interior  diricions  rary  with  the  different  kindt 
of  ammunition.     (Sec  Chap.  XI.; 

Wood. — 2  mdt,  2  tidet,  dovetailed  and  fastened  by  16  evt-maiU  (S. penny); 
1  principal  ftartitiuH  ;  1  bottom,  fastened  by  If*  eul-naili  ((*-penny)  and  4  icrew0 
No.  16. 

1  cor«r,  consisting  of  1  /ram*  of  4  pieces,  1  panel,  and  1  lininy  fastened  by  60 
copper  taeki. 

Iron. — t  romcr  plntet  for  ends  and  sides  —  2  corner  plate*  for  ends  and  bot- 
toms— 1  corner  plat r  for  side  and  bottom — sheet-iron  No.  13,  faateoed  by  V6  sereiM 
No.  IS. 

I  tuiemhling-hoU  No.  2  ;  1  turnhmclcle  (brass),  attached  to  the  aesembling-bolt. 

1  Kotker-plate  for  assembling-bolt,  fastened  by  2  tcreir*  No.  12. 


PRAIRIE    CARRIAGE.  47 

1  bacJc-stni/,  fastened  to  the  hack  and  bottom  by  6  "crews  No.  14. 

2  /ronf-8t(ii/s,  fastened  to  the  front  and  bottom  by  4  n'refg  No.  2  B  and  8  scrcw.t 
No.  14. 

2  hinges,  4  rivets  No.  2  B,  20  screws  No.  14;  2  hiiige-plafcs,  fastened  on  the  back 
edge  of  the  cover  by  4  screirs  No.  14. 

1  hasp,  fastened  to  the  cover  by  1  rivet  No.  2  B  and  5  screws  No.  14:1  hasp-plate  : 
2  screws  No.  14. 

2  hmidUs;  8  »v"rei!8  No.  3  B. 

14  coj>2)cr  washers  (sheet-copper  No.  24),  to  cover  heads  of  rivets:  56  copper 
tacks. 

1  eot-cr  (sheet-copper  No.  24).  fastened  to  the  edges  of  the  wooden  cover  by  216 
copper  tacl-s. 

2  leather  straps  for  the  tarpaulin,  5  inches  long,  with  2  buckles  No.  6,  fastened  to 
the  edges  of  the  cover  of  the  limber-chest  by  4  screws  No.  14. 

2  leather  straps  for  the  tarpaulin,  29  ftichee  long,  fastened  to  the  hasp  side  of  the 
cover  of  the  limber-chest  by  4  screws  No.  14 ;  4  copper  washers. 

Limber-chest  for  the  Travelling  Forge  and  Battery-wagon. 

This  chest  differs  from  the  ammunition-chest  in  the  following  points,  viz  : 

It  has  no  principal  partition;    and,  instead  of    the   assembling-bolt,    with    the 

washer-plate  and  turnbucklc,  it  has  a  hasp-staple  and  plate,  fastened  by  2  rivets. 

The  backstay  is  fastened  by  1  rivet  and  6  screws.     The  heads  of  the  rivets  are  not 

covered  with  copper  washers. 

For  the  interior  arrangement  of  the  chest,  see  Chapter  XI. 

Prairie  Carriage  for  the  Vl-ponnder  Mountain  Howitzer  and  Moun- 
tain Rifle. 

Woon. — 1  stoci-  in  2  pieces,  put  together  with  2  doivels.  The  stock  is  hollowed 
out  on  top  at  the  head,  leaving  the  sides  to  project  and  form  the  cheeks.  1 
axle-body. 

Iron. — 2  usscmhUng-bvlt'i  No.  4  D  ;  2  washers ;  2  washer-hooks  for  the  front  bolt; 
2  nuts. 

2  trail-handles  ;  2  bolts  No.  2  A  ;   2  nnfs. 

1  lunette:  the  under  part  of  the  ring  is  plated  with  steel;  1  trail-plate  (plate-iron 
No.  8)  is  riveted  to  the  lunette  by  2  rivets  No.  2  B.  The  lunette  is  fastened  to  the 
stock  by  6  nails  No.  2  C,  and  the  trail-plate  by  6  nails  No.  1  C,  and  both  by  the 
pointing-ring  holts. 

1  large  pointing-ring  and  plate  ;  the  plate  is  fastened  to  the  stock  by  2  holts  No.  2 
H  ;  2  nuts,  octagonal. 

1  small  pointing-ring  ;  2  bolts  No.  2  H;  2  nuts,  octagonal. 


48  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

2  prolongr-honk;  fast'.'ned  over  the  middle  line  of  the  Btock  hy  8  m<ii7«  No.  1  C. 

1  keji  for  bmndvpike;    1  rhain  ;  1  rge-pin. 

2  trherl-ijiinrJ  )>lt$lr;  fit!<tcni'd  to  the  Ctock  l).V   10  iiniV*  No.   1    C. 

2  trunnum-filaUi,  fiulcDed  to  the  utock  hy  2  chin-bolu  and  2  kry-hulli  No.>4  A,  2 
Iriinnion-pliitr  hullt  No.  4  D:   A  nut*  ;  G  uaiU  No.  2  C. 

2  cnp'tifuarrt ;  2  tyt-ptH*,  rivetpd  to  the  cap-»quarct :  2  ekain»,  5  link*  No.  1. 

2  rj/r.fiint,  iiervwed  into  the  fiilo*  of  the  nlork:  2  rap-tquart  tey» ;  2  chain*,  .T 
liiiki  Nu.  1  ;  2  rge-pitu,  ncrcwcd  into  the  tidcp  of  the  ttook. 

2  impUmrnt'kuok;  »crcwe<l  into  the  top  i(f  the  axlo-hody. 

2  impUmenl-ka»k»,  rucrewed  into  the  *idei  of  the  rturk  near  the  trail. 

1  oj-lr-lrcf  No.  .'J;  2  tktiuliirr-fifkm;  2  liitck-tnitkrr*  ;  2  tinrhpin*. 

2  uudcr*lrap»,  faatcnod  by  the  rhin  and  kry  bull*. 

1  ipongc-bucket  hool ;  paaaea  lbruui;b  the  axlv-body  from  the  front ;  1  wifkrr^ 
1  nor. 

2  axU-ban<it,  put  on  (h«  axle-body  kui,  aad  fa«ten*d  by  8  »niU  No.  I  C. 

I  hiix  ftir  tUviiiing'tcrtw  (ca«t-bra««) ;  2  ln'li*  No.  2  C;  S  ttamkert ;  2  mml*. 
1   rlrrutimf-trrrtr, 

Limbrr. 

Wood. — 1  ajrlt-body  :  2  knumdt  :  \  fork  ;  I  0plimt*r-hitr  ;  i /oot-bonrd  hrnrktU  ;  2 
/<n>l-b<Mtrdt  ;    I  pulr  ;    1  polr-prop. 

Irom. — I  *frett0  No.  Ifl;  4  trrrtrt  No.  14  for  bracket*;  JO  naiU  for  foot-board  ;  4 
f  1 1<«/«  No.  2  B :  4  hurrt  for  end*  of  hoand*. 

I  nxir-trre  No.  .t  :  2  »hi>utder-trnahtr»  ;    }  limek'tt^ttkrn  ;  S  limrkpim*. 
1   pintli-kuok :  3  6'</r«  No.  3  C;   3  traikm  ;  i  ■•>«  ;   1  pimtU-kry  ;    I  rAai'n,  9  fial-* 
No.  2  and  2  riny*  No.  1  A  :   I  rye-pio  No.  I,  fa«trned  to  the  roar  of  tlie  azl«.--)M<dy. 

1  lar-burkri  ko»k,  fajilened  )>y  3  nm/*  Nu.  I  C. 

2  frofff  No.  2  E  to  ouonect  the  axie-bwdv  bu.I  houu.lk  :  'J  K.i'At-/-*  ,■  2  nut. 

3  nndrritrapt ;   4  (*off«  No.  2  B:  4  •■■/• 
2  ajtU-bands  ;  6  Nai7«  No.  I  C. 

2  end  hatidt  for  »pliul«r-bar ;  3  tract-kook*  ;  4  rw*ta  No.  3  vir«. 

2  middlt  band*  for  vplintcrbar;  3 /ra<«-&ooA«  ;  9  ^oUa  No.  3  D;  3  ■»(*. 

1  /ork-tirap :  guppurtf  the  tonjnte.  and  U  bald  kj  tha  bolt*  of  the  middle  baada. 

2  bolt*  No.  2  D  for  fplinter-bari  and  hoaad*:  4  »m»ktr» ;  2  ■■/«. 

I  poU-prop  tockti ;  I  ftrmU  ;  I  poU-prvp  ttmd  driraa  into  the  •pliutcr-bar. 
1  eyf-pin,  riveted;    1  burr, 

4  utttjf'pin* :  4  it<it7«  No.  1  C :  4  k*y  ;  4  <-i««a«  of  &  /»a^  No.  1  and  2  rtnyi  No.  1  A, 
earh. 

4  eyf-pins  Np.  1  ;    1  »tny-ptnlr  ;  4  r^rrrrr. 

1  ri'rrl  in  large  end  of  |>ole  :   1  y  ?  D  ;  3  iraxftrrt ,-   I  an/. 

\/trru1t  ;   1  hnrklt,  fastened  uu  ;  .d  of  the  pole  by  I  rtrel. 

1  fn'U-yi'ke,  composed  of  1  M«y.  1  cuUar  in  two  parta,  2  krauckf,  2  »Udimfr4m§H 
3  ^o<r«  for  collar ;  1  «<««A«r  for  mulT :  1  kry. 


GUN-CARRIAGE    FOR    MOUNTAIN    HOWITZER.  49 

1  pole-prop  strap  (leather),  fastened  to  the  splinter-bar  by  3  scretoa  No.  12;  1  buckle 
No.  10. 

2  ammunition-chcslg ;  2  wheels  No.  3. 

Amviunition-chests. 

Wood. — 2  fnth  ;  2  sides,  dovetailed  and  glued  to  the  ends. 

1  bottom,  rabbeted  into  the  sides  and  ends,  and  fastened  with  30  cut-nails 
(C-penny). 

1  cover,  made  of  I  panel  and  2  end  clamps,  mortised,  glued,  and  fastened  with  4 
pins. 

4  bolsters ;  8  cleats,  fastened — the  first  to  the  bottom,  the  second  to  the  sides  on 
the  inside — by  48  copper  nails  (4-penny). 

Iron. — 1  brace,  fastened  on  the  inside  to  the  back  by  1  screw,  and  to  the  front  by 
the  stud-plate  rivet. 

1  turnbuckle  (brass) ;  1  stud  ;  1  stud-plate,  fastened  to  the  front  by  1  rivet  No.  2  B 
and  1  screw  No.  9. 

4  corner  plates  (sheet  iron  No.  17):  40  screws  No.  9. 

1  back  stay ;   \  front  stay  ;  6  scretos  No.  9;  3  rivets  No.  2  B. 

2  hinges,  fastened  to  the  under  side  of  the  cover  by  8  screws  No.  12,  and  to  the 
back  and  bottom  by  9  screws  No.  12  and  2  rivets  No.  2  B. 

2  handler,  fastened  to  the  bottom  and  end  by  1  rivet  and  4  screws  No.  12. 
1  hasp:  the  strap  let  into  the  under  side  of  the  cover,  and  fastened  with  5  screwt 
No.  12  and  1  rivet  No.  2  B. 

1  canvass  cover,  secured  to  the  edges  of  wooden  cover  by  12  copper  tacks. 
1  tarpaulin  to  cover  the  carriage. 

Pra  irie  Am  mv  n  if  ion  -en  ri. 

This  is  a  two-whccled  cart,  with  shafts,  carrying  four  ammunition-chests  and  on« 
implement-chest  like  those  used  for  the  mountain  howitzer  ammunition. 

The  chests  are  held  in  place  by  stays  and  a  bar  fastened  with  a  spring  catch 
behind,  so  that  they  may  be  easily  detached. 

The  wheels  are  like  those  of  the  gun-carriage,  and  have  the  same  track. 

The  shafts  have  hooks  at  their  front  ends  for  the  purpose  of  attaching  another 
horse  if  necessary,  though  one  horse  is  sufficient  for  the  ordinary  draught. 

Gun-carriage  for  the  Mountain  Howitzer  and  Mountain  Rifle. 

(Plate  6.) 

The  gun-carriage  is  adapted  to  transportation  on  a  pack-mule;  but  for  occasional 
draught,  when  the  roads  permit,  it  is  furnished  with  a  thill,  which  is  used  with  the 
same  saddle  that  carries  the  pack. 
4 


50  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Wood. — 1  0tork  in  2  pieces,  put  together  with  2  doireh.  The  stock  is  hollowed 
oat  on  top,  forming  the  check  from  the  sides  of  the  stock. 

1  nrle-trrr,  in  2  pieces  bolted  and  riveted  topetlier  with  an  iron  skcnn  Itetwoon. 
Irox. — 3  ntfemhling-hnltn  No.  4  D  for  the  stork  :   2  trnnher-hookn  for  the  front  bolt; 

4  wniiherii ;  3  nutt. 

2  trunn\on-plate» ;  2  chin-holt»  No.  4  :  2  key-holln  No.  4;  2  tninuion-plntr  holtn  No. 
4  D:  6  natV*  No.  1  C. 

2  eap-»quare» ;  2  eye-pinn,  riveted  to  the  cap'-'juareR  ;  2  ehnino,  5  ^'mJI-it  No.  1  and 
2  r»n«7«  No.  1  B,  each;  2  i'^-y*  .•  2  kry-rhuiim,  .3  /i"nA-»  No.  1,  2  riiig»,  Nu.  1  B  ;  4  rye- 
/>»n«  No.  1,  screwed  into  the  sides  of  the  stock. 

2  hnndxpike-honkii,  screwed  into  the  sides  of  the  stock  near  the  head. 

2  tiaplei  for  handspike-straps. 

1  luiirtte,  fastened  to  the  stock  by  fi  nntU  No.  2  C. 

1  trail-plate,  fastened  to  the  stock  by  6  nniU  No.  1  C,  and  to  the  luncttp-plate  by 
2  rirrlH  No.  .3  C. 

1  handfpike-ftnplr,  driven  into  the  stock  through  holes  in  the  trail-plate. 

2 friction-platra  for  shaft:   4  »iai7«  No.  1  C.  ^ 

1  box /or  rltvatirxj-trrtir  ;   2  bolts  No.  1  C;   2  ttnshfri  ;   2  nntU  ;    1  rlrrati'ntf-teretc, 

1  ajrle-gkcan  ;    1  /.o/f  No.  2  D  :   2  trathrrt  ;    1  fiuf  ;   2  riVff*  No.  3  B  ;    4  f;irr». 
2/errulei,  fastened  to  the  end  of  the  axle-tre«  by  2  rirrtt  No.  2;  2  linrhpifu. 

2  arle-haud',  put  on  hot;   4  iini7*  No.  1  C. 

2  undemtrapn,  fastened  by  the  ohin,  k«y  and  trunnion-plate  bolta. 
2  fchtfU  No.  4. 

8RAPTR. 

Wood. — 2  shaft*  ;  1  ero$»-bar,  Joined  to  the  shafts  by  t«non  and  mortise. 
Iron. — 1  cros$-bar  platr,  fastened  to  the  shafts  by  2  bolt*  No.  2  D,  4  riret*  No.  2 
B,  4  tcrews  No.  14,  and  2  nti(«  ,■  and  to  the  cross-bar  by  7  screw  No.  14. 

1  supporting-bar ;  I  kry  ;  1  chain  of  8  Zinit*  No.  1,  2  riii</f  No.  1  A  ;  1  ryr-pin  No. 
1,  riveted  to  the  cross-bar  plate. 

2  staples  for  the  shafl«  :  4  burrs  for  same. 

In  attaching  the  shafts  to  the  gun-carriage,  the  snpporting-bar  is  laid  on  the 
trail-plato,  near  the  handspike-staple,  and  the  knee  in  rear  of  the  lunette  rests  on 
the  cross-bar  plate,  the  holes  for  the  key  in  these  two  pieces  corresponding  with 
aach  other. 

Ammunition-chests. 

Wood. — 2  endf  ,•  2  »irf*«,  dovetailed  and  glued  to  the  ends ;  1  bottom,  let  into  the 
sides  and  ends,  and  nailed :  1  corer,  made  of  1  panel  and  2  clarnpn,  joined  by  tenons, 
glued  and  fastened  with  pins;  2  brackets  for  handles,  fastened  with  4  *<~r»-if»  No.  12 
and  4  fcretrs  No.  14:  16  cleats,  glued  and  fastened  by  8  tcreuis  No.  7;  48  nails 
(3-penny). 

Iron. — 1  brace,  fastened  on  the  inside  to  the  back  by  1  «creie  No.  12,  to  the  front 
by  the  stud-plate  rivet. 


TOOL-CHESTS.  51 

1  tiirnhwHc  (brass):  !  '•)"J ;  1  stitd-jyfnte.  let  into  the  front  and  fastened  by  1  riwet 
No.  2  and  1  scretc  No.  9. 

4  corner  plates  (shcot-iron  No.  18)  ;  40  sercws  No.  7. 

2  fiinr/m,  let  into  the  under  ?ide  of  the  cover,  and  pass  under  the  bottom  :  26 
nrrewe  No.  9. 

2  laxhiiig-chains,  4  ^//iZ-s  each;  1  bridle,  held  by  4  n'tv^g  No.  2  B  passing  through 
the  hinge-strap. 

1  hasp,  let  into  the  under  side  of  the  cover;  4  tcrewn  No.  9. 

1  covering  of  stout  linen,  painted  ;  1  leather  strip  ;  160  copper  tacks. 

2  handles  of  l-i»icA  rope. 

Portable  Forge. 

Iron. — 1  frame,  made  of  3  pieces  welded  together. 

I  fireplace  (sheet-iron  No.  13),  composed  of  ,1  bottom,  bent  into  a  hollow  form  and 
riveted  to  the  frame;  1  back  plate,  in  2  pieces,  the  lower  piece  bent  under  the  bot- 
tom and  riveted  to  it;  the  2  plates  are  joined  by  2  brass  Jiinges,  \f\uch  are  riveted  to 
each  plate  by  4  screirs. 

1  border,  bent  round  the  back  and  riveted  to  it  and  to  the  frame. 

2  reinforces  to  the  back  plate,  riveted  to  the  edges  of  both  pieces. 

1  air-back  (sheet-iron  No.  7),  made  into  a  convex  shape  when  hot :  is  riveted  to 
the  upper  back  plate. 

1  button  ;  1  stud,  riveted  to  the  outside  of  the  upper  back  plate  :  is  used  to  fasten 
ilown  the  back  plate  in  packing. 

1  iron  pipe,  attached  to  the  rear  of  the  lower  back  plate  by  means  of  1  bridle. 
which  is  fastened  by  2  bolts  j  2  nuts. 

1  front  leg,  forked ;  2  eye-pieces,  riveted  to  the  sides  of  the  frame :  the  leg  is 
joined  to  the  eye-pieces  by  2  bolts  ;  2  nuts. 

2  rear  legs;  1  cross-bar,  fastened  to  the  rear  legs  by  2  nuts;  2  bolts,  to  join  the 
rear  legs  to  the  frame. 

1  bellows  handle :  a  bent  bar  of  iron  with  a  wooden  head  is  fastened  to  the  handle- 
fork  by  1  rivet;  1  sliding-catch  ;  1  ihiimb-ficrcw  on  the  lower  end. 
1  handle-fork  fits  in  a  square  hole  in  the  cross-bar. 

BELLOWS. 

Wood. — The  same  parts  as  the  bellows  for  the  field  forge. 

Iron. — 1  nozzle  (sheet-iron),  inserted  into  the  cross-head. 

I  journal-rod,  fastened  to  the  middle  plank. 

1  fop  plate,  fastened  to  the  upper  plank  by  9  screws. 

1  handle,  attached  to  the  plate  by  3  staples  riveted  under  the  plate. 

1  bellows-weight  (lead,  1  pound  weight),  fastened  on  the  inside  of  the  lower  plank. 

1  bellows-leather,  fastened  by  bellows-nails. 

Tool-chests. 

'  Two  chests  are  used  to  pack  the  forge  and  smiths'  tools.  They  are  alike  except  in 
their  interior  divisions  and  the  socket-plates,  which  are  attached  only  to  theforgc- 
ehest.     For  contents^  sec  Chapter  XI. 


52  ORDNANCK    MANUAL. 

Wood. —  2  rn<1«  ;  2  »iV«»,  dovetaileil  nml  glued  to  the  eii'l."  ;  1  holtom,  let  into  the 
«nd8  and  sidec,  and  fastened  l>y  .S2  nnili  (6-ponny):  1  cover,  made  of  1  pnml  and  2 
end  clnnipt,  morticed,  glued  and  factened  liy  4  pinn. 

Iron. — 4  corner  plntei  (f>heot-iron  No.  18);   18  icreirt  No.  7. 

2  handler,  turned    under   the   l)ott<im   of  clvcgt,  and    fastened   by   2   riiets   and  S 

2  liiufjcK,  fastened  to  the  inside  of  the  cover  with  2  n'rrtK  and  fi  ncretoM,  and  to  the 
bottiim  and  back  with  6  rivcln  and  22  terete*  ;  2  hridlcK  for  lai^hing-cbaina,  held  by 
the  hinge-rivets. 

1  lidHp,  let  into  the  inside  of  the  cover:  4  »rretr». 

1  himp-itnple  and  plate :  the  staple  ip  riveted  to  the  plate,  which  is  fastened  to  tiie 
c.bcst  by  2  rivelt. 

3  «oc/.-cf-/>/nfc«,  with  holes  in  them  to  receive  the  legs  of  the  frame,  fastened  to  the 
dack  of  the  forge-chest  by  12  tcretn. 

1  liucn  corering,  like  that  of  the  ammunition-chest. 

SIEUE  CARRIAGES. 
Gun-carriage.     (Plate  7.) 

There  are  three  gun-earriagee  for  sicfjc  artillery,  vir. : 

One  for  the  12-pounder  gun  ; 

One  for  the  18-poundcr  gun  ; 

One  for  the  24-pounder  gun  and  the  8-inch  howitzer. 

These  carriages  are  constructed  in  the  same  manner,  differing  only  in  their  dimcn- 
iiions. 

When  the  S-inch  howiticr  is  mounted  on  the  24-pounder  carriage,  a,  quoin  is  used, 
instead  of  the  elevating-screw,  the  howitter  being  too  short  to  rest  on  the  screw. 

Wood. — 1  atock  in  2  pieces,  put  together  with  2  duteeli  ;  2  cheek*  ;  1  axir-body  ;  1 
hreech-hohter. 

Iron. — 1  a»*cmbling-boll  for  the  stock  No.  7  A;  2  irat/im  ;    1  nut. 

1  manacuvring-bolt  No.  7  ;   2  etdlari  ;   4  %rn»\*T»  ;   2  hu/*  No.  5. 

6  rondellci  (cast-iron  I:   2  (utembling-boltt  No.  7  A  ;  4  wathert  ;  2  nutt. 

\  asgeuiblintj  et/e-bolt  for  the  lock-chain  No.  9:  the  ring  of  the  lock-chain  is 
welded  in  the  eye  of  the  bolt,  which  is  on  the  left  side  of  the  carriage;  I  teanher 
No.  9  ;  1  teacher  and  1  nut  No.  7. 

1  loci-chain  (See  page  62);  1  ikoe ;  1  icy  for  the  shoe,  to  keep  the  wheel  from 
slipping  off. 

2  trunnioH-platt*  ;  2' chin-lolH  No.  7;  2  berel-teasheri ;  2  niiti ;  2  key-boll*  No.  7  ;  2 
tnU*  ;  4  cheek-bolt*  No.  7  A  ;  4  tca*her*  ;  4  nut*. 

2  trunnion-plate  bolt*  No.  3  E:  2  nut* ;  2  travelling  trunnion-bolt* ;  2  ica*hert ;  2 
mmt*. 

2  eap-tquarc* ;  2  cap-tquare  chain*,  6  link*  No.  3  and  2  ring*  No.  2  A,  each;  4  eye- 
pin*  No.  3 — 2  riveted  into  the  cap-squares  and  2  screwed  into  the  sides  of  the 


LIMBER.  53 

cheeks;  2  cap-square  keys  ;  2  key-chains,  each  5  links  No.  2  and  2  rintjs  No.  2  B  ;  2 
eye-pitis  No.  2  for  key-chains. 

1  axle-tree  No.  5;  2  shoulder-washers  ;  2  linch-washers  ;  2  linchpins. 

2  nndcrstraps,  held  by  the  eye,  chin  and  trunnion-plate  bolts. 

1  axle-strap,  held  by  2  toZfs  No.  5  B,  connecting  the  stock  and  axle-body;  2  mtt». 

2  axle-hnnds,  put  on  hot,  and  fastened  to  the  axle-body  by  3  nails  No.  1  C. 

1  lock-chain  hook,  passes  through  the  axle-body  on  the  right  side  ;  2  washers ;  1 
nut. 

I  hook  for  the  shoe,  screwed  into  the  right  side  of  the  cheek. 
1  check-plate,  to  protect  the  cheek  from  the  friction  of  the  shoe  in  travelling. 
1  box  for  the  elevating-screw  (brass) ;  2  bolts  No.  4  C;  2  washers  ;  2  «uM. 
1  elevating-screw  ;  4  handles,  screwed  into  the  head  of  screw. 

1  strap-staple,  driven  into  the  middle  of  the  stock  on  the  under  side. 

2  wheel-f/tiard  plates,  fastened  to  the  stock  by  12  nails  No.  2  C. 

1  lunette,  reinforced  at  the  pintle-hole  by  1  rondeUe,  fastened  to  the  upper  side  of 
the  lunette-plate  by  3  rivets  No.  3  C  ;  2  holts  No.  4  C ;  2  washers  ;  2  nuts. 

1  trail-plate,  reinforced  by  1  guard-plate  fastened  to  the  trail-plate  by  6  rivets  No. 

3  C  ;  29  nails  No.  3  C. 

2  bolster-bolts  No.  4  B,  the  heads  hollowed  out;  2  washers  ;  2  nuts. 
2  wheels  No.  5. 

Limber. 

Wood. — I  fork;  2  hounds;  1  splinter-bar  ;  1  pole  ;  1  leading-bar. 

Iron. — 1  fork-bolt  No.  4  D;  2  washers;  1  nut. 

1  axle-tree  No.  5  ;  2  shnulder-icashcrs  ;  2  linch-washers  ;  2  linchpins. 

1  pintle-plate,  fastened  to  the  fork  by  7  7)ails  No.  3  C  and  by  2  of  the  axle-strap 
bolts. 

1  sweep-bar :  the  ends  are  fastened  to  the  hounds  by  2  bolts  No.  4  C;  2  washers, 
2  nuts. 

1  axle-strap,  fastened  to  the  fork  by  6  bolts — 4  No.  4  C  and  2  No.  4  D.  Two  pass 
through  the  pintle-plate,  two  through  the  sweep-bar,  and  two  through  the  fork.  2 
washers  ;  6  nuts. 

1  lashing-ch(iln  of  4  rings  and  1  hook  :  the  first  ring  is  welded  into  the  eye  of  the 
axle-strap. 

2  undcrstrapis,  fastening  the  hounds  to  the  axle-tree;  2  holts  No.  4  D;  2  bolts  No. 

4  C  ;  2  iciashers  ;  4  tints. 

1  pintle,  fitted  accuratelj-  in  the  mortises  of  the  pintle-plate  and  fork  ;    1  nut. 

2  end  bands;  2  trace-hooks,  put  on  the  end  of  the  splinter-bar  with  4  rivets  No.  2. 
2  middle  hands  ;  2  trace-hook",  fastened  by  the  bolts  connecting  the  splinter-bar 

and  fork. 

1  bridle  for  the  front  end  of  the  fork,  fastened  b}'  the  bolts  connecting  the  fork 
and  splinter-bar. 

2  bolts  No.  4  D  for  the  splinter-bar  aud  fork  ;  2  nuts. 

2  bolts  for  the  splinter-bar  and  hounds,  No.  4  D  ;  4  washers ;  2  nuts. 


54»  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

1  bridle  for  the  middle  of  the  fork,  fastened  to  the  fork  by  1  uniU  No.  2  C. 
1  riVff  for  the  rear  end  of  the  ixde;   1  burr. 

1  fye-platc  for  the  front  end  of  the  pole ;  2  bnltt  No.  2  U  ;  .3  maihert ;  2  nul«. 

2  poh-chnini,  each  9  liu/eii  No.  Ci.  1  co-link-,  mid  1  riim.  woIiIcmI  into  a  hole  in  tin' 
eyo-plate. 

1  frrruU  for  the  end  of  the  poU'. 

1  pnle-olaap,  fastened  hy  the  eye-plnle  bolt  and-l  bolt  No.  2,  hexagonal  head. 

2  Ao/rit  for  the  pole  and  fork,  No.  4  D ;  4  imKhfru  ;  2  »"/«. 

1  iin'dillr  band  for  the  leading-bar,  fa8t«ned  by  2  rivetn  No.  2  :  1  Aoo/.- ;  1  douhir 
tracr-hook,  " 

2  eiirf  bnndit  and  Inire-honk-n  fir  leading-bar,  like  tho.«f  for  the  uplintcr-bar ;  2 
riiM'f*  No.  2. 

2  tr/iefi»  No.  5. 

Morfnr-icngon. 

This  wagon  is  designed  for  the  transportation  of  siege  mortars  anil  their  beds,  or 
of  guns,  or  large  shot  and  shells. 

The  limber  and  the  wheels  arc  the  same  as  those  of  the  gun-carriage. 

Wood. — 2  middle  raiU;  \  front  traHtom,  fastened  between  the  middle  rails  by  2 

doweli ;  I    middle  transom  botwecn   the   middle  rails;   1   rmr  Irnnnnm  between   the 

middle  rails;  2  »ide  rail*;  1  rear  rro»»-Aar,  let  into  the  middle  and  side  rails;  6 

middle  cro»ii-btir*  between  the  middle  and  side  rails,  and  let  into  both ;  2 /rout  erof- 

ban,  let  into  the  middle  and  side  rails  ;  2  bottom  planks,  fastened  to  the  middle  oroM- 

» 
bars  by  12  uniU  No.  2;  1  ajcle-bodg ;  1  vindlams ;   1  muxxU-buUler  ;  6  ntuhit;  2  katid- 

spikri  for  working  the  windlass.     When  used  for  carrying  bulls.  1  friiine,  made  uf  4 

planks  dovetailed  together  and  strengthened  by  iron  corner  plates. 

Iron. — 1  uiiembling-bar,  passes  through  the  middle  rails  into  the  side  rails. 

2  handipike-hoiikt,  fahtened  to  the  outside  of  the  middle  rails  by  4  iiai7«  No.  2  C. 

1  atteviblinij-bolt  No.  4  A  :   2  trathrrs  ;   1  ntU. 

1  cye-phite  for  the  laishing-chain,  placed  between  the  middle  rails. 

2  boltt  No.  4  A,  for  the  front  ends  of  the  middle  rails;  4  irnthert;  2  nuts. 
2  maufpiirrin^-staples,  driven  into  the  under  side  of  the  middle  rails. 

2  crong-bar  plates,  fastened  to  the  front  and  rear  cross-bars  by  12  iollt  No.  4  C ;  V 
ttmskers  ;  12  nuts. 

1  lock-chain  and  nhoe — 1  kry  :  1  bridh.  fasit^ined  under  the  left  side  rail:  1  bolt  No. 
4  B  ;  1  n%tt — like  those  on  the  gun-carriage. 

1  trail-plate,  fastened  under  the  front  end  of  the  middle  rails  by  11  nai7«  No.  3  C. 

1  lunette  ;  1  reinforce,  fastened  to  the  lunette  by  4  rirrtt  No.  .3  C  ;  1  bridle  ;  3  bnUt 
No.  4  C  ;  3  nut*. 

2  tcheel-guard  plates,  fastened  t^i  the  middle  rails  by  12  nails  No.  2  C. 

1  axle-tree  No.  5. 

2  underntrapt,  fastened  to  the  side  rails  by, 4  thtUs  N<).  4  B  :  4  nu/«. 

2  axle-*trap»,  fastened  to  the  middle  rail.«  by  4  bolts  No.  4  B  ;  4  nut*. 


4 


BARBETTE    CARRIAGES.  55 

1  breech-hiirter,  \e^^  into  the  middle  rails  and  fastened  by  4  naiis  No.  2  C. 

6  stake-socketK,  bolted  on  the  outside  of  the  side  rails  by  10  bolts  No.  3  D  ;  10 
washers  ;  10  nuts. 

2  lock-chain  hooks  take  the  place  of  2  stake-socket  bolts  on  the  left  side;  2 
washers  ;   2  nuts. 

1  tar-bucket  hook,  fastened  on  the  outside  of  the  left  side  rail  by  2  naila  No.  1  C. 
4  roller-plates,  fastened  on  the  S(iuarc  part  of  the  windlass  by  32  »iai7«  No.  1  C. 
4  roller-bands,  let  into  the  ends  of  the  roller,  and  fastened  by  6  nails  No.  1  C. 

2  Journal-boxes  (brass),  let  into  the  ends  of  the  windlass. 

2  Jonrnals'ioT  the  windlass,  riveted  at  one  end  into  2  Journal-plates,  which  are  fast- 
ened to  the  inside  of  the  rails  by  4  bolts  No.  3  C;  4  nuts. 

2  circular  Journal-plates,  fastened  by  the  bolts  last  mentioned  and  by  4  nails  No.  1 
C. 

2  roller-hooks,  driven  into  the  windlass  5.5  inches  from  the  middle. 

2  handspike-straps,  fastened  to  the  small  end  of  the  handspike  by  2  rivets  No.  2. 

2  shoulder-washers  for  the  axle-tree, 


2  linch-xoashers, 
2  linchpins, 
2  wheels  No.  5, 


like  those  for  the  gun-carriage. 


GARRISON  AND  SEA-COAST  CARRIAGES.* 

The  garrison  and  sea-coast  carriages  are  all  made  of  wrought-iron.  They  are  o 
four  different  kinds,  viz  : 

1.  The  Barbette,  front-pintle,  carriage. 

2.  The  Barbette,  centre-pintle,  carriage. 

3.  The  Casemate  carriage. 

4.  The  Flank-casemate  carriage. 

Each  carriage  is  composed  of  a  chassis  and  top  carriage. 

The  inclination  of  the  chassis-rails  is  the  same  in  all  the  carriages — 3°.  The 
trough-beam  braces,  transoms  and  angle-iron  sub-braces  vary  only  in  length,  the 
flank-casemate  carriage  excepted.  The  thickness  of  the  cheek-plates  is  the  same  in 
all.  The  barbette  rails  diflor  both  in  length  and  depth  from  the  casemate,  which  arc 
also  diflferent  from  the  flank-casemate. 

BARBETTE    CARRIAGES. 

Barbette  carriages  are  divided  into  front-pintle  carriages  and  centre-pintle  car- 
riages.    The  top  carriage  is  the  same  for  both  kinds. 

Of  the  front-pintle  class  there  are  three  carriages,  which  are  similar  to  each 
other :  one  for  the  10-inch  columbiad,  one  for  the  8-inch  columbiad  and  42-pounder 


*  Some  carriages  bavo  already  been  made  of  wrought-iron,  but  in  consequence  of  tlie  scarcity 
of  labor  and  material,  the  carriages  for  garrison  and  sea-coast  service  will  bo  of  wood,  as  pre- 
scribed farther  on. 


56  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

ffun,  and   ono  for  the  32  and  24-pfiiiniicr  guns  :  the  latter  two  difler  only  in  the 
lenjithp   of  the  transoms  and  axle-tncH. 

Of  the  centri'-jiintlc  claKO  there  are  two  carriages  :  one  fur  the  10-inch  columbiad, 
And  one  for  the  8-inch  columbiad. 

Top   Carriage. 

The  parts  marked  with  an  asterisk  (*)  are  common  to  all  carria;re.«. 

2  rhrrk-ptntt*. 

2/rnHl  hrnrfo — 2  middle  brarrt — 2  rrar  brneri,  fastened  to  the  chock-platcs,  each 
by  4  IiiUk  No.  4  E  and  4  nutu, 

2  front  tuh-brarft,  faftonod  to  the  check-platos  by  4  bollt  No.  4  E  and  4  nut*. 

2  rrar  iiib-bracm,  fastened   to  the  cheek-platen  by  6  holtn  No.  4  E  and  C  iiii(». 

2  thnrn,  each  fastened  to  the  front  brace  by  1  bolt  No.  4  E  and  1  nut,  to  the  rear 
brace  by  1  b»li  No.  4  E  and  1  nut,  to  the  front  sub-brace  by  2  bolts  No.  4  H  and  2 
nnl«,  and   to  the  rear  ."ub-brace  by  .3  bolti  No.  4  H  and  .3  iiuis. 

2  trunnion-plalei,  fastened  to  the  front  braces  by  2  boll*  No.  4  E  and  2  tintt,  and 
to  the  rear  l>raco  by  2  bolt»  No.  4  E  and  2  nut*. 

♦2  axle-hoxin  (brass),  held  in  place  by  *2  ojrU-box  ttankfrB  (cast-iron),  fastened 
to  the  cheek-plates  each  by  4  boliM  No.  4  E  and  4  ntiU. 

•1  handspikr-fulcrum,  fastened  to  the  U/t  rear  brace  by  2  rirrtt  No.  5  C.  *2  arc 
tupports,  fastened  to  the  right  rear  brace  by  2  bolls  No.  1  D  and  2  rirru  No.  3  D. 

•1  lanyard-rolUr,  brass,  fastened  to  the  right  rear-brace  by  1  nut,  .375  in. 

2  tran*omi,  fastened  to  the  front  brace  by  the  4  bolts  which  hold  the  braces  to 
the  cheek-plate. 

1  rear  trannom,  composed  of  2  pieces,  5-inch  trough-beams,  with  pieces  welded 
in  the  ends;  each   piece  fastened  to  the  cheek-plat«a  by  4  boUt  No.  4  E  and  4  nutt. 

2  brace-4raii*omt,  fastened  to  the  middle  brace  by  the  4  bolts  which  hold  the 
braces  to  the  cheek -plates. 

2  diagonal  bracet,  fastened  to  the  shoes  by  4  bolu,  which  bold  the  shoes  and 
sub-braces,  and  to  each  other  by  1  boll  No.  4  E  and  1  nut. 

1  axle-tree;  *2  linrhpins:  *2  truck  teheeds. 

1  elcraling-bed,  fastened  to  the  rear  transom  by  4  b"ln  No.  4  E  and  4  nutt;  1 
elevating-tcreic:  *1  elrrating-iereie  box  (brass),  fastened  to  the  rear  transom  by  4 
bolts  No.  4  E  and  4  nuts;  *1  bcrel-vherl  and  nut,  fitting  on  elevatin>.'-screw ;  •! 
brass  pinion,  mounted  on  •!  eUvatiag-seretr  arbor;  •!  arbor-box  (brasf),  fastened 
to  the  cheek-plate  by  2  bolls  No.  1  E  and  2  nuts.  .375  inch  (hexagonal):  1  nrbor- 
kandle;  *l  nut,  .375  inch;   1    patcl ;   1  patel-porl ;    1  elerating-arc  (brass;. 

The  carriages  for  the  42-pounder  and  smaller  guns  hare  no  elevating-bed.  pawl, 
or  pawl-port.  The  rear  transom  is  made  of  a  single  piece  of  5-inch  trough-beam. 
The  S-inch  carriage  answers  for  the  42-pounder  gun  by  adding  2  trunnion-platM, 
removing  the  elevating-bed,  and  adding  a  longer  elevatiog-ecrew.  The  S^-poondar 
carriage  answers  for  smaller  guns,  by  the  addition  of  trunnion-plates. 


I 


CHASSIS — CENTRE-PINTLE.  67 

'  Chassis — Front-pintle. 

2  rath  (I-shape),  15  inches  deep. 

1  hurter-bar,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E  and  4  ttuta. 

2  couuter-hurters,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  8  rivets  No.  5  D,  countersunk  on  top. 

1  front  transom,  composed  of  1  transom-plate  and  2  cant-iron  transom-holsters: 
the  transom  is  fastened  to  the  rails  by  16  bolts  No.  4  E,  which  pass  through  the 
bolsters  and  keep  them  in  place;  16  >ii(^«;  4  bevel-washers. 

0  transoms,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  12  bolts  No.  4  E  and  12  nuts  —  2  of  them 
having  hook  heads. 

2  dia<jonal  braces,  fastened  to  the  front  transom  by  4  holts  No.  4  H  and  4  nuts, 
and  to  the  rails  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E  and  4  nuts. 

2  side  steps,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E  and  4  nuts. 

2  rear  steps,  fastened  to  the  rear  transom  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E  and  4  nuts. 

2  rear  traverse  wheel-fork^,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  16  bolts  No.  4  E,  16  nuts;  2 
traverse-wheels;  2  travcrse-vhecl  bolts  1.75  inch,  2  nuts. 

4  implement-hooks,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  4  nuts  No.  4;   1  key  in  the  pintle. 

Wood. — 15  planks,  6  inches  wide,  li  inches  thick,  placed  across  the  chassis,  on 
the  lower  flange. 

Note. — The  ends  of  the  front  transom  must  have  a  firm  support  on  an  iron 
friction-bar,  resting  on  the  masonry  around  the  pintle;  and  the  transom  must  be 
held  down,  and  be  prevented  from  rising  oflF  the  pintle,  by  a  key  passing  through 
it,  or  by  a  nut  screwed  on  the  top. 

Chassis —  Centre-pintle. 

2  rails,  I-shaped. 

1  hurter-bar,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E;  4  nuts. 

2  countor-hurters,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  8  rivets  No.  5  D,  countersunk  on  top. 

4  transo7ns,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  16  bolts  No.  4  E — 6  of  them  have  hook  heads; 
16  nuts. 

1  middle  transom,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  16  bolls  No.  4  E;  16  nuts:  this  transom 
is  composed  of  1  transotn-plate  and  2  transom-bolsters,  fastened  together  by  16  bolts 
No.  4  H;  16  nuts:  the  transom-bolster  is  made  of  2  pieces,  fastened  together  by  4 
rivets  No.  4  D. 

4  diagonal  braces,  fastened  to  the  middle  transom  by  8  bolls  No.  4  II  (8  nuts),  and 
to  the  lower  flange  of  the  rail  by  8  bolls  No.  4  E ;  8  nuts. 

2  transom  and  rail  braces,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  2  bolts  No.  4  E,  2  nuls,  and  to 
the  bolster  of  the  middle  transom  by  2  bolls  No.  4  E ;  2  mits. 

2  front  traverse-wheel  forks  and  2  rear  traverse-wheel  forks,  fastened  to  the  rails 
by  32  bolts  No.  4  E;  32  nuts;  2  front  traverse-wheels  (cast-iron);  2  rear  traverse- 
wheels  (cast-iron);  2  front  traverse-wheel  bolts  (2-ineh);  2  nuts;  2  rear  traverse- 
wheel-bolts  (1.75  inch) ;  2  nuts. 

2  implement-hooks,  fastened  to  rails  by  2  bolts  No.  4. 


58  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Wdiii). — \h  },l<iiikK,^  inches  wide,  l.j  inch  thick,  iiliiLod  across  the  chassis,  resting 
on  the  lower  flanj;c. 

The  railc  of  the  centre-pintle  carriages  for  the  platforms  ii««-  laid  are  9  iuchos 
in  depth  :  for  new  platforms  not  yet  laid,  the  depth  of  rails  will  bo  15  inuhos. 
The  iiintle-plii.tc  of  now  platforms  is  to  be  raised  2\  inches,  which  will  obviat« 
tli«  noccsfity  of  bolsterM  to  the  middle  trunsomfl  :  simple  wedges  will  replace  them. 

I)II*I.EMKNT8. — 2  manoeuvriuy-bam  ;  2  jitnch'hari ;  2offiet-irrtitche»  ;  I  mauiravrimj 
hiDiilKfiil.r. 

1  pointhig-hnr  for  columbiads. 

CASKMATE  CARRIAGES. 

There  are  two  carriages,  one  for  the  .S-inch  and  42-poundcr  guns,  the  .ti,.  i  i'«r  llm 
.12  and  24 -pounders. 

Top  Carriage. 

2  ekeek-pliilm. 

2  /rnHl  lir<tcc» ;  2  ,iiidille  htacf*  ;  2  rrar  hraeej,  the  rear  ends  filled  up  by  a  piece 
welded  in  each  brace;  each  fastened  to  the  cbttck-plato  by  4  L<ilt»  No.  4  K  and 
4  null. 

2  front  luh-bracei,  fastened  to  the  cheek-plate  by  4  bollt  No.  4  K;  4  nuli. 

2  rear  lub-bracei,  fastiincd  to  the  chcek-plutcs  by  6  bull*  No.  4  E  ;  6  nut: 

2  thoti,  each  fastened  to  the  front  brace  by  1  boh  No.  4  E  and  1  f|Ht ;  to  the  rear 
brace  by  1  boll  No.  4  E  and  1  nut;  to  the  f^unt  ■ub-braco  by  2  bulls  No.  4  H  and  2 
nuit ;  and  to  the  rear  ^^ub-bra<.•e  by  2  btUit  No.  4  II  and  2  nul: 

2  tiuniiioii-jjlairt,  fastened  to  the  front  brace  by  2  bulit  No.  4  E  ;  2  nuU ;  and  to 
the  rear  brace  by  2  bulu  No.  4  E  :  2  n«(«. 

2  tijcU-bcxti  (brasB).  held  in  place  bj  2  axlt-box  teathrrt,  each  £MU:aed  to  the 
cheek-plate  by  4  bulla  No.  4  E ;  4  tut: 

1  hnndftike-fulcrum,  fastened  to  the  left  reax  brace  by  2  liveU  No.  5  C ;  2  urc- 
»i'liport$,  fastened  to  the  right  rear  brao«  by  2  bolu  No.  1  D,  2  nut*  and  2  rirtit 
No.  3  D. 

1  lanyard-ruUfi-,  bra.-^s,  fastened  to  the  right  rear  brace  by  1  nut  .37i  inch. 

2  trantuiiit,  fastened  to  the  front  br*ccs  by  the  4  &i///«  whieh  bold  the  bracee  lo  the 
cheek-plates. 

1  rear  iningom,  5-inch  trough-beam,  with  a  piece  welded  in  each  end,  fasteDcd  U> 
the  cheek-plate  by  4  bult$  No.  4  E  :  4  nutt. 

2  brace-iraiifioiiit.  fastened  to  the  middle  brace  by  the  4  bolts  which  hold  the 
braces  to  the  cheek-plates. 

2  dia^viinl  bracm,  fastened  to  the  shoes  by  4  bolts,  which  hold  the  shoe  aud  sub- 
brace,  and  to  each  other  by  1  bolt  No.  4  £  ;  1  mtO, 

1  axle-tree;   2  linckpin*  ;  2  truck-uheeU. 

1  elepating-tcrtic  box,  brass,  fastened  to  the  rear  transom  by  2  boll*  No.  4  E,  2 
Muf»;  1  elfvallng-tcretc:  1  btnl-ickfel  and  nut,  fitting  on  elerating-screw  ;  I  brats 
pinion,  mounted  on  I  eUrating-»cretc  arbor;  1  arbor-hox  (brass),  fastened  to  the 
cheek-plate  by  2  bidu  No.  1  £,  2  nuU ;  1  arbor  kandlr  ;  1  iiur;  1  eUratiiig-nr>:   i  brass). 


BEDS    FOR    SEA-COAST    MORTARS.  t)» 

Chassis. 

2  rails,  I-shaped,  9-inch. 

1  hurtcr-bnr,  fa.stened  to  the  rails  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E  and  4  nuts. 

2  connter-hurters,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  8  rivets  No.  5  D,  countersunk  on  top. 
1  front  transom,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  8  holts  No.  4  E  and  8  nuts. 

.3  transorns,  fastened  to  the  rails  each  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E  and  4  niits—i  of  them 
hook  heads. 

1  tongue,  fastened  to  the  front  transom  by  I  bolls  No.  4  E  and  4  nuts. 

2  front  traverse-wheel  forks  (each  in  2  pieces),  fastened  to  the  rails  by  12  holts  No. 
4  E  and  12  nuts,  and  by  4  bolts,  which  hold  the  front  transom. 

2   rear  trnverse-uhecl  forks   (each   in  2  pieces),   fastened    by    16  bolts    No.  4   E, 

16  ?I«Y8. 

2  front  trarcrse-ieheels ;  2  front  traverse-whctl  bolts  (1.75  inch),  2  nuts;  2  rear  trar- 
erse-whcels ;  2  rear  travcrsc-wheel  holts  (1.75  inch)  and  2  nnts. 

2  diagonal  braces,  fastened  to  the  under  side  of  the  rail  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E,  4  wits, 
and  to  the  front  transom  by  the  4  bolts  which  hold  the  tongue. 

The  carriage  assembled  for  the  8-inch  gun  answers  for  the  42-pounder  by  the 
addition  of  2  trunnion-plates.  The  carriage  assembled  for  the  32-pounder  answers, 
in  the  same  way,  for  the  smaller  guns. 

24-poun(Icr  Howitzer-carriage  for  Flank-casemates. 

The  details  of  this  carriage  have  not  been  suflBciently  arranged  for  insertion  here. 

The  embrasures  of  the  now  flank-casemates  have  been  changed  from  the  plan 
formerly  used,  by  pl.icing  the  pintle-hole  24  inches  farther  to  the  front.  This 
requires  the  addition  of  an  iron  tongue,  with  a  pintle-hole,  to  the  wooden  chassis. 
Other  flank-embrasures  are  made  without  a  tongue-hole;  for  these,  the  iron  tongue 
is  placed  above  the  upper  pintle-plate,  and  held  by  the  same  3  bolts,  which  are  made 
stronger. 

Beds  for  8-inch  and  lO-iiich  Siege  Mortars. 

Wood. — 1  bolster  for  the  quoin,  fastened  to  the  front  transom  by  2  bolts  and 
2  nuts. 

Iron. — 2  checks  :  1  middle  transom,  I  front  transom,  in  one  piece  (cast-iron). 

4  manoeuvrinij-holts,  wrought-iron,  cast  in  place. 

2  cap-squares,  fastened  to  the  cheeks  by  4  straps,  held  by  iiboUs  and  4  keys. 

Beds  for  10-inch  and  IS-inch  Sea-coast  Mortars. 

Wood. — \  front  transom  ;   1  rear  transom. 

Iron. — 2  c/teei-s  (cast-iron);   I  middle  transom  {hmss). 

2  manauvriny-bolls  No.  10  ;  4  nuts  No.  9. 

G  assemblinij-bolts 'No.  10  ;   &  nnts. 

4  transom-strajis ,•   16  screws.      , 

1  elevating-screw  bed,  fastened  to  the  front  transom  by  2  bolts  No.  5  A  ;  2  nut*. 

1  elevating-screw  box  (brass) ;  1  elevating-screw. 


60 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


COEHORN  MORTAR. 
Woon. — 1  hitl,  in  1  or  2  piccci!. 

Ill0!». — '2  a*»rmUin<i-holli  No.  .H  A  :   4  trnahm  ;   2  HMt». 
2  I  itp-»<ffinrri,  fajtenoil  to  the  bed  by  4  fxilln  No.  2  B  anil  4  iiiif*. 
1  hiindlii,  fiu<tono<l  to  the  RidcK  by  4  hnlu  No.  3  A  and  4  >iuf«. 

I'RESERVATION  OF  CARRIAiJES. 

WixxliMi  rurriafft-a  arc  ])rc*i'crTcd  in  woll-vcotil«l«d  Rtorobouset,  protected  from 
the  weather.  If  the  timber  be  not  purfectly  dry.  and  the  exijfcnrieii  of  the  iervico 
will  ixrmil,  they  arc  left  unpainted:  Uic  ironx  are  tirxt  coat«d  with  lin»C4^'d  oil,  and 
painted  oDe  coat. 

Iron  carriages  require  especial  rare  to  pre«erre  them  from  oxidation.  When  tb« 
parti  of  a  carria>;c  are  comi>lctcd  and  n-aily  to  be  aiiKombled,  all  ruxt  that  iniiy  have 
formed  is  ncraped  olT.  and  tlic  part*  are  placed  in  a  kettle  eontaininf;  liuaecd  oil, 
which  ia  raided  to  its  boiling-point.  When  the  iron  ha«  become  ar  warm  as  the  oil, 
it  is  tAken  out  and  placed  on  the  side  of  the  vessel  to  drip.  When  dry,  the  carriafe 
is  asKemblod  and  painte<l  with  two  coats  of  iron  paint. 

The  carriages  arc  pretterved  in  dry  buildings,  on  the  ground-floor,  tAkeu  to  pieoea 
and  pileil  nway.     PieoeH  <if  the  same  kind  arc  put  in  a  pile  by  them»elve«. 

Carriagei)  that  are  mounted  xliould  hare  the  paint  renewed  from  time  to  time,  aa 
it  is  worn  oflf;  and  if  rust  sbuuld  arrumulate,  it  must  be  removed,  and  a  roat  of  oil 
first  applied  and  the  carriage  then  painted. 


No.  1. 


Naves 

Spokes 

Fellies 

l>owel« 

Wedge*  f">r  spokes. . 
12  brow-bands. .  .in. 

2  end  bands in. 

Nails  for  banda  . . . . 

{  Tire in. 

Tire-bolt.<,  nuts  and 

washers 

NaT*-box 


I 
14 

7 
14 

1  ;^x.?«> 


14 
1  5SX.15 
•    25 
1  C. 
...A.  .824 


No.  S. 

No.  4. 

No.  5. 

1 
11' 

1 

I 
14 

G 

12 
1X15 

MX  •'. 

12  N    .  I  C. 

2.0X.5 

u 

.75X.18 

1X.2 

12  Xo.  1  C. 

2X.38 

7 

14 

1.5X.S8 

l.riX..'58 

12  No.  1  C. 

4X.75 

7  No.2 
I 


7  No.  J  U.  «  No.  2  H.  «  No.  1  H. 

I         I  I        I  1 


7  No.  4  H. 
1 


Wheel  No.  1.  for  the  6-pdr.  gun-carriage,  caiaaon,  forge,  battery-wagon,  and  the 
limbers  of  all  field  carriages. 

No.  2,  for  the  24  and  32-pdr.  howitzers,  and  the  12-{>dr.  gun-carriAges  only. 

No.  S.  for  the  prairie  carriage. 

No.  4,  for  the  mountain  howitier. 

No.  5.  for  all  siege  carriages  and  their  limben. 


AXLE-TREKS — NAVE-BOXES. 

Dimensions  and  Weights  of  Axle-trees. 


61 


'  tlifi  body  on  the  under  side  

tlio  middle  piece  of  body 

Length  of-!  tlio  arm  to  the  linch-wtisher 

the  round  end.  including  the  hole  , 

1  Total ; 

(  -11- •  lit  fat  the  middle 

I   ^"'"' tat  the  shoulder 

■)_,,.  ,  fat  the  middle 

Diameter  Jat  the  shoulder 

ofthearm  (at  the  linch-washor , 


Tlie  body. 


Weight  lbs.  116. 


No.  1. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 

No.  4. 

No.  5. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

45.5 

45.5 

34.35 

18.68 

42. 

15.5 

22. 

13.85 

1.3.85 

8.55 

7.55 

16.1 

2.07 

2.07 

1.275 

2.15 

2.3 

78.84 

78.84 

54. 

38.3 

81.8 

2.5 

3.5 

2. 

4.32 

3.5 

3. 

3. 

2. 

4..32 

3.5 

1.5 

3. 

2. 

3.54 

3.5 

3. 

3. 

2. 

3.94 

3.5 

3. 

3. 

2. 

3.5 

3.5 

2.005 

2.005 

2.64 

2.5 

116. 

122. 

... 

232. 

2.8 
3.0 
2.8 
3.0 
2.9 
2.9 


No.  1,  for  6-pdr.  gun-carriages,  caissons,  forge  and  battery-wagons. 

No.  2,  for  12-pdr.  gun-carriages,  24-pdr.  and  32-pdr.  howitzer-carriages. 

No.  3,  for  prairie  carriages. 

No.  4,  for  mountain  howitzer-carriages. 

No.  5,  for  siege  carriages. 

No.  6,  for  iron  carriages. 

Nave-Boxes. 


f  the    whole 

Length  of  i  cylindrical  part . .  .  . . 

(grease-chamber 

f  r   i     •        f  large  end 

Interior.  <       ",,       , 

T»:»^«*„_  small  end 

Diameter,    -l  \ ,  , 

-ci   4     •       I  large  end 

tixterior.  <       '^,,       , 

[  (  small  end 

Depth  of  grease-chamber 

f Length   of 

Flange  ••  •  I  Width  of,  at  base. . . 

(  Projection  of 


No.  L 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 
In. 

No.  4. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

13.75 

8.0 

8.26 

16.5 

2.0 

.... 

.... 

2.0 

4.59 

3.0 

3.26 

5.6 

3.05 

2.0 

3.55 

3.55 

2.05 

1.5 

2.6 

2.55 

3.85 

2,5 

4.05 

4.4 

2.85 

2.0 

3.1 

3.4 

.125 

.1 

.1 

.15 

13.75 

8.0 

1.0 

16.5 

.45 

.45 

.25 

.4 

.4 

.4 

.25 

.4 

No.  5. 


In. 

3.0 
2.1 

3.0 
3.0 

5.0 
5.0 


...\ 


No.  1,  for  field  a.xle-trees. 

No.  2,    "  prairie     " 

No.  3,    "  mountain  howitzer  axle-trees. 

No.  4,    "   siege  axle-trees. 

No.  5,    "    iron  carriage  axle-trees. 

Nos.  3,  4  and  5  of  bra.?s  ;  the  rest  iron,  cast. 


62 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Linchpins. 


Stem 


Head  .  -I 


j  Length   

(  Diameter 

Length 

Breadth  at  toji 

"         iit  bottom  .  . 

Thickness  at  toii 

•'  at  liottoni. . 

"  under  chin. 


WciRbt, 


No.l. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 

No.  4. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

.•i.86 

2.35 

4. 

4.2 

.62 

.5 

.5 

.7 

1.75 

1.4 

1.37 

1.8 

.8 

.5 

.6 

.9 

1.4 

.... 

1.1 

1.7 

.8 

.85 

.8 

1.0 

.75 

.... 

.5 

8.5 

.«5 

.55 

.45 

.5 

11.68 

4.62 

8.01 

14.26 

In. 
3.9 

.5 
1.75 

.75 
1.36 

.8 

.4 

.4 

5.24 


No.  1,  for  field  axle-trees. 

No.  2,  "  prairie       " 

No.  3,  "   mountain  howitzer  axle-tree?. 

No.  -1,  "    siege  axle-trees. 

No.  5,  "  iron  carriage  axlo-trecs. 


Washers. 


Shouldcr-waflherfi. 

Linch-wuhen. 

No.l. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 

No.  4. 

No.l. 

In. 
4. 

2.05 
.375 

15.00 

No.  J. 

In. 
3.25 
1.6 
.35 

15.54 

No.  3. 

In. 
5.5 
3.05 
.375 

28.97 

In. 
4. 
2. 
.25 

12.15 

In. 
6. 
3.5 
.5 

40.32 

In. 
6. 
6. 
2. 

544. 

In. 
5. 

2.55 

.5 

Weight oz. 

55.22 

No.  1,  for  field  carriages,  axle-trees,  No.  1  and  2. 
No.  2,  for  prairie  carriages,  axle-tree,  No.  3. 
No.  3,  for  siege  carriages. 
No.  4,  for  iron  carriages. 

Lock-chains  for  Field  Carriages. 

The  lock-chain  is  the  same  for  all  field  carriages,  except  in  the  number  of  the 
links.     It  consists  of  1  toggle,  7.7  in.  long,  1  link,  1  long  link,  4.9  in.  long,  With  1 


LOCK    CHAINS. 


63 


htnuc  7-iiifj,  1.5  in.  diam.,  —  number  of  links,  1  ruif/,  2.56  in.  diam.,  with  1  loose  n'nc/ 
of  same  size,  and  —  number  of  links  to  the  eye-plate.     The  links  are  all  No.  5. 


Number  of  links  from  the  long  link  to  the  ring., 
"        "      "        "      '•    ring  to  tho  eye-plate ., 


c  ? 

S  ^  s 

Sjj:  m 

c 

c. " 

cJi-).  " 

aiss 

3 

>-l  c^ 

o 

16 

16 

18 

13 

6 

7 

' 

' 

These   chains   should  be  made  of  a  new  kind  of  chain,  known  as  the. loop-link 
chain,  which  is  stronger  for  the  same  weight. 

For  Siege  Carriages. 

Tho  lock-chain  consists  of  a  chain  of  4  links,  No.  7,  and  1  toggle,  't.lb  in.  long, 
with  1  loose  ring,  3  in.  diameter  on  the  first  link,  which  is  attached  to  the  ring  in 
the  lock-chain  bolt  by  1  ring,  3i  in.  diam.;  of  a  second  chain  of  the  same  sized 
links,  to  which  the  shoe  is  attached,  composed  of  14  liukB  for  the  gun-carriage,  and 
18  links  for  the  mortar-tvagon,  and  1  ring  3 J  diam.,  which  is  joined  to  the  ring  in 
the  lock-chain  bolt  by  15  links,  No.  5. 
■    These  chains  are  to  be  made  of  the  loop-link  chain. 


64 


ORDNANCK    MANUAL. 


6 

B 
M 

1.5 

3.25 

3.75 

3.' 

^  • 

e<i  >o  M  1- 

lU    -).    -H    O 

O  «  C^  CC  CC 

CO  1-1       ■*  -N  eo 

•n 

.<0  1(0  ifl  C4 
t^  M  CS  1— 

■*     *      '      ' 

CO 

6 

S 
l-l 

CO       .«    .  1-    . 

. 

-1<  1-  lO 

M  n  1^  t~ 

40  -)< 
ifl  t-  ■<t  l~  'O 

t-  M  CO  >»  e<  in 
M  -^    '  «  -^  es 

I-  «0  O  M 

CO  M  N  ^ 

rH  M  ec       e> 

-- 

1-1  e^ 

-* 

o 

d 

o>     • 

M  M  O  00 

■o  —  -t  «o 

O  N  CO  O  O  O 
C^  w'     '  «  .-  M 

•n  CO  M 

M  M  j-N 

1-1  M  CO         M 

^  M 

-* 

to 
6 

M         ■«         lO 
rH  iTJ  t~      .  M       . 

00      . 

•rs 
oo  c4  m 

M  ^  M  00 

•O  94  00  CO 

6»  .-  M  —  O  ■»!" 

ei  ,4    '  -i  ^  ^ 

•n  ^  ^  ^ 

^  M  M         M 

—  M 

eo 

6 

I2i 

HH 

n  >ri  to 

•n 

•  O  CO    ^5 

M  CC  -yj  o 

.(0  o»  to 

1-1  M  M  i-H  M 

1-1  M 

CO 

6 

a 

M 

t~  «^  oo  e^  o    . 

to  -T 

—  i-  •r>  o 

•A  »  c<  a> 

o  t»  »-  —  «o  •« 

•o  o»  to 

•»  '-<  ^  rH 

pi    '    *    ' 

O  r^  rH  .-.  ^ 

" 

CQ 

d 

d 

O 

O  -#  O  O  CS      • 

to  M  .O 
—  «C  W  CC 

•fl  M  «  t^  to  1- 
CJ  O  —  1-  O  «■« 

CI  e4  te 

—  —  o 

ci    '    *    * 

='--'-- 

'- 

6 

in 

a 

1— 1 

•n 

O  —  C-J  OO         -fl 

M  —  eo  .o 

•O    F^    •«    .^    ,H 

lO 

O  1-1  r-<  O  •-  •- 

o 

6 

d 

1— ( 

ec  00       r>.  1-  .-1 

^  w  t»  ec 

•a                04 

t-  M  F-  O  so  O 

—    ■  o 

•A 
•AN         <0 
ej  i-«  rHO 

«  o 

o       —  o       .- 

o 

1=1  : - 


_:       <  =  i:  K 

5         -  -:--^ 


o  o 


S  a 
a  5 

-■3 


.22'  = 


RIVETS — CHAINS. 


65 


In  the  preceding  table  the  number  indicates  the  size  of  the  bolt,  and  the  letter 
the  form  of  the  head,  as  follows : 

A.  Bolt  with  round  (cylindrical)  head,  chamfered ;  square  under  the  head. 

B.  Round  head,  not  chamfered  ;  to  be  let  into  wood  ;  square  under  the  head. 

C.  Countersunk  head  ;  bolt  square  under  the  head. 

D.  Convex,  or  rose  head  j  square  under  the  head. 

B.  Square  head,  chamfered  ;  round  under  the  head  ;  nut  let  into  wood. 

F.  Round  head,  chamfered  ;   applied  to  wood  ;   round  under  the  head. 

G.  Round  head,  not  chamfered  ;  to  be  let  into  wood;  round  under  the  head. 
H.  Countersunk  head  ;  bolt  round  under  the  head. 

Rivets. 


Diameter  of  body. 


B 


Diameter  of  head  ■{  C      D 

H     

B      

Thickness  of  head  -|  C      D 

n    

f  Diameter 

T,  Thickness 

Burrs.  •  s  t^   .     •       ,•        ,        r  ^      ■   i 

Exterior  diameter  of  countersink. 

[  Depth  of  countersink 


No.  1.    No.  2.    No.  3.    No.  4.    No.5. 


In. 
0.2 


.75 


.125 

.75 

.125 

.3 

.1 


In. 

0.25 
.75 
.5 

.2 
.2 


In. 

0.375 
1.125 


.25 
.25 

1.125 

.25 

.6 

.17 


In. 
0.5 
1.5 

.875 

.375 
.3 


.5 

.375 

.7 

.25 


In. 

0.625 
1.875 
1.0 

0.5 

.375 

1.875 
.5 
.87 
.375 


B.  Head  not  chamfered  ;  to  let  into  wood. 

C.  Countersunk  head;  to  let  into  iron. 


D.  Rose  head;  resting  on  iron. 
H.  Rose  head ;  resting  on  wood. 


Chains. 


Thick- 
ness of 
iron. 

LINKS. 

Proof 
weight. 

Remarks. 

No. 

Kind. 

Length. 

Width. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

1 

0.15 

]    '     f 

1.1 

0.6 

400 

All  chains  arc  welded. 

2 

.2 

1.25 

.75 

800 

3 

.25 

i    ^     i 

1.(5 

1.1 

1,200 

4 
5 

6 

7 

.25 
.375 
.5 
.625 

Straight. 

2. 
3. 
3. 
3.4 

1. 
1.5 
1.75 
2.25 

1,500 
2,500 
5,000 
6,500 

66 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Eye-Pinr. . 


No.  1. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 

Id. 

0.3 

.25 

In. 
0..375 

.3 

In. 

0.5 

.375 

Mings. 


Designation. 

Thickness 

of 

wire. 

Exterior 

diameter  of 

ring. 

Remarks. 

No.ii^: 

No.2{^; 

In. 

0.2 

.2 

.25 
.25 

In. 
,  1.4 
1. 

1.5 
1.25 

n  l!i  1          These  are  the  rinjrs  most  com- 
Coldshut.  ^      monly  used  in  fkkl  and  siege 
Wplfipd             carriages,  with    the    chains 
Coldshut.J       Nos.  I,2and3. 

Wrought-Nails. 


Body;  diameter  or  thickness . , 
Diameter 


Heads  CD. 


Thiclsness 


In. 

.25 


No.  2. 


In. 
.3 


.6 
.25 


In. 

.375 


.7 
.25 


In. 
.5 


.875 
.3 


C.  Square  nail,  with  coun- 
tersunk head. 

D.  Ptound  nail,  with  rose 
head. 


Cut-Nails. 


Length 

Number  in  1  lb. . 


2d. 
In. 

2d. 

id. 

6d. 

8d. 

lOd. 

12d. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

1 

1.25 

1.5 

2 

2.5 

3 

3.5 

550 

450 

340 

150 

100 

60 

40 

20d. 


In. 

4 

25 


S2nkes  are  large  nails,  torovght  or  tut:  the  size  is  designated  by  the  length  in 
inches. 

Bellows-nails  and  chtit-nails  are  short  wrought-nails,  with  large  heads,  slightly 
convex;  they  are  used  chiefly  for  nailing  leather,  canvas,  etc.,  on  wood. 

Bellows-nails  are  1.13  inch  long,  0.1  inch  thick,  with  heads  .75  inch  to  1  inch  in 
diameter ;  should  weigh  about  120  to  1  lb. 


DIMENSIONS    OF    F1ET,T)    rAURIAdES    AND    L1.M15KRS. 


67 


Principal  Bimmx^nna  and    Wt^iyhts  of  Field   Gun-carriages  and 

Limbers. 


Distance  between  the  inside  of  tlio  tninuion-plalofi 

Diameter  of  the  trunnion-holes 

'  Di'ptli  of  the  centre  of  trunniou-liole  below  the  upper  face 

of  t)ie  trunnion-plate 

Distance  of  axis  of  trunnions  in  rear  of  axis  of  axle-tree. 

the  piece  being  in  battery  on  horizontal  grounil 

Distance  from  axis  of  trunnions  to  axis  of  axle-tree 

Height  of  axis  of  tniniiions  above  the  ground 

Vertical  field  f*^"''"  ♦'"^i^'rizontai  Hue.  {fj^':^^:^-;;;:-;;;;;;; 

"*"  ^''^ (below  the  horizontal  line.  |  HXit'zer'"".'.'.'.'.".'.' 

Distance  between  the  points  of  contact  of  trail  and  wheels 
with  the  ground  line  

Distance  from  front  of  wheels  to  oiid  of  trail,  the  piece 
being  in  battery ; 

Distance  of  the  muzzle  of]  Oun.  in  front  of  wheels ■... 

the  piece  in  batterv  from  >  „  ,^:,„„,.  f  front  of  wheels 
the  front  of  the  wheels,     j  ""W"'*-'  ■-  \  rear  of  wheels.. 

Length  of  gun-carriage  without  wheels 

Length  of  limber  without  wheels 

liCngth  of  limber  without  wheels  or  pole 

Length  of  limber  with  wheels  and  pole „ 

Distance  between  the  centres  of  the  axle-trees  of  gun-car- 
riage and  limber 

Length  of  the  carriage  limbered  up 

Distance  from  the  muzzle  of  the  piece,  (Gun 

when  limbered,  to  the  front  of  pole.  (Howitzer 

Whole  length  of  the  axle-tree 

Track  of  the  wheels* 

Height  of  wheel 

Dish  of  finished  wheel 


OW 


Inches.    Inches.    Inche 


11.65 
4.25 


WEIGHTS. 


tiun-c.arriage,  without  wheels 

Limber,  without  wheels  or  ammunition-chest 

Ammunition-chest,  without  divisions   

^"-heehj^-;:;;;!';';:^-;;;;;::;:;::::::::;:::::;;::;;- 

(lUn  carriage  complete,  withoJit  implements  

Limber  complete,  without  implenicnts 

(iun-carriage  and  limber,  without  implements  


1.09 
104.4 
161.2 
52.85 
173.08 


209.08 

279.1 

272.1 

78.84 

60. 

57. 
1.5 

Lbs. 

540 
.335 
165 
180 
180 
900 
860 
1,760 


Lbs. 

736 
335 
165 
196 
ISO 

1,12S 
860 

1,988 


c'l  t 


70.8 


113,5 
101.2 
52.85 
173.08 


78.84 

54.0 

60. 

42.5 

57, 

42.0 

1,5 

1.0 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

783 

257 

335 

163 

165 

190 

69 

180 

69 

1.175 

363 

860 

343 

2,035 

72(f 

Inches. 


7. 
2.75 


3.46 
10.4 
30.5 

8045' 

4° 

48.0 

83.0 

7.0 

68.0 
141.0 

37.5 
152.0 

64.0 
216.0 


Note. — The  12-pounder  Napoleon  gun  is  mounted  on  the  same  carriage  as  the  24-pounder  how^ 
itzer.  The  cheeks  are  a  little  shortened,  and  the  elevating-scrow  brought  forward.  The  distance 
of  axis  of  trunnions  in  rear  of  axle-tree,  0,2.'i  in.  Weight  of  trail  on  ground.  210  i>ound8.  The 
G-pounder  carriage  is  also  used  for  the  .3-in.  rifle. 


68  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Dimensions   and    Weights   of  Gun-Carriage   anl    Equipment  for 
I'l-pounder  Mountain  Hoicitzer. 

DIMENSI0X8.  llirhi'K. 

Distance  between  the  inside  of  trunnion-plates 7. 

Diani'tter  of  fninnion-lioles '*-75 

Depth  of  axiH  of  tniiinions  below  upper  face  of  trunnion-plate 0.02 

DiBt.iTii  e  of  iixis  of  trunnions  in  rear  of  axis  of  axle-tree,  the  piece  beinR  in  biitterv.  on 

horizontal  groiind 2.6 

Distance  from  axi.s  of  trunnions  to  axis  of  axle-tree "•» 

Hoiglitof  axis  of  trunnions  above  tlu^Kronnd 27. 

,,      '.     ,«,,,«       (  above  the  liorizontalline r 

Vertical  field  of  fire.  -J  ,^^,,,,^,,  „,^.  i,.,,.!,.^,,,,,^!  n,,,. 7» 

Distance  between  the  points  of  contact  of  wheels  and  trail  with  the  ground  line 43.7 

Distance  from  front  of  wheels  to  end  of  trail   the  piece  lieing  in  battery 71.8 

Distance  of  the  muzzle  of  the  piece,  in  battery,  in  rear  of  wheels 4.8 

Lennth  of  ):un-uarriage,  without  wheels M. 

LoMgtli  of  thill 73. 

Whole  lenf^th  of  the  axle-tree 38.26 

Trivck  of  the  wheels 80.2 

Height  of  wheel M- 

Dish  of  (inislied  wheel 2. 

Ammunition-cliest,            ("Interior  length „ 82.S 

or                        <         ■■      width  4.76 

Oirriage-malcer's  Tool-chest.    I         •■      depth W.36 

Forge-chest,         f  Interior  length 32.8 

or                ■<.         "      width 7.H 

Smith's  Tool-chest.      (        "      depth 16.1 

WEIGHTS.  I'ound*. 

Howitzer *14 

Oun-carriage,  without  wheels 157 

One  wheel 00 

Handspike 6 

Sponge  and  rammer 3 

Onn-carriage  complete,  with  implements  2H7 

Thill  30 

Bridle 3 

Halter 3.5 

Pack-saddle  and  harness 47 

Livsliinir-girth  and  rope 3 

Ainmnnitiou-chest,  or  carriage-maker's  tool-chest,  empty 20 

Forge-cliest  or  smith's  tool-chest,  empty 42 

Amumiiit ion-chest,  packed 112 

I'orge-che-st.  packed 116 

SniitliV  tool-chest,  packed 117 

Goal  sack.  fiUed  with  charcoal  >. 26 

f  A 48 

B 45 


Carriage-maker's  tool-chests.. 


Dimensions  and  Weights  of  Prairie  Ammunition- Cart. 

Inchea. 

Whole  length  of  cart 127. 

Length  of  implement-chest 31  i 

Width  '•  '•      : 6.0 

Depth  "  ••     in  front 7.25 

'•  '■  ••     in  rear 9. 

Pouadii. 

Weight  of  cart,  empty,  without  wheels 296 

'•  •'    packed  with  ammunition 802 

•'  two  wheels 138 


DIMENSIONS    OF    SIEGE    CARRIAGES    AND    LIMBERS. 


69 


Principal  Diw.ensions  and  Weights  of  Siege  Gnn-Carriages  and 

Limbers. 


mMF.NSIOXS. 


Distance  bctwi'pii  the  inside  of  the  trunnion-plates 

Diameter  of  the  trunnion-holes  ; , 

Depth  of  centre  of  trunnion-hole  below  the  upper  face  of  trunnion- 
plate 


Distance  of  axis  of  trunnions  in  rear  of  axis  of  axle-tree,  the  piece 

being  in  battery  on  horizontal  ground 

Distance  from  axis  of  trunnions  to  axis  of  axle-tree.... 
Height  of  axis  of  trunnions  above  tlie  ground 

Vertical  field   f"*^^^'^  *''"  ''"n'-ontal  line.    {fiXitzer 

(below  the  horizontal  line 


e      /0"n 

(Howitzer 

Distance  between  the  points  of  contact  of  the  wheels  and  trail  with 

the  ground  line 

Distance  from  the  front  of  the  wheels  to  the  end  of  the  trail,  the 

piece  being  in  battery 

Distance  of  the  muzzle  of  the  ■)    ,,        •     ,      ^    ^    ', , 

piece   in  battery  from  the  ^  t>un.m  front  of  the  wheels 

front  of  the  wheels j    """'t^er,  in  rear  of  wheels 

I-ensfh  of  gun-carriage,  without  wheels 

Leii.i;th  of  limber,  without  wheels 

Length  of  limber,  witho\it  wheels  or  pole 

Length  of  limber,  with  wheels  and  jiole 

Distance  between  the  centres  of  the  axle-trees  of  gun-carriage  and 

limber 

Length  of  the  carriage,  hmbered  up 

Distance  from  the  muzzle  of  the  gun,  in  its  travelling  position,  to 

front  end  of  pole 

Whole  length  of  the  a.\le-tree !.....!.!.! 

Track  of  the  wheels } !.........! 

Height  of  wheels , ..!.!..!!!..!...'!! 

Dish  of  finished  wheels 


14.95 
4.65 

1.1 

3. 
22.45 
52.2 
13° 


4° 


100. 

141. 
30.74 


(inn-carriage,  without  wheels 

Limber,  without  wheels 

One  wheel 

Oun-carriage,  complete,  without  implements.... 

Limber,  complete 

<iun-carriage  and  limber,  without  implements  , 


1.30. 
176.65 
59.8 
184.9 

94. 
27S.9 

285.15 
S1.8 
60. 
60. 


Inches. 

16.95 
5.35 

1.2 

2.5 
22.85 
52.6 
12° 


4° 


142. 
35.35 


1.440 

1.542 

5S5 

685 

404 

404 

2.24S 

2.0.50 

1,393 

1.393 

3,641 

3,743 

133. 

176.05 

59.8 

184.9 

96. 

280.9 

291 .4'2 
81.8 
60. 
60. 


*Thi8  carriage  is  also  used  for  the  4.62  in.  rifle. 


70 


OR  D.N  ANT  i:     MAMAIi. 


Field  and  iSu-gt:  IVayons. 


DIMBNSI0.N8  AND  WBI0HT8. 


mMKNSIOXS. 


CaiBBOD.    Forge. 


Battery- 


Mortar- 
Wogon. 


111. 
125.5 


Lcn  lith ] 

Dist.uioe  l)etwitn  tbc  axlc-trous  of  cnrriup" 

anil  iimljcr :  92. 

Wh'.le  longth.  when  limbtrcd  up i  271.7 

Height,  above  the  ground I  58.75 

WKKiHTS.  I  Lb«. 

I 

Oarria^c-body,  without  wlieelc ,  •132 

Limber,  withoutwheels  orchcst '  335 

One  wheel 18«l 

Oarriage  and  limber,  eoinjdeto  without  iuiplu- 

nieiits  or  .s[iare  part^ l,fl!'2 


Id. 

In. 

lu. 

130. 

154. 

i43.e 

97.8 
270. 
70.5 

n2.U3 

393.13 

^    73.55 

102M)5 

287.86 
60. 

Lb«. 

Lhi.. 

hhn. 

»97    • 

335 

1X0 

itIO 
3.!  5 
ISO 

984 
58& 
404 

2,117 

2.iap 

8,18ft 

INTERIOR  niMEKSIONS. 


Length.  I  Widlii. 


Ammiinition   or  limbor-chcst,  with^m   aivi.-- 

i>ns 40. 

m        11  •       <•  *  Iron  room 4U. 

Travellint'  forire...  i  ^     ,  ,  7 

'^        "  (  Coal-box :;  1 . 

Battery-wagon,  body i)s> 

Mortar-wagon,  floor A3. 85 


lu. 

IS. 
S2. 
13. 
36. 
40. 


Depth. 


In. 


Weight. 


Lbi. 


I     U.75    I      165 
7.5 
17. 
22. 


100 


SJegc. 


MOnXARBEDS. 


8-inch.     lO-ineb. 


Coehom. 


In. 
l-ength 4J_ 

Exterior  width,  including  manoeurring-bolts.'       34. 

Weight pounds ;      920 


Id. 

51.S 

1,830 


In. 

31. 

15. 
132 


DIMENSIONS  AND  WEIGHTS  OF  BARBETTE  CARRIAGES. 


71 


•« 

t- 

m  rH  in 

to  CO  o 

•an  9  -jpd-gt 

1— 1         ^t-.r-l-rf'-ij^-^           l-liOe^CCtC.CtsirtOJMO'rf 

C^                        -^i:^^          T-H          0»CO<:0          CC'O          X^C<J50 

rH                 1-1  rH 

•O                          i>-                                  lCi«0                  COC35DCCO 

•jaz^iAiojj  "ni-g 

C            ."t       .'"I^'^"?      .0     0*^"-2      .       .'»'^>nt~M«^>'2 

pai!  uno  -jpd-gg 

C''                   -^l—  'rjic^i— 1        oa«DCC        ceo        ±^cs«oo 

i-t                 rH^ 

■o                 in  lo 

■                ifS  «0  O         CO               (N  CO  OJ     * 

•uno  upd-^g 

■    "-;  «j   .   .   .  t  "^ 

'oo*^*^'":    .^       loe^coN    * 

l2         00  O  i—  -*  C^  ft   -* 

l-H.ftOoih^t^COiOCJ-5jicicO      • 

^                      -t  1:-  -t 

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t  end  of 
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trunnions 
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s'-screw. , 

J  above 

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e  exterio 
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chassis  , 
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from  ccn 
from  cen 
from  cen 
from  cen 
piece,  in 

veen  th 
the  trur 
centre 
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i  axis  0 
stance 
levatin 

of  fire, 

m-carri 
1  of  the 
yeen  th 
f  the  cl 
I  of  the 
chassis 
stance 
istance 
stance 
istance 
of  the 

betT 
■of  1 

the 
al  di 

of  a 
f  th< 
aldi 

of  e 

field 

if  gu 
ngth 
betT 
on  0 
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al  di 
al  di 
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Q3^-C4-,*j^,o*->m                 OOrti-.-o'^-^-^+^-*-'_l 

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Horizon 
Horizon 
Horizon 

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72 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


a 
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a 


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I  rH   .-<   -rr   .-I  (-?  ^ 


o  o  o>  — I  c  o> 

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puu  uno  -jpd-ss 


•nno  -apd-fj 


•nno  -jpd-gl 


CO  1—1  CO  cc  OJ  o 


r^ ;-;  ^  rt     1-3 


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00  PH  CO  1-1 


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I 


M  CO  CO  "^      — : 

1-1  —1  -Jl  rl         1-5 


o  •«  CO  c  t-  «^  ic  -(• 
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CS   5   3  .S   g    I    S  .2* 
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3aajsc.s=ja 
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DIMENSIONS  AND  WEIGHTS  OF  CASEMATE  CARRIAGES. 


73 


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•p'BiqraniOQ  "ui-g 


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03  CO 
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•uno  MpcT-f-e; 


CO  ifi 
05  CO 
I-H  OJ 


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74 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


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DIMENSIONS  OF  COLU.MBIAI)  IJARBKTTE  CARRIAOKS. 


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rtl  CQ  <X>    _. 

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55 


p^  a>   o   a)   3j 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


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BILLS    OF    TIMBER. 

Bills  of  Timber  for  Field  Carriages. 


NAMES    OF    PARTS. 


GlIN-CAIiniAnES. 

For  C)-p<lr.  r/iin     (  Stock 

tiixl  -'i  Cheeks. . . . 

\2-]nlr.  howitzer.  (Axle-body. 

For   \2-pdr.  <jun,  ("Stock  .... 

24-p<h-.  and       <  Cheeks  . . . 

o2-p(/r.  howitzers.  (  Axle-body 


WHEELS,  Nos.  1  and  2. 

Nave 

Spokes 

Fcllius    

LIMBER.  ' 

Axlc-bodv 

Hounds.". 

Fork 

Splinter-bar 

Brackets 

Fron t  foot-board 

Rear  foot-board 

Pole..  J  Larf^eeud | 

(  Small  end j 

Pole-prop 

AMMUNITION-CHEST. 

Ends 

Sides  

Principal  partition 

r,  r  (  Sides 

Cover-frame  . .  ^  -r,    j 

(  Ends 

Bottom 

Panel  for  cover 

Cover  lininff 


nONGH    DIMENSIONS 
OF  EACH   PIECE. 


Long. 


In. 

100 
40 
60 


108 
50 
50 


50 
56 
40 
72 
9 
46 
46 

132 

30 


22 
44 
22 

69 

44 
42 
42 


Wide. 


In. 


9.25 
1.3.5 


14. 
3.5 

7. 


Thick. 


Each 
piece. 


In.     ISup.ft. 


4.5 
3.5 

6. 


5.75 


Round 

2. 

3.5 


9.       6. 
4.5    3.25 
9.25  4. 
4.25  3.5 
2.3    1.6 
8.75  1.13 
5.      |l.l3 
4.5    4.5 
3.2513.25 
2.25:2.25 


17. 
17. 
17. 

3.75 

20. 
17.5 

20. 


1.31 

1.31 
1.31 


1.31 

2. 

0.5 


28.90 
13.12 
14.58 


47.44 
22.22 
17.01 


17.09 
1.55 
4.59 


18.75 
5.6S 

10.27 
7.43 

3.14 

1.86 

14.11 
1.05 


3.40 
6.80 
3.40 

3.59 

8.00 

10.21 

5.83 


Total. 


Sup.ft. 

57.80 
26.24 
14.58 


98.62 


94.88 
44.44 
17.01 


156.33 


17.09 
21.70 
32.13 


70.92 


18.75 

11.36 

10.27 

7.43 

3.14 
1.86 

14.11 

1.05 


67.97 


6.80 

13.60 

3.40 

7.18 

8.00 
10.21 

5.83 

55.02 


Kind  of 
wood. 


Oak. 


Cuttings. 
Oak. 


Oak  or  ash. 
Hickory. 


Walnut. 


Oak. 
Poplar. 


OUDNANn-:    MANUAL. 

/?///.<  nf  Tiiiih-r  fnr  Field  Carriaifc^. 


IK  rcii  I'ntKNsroNS 

OK  KACII   PIKCK. 


Long.    Wide.  Thick. 


coxti;nt.s. 


Each 
pioco. 


TuUL 


Kin.l  of 
wood. 


CAISSON. 

Mi<ldli-  mil j    1 

Side  rail.s }   2 

Stoeli 


Axlu-body 

('ro.«s-bar 

Foot-bonrd  lii*li>tci 
Front  foot-board. 
Hcarf..ot-l.o!ir.l.. 


■  IIOK. —  Il'-i/i/. 


Shk-  mils 

Middle  rail I    1 

Stoc-k 1 

Axlc'-body j    1 

Front  cross-bar 1 

lli'iir  middle  cross-biir 1 

Front  middle  cross-bur 1 

Rear  cTo.-is-bar 1 

Fl(i(ir-boards j   4 

Ro.'f-bows 2 

Corner  studs I   4 

Side  studs 2 

Plates I   2 

Front  end  stud [   1 

Front  of  iron  \\>um j    1 

Roar  of  iron  room I   1 

Lining  of  iron  roimi |   2 

2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
10 


rrooves 


Cleats  for 

Braces   

Front  end  of  roof 
Rear  end  of  roof. 
Cap  for  coal-box. 
Boards  for  sides  . 

Boards  for  roof j   7 

Boards  for  sliding-cover  ....     6 

Prop  for  stock 1 

Bellows-pole 1 


In. 

76 
78 
84 
50 
40 
14 
42 
42 


96 
50 
90 
50 
40 
40 
40 
40 
48 
42 
36 
36 
46 
22 
40 
36 
44 
44 
48 
42 
42 
36 
42 
46 
36 
30 
57 


In. 


5.75 

5. 

6. 

6. 

I. 

4. 


4.7 
4.7 
6. 
7.2 
3.5 
3.5 
10. 
3. 
8. 
9. 
3.5 
3. 
3. 
6. 
9.5 
3. 
8.5 


4. 
10. 
12. 

2.5 

7. 

7. 

8. 

2.25 

2. 


In. 

4.75 
3.25 
4.75 
6. 

1.25 
2.13 
1.25 


3.75 

4.25 

4.75 

6. 

3.5 

5 

5 


3 

3 

3 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

J 

1 

1 

1. 

1. 

2. 

1.75 

1.75 

1.25 

0.75 
.75 
.75 

2.25 

2. 


Sup.n.jpup.ft. 


14.41 

8.791 

10.02 

12.5tl; 

3.331 

.481 

4.65 

1.821 

I. 


Onk. 


11.8 

7.0li 
17. SI 
la.lOl 
3.40 
3. 40 1 
9.72{ 
2.50 
3. 33 1 
3.281 
2.19| 
1.88 

2.m 

1.14 

3.301 

0.94 

2.59 

0.61 

2.67 

5.10 

6.13 

0.78 

2.04 

2.23 

2.00 

1.05 

1.58 


71.30 


23.74  Oak. 

7.01  .. 

17.8]'  .. 

15.10  1  « 

3.4U{  •• 

3.40  .. 

'.*.72 

2.. 0(1  .. 

13.32  I  .. 

0.66  I  .. 

H.7J.  •. 

3.75|  •. 

4.78J  .. 

1.14  I  <• 

3.30  !  .. 
.94 

5.1s  .. 

1.21'  .. 

5.34;  " 

^•ll'jWalDUt. 

6.13|  - 

.78;  I  u 

20.40'!whitepine. 

15. CI 

12.00 

l-»4l|Hickorv. 

1.581  "    ' 


BILLS    OF    TIMBER. 


79 


Bills  of  Timber  for  Field  Carriages. 


NAMKS  OF  PARTS. 


Force. — Bcl/oim. 

Upper  and  lower  planks. . . 

Middlo  plauk 

Cross-licads 

f  Sides 

Ilibs.  <  Ends , 

(  Cross-bars 

Cleats 

Valves 

Battens  for  valves 

Coal-bo.r, 

Sides  and  top  piece , 

Ends 

Lid 

Clamps  for  lid 

Bottom 

Batteuv- Wagon. —  Hofljij 

Lower  side  rails 

Upper  side  rails 

Stock 

A,\lc-body  

Front  cross-bar 

PVont  middle  cross-bars  . . . 

Rear  middle  cross-bar 

Hear  cross-bar 

Floor-boards 

Sides  of  body 

Side  of  till 

Bottom  of  till 

Cleats  for  till 

Ends  of  body 

Forage-rack  sides 

Forage-rack  bars 

Cfn-er. 

Side  rails 

Ridge-pole 

End  rails 

End  studs 

End  boards 

Roof-boards 


V 

o 

o 

"S. 

"o 
6 

ROUGH    DlMEN.SlftNS 
OF    EACH  PIECE. 

CONTENTS. 

Kind  of 

1 

1  Long. 

Wide. 

Thick. 

Each  L       , 
i  piece,  j  Total. 

wood. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Sup.ft. 

Sup.ft. 

i 

34 

15. 

2. 

7.08 

28.32  iPoplar. 

2 

44 

15. 

2. 

9.17 

18.34i       " 

2 

.32 

3.5 

3. 

2.33 

4.66 

4 

36 

3. 

1. 

0.75 

3.00 

2 

32 

3. 

1. 

0.67 

1.34 

" 

2 

32 

2.25 

1. 

0.50 

1.00 

a 

4 
2 

7 
9 

2.75 
9. 

.75 

.75 

Cuttings. 
Walnut. 

0.55 

1.11 

2 

9 

4.5 

.75 

0.27 

.55 
T8T32 

« 

2 

36 

24. 

1.38 

8.28 

le.'^a 

Walnut. 

2 

16 

24. 

1.38 

3.68 

7.36 

" 

1 

36 

14. 

1.25 

4.37 

4.37 

" 

o 

14 

2.5 

1.25 

.30 

.60 

« 

1 

36 

15. 

1.31 

4.91 

4.91 

"siiTso 

Oak. 

2 

116 

6.0 

4. 

20.94 

41.88 

Oak. 

L' 

lOS 

3. 

3. 

6.75 

13.50 

" 

1 

108 

6. 

6. 

27.00 

27.00 

" 

1 

50 

6.25 

6.25 

13.00 

13.56 

« 

1 

40 

5.5 

5. 

7.64 

7.61,     " 

2 

40 

4.25 

4. 

4.72 

9.44;       « 

I 

38 

4. 

2.5 

2.64 

2.64 

<( 

] 

40 

4. 

3.5 

3.88 

3.88 

" 

3 

106 

11.5 

1.25 

10.58 

.•!1.74 

White  pine. 

2 

108 

21.5 

1.38 

22.25 

44.50 

" 

1 

104 

11.5 

1.25 

10.38 

10.38 

" 

1 

104 

in. 

1.25 

9.02 

9.02 

ii 

2 

10 

1.25 

1. 

Cuttings. 

2 

40 

24. 

1.38 

9.20 

18.40 

Walnut.    . 

2 

36 

5.5 

2. 

2.75 

5.50 

Oak. 

3 

46 

3.5 

1. 

1.03 

1.03 
240TTl 

2 

108 

3. 

3. 

0.75 

13.5 

Oak. 

1 

108 

3. 

3. 

6.75 

6.75 

" 

2 

42 

3. 

3. 

2.63 

5.25 

(( 

2 

18 

2.5 

1.5 

0.47 

.94! 

<i 

2 

42 

13.5 

1.25 

4.91 

9. 82||  Walnut. 

9 

108 

7. 

0.75 

5.25 

47.25|  White  pine. 
T3T5I 

80 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Bill  of  Timber  for  Mountain  Howitzer-Carriage,  etc. 


a 
o 
.£ 

'£. 

o 
6 

DIMENSIONS  OF  EACH 

PIECE  (rough). 

CONTENTS. 

Kind  of 

Length 

Width 

Thick- 
ness. 

Each 
piece. 

Total. 

wood. 

(lUii-rarriaijc  Ixxly. 
Stock 

2 
2 

2 
24 
12 

2 
1 

2 

1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
2 

1 

In. 

66 
U 

11 
20 
21 

72 
23 

44 
36 
66 

50 
20 
14 
42 
20 

50 

In. 

9. 
5. 

9. 

2.5 

5.5 

3. 
3.5. 

11. 

7. 
8. 

12. 
12. 

6. 
12. 

1.5 

2.5 

In. 

7. 
3. 

Round 
1.5 
2.5 

1 

2.25   ' 
2.25   i 

1. 
1. 
1. 

1.25; 

1.75   I 
1.25   1 
0.75 
1.5 

2.5 

i 

28.84 
4.56 

4.86 

.52 

2.0' 

3.37 
l.SO 

3.. 36 
1.05 
3.67 

5.21 
2.«0 

.72 
3.5 

.31 

2.1J 

57.68 

9.12 

66780 

Oak. 

Younj;, 
touj;h 
hifkorv. 

A.\le-treo 

Niivc 

9.72 
12.48 
24.0 

Oak. 

Spokes 

Fdlics. 

One  tInU. 

46.20 

Shafts 

6.75 
1.80 

Ash. 

Cross-biir 

One  (iminuiiilioii-clic»t. 

8.55 

iSiilcs  and  ends 

6.72 
1.05 
3.67 

Poplar. 

Bottom 

("over  and  partitions 

« 

11.44 

5.21 
2.9(1 

.72 
3.5 

.62 

Ash,  or 
be««h. 

Transoms 

Cross-bar 

Side  bars 

Round  bars 

Hickorr. 

One  Imndiipihe. ....    

12.95 
2.15 

Uickoiy. 

BILLS    OF    TIMBER. 

Bills  of  Timber  for  Siege-Carriages. 


81 


NAMES  OF   PARTS. 


ROUaH   DIMENSIONS 
OF   EACH    PIECE. 


Long. 


Thick. 


Total. 


GUN-CARRIAGES. 

Stock 


I2-PDR. 


*  Cheeks 

i  A.\le-body 


Bolster. 


18-PDR. 


Stock  . . . . 
Cheeks. . . 
Axle-body 
Bolster. . . 


Stock 

„.  I   Checks... 

24-rDR -(    .    ,    ,     , 

Axle-body 

Bolster.. . 

ONE    WHEEL. 

Nave 

Spokes  

Fellies 

LIMBER. 

Fork 

Hounds 

Splinter-bar 

Pole....    P'^'"S<'  ^°'' 

\  small  end 

Leading-bar 

MORTAR-WAGON. 

Middle  rails 

Front  transom 

Middle  transom 

Rear  transom 

Side  rails 

Rear  cross-bar 

Middle  cross-bars 

Front  cross-bars 

Bottom  planks 

Axle-body 

Windlass 

Muzzle-bolster 

Stakes 

Handspikes ;  • . . 


In. 

In. 

In. 

Sup.  ft. 

Sup.ft. 

2 

130. 

11.5 

*7. 

72.67 

145.34 

2 

55. 

19.5 

5.5 

40.96 

81.92 

1 

48. 

9.5 

8.5 

26.92 

26.92 

I 

14. 

6.5 

6.5 

4.11 

4.11 

2 

132. 

11.5 

8. 

84.33 

258.29 

168.66 

2 

60. 

20. 

5.75 

47.92 

95.84 

1 

48. 

9.5 

8.5 

26.92 

26.92 

1 

14. 

6.5 

6.5 

4.11 

4.11 
295.63 

2 

132. 

11.5 

8.75 

92.24 

184.48 

2 

60. 

20.5 

6.25 

53.39 

106.78 

1 

48. 

9.5 

8.5 

26.92 

26.92 

1 

16. 

6.5 

6.5 

4.70 

4.70 
322.88 

1 

19. 

16. 

Round 

26.53 

26.53 

14 

32. 

4.25 

2.5 

2.36 

33.04 

7 

28. 

8. 

4.5 

7. 

49.00 

1 

60. 

11. 

7.25 

33.23 

108.57 

33.23 

2 

60. 

6. 

3.75 

6.51 

13.02 

1 

70. 

4. 

3.75 

7.29 

7.29 

V 

1 

142. 

(5.5 

|4. 

4. 

5.5 

4. 

3.75 

22.25 

22.25 

70. 

7.29 

7.29 

2 

142. 

8. 

5.75 

45.36 

83.08 

90.72 

1 

28. 

7. 

3.75 

5.10 

5.10 

\ 

4 

4. 

3.12 

.. . .  ) 

\ 

4 

6.7 

7.5 

5.9 

I 

2 

92. 

5. 

23.96 

47.92 

1 

42. 

4.5 

3. 

3.94 

3.94 

6 

16. 

4.5 

3. 

1.5 

9.00 

2 

14. 

4.5 

2.5 

1.09 

2.18 

2 

78. 

8. 

2. 

8.67 

17.34 

1 

48. 

9.5 

8.5 

26.92 

26.92 

1 

36. 

6.5 

6.5 

10.56 

10.56 

1 

12. 

6.5 

6.5 

3.52 

3.62 

fi 

20. 

3.5 

3.25 

1.58 

9.48 

2 

56. 

4. 

4. 

6.22 

12.44 
239.12 

82 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Bills  of  Iron  for  Field  Carriages. 


Kind  of  carriage. 


6-PDR.  Gun- 
Carriage. 


Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

0.15 

Round. 

2.81 

0.18 

0.2 

Round. 

8.50 

.90 

0.25 

Round. 

1.1 

.18 

0.375 

Round. 

18. 

6.62 

0.5 

Round. 

7.2 

4.70 

0.625 

Round. 

4.10 

4.18 

0.75 

Round. 

10.86 

15.96 

0.875 

Round. 

0.65 

1.30 

1. 

Round. 

2.58 

6.73 

1.5 

Round. 

2.17 

12.78 

2. 

Round. 

1.46 

15.28 

0.25 

0.25 

2.21 

.46 

0.3 

0.3 

7.87 

2.36 

0.75 

0.375 

1.33 

1.25 

1.0 

0.375 

0.23 

.29 

1.0 

0.5 

1.5 

2.52 

1.0 

1.0 

0.68 

1.94 

1.25 

0.5 

2.16 

4.53 

1.25 

0.625 

0.84 

2.20 

1.25 

0.75 

0.7 

2.20 

1.375 

0.05 

3.0 

.70 

1.375 

0.25 

0.33 

.38 

1.5 

0.25 

3.75 

4.72 

1.5 

0.375 

.46 

.86 

1.5 

0.5 

1.16 

2.92 

1.5 

0.625 

1.66 

5.22 

1.5 

0.75 

3.3 

12.47 

1.5 

1.5 

.59 

4.46 

1.75 

0.25 

.93 

1.36 

2.0 

0.125 

.33 

.27 

2.0 

0.75 

.93 

4.68 

2.0 

1. 

.5 

3.36 

2.0 

1.25 

.38 

3.19 

2.5 

0.188 

1.66 

2.60 

2.5 

0.875 

.33 

2.42 

2.5 

1.25 

1.5 

15.75 

2.5 

1.5 

1.66 

20.91 

2.5 

1.75 

.5 

7.35 

2.75 

0.5 

10.23 

47.26 

3.25 

0.375 

0.39 

1.23 

3.75- 

0.15 

.5 

.95 

3.75 

0.2 

.44 

1.11 

3.75 

0.25 

0.38 

1.19 

5. 

0.25 

.83 

3.48 

Remarks. 


For  chains  No.  1. 

2.3  feet  for  chains  No.  2. 


Hammered. 
Hammered. 

Hammered. 


Hammered. 
Hammered. 
Hammered. 
Hammered. 


Hammered. 
Hammered. 


[Hammered;  or  2  drafts  for  cap- 
I      squares. 

I  Hammered;  or  2  drafts  for  trun- 
I      nion-plates. 
Hammered. 


BILLS   OF   IRON. 


88 


Bills  of  Iron  for  Field  Carriages. — Continued. 


1 

Kind  of  carriage. 

1 
Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

t)-PDR.    GUN- 

5.5 

0.2 

1.5 

5.53 

Cakriage. 

136.00 

2  drafts  for  axle-tree. 

Continued. 

1.0 

0.375 

0.21 

28.00 

1  draft  for  lunette. 

404.93 

.26 

Steel  for  lunette. 

17.00 

4  small  rondelles,  ] 

2  large  rondelles,  J  cast-iron. 

13.00 

30.00 

8.00 

Brass  box  of  elevating-screw. 

.42 

Brass  for  turnbuckles. 

8.42 

•24-PDB.  How- 

0.15 

Round. 

2.81 

0.18 

For  chain  No.  1. 

itzer. 

0.2 

Round. 

9.80 

1.03 

2.3  feet  for  chain  No.  2. 

0.25 

Round. 

1.08 

.18 

0.375 

Round. 

19.6 

7.21 

0.5 

Round. 

7.54 

4.93 

0.625 

Round. 

4.50 

4.59 

0.75 

Round. 

1.42 

2.08 

0.875 

Round. 

0.65 

1.30 

1.0 

Round. 

15.83 

41.32 

1.5 

Round. 

0.5 

2.94 

2.0 

Round. 

3.58 

37.48 

Hanamered. 

0.25 

0.25 

2.21 

.46 

0.3 

0.3 

7.88 

2.36 

0.75 

0.375 

1.33 

1.25 

Hammered. 

1.0 

0.375 

0.23 

.29 

1.0 

0.5 

1.5 

2.52 

1.0 

1.0 

0.58 

1.94 

1.25 

0.5 

2.16 

4.53 

1.25 

0.625 

0.84 

2.20 

Hammered. 

1.25 

0.75 

0.71 

2.23 

1.375 

0.05 

4.0 

.92 

1.375 

0.25 

0.33 

.37 

1.5 

0.25 

4.0 

6.04 

1.5 

0.5 

1.08 

2.72 

Hammered. 

1.5 

0.625 

1.66 

5.22 

Hammered. 

1.5 

0.75 

0.37 

1.39 

Hammered. 

1.5 

1.5 

0.59 

4.46 

Hammered. 

84  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Bills  of  Iron  for  Field  Carriages. — Continued. 


Kind  of  ctirriago. 

W"^t»»-  ™t"  ^^"e*»'- 

Weight 

Remarks. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

t 

24-i'i>n.  HowiT- 

1.75 

0.26 

0.93 

.    1.36 

7,br-Carriage. 

1.75 

0.375 

3.5 

7.70'i 

Continued. 

2.0 

0.125 

0..33 

.28'  Hammered. 

2.0 

0.75 

0.92 

4.63 

2.0 

1.0 

4.0 

26.88  Hammered. 

2.0 

1.25 

0..38 

3.19  Hammered. 

2.5 

1.75 

0.5 

7.35  Hammered. 

2.75 

1. 

0..33 

3.04  1 

3.0 

0.5 

11.23 

56.59  I 

3.0 

1.25 

1.84 

23.18  [Hammered;  or  2  draft*  for  cap 

squares. 

3.0 

1.5 

2.33 

35.22 

Hammered;  or  2  drafts  for  trun- 
nion-plates. 

3.25 

0.188 

2.57 

5.24 

3.25 

0.375 

0.30 

1.22 

3.75 

0.15 

0.5 

.94 

3.75 

0.2 

0.57 

1.43 

3.75 

0.25 

0.38 

1.19 

5.0 

0.25 

0.83 

3.48 

6.0 

0.2 

1.5 

6.04 

200.       Draft  for  axle-tree. 

1.0 

0.375 

0.21 

37.     j 

Draft  for  lunette. 

567.10 

Steel  for  lunette. 

4  small  rondelles,            .  . 
2  large  rondeUes,    [  <'*«»-"°''- 

Brass  for  box  of  elevating-screw. 

0.26 

17.     1 

13. 

30. 

8. 

.421 

Brass  for  2  turubuckles. 

8.42 
0.18, 

For  chains  No.  1. 

12-PDR.  (jrUN- 

0.15 

Round 

2.81 

O.VRniAGE. 

0.2 

Round 

9.80 

1.03' 2.3  feet  for  chains  No.  2. 

0.25 

Round 

1.08 

.18 

0.375 

Round 

19.60 

7.2ll 

0.5 

Round 

7.54 

4.93I 

0.625 

Round 

4.73 

4.82! 

0.75 

Round 

1.42 

2.081 

0.875 

Round 

0.65 

I.30I 

• 

BILLS    OF   IRON. 


85 


Bills  of  Iron  for  Field  Carriages. — Continued. 


Kind  of  carriage. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Length. 

Weight 

Remarks. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

12-PI)R.  GUN- 

1.0 

Round 

15.83 

41.32 

Carriage. 

1.5 

Round 

0.5 

2.94 

Continued. 

2.0 

Round 

3.58 

37.48 

Hammered. 

0.25 

0.25 

2.21 

.46 

0.3 

0.3 

7.88 

2.. 36 

0.75 

0.375 

1.33 

1.25 

Hammered. 

1.0 

0.375 

.23 

.29 

1.0 

0.5 

1.5 

2.52 

1.0 

1.0 

.58 

1.04 

1.25 

0.5 

2.16 

4.53 

1.25 

0.625 

0.84 

2.20 

Hammered. 

1.25 

0.75 

0.71 

2.23 

1.375 

0.05 

4.00 

.92 

1.375 

0.25 

0.33 

.37 

1.5 

0.25 

4.00 

5.04 

1.5 

0.5 

1.08 

2.72  iHammered. 

1.5 

0.625 

1.66 

5.22 

Hammered. 

1.5 

0.75 

.37 

1.39 

Hammered. 

1.5 

1.5 

.59 

4.46 

Hammered. 

1.75 

0.25 

.93 

1.36 

1.75 

0.375 

.5 

1.10 

2.0 

0.125 

.33 

.28 

Hammered. 

2.0 

0.75 

0.92 

4.63 

2.0 

1.0 

4.00 

26.88 

Hammered. 

2.0 

1.25 

0.38 

3.19 

Hammered. 

2.5 

1.75 

0.5 

7.35 

Hammered. 

2.75 

1.0 

0.33 

3.04 

3.25 

1.25 

1.84 

26.12 

Hammered;  or  2  drafts  for  cap- 
squares. 

3.25 

1.5 

2.33 

38.16 

Hammered;  or  2  drafts  for  trun- 
nion-plates. 

3.25 

0.5 

7.23 

39.47 

3.25 

0.188 

2.17 

4.42 

3.25 

0.375 

0.30 

1.22 

3.25 

0.5 

5.00 

27.30 

3.75 

0.15 

0.5 

.94 

3.75 

0.2 

0.57 

1.43 

3.75 

0.25 

0.38 

1.19 

5.0 

b.25 

0.83 

3.48 

6.5 

0.2 

1.5 

6.54 
200. 

Draft  for  axle-tree. 

1.0 

0.375 

.21 

42. 

Draft  for  lunette. 
Steel  for  lunette. 

574.08 

0.26 

S6 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Bills  of  Iron  for  Field  Carriages. — Continued. 

Kind  of  carriage. 

Width. 

Tliick- 
nesB. 

Length. 

Weight 

Romarkii. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

I2-PDR.  QXJS- 

17. 

4  small  rondellcs,  )        .  . 
2  large  rondellc«,  )  c"**'""- 

Carkiaoe. 

U. 

C\nntini\(^^ 

v>wu  btuuvu. 

30. 

8. 

Brass  for  box  of  elevating-aorew. 

.42 

Brass  for  2  turiibuckles. 

8.42 

Wheel  No.  1. 

0.5 

Round 

2.93 

1.91 

0.25 

0.25 

1.63 

0.34 

1.0 

0.5 

0.58 

0.97 

1.25 

0.25 

5.83 

6.12 

1.5 

0.25 

4.67 

5.88 

1.625 

0.125 

1.00 

0.68 

2.75 

0.5 

15.00 

69.30 

In  one  piece  ;  for  tire. 

85.20 

15.5 

Cast-iron  for  nave-box. 

Wheel  No.  2. 

0.6 

Round 

3.15 

2.06 

0.25 

0.25 

1.63 

0.34 

1.0 

0.5 

0.58 

0.97 

1.25 

0.25 

6.29 

6.60 

1.5 

0.25 

5.33 

6.72 

1.625 

0.125 

1.00 

0.68 

2.75 

0.625 

15.00 

86.55 

In  one  piece  ;  for  tire. 

103.92 

15.5 

Cast-iron  for  nave-box. 

LlUBER. 

0.15 

Round 

2.08 

0.13 

For  chains  No.  1. 

0.2 

Round 

3.67 

.38 

2.3  feet  for  chains  No.  2. 

0.25 

Round 

4.95 

.80 

2.33  feet  for  chains  No.  3. 

0.5 

Round 

1.30 

.85 

0.625 

Round 

1.80 

1.83 

0.75 

Round 

4.75 

6.98 

0.875  Round 

0.30 

.60 

1.0      Round 

2.69 

7.02 

1.25    Round 

1.08 

4.41 

1.625  Round 

0.75 

5.18 

0.25 

0.25 

2.3 

.48 

1 

BILLS    OF    IRON. 


87 


Bills  of  Iron  for  Field  Carriages. — Continued. 


Kiud  of  carriage. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Length. 

Weight 

Remarks. 

In. 

In. 

Feet, 

Lbs. 

. 

Limber. 

0.3 

0.3 

1.19 

.35 

Continued. 

0.5 

0.25 

0.17 

.07 

0.5 

0.5 

0.95 

.80 

I.O 

0.25 

0.93 

.78 

1.0 

0.5 

3.33 

5.59 

Hammered. 

1.0 

1.0 

0.5 

1.68 

Hammered. 

1.25 

0.25 

4.19 

4.40 

Hammered. 

1.25 

0.5 

2.67 

5.60 

1.25 

0.625 

1.15 

3.01 

1.25 

0.75 

0.71 

2.23 

Hammered. 

1.25 

1.25 

1.0 

5.25 

1.5 

0.125 

1.0 

.63 

1.5 

0.5 

2.17 

5.46 

Hammered. 

1.5 

0.625 

2,12 

6.67 

Hammered. 

1.5 

0.75 

.38 

1.43 

1.75 

0.375 

1.0 

2.20 

1.75 

0.5 

0.5 

1.47 

2.0 

0.125 

1.33 

i.n 

2.5 

0.188 

0.54 

.85 

2.5 

0.5 

3.84 

16.12 

2.75 

0.5 

0.54 

2.49 

3.0 

0.625 

0.5 

3.15 

3.5 

2.5 

0.84 

24.69 

Hammered ;  middle  piece 

for  axle-trcf 

4.25 

0.25 

0.75 

2.67 
120. 

2  drafts  for  axle-tree. 

1.0 

0.375 

0.21 

25. 

Draft  for  pintle-hook. 
Steel  for  pintle-hook. 

272.36 

0.26 

Ammunition- 

0.375 

Round 

1.5 

0.55 

Chest. 

0.5 

Round 

3.16 

2.06 

0.75 

Round 

4.13 

6.07 

1.0 

Round 

0.25 

.65 

1.0 

0.5 

0.08 

.13 

1.0 

1.0 

2.00 

6.72 

1.5 

0.375 

1.73 

3.26 

1.5 

0.75 

4.58 

17.31 

1.5 

1.0 

0.2 

1.00 

1.5 

1.5 

1.0 

7.56 

1.75 

0.75 

0.33 

1.45 

15.5 

0.1 

4.0 

20.50 
67.26 

s« 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Bills  of  Iron  for  Field  Carriages. — Continued. 


Kind  of  carriage. 

Width. 

Thick- 

DeSH. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

Ammcnition- 

25.0 

No.  24. 

4. 

9.50 

Sheet-copper  for  cover. 

Chkst. 



Continued. 

0.21 

Brass  for  turnbucklc. 
For  chains  No.  1. 

Caisson. 

0.15 

Round 

8.53 

0.50 

0.2 

Kound 

4.08 

0.43 

0.25 

Round 

0.71 

.11 

0..375 

Round 

15.04 

5.53 

0.5 

Round 

0.63 

.41 

0.875 

Round 

1.02 

2.04 

1.0 

Round 

4.49 

11.71 

1.25 

Round 

2.61 

10.67 

0.25 

0.25 

2.92 

.61 

0.3 

0.3 

6.23 

1.87 

1.0 

0.25 

1.75 

1.47 

1.0 

0.5 

1.5 

2.52 

1.0 

1.0 

2.79 

9.37 

Hammered. 

1.125 

0.25 

0.19 

.18 

1.25 

0.5 

3.18 

6.68 

1.25 

0.625 

3.1 

8.12i 

Hammered. 

1.25 

0.75 

0.70 

2.20|lIIammorcd. 

. 

1.5 

0.125 

2.0 

1.26 

1.5 

0.25 

3.0 

3.78 

1.5 

0.5 

0..33 

.83 

1.5 

0.625 

.83 

2.61 

Hammered. 

1.5 

0.75 

1.33 

5.02 

Hammered. 

1.5 

1.5 

1.33 

10.05 

2.0 

0.125 

1.67 

1.40 

2.0 

0.5 

0.75 

2.52 

2.31 

0.25 

0.69 

1.33 

2.6 

0.5 

7.0 

29.40 

3.0 

0.5 

6.46 

32.55 

3.5 

0.25 

0.5 

1.47 

3.5 

1.0 

3.17 

37.27 

Hammered ;  or  2  drafts 

for  lunette. 

4.0 

0.25 

0.84 

2.82 

4.25 

1.25 

1.5 

26.77 

5.75 

0.5 

0.48 

4.63 

6.00 

0.5 

0.5 

5.04 
136. 

2  drafts  for  axle-tree. 
For  chain  No.  1. 

369.17 

Forge. 

0.15 

Round 

1.5 

0.09' 

0.2 

Round 

3.75 

.38 

2.3  feet  for  chain  No.  2. 

BILLS    OF   IRON. 


89 


BiUs  of  Iron  for  Field  Carriages. — Continued. 


Kind  of  carriage. 

Width. 

Thick-  L        ., 
nc88.    \^<^^St'ii. 

Weight 

1                             Remarks. 

1 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

Forge. 

0.25 

Round 

0.57 

.93 

Continued. 

0.375 

Round 

19.48 

7.17 

0.625 

Round 

0.24 

.24 

0.5 

Round 

.3.51 

2.29 

0.75 

Round 

4.58 

6.73 

0.875 

Round 

0.58 

1.16 

1.0 

Round 

1.88 

4.90 

1.25 

Round 

■3.48 

14.23 

1.5 

Round 

0.3 

1.76 

2.5 

Round 

0.67 

10.96 

0.25 

0.25 

1.32 

.28 

0.3 

0.3 

6.23 

1.88 

0.5 

0.25 

.17 

.07 

0.625 

0.375 

.79 

1.89 

0.75 

0.75 

1.0 

.63 

1.0 

0.25 

1.25 

1.05 

1.0 

0.375 

0.84 

1.06 

1.0 

0.5 

2.75 

4.62 

1.25 

0.25 

0.5 

.52 

1.25 

0.375 

0.88 

1.38 

1.25 

0.5 

4.31 

9.05 

' 

1.25 

0.625 

1.56 

4.08 

Hammered. 

1.25 

0.75 

0.7 

2.20 

1.25 

1.0 

1.0 

4.20 

Hammered. 

1.25 

1.25 

0.5 

2.62 

1.5 

0.25 

3.17 

4.00 

Hammered. 

1.5 

0.375 

1.88 

3.55 

1.5 

0.5 

5.66 

14.26 

1.5 

0.75 

2.42 

9.14 

Hammered. 

1.5 

1.0 

0.66 

3.32 

Hammered. 

1.625 

0.125 

1.25 

.85 

1.75 

0.75 

0.33 

1.45 

Hammered. 

2.0 

0.125 

1.17 

.98 

2.0 

0.15 

0.84 

.84 

2.0 

0.25 

0.67 

1.12 

2.0 

0.5 

1.5 

5.04 

2.0 

1.0 

0.83 

5.58 

Hammered. 

2.0 

1.375 

2.17 

20.03 

Hammered. 

2.25 

0.15 

0.33 

.37 

2.5 

0.5 

7.5 

31.50 

2.625 

0.25 

1.0 

2.20 

3.0 

0.625 

0.5 

3.15 

Hammered. 

3.5 

1.0 

3.17 

37.27 

Hammered  ;  or  2  drafts  for 

lunette. 

4.0 

0.25 

0.84 

2.82 

10. 

No.  12. 

3.4 

12.5 

Sheet-iron. 

90 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Bills  of  Iron  for  Field  Carriages. — Continued. 


Kind  of  carriage. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Length. 

Weight 

Remark!. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

Forge. 

1.3.25 

No.  11 

2.58 

14.25 

Sheet-iron. 

Continued. 

27. 

No.    8 

7.5 

122.00,  jSheet-iron. 

28. 

No.  24 

5. 

11.85 !, Russia  sheet-iron. 

0.75 

0.5 

0.67 

136. 

2  drafts  for  axle-tree. 

530.44 

0.84 

Cast-steel. 

1.0 

0.25 

0.33 

.271 

1 

Spring-steel. 
Cast-iron  air-back. 
Brass  for  windpipe. 

36.5    i 

1 

6.      i 

22.5 

No.  24 

7.33 

15.75  1  Sheet-copper;  in  2  sheeU  44  iaekM 

long. 

18.5 

No.  24 

3.04 

5.25 

Sheet-copper. 

20. 

No.  18 

0.50 

1.90 

1 

Sheet-copper. 

22.901 

Battery- 

0.25 

Round 

26.08 

4.25 

24.7  feet  for  chains  No.  4 

Wagon. 

0.375 

Round 

20.3 

7.47 

0.5 

Round 

6.92 

4.52 

0.625 

Round 

1.92 

1.95 

0.75 

Round 

6.22 

9.14 

1.0 

Round 

1.38 

3.60 

1.25 

Round 

2.60 

10.63 

1.5 

Round 

3.11 

18.31 

0.25 

0.25 

0.44 

.09 

0.3 

0.3 

6.23 

1.88 

0.75 

0.375 

1.38 

1.29 

1.0 

0.125 

6.25 

2.62 

1.0 

0.25 

8.41 

7.06 

1.0 

0.375 

5.92 

7.46 

1.0 

0.5 

1.5 

2.52 

1.0 

1.0 

2.84 

9.54 

Hammered. 

1.125 

0.25 

1.12 

2.11 

1.25 

0.25 

0.38 

.40 

1.25 

0.375 

1.71 

2.68 

1.25 

0.5 

2.18 

4.58 

1.25 

0.625 

0.73 

1.91  IHammered. 

1.25 

0.75 

0.71 

2.23  1  Hammered. 

1.5 

0.25 

11.25 

14.17  1 

1.5 

0.375 

1.5 

2.83 

1.5 

0.5 

0.33 

.83 

BILLS    OF    IRON.  9% 

Bills  of  Iron  for  Field  Carriages. — Continued. 


Kind  of  carriage. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Length. 

Weight 

Remarks. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

Batterv- 

1.5 

0.75 

2.47 

9.32 

Hammered. 

Wagon. 

1..5 

I.O 

0.93 

4.18 

Continued. 

1.625 

0.5 

16.67 

45.50 

2.0 

0.125 

0.83 

.70 

2.0 

0.75 

0.5 

2.52 

2.5 

0.188 

1.67 

2.62 

2.5 

0.5 

5.33 

22.38 

3.5 

1.0 

3.17 

37.27 

Hammered ;  or  2  drafts  for  lunette. 

3.75 

0.15 

8.48 

16.02 

4.0 

0.25 

0.83 

2.79 

5.26 

0.25 

0.65 

2.87 

5.5 

0.375 

1.66 

IL.'jO 
136.00 

2  drafts  for  axle-tree. 

417.74 

0.21 

Cast-brass  for  turnbucklc. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Mountain 

0.15 

Round 

25. 

0.13 

Cap-square  and  key-chains  No.  1. 

Howitzer- 

.25 

Round 

54. 

0.73 

Rivets  No.  2,  nails  No.  1,  and  staples. 

Carriage. 

.3 

Round 

18. 

0.36 

Nails  No.  2. 

.375 

Round 

44. 

L35 

Handspike-staple,   bolts   No.    1,  and 
rivets  No.  3. 

.625 

Round 

11. 

0.94 

Implement-hooks,  and  bolt  No.  3. 

.75 

Round 

84. 

10.30 

Bolts  No.  4. 

.875 

Round 

7. 

1.16 

Eye-pins  No.  1. 

1.75 

Round 

11. 

7.34 

Elevating-screw. 

0.75 

0.375 

1.6 

0.12 

Nuts  No.  1. 

1. 

0.5 

16. 

2.24 

Handspike-strap  and  linchpins. 

1.25 

0.125 

2.5 

0.11 

Washers  No.  1. 

1.25 

0.2 

34. 

2.38 

Axle-bands. 

1.25 

0.25 

3. 

0.26 

Cap-square  keys. 

1.25 

0.625 

1.25 

0.27 

Nut  No.  3. 

1.25 

0.75 

16. 

4.20 

Heads  of  key  and  chin-bolts. 

1.5 

0.75 

11. 

3.47 

Nuts  No.  4. 

2. 

0.25 

15. 

2.10 

Ferrules  for  axle-tree. 

2. 

0.375 

8. 

1.68 

Washer-hooks. 

2. 

0.5 

36. 

10.08 

Understraps. 

2. 

1.25 

5. 

3.50 

Handles  for  elevating-screw. 

2.25 

1. 

42. 

26.46 

Trunnion-plates  and  cap-squares. 

92 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Bills  of  Iron  for  Field  Carriages. — Continued. 


Kind  of  carriage.   Width,  ''^'ck-    Length.  Weight 


Remarks. 


In. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

• 

Mountain 

2.5 

0.188 

10. 

1.31 

Washers  No.  4. 

HOWITZEU- 

2.5 

1. 

4. 

2.80 

Kuee  of  lunette. 

Caukiage. 

4. 

0.2 

12.5 

2.80 

Trail-plate. 

Continued. 

4. 

0.375 

38. 

15.9fi 

Axle-skean. 

4. 

0.5 

18. 

10.08 

Lunette. 

112.13 

Two  toheel-g. 

3.0 
0.65 

Box  for  elevating-screw. 
Band-nails  No.  1. 

0.25 

Round 

•is!"' 

0.375 

Round 

42. 

1.29  Tire-bolts  No.  1. 

■  0.15 

0.125 

96. 

2.o0  Brow-hands. 

0.75 

0.375 

10. 

0.78 

Nuts  No.  1. 

1. 

0.2 

82. 

4.59 

End  bands. 

1.26 

0.125 

15. 

0.65 

Washers  No.  1. 

2.00 

0.375 

240. 

50.40 

Tires. 

60.86 

Thill. 

10.0 
0.06 

Navc-boxcs. 

0.15 

Round 

12." 

Key-chain  No.  1. 

0.25 

Round 

12. 

0.16  Rivets  No.  2. 

0.375 

Round 

26. 

0.80:  Staples. 

0.5 

Round 

7. 

0.3JS 

Bolts  No.  2. 

0.75 

Round 

4. 

0.49i 

Key. 

1. 

0.5 

48. 

6.72 

Supporting-bar. 

2.75 
0.25 

0.25 
Round 

30. 
43. 

5.78 

Cross-bar  plate. 

14.39 

Ammunition- 

0.60 

Chains,  and  rivets  No.  2. 

chest. 

1. 

0.375 

.38. 

4.00 

Hinges  and  hasp-strap. 

• 

1. 

0.5 

4. 

0.56 

Bridles  and  brace. 

1. 

0.625 

3.5 

0.61 

Hasp. 

1.5 

0.1 

3.5 

0.15| 

Turn'.uikle-plate. 

2.4 

No.  18. 

40. 

1.35 
7   27 

Cornci  plates. 

I  ixcJc-Bciddle. 

1  .*( 

0.10 
0.16 

Turnbuckle. 

0.25 

Round 

12. 

Staples  and  rivets. 

0.375 

Round 

37. 

1.13 

Bolts. 

0.75 

0.375 

1.25 

0.10 

Nuts. 

1.25 

0.2 

36. 

2.52 

Arc-plates. 

3.91 

BILLS    OF    IRON. 


Bills  of  Iron  for  Siege  Gun- Carriages. 


Thick- 
ness. 


12-pounder. 


18-pounder. 


24-pounder. 


Remarks. 


In. 

Feet- 

Lbs. 

• 
Feet. 

Lbs. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

Round 

2.29 

0.24 

2.29 

0.24 

2.29 

0.24 

Round 

5.17 

.84 

5.17 

.84 

5.17 

.84 

Round 

9.03 

3.32 

9.03 

3.32 

9.03 

3.32 

Round 

.62 

.40 

.62 

.40 

.62 

.40 

Round 

1.3.05 

13.31 

13.05 

13.31 

13.05 

13.31 

Round 

1    7.40 

10.88 

7.46 

10.96 

7.62 

11.05 

Round 

3. 

7.83 

3. 

7.83 

3. 

7.83 

Round 

"  2.17 

7.18 

2.17 

7.18 

2.17 

7.18 

Round 

18.57 

75.95 

17.12 

70.01 

18.11 

74.07 

Round 

2.18 

12.84 

4.64 

27.33 

4.91 

28.92 

Round 

.5 

5.23 

.5 

5.23 

.5 

5.23 

Round 

1.58 

23.32 

1.58 

23.32 

1.58 

23..32 

Round 

2.04 

33.37 

2.04 

33.37 

2.04 

33.37 

Round 

.33 

7.77 

.33 

7.77 

.33 

7.77 

1   0.25 

1.33 

.28 

1..33 

.28 

1..33 

.28 

0.3 

3.17 

.95 

3.17 

.95 

3.17 

.95 

0..375 

8.75 

4.11 

8.75 

4.11 

8.75 

4.11 

0.5 

.38 

.64 

.38 

.64 

.38 

,    .64 

0.625 

.21 

.55 

.21 

.55 

.21 

.55 

1.25 

1.67 

8.77 

1.71 

8.97 

1.73 

9.08 

0.125 

.5 

.31 

.5 

.31 

.5 

.31 

0.375 

5.0 

9.45 

.5.0 

9.45 

5.0 

9.45 

0.625 

2.42 

7.62 

2.42 

7.62 

2.42 

7.62 

0.75 

1.71 

6.46 

1.71 

6.46 

1.71 

6.46 

0.5 

.58 

1.70 

.58 

1.70 

.58 

1.70 

0.75 

.68 

2.92 

.58 

2.92 

.58 

2.92 

1.0 

.67 

4.50 

.67 

4.50 

.67 

4.50 

0.188 

1.67 

2.62 

1.67 

2.62 

1.67 

2.62 

1.25 

5.33 

55.95 

4.42 

46.41 

4.42 

46.41 

1.5 
0.625 

.93 
.93 

12.89 
5.86 

.93 
.93 

12.89 
5.86 

"'.93' 

5.86 

0.25 

.58 

1.70 

.58 

1.70 

.58 

1.70 

0.375 

.58 

2.56 

..58 

2.56 

.58 

2.56 

0.625 

.96 

7.04 

.96 

7.04 

.96 

7.04 

2. 

.29 

6.82 

.29 

6.82 

.29 

6.82 

2. 

.38 

9.57 

.38 

9.57 

.38 

9.57 

0.25 

4.33 

14.54 

4.33 

14..54 

4.33 

14.54 

0.5 

1.23 

8.26 

1.23 

8.26 

1.23 

8.26 

0.625 
0.75 

6.34 
6.12 

53.25 
61.69 

0.625 
0.75 

7.00 
6.26 

61.76 
67.04 

0.25 

".40' 

1.60 

.40 

1.60 

.40 

"l'.6o' 

0.625 

0.75 

0.625 

3.38 

6.26 

.42 

33.70 

74.92 

4.41 

*  .42 

4.41 

1 

.42 

4.41 

For  chains  No.  2. 

3  feet  6  inches  for 

chains  No.  3. 


Hammered. 


Hammered. 
Hammered. 


In  one  piece. 
In  one  piece. 
In  one  piece. 
In  one  piece. 
In  one  piece. 
In  one  piece. 
In  one  piece. 


94 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Bills  of  Iron  for  Siege  Gun-Carriages. —  Continued. 


Width. 

Thick- 
nesB. 

12-pounder. 

IS-ponnder. 

24-pounder. 

Remark*. 

lu. 

5.75 
6.5 
9.0 
5.75 

In. 

0.5 
0.25 
0.5 
0.375 

Feet. 

.75 
1.08 
3.25 
0.79 

Lbs. 

7.24 

5.89 

49.14 

26.3 
16. 
222. 
16.6 
21.5 

793.71 

Feet. 

.75 
1.08 
3.25 
0.79 

1 
Lbs. 

7.24 

5.89 

49.14 

29.2 
17.7 
222.     1 
16.5 
21.6 

• 
Feet. 

.75 
1.08 
3.25 
0.79 

Lbs. 

7.24 

5.89' 
49.14 

1 

36.14 

20.45 
252. 
16.5 
21.5 

In  one  piece. 
Steel  for  shoe. 

Drafts 

2  trunnion-platM. 
2  cap-f(|uarc». 
1  axle-tree. 
1  lunette. 
1  shoe. 

817.4 

839.72 

Cast-iron..  • 

43.5 
52.5 

43.5 
52.6 

43.5 
52.5 

2  rondclles. 
4  rundelles. 

. 

96. 
15.37 

96. 

96. 

Cast-brass  . . . 

16.37 

16.37 

i 

Box  for  screw. 

Bill  of  Iron  for  one  Siege  Carriage  Wheel. 


Width. 

Thickness. 

Length. 

Wei^t. 

Rmnark*. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

0.75 

Round 

4.. 13 

6.36       j 

0.25 

0.25 

2.12 

.44 

1.6 

0.375 

7.66 

14.48 

1.6 

0.75 

.87 

3. '29 

1.75 

0.375 

6.08 

13.37 

2.5 

0.188 

1.46 

2.29 

4. 

0.75 

15.5 

156.24 

Tire :  in  one 
Nave-box. 

piece. 

196.47       1 
24. 

Cast-bras 

BILLS    OF    IRON. 


95 


Bill  of  Iron  for  one  Siege  Carriage  Limber 


Width. 

Thickness. 

Length. 

1      Weight. 

1 

Remarks. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

0.25 

Round 

2.92 

0.47 

0.5 

Round 

14.83 

9.70 

0.75 

Round 

15.58 

22.90 

1.0 

Round 

1.5 

3.91 

1.25 

Round 

2.71 

11.08 

0.3 

0.3 

1.04 

.31 

0.375 

0.375 

1.83 

.86 

1.0 

0.5 

.17 

.28 

1.125 

0.25 

.09 

.08 

1.5 

0.5 

0.5 

1.26 

1.5 

0.625 

2.42 

7.62 

1.5 

0.75 

3.21 

12.13 

1.75 

0.5 

1.33 

3.91 

2. 

0.2 

.83 

1.11 

2. 

0.5 

1..S3 

4.46 

2.5 

0.188 

3.33 

5.23 

2.5 

0.5 

.83 

3.48 

Hammered. 

2.5 

0.625 

6.08 

31.92 

Hammered. 

2.5 

1.25 

.21 

2.20 

* 

2.5 

2.5 

.96 

20.16 

Hammered. 

2.75 

0.625 

5.33 

30.75 

3.0 

0.625 

3. 

18.90 

3.5 

0.625 

.96 

7.05 

Hammered. 

4.0 

0.75 

4. 

40.32 

5.5 

1. 

.83 

15.34 

222.00 

36.50 

Draft  for  axle-tree. 
Draft  for  pintle-plate. 

513.93 

90 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Bill  of  Iron  for  one  Mortar-  Wagon. 


Width. 

Thickness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Remark*. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

0.25 

Round 

0  42 

0.06 

0.375 

Round 

8.79 

3.23 

0.5 

Round 

.62 

.40 

0.625 

Round 

17.46 

17.81 

0.75 

Round 

17.87 

26.27 

1. 

Round 

2.92 

7.62 

1.25 

Round 

.83 

3.39 

15 

Round 

2.75 

16.20 

1.625 

Round 

1.08 

7.46 

0.25 

0.25 

8.03 

1.68 

0.3 

0.3 

8.40 

2.53 

0.375 

0.375 

3..32 

1.56 

1. 

0.25 

.42 

.35 

1. 

0.5 

.37 

.62 

1.25 

0.2 

2.89 

2.43 

1.25 

0.625 

1.67 

4.37 

1.5 

0.375 

1.08 

2.04 

1.5 

0.5 

.58 

1.46 

1.5 

0.625 

2.42 

7.62 

1.5 

0.75 

4.21 

15.91 

2. 

0.125 

2. 

1.68      ! 

1 

1 

2. 

0.75 

.58 

292 

t 

2. 

2. 

.50 

672 

2.5 

0.188 

3.12 

4.90 

j 

2.5 

0.375 

6. 

18.90 

! 

2.5 

0.5 

1.07 

7.01 

1 

2.5 

0.625 

.60 

2.02 

Ilatninered. 

2.75 

0.5 

5.17 

23. S8 

1 

3. 

1.5 

.29 

4.38 

3.375 

0.5 

7.33 

41.56 

3.5 

0.625 

.92 

0.56 

.3.75 

0.75 

3.21 

30.33 

4. 

0.75 

.42 

4.23 

5. 

0.3 

.92 

4.63 

5.5 

0.3 

3.58 

19.83 

6. 

0.3 

1. 

6.04 

6. 

0.75 

.75 

11.34 

6.5, 
6.5 

0.25 

l.OS 

5.89 

0.3 

.60 

3.93    • 

8. 

0.5 

.80 

10.75 

222.00 

21.50 

Draft  for  axle-tree. 

Draft  for  shoe. 

584.61 
5.72 

5.75 

0.375 

0.79 

Steel  for  shoe. 

• 

3.5 

Brass  for  two  journal-boxes. 

BILLS    OF    IRON. 


97 


Bilh  of  Iron  for  one  S-inch  Barbette  Carriage. 


TOP  CARRIAGE. 


No.  of 
pieces. 


NAMES  OF  PARTS, 


Cheek-plates  (see  drawings) . . 

Front  braces   

Middle    do 

Rear        do 

J  front 
I  rear  • 

Ends  for  rear  brace 

Diagonal  braces. 


Sub-braces,  angle-iron 


Shoes shapes,  or  ] 

Fulcrum  for  handspike 

Transoms 


Brace-transoms 

Rear  transoms  (.5-in.  trough-beams). 

Rear  transom  cuds 

Trunnion-plates 

Axle,  hammered shapes,  or 

Axle-stops   

Linchpins 

Axle-boxes  (brass  :  see  drawing) . . 
Axle-box  washers  (cast-iron  :  see  draw- 
ing)   

Arc-supports 

Elevating-arc  (brass!) 

"         bed  (cast-iron) 

"         screw,  stem 

r  body , 

Pawl. .  <  collar  and  handle 

(pin   • 

Pawl-port  (oast-iron) 

Elevating-screw  box  (brass) 

"'  "      arbor  

Arbor-box  (brass) 

"    handle 

Wheel  and  pinion  (brass) 

Bolts  for  axle-box 


sub-braco  and  shoe 


Dimensions  of  each  piece. 
In.  In.  In. 


74.0 

.38.8 

39.75 

65.25 

20.0 

42.8 

6.0 
48.5 
32.0 
47.0 

6.0 
38.0 
40.0 
10.0 
29.5 

6.0 
34.0 
38.0 

4.25 

3.5 


6.0 
30. 

12.0 

10.0 

10.0 

4.5 


18.0 

6.0 
24.0 

4.0 
3.5 
2.5 
1.75 


37.5 
6.0 
6.0 
6.0 
3.25 
3.25 
3.0 
3.5 
3.5 
3.25 
2.5 
4.5 
4.5 
5.5 
6.5 
3.25 
3.25 
3.125 
1.0 
1.25 


1.75 


2.625 
3.0 
1.25 
.75 


1.5 

2.5 

.75 

.75 

.875 
.75 


.4 
2,75 
2.75 
2.75 
2.75 
2.75 
0.5 

.6 
2.25 
1.0 
1.5 

.75 

.75 

.75 
5.0 
1.5 

.75 
Round 
Round 

.6 


.2 

Round 

2.5 
Round 
Round 


Round 


875 
Round 

Round 
Round 
Round 
.875    Round 


Total 
length. 


•  10.46 

1.0 
8.01 
5.33 
7.83 
0.5 
6.33 
6.66 
1.66 
4.91 
1.0 
5.66 
3.16 
.70 
.59 


1.0 


1.0 

.83 
.8;! 
.37 


1.5 


0.5 
2.0 


2.66 
1.25 


Total 
weight. 

Lbs. 
468.00 
432.00 

93.26 

5.04 

47.09 

1.38.86 

85.40 

6.30 
71.78 
76.52 
23.00 
lo8,71 
16.38 
46.35 
80  77 

1.83 

1.24 


2.20 


18.03 

20.92 

3.39 

.54 


.83 


3.67 
2.94 


3.91 
1.84 


98 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Bills  of  Iron  for  one  H-inch  Barhdte  Carriage. — Continued. 

TOP    CARRIAGE. 


No.  of 
pieces. 


4 
1« 


2 

2 

75 

3 


NAME8  OF  PARTS. 


Bolts  for  diagonal  lirucc  and  shoe  . . 

"       front  lirace  and  shoe 

"       rear  brace  and  shoe 

"       trunnion-]da(cg 

"       tnuKioinc 

"       brace  and  cheuk-platcs  ... 

"       diufconal  brace 

"       e1o\  utiii^-bod 

"       I'lfviitinfT-ccrew  bfix 

"       arbor-liox 

"       arc-8Ui'portp 

Rivets  for  arc-!iU|)]>orts 

"        fulcrum 

Nut«  (hexapcmal,  .75-in.) 

"    (hexagonal,  .376) . 

Truck  wheels  (cast-iron)  12-in.  dia. 


Dtmenaions  of  each  piece. 

Total 
length. 

Total 
wei(ht. 

In. 

In.    !     In. 

Feet. 

LiM. 

3.0 

.75 

Round 

1.0 

1.47 

2.0 

.875 

Round 

2.6 

1.5 

1.5 

.42 

s.ir 

2.5 

.75 

Round 

.42 

«.or 

1.76 

.875 

Round 

2.25 

1.5 

1.5 

.75 

6.67 

2.75 

1.5 

1.6 

3.06 

27.67 

2.25 

1.5 

1.5 

4.8t 

36.82 

2.0 

1.5 

1.5 

.10 

1.21 

2.25 

1.5 

1.5 

.76 

6.07 

2.75 

1.5 

1.5 

.*% 

S.48 

2.5 

.375 

Round 

.41 

0.1» 

3.5 

.5 

Round 

0.69 

.ts 

3.5 

.5 

Round 

.58 

.M 

1.6 

.625 

Round' 

.26 

.36 

1.6 

1.5 

.75  1 

8.1 

80.03 

.75 

.75 

.375 

.36 

.3S 

1941.01 

Ca«t-ir 
C&itbr 

aaj  . . . 

BILLS    OF    IRON. 


99 


Bills  'if  [ran  for  one  S-inch  Barbette  Carriage. 


CHASSIS,  CENTRE-PINTLE. 


4 
2 

2 

16 
8 
8 

16 
2 
2 

32 
6 


NAMES  OF  PARTS. 


Rails  (9-inch  I-beams). 

Hurter-bar 

Counter-hurters 


rivets . 


Transoms 

Middle  transom  . . . 

Bolsters  (2  pieces). 


Diagonal  braces 

Forks      for      front      traverse- wheels 

(shapes) or 

Forks  for  rear  traverse-wheels  (shapes) 


Bolts  for  transoms 

"       diagonal  brace 


middle  transom 

front  traverse-wheels  . 
rear  traverse-wheels  . . 

traverse-forks 

hooks  for  handspikes. 


Nuts  (hexagonal,  .75-in.).., 

"    for  fork-bolts 

Front  traverse-wheels  (cast-iron). 
Rear  traverse-wheels  (cast-iron). . 

Manoeuvring-bars 


"I 


Dimensions  of  each  piece, 


Elevating-bar . 
Pair  wrenches. 

Amount. .. . 


In. 


171. 
36.0 
7.0 

3.0 

40.0 
43.25 

18.0 

62.0 

46.0 

64.0 
2.76 
3.25 
2.5 
2.0 
6.5 
6.5 
3.0 
4.0 
4.0 
2.0 
1.6 
2.75 


4.6 

9.0 

42.9 

9.0 

21.0 

18.0 


In. 


6.375 

6.0 

5.25 
.876 
or  .75 

5.5 
18.0 
15.5 
14.6 

4.0 

5.6 

6.6 
1.5 

.75 
1.5 

.75 


1.6 

3.26 

1.5 

2.5 

2.26 

1.0 


In. 


9.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Round 

.75 
0.5 

0.5 

.625 

1.25 

1.25 

1.6 
Round 

1.5 
Round 
Round 
Round 

1.5 
Round 

0.5 
Round 
.75 
.75 


Round 
1.25 

Round 
1.0 
1.0 

Round 


Total 
length. 


Feet. 


28.5 
3.00 
1.16 

2.0 

13.33 
3.60 

6.0 

17.33 

7.66 

9.0 

3.66 

2.16 

1.66 

2.66 

1.08 

1.08 

8.0 

2.0 


10.75 
.91 


Total 
weight. 


Lbe. 

1412.00 
60.48 
20.46 

4.00 

184.75 
108.86 

151.20 

145.57 

176.95 

207.90 
27.67 

3.17 
12.55 

3.91 
21.37 
17.67 
60.48 

8.18 


40.63 
5.15 


45.12 
20.47 
20.61 

6.3 
13.23 

3.91 

2723.59 


100 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Bills  of  Iron  for  one  H-inch  Barbette  Carriage. 


CHASSIS,  FBOST-PINTLK. 


NAMES  OF  PARTS. 


Rail.'*  (l.')-inch  I-beamc). 

Hurter-bar 

Couiitcr-burtiTw 


rivet." 


Front  traimoni 

"  "       collar 

'•  '•        bolsttTS  (cast-iron). . 

Transoms 

Diagonal  braces — one  58  in.,  the  other 

C4  in.  long 

Traver.si'-wbcf'l  forks  (("hapes)  ..... 

Side  steps 


Rear  stoi)? 

Bolts  Tor  transoms. 


"         hook-heaiis 
front  transoms  . . . . 


"  '•  "       and  diagonal 

brace 

'*         diagonal  brace 

"         hurter-bar 

"         traverse-forks 

"         traverse-wheels 

"         steps 

"         front  transom  and  rails. . 
Hooks  for  handspikes 


Nuts  (hexagonal)  , 

Nuts  for  traverse-wheel  bolts 
Traverse-wht.'.<  ^^east-iron). . 

Manoeuvring-bars 

Elevatinj:-bar 


Pair  wrenches — 1  single,  14  in.  long; 
1  double,  18  in 

Amount 


Dimenaions  of  each  pl«c«. 


In. 


171. 
36. 

7. 

3. 

or3 

36. 

7. 


In. 


0 
0 
0   i   5.25 


6.375 
6.0 


40.0 


0.875 
.75 
18.0 
7.0 

5.5 

5.5 
5.5 
1.5 
6.0 
2.0 
2.0 
3.5 
1.5 
1.25 
1.5 
.76 

1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
2.5 
1.5 


In. 


9. 

1.0 

1.0 
Round 
Round 

0.6 
.75 

.75 

.75 

1.5 
.76 
.25 
•  75 
.75 
.25 

1.5 
Round 

1.5 
Round 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 
Round 

1.5 

1.25 
Round 

0.5 
Round 
.75 


Round 
1.25 

Round 
1.0 
1.0 

Round 


Total 
length. 


Keet. 


28.5 
XO 
1.16 

2.0 

3.05 
1.58 

10.0 

10.19 
8.0 
4.6 
1.75 
7.?« 
4.5 
2.66 
2.3 
0.8 
1.5 
1.75 

0.64 

1.37 

1.0 

4.0 

0.92 

0.83 

3.33 

1.33 


9.6 
0.4« 

7.M 

1.5 
3.5 
.75 
1.75 
1.6 


BILLS    OF    IRON.  101 

Bill  of  Iron  for  one  10-inch  Barbette  Carriage. 


TOP    CARRIAGE. 


No.  of 
pieces. 


NAMES  OF  PiRTS. 


Cheek-plates  (see  drawings) 

Front  braces 

Middle  braces 

Rear  braces 

c.  ,  <.       /  •       \     f  front 

Sub  (ang.iron).  j^^^^ 

Ends  for  rear  brace 

Diagonal  braces 

Shoes (shai)es) or   \ 

Fulcrum  for  handspike 

Transoms 


Rrace  transoms. 


Rear  transoms,  5-in.  trough-beams. 

Rear  transom  ends 

Trunnion-plates 

Axle,  hammered  (shapes)  or 


DimensioDS  of  each  piece. 


In. 

74.0 

41.25 

39.25 

65.0 

21.0 

41.75 

6.0 
54.75 
16.0 
69.0 

6.0 
44.0 
40.75 
10.0 
35.5 

6.0 
33.0 
44.0 


In. 


39.6 
6.0 
6.0 
6.0 
3.25 
3.25 
3.0 
3.5 
3.75 
4.25 
2.5 
4.5 
4.5 
5.5 
6.0 
3.25 
3.25 
3.125 


In. 


.4 

2.76 

2.75 

2.75 

2.75 

2.75 

,5 

.5 

2.25 

1.0 

1.5 

.75 

.75 

.75 

2.75 

.5 

.75 

Round 


Total 
length. 

Feet. 


24.25 


Total 
weight. 


LI.B. 


472.00 
436.60 


10.46!    93.26 

1.0         5.04 

9.12     53.62 

2.66{    75.41 

11.5     164.22 

.5         6.30 


7.33 

82.97 

6.8 

76.97 

1.66 

22.01 

5.91 

191.70 

1.0 

16.38 

5.5 

45.04 

3.66;    93.56 


The  remainder  of  the  bill  the  same  as  for  the  8-ineh  columbiad. 

CHASSIS. 

The  samfe  as  S-inch,  except  as  follows : 

The  length  of  the  hurter-har  is  43.25  in. ;  of  the  4  transoms,  46.00  in. 

A'1-pounder  Barbette  Carriage. 

The  .same  as  the  8-inch,  with  the  addition  of  2  pieces,  12  in.  long,  4.875.  wide,  S) 
in.  thick  ;  omit  one  piece  of  the  rear  transom  of  top  carriage. 

'S'2-pounder  Barbette  Carriage. 

The  same  as  the  S-inch.  e-\cept  as  follows : 

TOP    CAKKIAGE. 

The  length  of  the  2  transoms  is  33  inches  ;  of  the  rtar  trannom,  24. •'i  inches  (omit 
<ine piece)  ;  of  the  axle,  33  inches, 

CHASSI.S. 

The  length  of  the  linrter-hur  is  31  inches;   of  the  front  transom,  31.6  inches:  of 
the  3  tra)i8<)ms,  35  inches. 

'lA-pounder  Barbette  Carriage. 

Add   to   the  bill   of  iron   for  a  32-pounder,  2  pieces.  12   inches  long,  3.25   inches 
wide,  1.25  inches  thick. 


102 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Bills  of  Iron  for  one  S-inch  Casemate  Carriage. 


TOP    CARRIAGB. 


NAMES   OF    PARTS. 


Dimensions  of  each  piece. 


Total 
length. 


In. 


Feet. 


Total 
weight. 


LbH. 


Cheek-i)lates  . 
Front    braces, 

Middle  braces,  ^1 |  beams 

Rear      braces, 

Sub-braces (anRle-iron)..  •! 

^     "  '      \  rear . . .  ■ 

Ends  for  rear  brace 

Diagonal  braces 

Sbues sba)ic8,  or  j 

Fulcrum  for  baDd.'<pike 

Transoms 

Brace  transoms \ 


Rear  tran.«om  (5-in.  truugh-beam). 

"         ends  

Trunnion-plates 

Axle  (hammered)   shapes,  or 

"     stops 

Linchpins 

Axle-boxes  (brass:  see  drawing)... 

"  washers  (cast-iron)  .... 

Arc-supports 

£lerating-arc  (brass) 

'*         screw 

"  "     box  (brass) 


64.0 

32.0 

0.4 

33.5 

6.0 

2.75 

32.5 

6.0 

2.75 

54.75 

6. 

2.75 

16.5 

3.25 

2.75 

36.5 

3.25 

2.75 

6.0 

3.0 

0.5 

42.0 

3.5 

0.5 

32.0 

3.5 

2.25 

38.0 

3.25 

1.0 

6.0 

2.5 

1.5 

38.0 

4.5 

.75 

S8.0 

4.5 

.75 

10.0 

5.5 

.75 

30.5 

6.0 

5.0 

6.0 

3.25 

1.5 

34.0 

S.25 

.75 

38.0 

3.125 

Round 

4.25 

1.0 

Round  1 

3.5 

1.25 

.5 

6.0 

1.75 

.375 

.30.0 

.... 

.2 

13.0 

2.375 

Round 

20.12 


8.83 

1.0 
7.0 
5.33 
6.3.3 

.5 
6.33 
6.33 
0.83 
2.54 
1.0 
5.66 
3.16 
0.71 
0.58 


1.0 
1.08 


Total.. 
Cast-iron 
Cast-brass 


\363.00 
362.25 

78.76 

5.04 

11.16 

1.30.03 

69.12 

0.30 
71.65 
71.65 
11.50 
82.35 
16.38 
46.. 3» 
80.77 

1.83 

1.24 

2.20 
15.54 


1585.70 


The  rest  of  the  bill  is  the  same  as  for  the  8-iuch  barbette,  omitting  4  transom- 
bolts,  4  elevating-bed  bolts,  and  8  nuts. 

-i'Z-pdr   Casemate  Carriage. 

The  same  us  the  8-inch,  with  the  addition  of  2  pieces,  12  inches  long,  4.875  wide, 
and  0.5  thick. 

H2-pdr.  Casemate  Carriage. 

The  same  as  the  S-inch.  except  the  lengths  of  the  following  pieces: 

TOP    CARniAGE. 

2  transoms,  33  inches:  1  rear  transom,  25.5  inches;   1  axle,  33.0  inches*. 


BILLS    OF    IRON. 


103 


Bills  of  Iron  for  one  S-i7ich  Casemate  Carriage. 


NAMES  OF   PARTS. 


Dimensions  of  each  piece. 


Total 
length. 


Total 
weight. 


In. 


Feet. 


Lbs. 


1 
12 

8 
4 

4 

4 

28 

4 


68 
4 
2 


Rails  9-inch  H  beams. 

Hurtcr-bar   

Counter-hurters 

"  "       rivets. 


Front  transom 

Transoms 

Diagonal  braces 

Front  traverse-wheel  forks,  shapes. . 

or 
Rear  traverse- wheel  forks,  shapes.. 

or 

Tongue shape,  or 

Bolts  for  transoms 

"       "    front  transom 

"       "    diagonal  brace 

"       "    hurter-bar 

"       "    tongue  and  tran.«om 

"       "    traverse-fork 

"       "    traverse-wheel 

Hooks  for  handspikes 

or  ] 

Nuts  (hcxagonjil) 

Nuts  for  traverse-wheel  bolts 

Front  traverse-wheels  (cast-iron)  .. 
Rear  traverse-wheels  (east-iron)  .. 

Manocuvring-bars ] 


Pair  wrenches. 


162.0 

5.375 

9. 

36.0 

4.0 

I.O 

7.0 

5.25 

1.0 

3.0 

.875 

Round 

3.0 

.75 

Round 

36.0 

6.0 

1.0 

40.0 

5.5 

.75 

57.0 

4.0 

.625 

11.5 

5.5 

1.5 

16.0 

5.5 

1.25 

38.0 

5.5 

1.25 

65.0 

6.5 

1.0 

2.75 

1.5 

1.5 

3.25 

1.5 

1.5 

2.5 

1.5 

1.5 

3.0 

1.5 

1.5 

3.25 

1.5 

1.5 

3.0 

1.5 

1.5 

5.5 

2.5 

Round 

4.0 

1.25 

Round 

4.0 

1.75 

.75 

2.0 

.75 

.75 

1.5 

1.5 

.5 

2.75 

2.25 

Round 

46.0 

1.5 

Round 

9.0 

3.25 

1.25 

21.0 

2.25 

1.0 

18.0 

1.0 

Round 

27.0 
3.0 
1.16 
2.0 

3.0 
lO.O 
9.5 
1.91 
2.66 

6.33 
5.41 
2.75 
2.16 

.83 
1.0 
l.OS 
7.0 
1.83 
2.66 


8.5 
0.46 


1.5 

1.75. 

1.5 


1338.00 

13.44 

20.46 

4.00 

20.16 
138.60 
79.80 
52.94 
61.45 

145.22 

118.15 

20.79 

16.33 

6.27 

7.56 

8.16 

52.92 

29.94 

10.88 


32.13 
2.60 


45.12 

20.47 

13.23 

3.91 


Amount,   2262.53 


o2-pdr.  Casemate  Carriage. 

The  same  as  the  8-inch,  except  the  lengths  of  the  following  pieces : 

CHASSIS. 

1  hurter-bar,  31  inches;  1  front  transom,  31  inches;  3  transoms,  35  inches. 

2-i-pdr.  Casemate  Carriage. 

The  same  as  the  32-pdr.,  with  the  aJdition  of  2  pieces,  12  inches  long,  3.25  wide, 
1.25  thick. 


104  ORDNANCJi    MANUAL. 


Chapter    P^  o  u  r  t  h  . 


MACHINES,  ETC.,  FOR  SIEGE  AND  GARRISON  SERVICE. 


Field  and  Siege  Gin.     (Plate  10.) 

Woon. — 2  Jcijn  ;  1  pry-j)ole ;  .3  hracm  ;  6  aimriiihling-piiis  ;  1  icimllaiis  ;  5  hand- 
»pike8. 

Iron. — C  rireti  and  burm  No.  2  B,  for  the  tenons  of  the  braces. 

1  tongue,  fastened  to  the  head  of  the  left  leg  by  3  rirels. 

2  hetid-stiaps,  fastened  over  the  head  of  tlic  legs  by  t  i-irets  No.  3,  8  ncrewi  2-iDcb 
No.  14. 

1  nssemb/hiff-bolt  No.  4  A,  for  the  head  of  the  legs;  2  washers,  fastened  on  the 
outside;  that  on  the  left  leg  by  the  tongue-rivets:  that  on  the  right  by  2  screws  IJ- 
inch  No.  14. 

2  sAfarra  (cast-brass);  1  Khiacc-bolt ;  1  kei/ ;  '2  uval  washers,  fantened  to  the  lege 
by  4  srrews  IJ-inch  No.  14. 

1  ket/-bolt  for  pry-pole;   1  rhain,  8  litiks  No.  2  ;  2  rtngs  No.  2  A. 

1  eyc-piti  No.  2,  screwed  in  the  right  side  of  the  right  leg. 

2jourual-boxcs  (brass):  4  bultv  No.  4  A;  2  scretcs  2i  inches;  2  pawls,  held  by  th« 
upper  journal-box  bolt ;  4  washers  :  i  nuts. 

2  gudfftuna,  let  in  the  ends  of  the  windlass,  fastened  by  2  iron  pins. 
2  bands  for  windlass,  fastened  by  6  screirs. 

2  haudspHe-suckets  (brass) ;  2  pawls  ;  2  springs,  held  in  place  by  2  plates  fastened 
to  the  socket  by  6  screws.     The  socket  turns  freely  on  the  gudgeons. 
2  ratchet-wheels,  fastened  to  the  gudgeons  by  2  keys. 

2  bands  for  the  foot  of  the  legs:  4  n«i7«  No.  1  C. 

3  bands  for  the  pry-pole — I  on  the  foot,  2  on  the  head;   6  noi7«  No.  1  C. 
3  points,  driven  into  the  lower  ends  of  the  legs  and  pr^-pole. 

1  handle  for  the  pry-pole;  2  washers,  let  in  and  held  by  6  screws  1^  inches  No.  14. 
1  tongue  for  the  pry-pole,  fixed  in  the  head  by  2  rivets  and  burrs  No.  3  B. 

Single  Pulley  arid  Block. 

1  sheave;  2  straps ;  1  cross-head ;  1  hook,  connected  by  2  bolts  No.  4  A,  and  J 
bolt  No.  6  A;  3  nuts. 


SLINC-CART.  105 

Garrison  Gin. 

AVooD. — 2  leys;    1  prrj-ptih ;    11  cleats  for  pry-pole,  fastened  by  22  naila  No.  2  C  ; 

1  windlaKs. 

Iron. — G  handu,  one  for  each  end  of  the  legs  and  prv-pole,  fastened  by  IS  nails 
No.  .3  C. 

2  braces,  fastened  to  the  legs  by  4  bolts  No.  5,  and  4  k-ei/s  ;  8  wuxhcrs,  fastened  to 
the  legs  by  32  nails  ;  4  key-chains,  each  of  4  linlis  No.  1,  and  2  jv'ii^s  No.  1  B. 

4  eye-pine  No.  1,  screwed  into  the  legs  above  the  bolt-holes. 

1  cleris  ;   1  clevis-bolt  No.  10,  fastened  to  the  head  of  the  pry -pole  by  1  iron  pin  ; 

2  keys  ;  2  chains  ;   12  links  No.  1,  and  2  /-inj;*  No.  1  B  each  ;  2  eye-pins  No.  1. 

2  journal-boxes  (brass),  let  into  the  legs  and  fastened  by  2  bolts  No.  4  A,  and  2 
holts  No.  4i  A;  4  washers  ;  4  n«;»  y  4  screws  2\  inches. 

2  pawls,  hold  by  the  upper  journal-box  bolts. 

2  (jnd(/eons,  let  into  the  ends  of  the  windlass  ;  2  iron  jjnis. 

2  bands  for"windlass  ;   6  screws,  , 

2  handspike-sockefs,  ]     ct  xi.        r      ^i      c  i  j     • 

'^  '  \    Same  as  those  for  the  field  gin. 

2  ratchet-tvheels,        J 

Z  points,  driven  into  the  lower  ends  of  the  legs  and  pry-pole. 

1  handle  for  the  pry-pole ;  2  washers,  let  in  the  pry-pole  and  held  by  8  screw*  li- 
ineh  No.  14. 

Pulley-Blocks. 

They  are  made  with  one,  two,  three,  or  four  sheaves. 
Iron. — 2  straps ,•  the  ends  are  bent  over  the  cross-hemls. 

2  cross-heads ;  2  eyes,  riveted  in  the  cross-heads  :  the  ends  of  the  cross-heads  are 
cut  with  a  screw-thread;  4  nuts. 

1  hook,  welded  into  the  eye  of  one  of  the  cross-heads. 

The  partition  has  two  tenons  on  each  end,  which  are  lot  into  the  cross-heads. 

The  shcares,  of  cast-brass. 

1  sheave-bolt  No.  5  A;    1  nut. 

Casemate  Gin.     (Plate  17.) 

It  is  made  like  the  garrison  gin,  ditfcring  from  it  only  in  the  dimensions  of  some 
parts.  Tho  pry-pole  has  but  6  cleats  for  steps.  The  handspike-socket,  ratchet- 
wheel,  pawl-bolt,  and  prj'-pole  handle  are  the  same  as  those  of  tho  ;/arrison  gin. 

Sling-Cart.     (Plate  18.) 

Wood. — 1  axle-tree;    I  bolster  ;    I  pole  ;    2  hounds ;    I  pole-prop. 
lR<ftf. — 1  lower  axlc-skean  ;   2  tipper  axlc-ekeans,  let  into  the  a.\le-tree  and  axle- 
arms,  and  fastened  by  6  rivets  No.  3,  and  2  bands  on  the  ends  of  tho  axle-arms. 

2  washer-plates  for  axle-hooks,  let  into  the  rear  of  the  axle-tree,  and  fastened  by  8 


lOG  ,  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

>i«i7«  No.  3  C,  2i  inches:  2  n.rlc-hoo/cn  pass  tbrougli  the  axle-lroe  from  the  rear;  2 
nutt ;  2  tcnsliers. 

2  wnnhcr-phiirt  for  bolctcr-liooks,  let  into  the  front  of  the  bolster  and  fastened  by 
8  »iai7»  No.  'A  C.  2  inches;  2  holntfr-hookn*  pass  through  the  bolster  from  the  front  ; 
2  HHi»  and  2  wnnhcn. 

2  Htirnipi,  let  in  the  bolster  and  a.xle-trcc,  which  they  hold  logi-tlier  by  2  hn'dlet 
and  4  niitx  No.  4. 

1  bi:d-pl<He  for  the  screw  (cast-iron),  let  into  the  top  of  the  bolster  and  held  by  2 
bolu  No.  4  C ;  2  nuU. 

1  hointiiiij-tcrew  :  the  lower  end  is  square,  and  has  2  hooks. 

1  nut  for  the  screw  (brass),  round,  with  2  square  feathers  on  opposite  sides. 

1  hitndlc  for  the  screw,  fits  on  the  nut,  and  has  2  round  hranchcu. 

2  riveU  and  burrs  No.  3  U,  for  the  small  end  of  the  pole. 

1  pole-e(r(tjt,  fastened  to  the  en<l  of  the  pole  by  12  nai7»  No.  3  C,  2  inches,  and  .') 
bolts  No.  2  A;  3  nut*.     The  strap  forms  an  eye  for  attaching  the  pole  to  a  limber. 

2  lolls  No.  5  B,  for  connecting  the  hounds  with  the  bolster  and  axle-tree;  2  unts. 

3  bands  for  the  hounds  aud  pole,  fastened  bj  18  fiai7«  No.  3  C,  2}  inches. 
2  bolts  No.  4  A,  for  the  houn<ls  and  pole  ;  4  leathers;  2  nuts. 

1  pole-staple  passes  through  the  pole  fr«)m  the  under  side,  and  is  held  by  2  nuts 
No.  7;  2  washers ;  and,  at  its  middle,  by  1  eye-bolt  No.  4;  1  nut. 

1  cascable-chain  ;  16  /iiiA-«  No.  5;  1  ring  ;  1  hook:  the  ring  traverses  on  the  bar 
of  pole-staple. 

1  eyc-piii  for  pole-prop  socket,  passes  through  the  pole  from  the  under  side,  and 
held  by  1  tcasher  and  1  nut  No.  3;  1  pole-prop  socket ;  1  J'errulr,  fastened  to  the 
jirop  by  2  rivets  No.  2. 

1  poie-prop  chain  ;  IC  linkn  No.  1  ;  1  rln<j  No.  1  A;  1  tnij<jl--  ;  1  >i/tpin  No.  1, 
screwed  into  the  pule. 

2  shoulder-iranhers  for  iixle-trce. 
2  liftch-iFashers,  with  drag-hooks. 
2  linchpins. 

1  sling-chain  ;  2  trunniun-chniits. 

Sling-Cart  Wheel.     (Plate  18.). 

Wood. — 1  nave  ;  16  spokes  ;  8  fellies  ;  8  dowels. 

Iron. — 4  nave-bands,  fastened  by  12  nails  No.  3  C,  2  inches  long. 

1  tire,  made  in  one  hoop  ;   8  tire-bolts  No.  4  C;  8  xcashers  ;  8  nut*. 

2  nave-boxes  (cast-iron). 

The  sling-cart  is  capable  of  transporting  a  10-inch  colambiad.     It  is  used  with  a 
field  limber. 
t 

*  The  axle  and  bolster-hooks  serve  for  fastening  the  laHking<baina  or  ropea  to  relieve  the 

(train  on  the  screw  when  the  weight  is  slung. 


HAND    SLI NO-CART.  107 


Trunnion-Chains.     (Plate  18.) 


The  trunnion-chains  are  three  in  number,  for  light  or  heavy  weights.  They  are 
made  of  the  patent  looped-link  chain.  A  pair  is  required  to  carry  a  gun.  One  is 
passed  under  each  trunnion  and  hooked  on  the  head  uf  the  screw  of  the  sling-cart. 

No.  I.  Composed  of  1  chain  .59  inches  long,  the  ends  joined  by  1  ring. 

No.  2.  Composed  of  2  chains,  each  59  inches  long,  the  ends  joined  by  1  ring. 

No.  3.  Composed  of  2  chains,  each  47  inches  long,  the  ends  joined  by  i  ring, 
having  3  branches :  two  for  the  ends  of  the  chains  composing  the  pair,  and  the  third 
for  the  hook  of  the  screw. 

Thickness  of  the  iron  composing  the  link.  .5  inch. 

Length  of  iron  for  the  connecting-ring,  23  inches  for  No.  1,  24  inches  for  Nos. 
2  and  3. 

Size  of  iron  for  connecting-ring,  1.375  inch,  round. 

AVeights.— No.  1,  27  lbs.  ;  No.  2,  53  lbs.;  No.  3,  61  lbs. 

Sli7ig- Chain. 

The  sling-chain  is  composed  of  69  links,  I  ring  at  one  end,  and  1  hook  at  the 
other.  The  links  are  made  of  .75-iuch  round  iron,  and  are  5  inches  long.  The 
ring  is  of  1-inch  iron,  and  6  inches  diameter  (exterior).  Whole  length  of  chain, 
256.25  inches. 

Hand  Sling-Cart. 

This  cart  is  convenient  for  the  transportation  of  light  weights  to  short  distances. 
It  should  not  be  used  habitually  for  weights  of  more  than  4,000  lbs.;  but  a  24-pdr. 
or  32-pdr.  gun  may  occasionally  be  transported  a  short  distance.  It  is  made 
entirely  of  iron,  except  the  pole,  which  is  of  oak. 

BODi'. 

1  axle-tree;  1  vp^ter pole-straj),  welded  to  the  middle  of  the  axle-tree. 

1  understrap  for  the  pole,  fastened  to  the  axle-tree  by  1  bolt  No.  2  E 

3  bolts  No.  3  D,  for  connecting  the  pole  with  the  upper  and  lower  strap;  3  nuts. 

2  rivets  No.  3  B,  for  the  rear  end  of  the  pole. 

1  pole-strap  and  cyr,*  fastened  to  the  small  end  of  the  pole  by  6  rivets  No.  3. 

1  handle,  held  in  place  in  the  hole  by  a  shoulder  on  one  side  and  1  key  on  the 
other. 

2  braces,  fastened  to  the  pole  by  1  holt  No.  2  A  and  1  nnt.  and  to  the  axle-tree  by 
2  nuts  No.  3. 

1  hook,  fastened  to  an  eye  in  the  axle-tree  by  1  bolt  No.  4  A  ;  1  nut. 

2  shoulder-rvashcrs  ;  2  linch-icashers  ;  2  linchpins. 

*The  eye  is  used  for  connpcting  tho  sling-cart  occasionnlly  with  a  limber,  or  for  attaching  a 
Uorse  to  it,  whilst  the  pole  is  hold  up  by  hand. 


108  ORDNANCK    MANUAL. 

WRKEI,. 

1  iiavf;  (cact-irou) :  10  spukm,  with  a  mund  tcnun  for  the  iiavc,  and  a  flat  bearing 
'.''IT  the  tin-. 

1  i:,>.  cliriiiik  liii  thf  (  iiiU  '.f    the  .>.|.okc.s  and  fastened  l>y   |i>  rl.-.-u  No.  .■•. 

( 'ascmate  Truck. 

'l"he  cahcmato  truck  ia  dc-8i);ned  for  truDHportiiif;  guns  in  (•a.^ematc  gjillcrici"  ">r 
lhr(iu)(li  puslerns. 

AVooD. — 'i  rn\l»  ;  3  trnumimii,  framed  to  llic  ruili*  b_v  tenons  and  luortincii.  1 
hit  mile. 

Ihon. —  I  rear  Irautnm-plaU  and  ring  fur  drag-ropci:,  let  into  the  nnilur  side  of  the 
trnneiou  and  raiU,  and  foKluncd  by  4  na(7«  No.  2  C,  .3J-in. 

1  /riittt  Irantom-ptnte  und  ring  for  drag-ropeg,  fiutcne^  by  ti  naih  No.  '2  V,  3i-in. 
A  ball*  for  the  rails  and  Iransoinfi,  No.  4  H  ;  A  iiulg. 

'2  rrnr  fitrk-platet,  futitoned  to  the  under  side  of  the  raili*  by  4  »iiii7»  No.  "2  <',  SJ-ii). 

2  forka ;  2  lioltt  for  rear  wlieelc;   barbette  chasMim  travcrsc-whecl  forks. 
1  furk-iockei  for  front  wheel  ;  is  rouud,  and  let  in  tbe  front  tranfum. 

\  fork ;  1  holt  for  front  wheel,  the  same  as  for"the  rear  whccic,  the  up]»or  \mT\  of 
tho  stem  made  eonieal. 

I  furk-pltilr  for  front  wheel  :   it  hu."  an  eye  to  connect  it  to  the  tongue. 

1  tongue  ;   1  luiigiic-bnlt  No.  4  A;    1  nut. 

'.\  truck  frheeU :  the  traverse-whocls  of  the  barbette  cha.-si?. 

JIand-Cart. 

It  is  ufed  for  the  transportation  of  lig'it  stores  to  short  dirtaneec 
Wood. — I  luhter  for  axle-tree;  2  I'licrr  tide  rails:  ^  cront-bari,  framed  into  the 
•side  rails :  the  front  bar  iii  round,  and  serves  for  a  handle ;  2  upper  tide  rail*  ;  2  rtnl 
ruilH,  halved  into  the  side  rails  and  fastened  by  4  trrcic*;  0  tldt:  ttiidt;  6  end  itada, 
framed  into  the  rails  and  cross-bars,  und  fastened  by  wooden  plus;  0  board*  fvr 
bottom,  sides  and  ends. 

luON. — 18  gcreirs,  No.  14,  IJ-inch,  to  fasten  tl'C  "I'.ttom  boards  to  bolst4;r  Mid 
cross-bars:  48  *c/-<-(r«  to  fasten  the  side  and  ends  to  tuo  tituds. 

1  axle-tree,  fastened  to  the  bolster  by  2  lolt»  No.  2  B  ;  2  itutt. 
Q  props,  fastened  to  the  side  rails  by  4  holts  No.  1  D;  4  nuts. 

2  sfioiddir-icashers,  let  into  the  ends  of  the  naves. 
2  lineh-tcaihers ;  2  linchpins. 

WHEEL. 

Wooi>. — 1  iKirf/  12  spokes  ;  6  fellies. 

luoN. — 2  nnre-baudt,  fastened  by  6  nail*. 

1  tire,  held  by  6  tire-bolts  No.  1  C:  6  urathtrrs  ;  6  nuts. 

1  nave-bojr,  wrougbt-iron,  welded. 


HYDRAULIC    JACK.  109 

>SYore  Truck. 

This  fnick  i=  used  for  moving  boxes  iu  storehouses  and  in  embarking  ami  dis- 
embarking stores. 

Wood. — 2  raih,  rounded  at  the  end.s  for  bandies. 

4  cross-barn,  framed  into  the  rails  and  fastened  by  iroodeii  pinn. 

2  bolsters,  nailed  to  the  under  side  of  the  rails. 

Iron. — 1  shoe,  fastened  to  the  upper  side  of  the  rails  by  4  bolts  No.  1  C;  1 
washers  ;  4c  nuts. 

1  axle-tree,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  2  bolts  No.  1  C;  2  nuts. 

2  guard-plates,  let  into  the  rails  under  the  shoe  and  held  by  the  axle-tvce  bolts. 
2  truck  wheels  (cast-iron). 

2  shoulder-washers. 

2  Ihich-washers. 

2  screws  with  square  heads  for  the  ends  of  the  axle-tree,  to  hold  the  wheels  on. 

2  props,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  4  bolls  No.  1  B  ;  4  uptn. 

Lifting-Jack. 

The  lifting-jack  is  a  geared  screw  with  a  projecting  foot  at  its  lower  end,  for  lift- 
ing heavy  weights. 

Wood. — 1  bed;  1  handle. 

Iron. — 2  rivet-bolts  No.  2  A,  to  strengthen  the  bed;  4  washers;  2  nuts. 

2  eye-plates  for  the  braces,  let  into  the  ends  of  the  bed,  and  fastened  by  4  ncreirs, 
2-inch,  and  1  screw,  1-inch,  No.  16. 

1  stand  (cast-iron)  :  4  steadying-points,  screwed  into  the  bottom  of  the  stand. 

2  brneex,  listened  to  the  stand,  at  the  upper  end,  by  2  bolts  No.  2. 

I  screw,  same  size  and  pitch  as  the  elevating-screw  for  casemate  carriage;  1  foot ; 
1  plate,  fastened  to  the  foot  by  .'5  screws,  IJ-ineh,  No.  14. 

1  tint ;  1  pinion  for  the  hoisting-.screw  (brass),  like  those  for  the  casemate  elevat- 
ing-screw. 

1  shaft  for  pinion  :  is  kept  in  place  by  1  screw-pin,  let  in  the  stand. 

1  crank,  held  to  the  shaft  by  1  nut  No.  4;  1  woodmi  handle,  fastened  by  t  waither  ; 
1  nnt  No.  2. 

1  cap-plate,  let  into  the  head  of  the  stand  one-eighth  of  an  inch,  and  fastened  by 
4  bolt-screws  No.  1. 

Hydraulic  Jack. 

The  hydraulic  jack  is  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  the  lifting-jack,  and  maj' 
replace  it  to  great  advantage,  being  much  more  powerful,  more  portable,  and  more 
convenient  in  use.  Being  a  patented  invention,  it  is  procured  ready-made.  The 
most  convenient  size  is  that  of  7  tons  capacity,  of  which  the  following  are  the 

Dimensions:    Height,  25.5  inches;  lift,    10  inches;   largest  diameter,  9  inches 
length  of  foot,  4  inches  ;   length  of  lever,  26.5  inches. 

Weight  of  jack,  without  lever 112.-5  pounds. 

"         lever 4.75      " 


no  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Lever  .Lirl;. 

Tho  Icrer  jack  is  an  adju8tAl>lc  fulcrum,  with  a  long  lever. 

Wood. — 1  aland;  coDsists  of  2  iiprii/htii  framed  into  1  li<<l,  and  fastened  by  2 
wooden  pin  K  ;    1  t  ran  nam  ;   1  long  lerer,  15  feet  long. 

InON. — 1  triinnom-bull  No.  4  A  cc.nnccts  the  transom  and  upright*;  '2  imthert ;  1 
uul. 

1  fulcrum -pin,  inserted  in  holes  in  the  uprights  at  any  rei|uiri'<l  height. 

1  rhain,  15  liukt  No.  4  and  3  ringt  No.  2  A  :  1  eye-pin  No.  1  fantens  the  fulcrum- 
pin  to  the  stand. 

2  Iricr-plitiei  (cMt-braM),  fastened  to  the  large  end  of  the  lever  l>y  6  irrewi  No. 
16,  2J-inoh,  to  jircvent  the  lever  from  slipping  on  the  fulfrum-j«in. 

Platform  for  Siege  Mortars. 

Wood. — 6  *lerper$ ;  lb  deck-plank$  held  together  by  72  doirelt.  There  arc  4 
dowels  in  one  edge  of  each  plank,  fitting  into  4  holes  in  the  edge  of  the  next  plank. 
The  dowels  are  held  fast  hy  /ox-iredye*. 

IfiQjt. — 12  ryr-bnlii  fit  into  holes  in  the  front  and  rear  planks,  pasiting  through 
the  sleepers,  to  prevent  the  planks  from  slipping  on  the  sleepers. 

Platform  for  Siege  Guns. 

Wood. — 12  tlcrpv ;  36  dvrk-plank;  held  together  by  174  doicrU;  I  )turUr ; 
fi  ttakei. 

Iron. — 12  eye-bolu  fit  into  holes  in  the  front  and  rear  plunks,  ]>a86ing  through  the 
sleepers,  to  prevent  the  planks  from  slipping  on  the  sleepers. 

Hand-Barroic. 

\7ooD. — 2  tide  rail*  :  the  ends  are  rounded  and  form  the  handles. 
Rope  neltiny  joins  the  side  rails,  passing  through  holes  in  the  side  rails. 

Pintle-cross,  for  Temporary  Batteries. 

Wood. — 2  croti-picre*,  halved  into  each  other  in  their  middle  at  right  angles  to 
each  other;   1  pintlc-buUter,  fastened  to  the  cross  by  4  octagonal  pint,  1  inch  thick. 

Iron. — 1  boUter-plate  (cast-iron),  fastened  to  the  bolster  by  4  bolti ;  4  irathrrt  ;  4 
nutf  ;  1  pintle. 

A  circular  platform  of  planks  is  required  for  the  wheels  of  the  chassis  to  trav- 
erse on. 

Pent-Houses  for  Barbette  Carriages. 

The  pent-house  is  a  covering  of  thin  boards,  framed  together,  to  protect  the 
wooden  barbetto  carriages  from  the  weather. 

It  is  made  in  several  separate  pieces,  which  can  be  readily  put  together  or  taken 
apart. 


PENT-HOUSES.  HI 

The  pent-houses  for  the  columbiad  barbette  carriages  are  similar  to  each  other, 
differing  only  in  their  dimensions.  Those  for  the  other  barbette  carriages  are  of  a 
different  pattern,  but  similar  to  each  other. 

Pent-Houses  for  the  Columbiad  Carriages. 

Woon.— 1  body,  composed  of  2  aiUs,  2  i^ides,  1  roof,  1  rear  and  \  front  end. 
1  front  chassis-cover  and  1  rear  chassis-cotter,  each  in  one  piece. 
Iron. — 8  eye-pins  ;  8  eye-pin  washers;   8  keys;   8  chains;   8  luire  stajiles ;  4  lony 
hooks;    14  Aoo/-«  (short);   Z6  staples;  4  handles  for  ends. 

Pent- Houses  for  the  other  Barbette  Carriages. 

Wood. —  1  body,  composed  as  for  the  columbiad  barbette. 
1  chassis-cover  ;    1  tongue-cover. 

Iron. — 4  long  hooks;  2  short  hooks  ;  12  stnjyhs  ;  8  rye-pins;  8  eye-pin  washers;  8 
chains;   8  keys  ;   ?>  wire  staples  ;   4  handles  {ot  ends. 

TO    PUT    ON    THE    rENT-HOUSE. 

On  the  columhiad-carriage. — Place  the  gun  over  the  pintle;  depress  the  muzzle 
about  five  degrees,  so  that  the  chase  shall  fit  in  the  circular  cut  made  in  the  front 
end  and  roof.  Lay  the  sills  across  the  chassis  in  front  and  in  rear  of  the  top  car- 
riage ;  place  the  tenons  of  the  sides  in  the  mortises  of  the  sills  ;  put  on  the  roof  and 
hook  it  to  the  sides :  place  the  ends  and  key  them ;  put  on  the  chassis-covers  and 
hook  them. 

On  the  other  barbette  carriages. — Run  the  gun  "in  battery  ;"  remove  the  wheels; 
place  them  upon  the  chassis  in  rear  of  the  axle  and  resting  against  the  top  carriage  ; 
chock  them  with  their  linchpin  and  washer,  and  proceed  to  put  on  the  body  as  on 
the  columbiad-carriage. 


112 


ORDNANCB    MANUAL. 


PIUXCII'AL    DIMKNSIONS    AM)    WKIOHTS    OF    MAf'iirNKS.   KTC.   FOH 
SIKiJK  OR  GARRISON  SERVICE. 


Sliiuj-Carts  and  Trucks. 


li 

?l 

i 

c 

—  £ 

Xc 

§ 

ll 

K 

a. 

- 

® 

Length  from  rear  of  wheel  to  front  end  of 

p«)lc in. 

L(>n|;th  of  axle-tree in. 

Ilciifhl  (if  whreln in. 

I>isl!iiicu  lii'twocn  thv  whocU  on  the  ground,  in. 

one  wheel  ll>». 

budv   Iba. 

eirri'W lbs. 

handluf lbs. 

Weight  of  •!  ciirt  roniplet«\  without  nling- 
ebiiini> lbs. 


trtinnion-chAin  and  rings 
sliDg-chain 


lbs. 
lbs. 


242.4 
92. 
«6. 
62.75 
714 
700 
98 
77 

2,302 

i    «» 

I    63 

84 


ir.o.7.'i 

75.60| 
72.0 
60.4 
440   , 
240   I 


1,115 
27 


•74.76 

•141.5 

45.5 

t42.5 

.10.5 

15.0 

;{6..15 

29.6 

34. 

113 

181 

800 

H 


•66.5 
24.15 
12.0 
19.75 
18.6 
4S. 


80 


*  WhoU-  IpnprtI'  of  Uuily  KiiJ  hanilte 


i   WMth  of  hi^f. 


Gin/t. 


Sic^e. 


Length  uf  Xeps 

(1  iir 

1  pry-poll- 
1  windlass 
braces.. . . 


oak 


Weight    of -J  pin,  complete 11 

1  sinjrle  block     

1  double  block    lbs 

1  triple  block lbs. 

[IfaU lbs, 


in. 

175.5 

lbs. 

148. 

lbs. 

71. 

lbs. 

187. 

II..-.. 

.33. 

lbs. 

615 

lbs. 

35 

lbs. 

32 


256 

•^         1 

172 

280. 

272.1 

213< 

293.' 

292. 

208 

310.1 

310. 

M4 

104. 1 

104. 

83 

1267. 

1250. 

979 

Ash 

Pine 

72 

90 

*110 


•  120  feet.  5-incb  henip  rope. 


t83 


tWfoet 


DIMENSIONS    AND    WEIGHTS    OF   PLATFORMS. 

Tiifting-Jack  and  Lever  Jack. 


113 


UFTINO-JACK. 


LEVER  JACK. 


Lever. 


Length inches. 

Breadth    " 

Hei£;ht " 

Weight    lbs. 


20. 

24 

12. 

U 

29.2 

30 

60. 

100 

180, 
5.5 


150. 


DIMENSIONS  AND  WEIGHTS  OF  PLATFORMS. 

For  Guns  and  Hoxoitzers. 


SIEQE. 

RICOCHET. 

NAMES   OF   PIECES. 

00 

'5. 
o 
d 

i 

c 

3 

-3 

1 
H 

2 

'5. 

O 

c 

.c 

Mi 
c 
o 
h9 

j. 

5 
is 

1 
12 
36 

In. 

108 
108 
108 

In. 
5.0 
5.0 
5.0 

In. 
3.5 
3.5 
3.6 

Lbs. 

61 

tt08 

1854 

1 

3 

2 

1 

1 

18 

4 

In. 
96 
108 

128 
84 
30 
48 
32 

In. 

8. 

5.5 

13. 

13. 

13. 
1.25 
2.0 

In. 

8. 
5.5 

2.25 
2.25 
2.25 
1.2. 
1.0 

Lbs. 
174 

147 

Planks    

166 

Plank 

60 

21 

Stakes  (securing) 

Stakes  (implements)  ... 

6 
4 
4 

4S 
32 
14 

3.5 
2.0 
0.75 

2.0 

1.0 

Round 

70 
10 
8.5 
2601.5 

32 
10 

600 

For  Mortars. 


NAMES   OF   PIECES. 


SIEOE. 

! 

RAIL. 

(r 

1 

m 

o 

X 

c 

a. 

^ 

3J 

^ 

O. 

^ 

a 

<_• 

^ 

J3 

^ 

v. 

^ 

-S 

d 

3 

-3 

H 

^ 

d 

C 

•:3 

is 

2 

Sleepers 

Deck-planks , 

Rails  

Stakes  (securing)  .... 
St.^ke8  (pointing)  .^. 

Eye-bolts  

Platform,  comjilete.. 


In. 

In. 

In. 

Lb.s. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

6 

96 

5.0 

3.5 

230 

3 

60 

11.5 

.86 

18 

108 

5.0 

3.5 

927 

2 
14 

84 
48 

10.0 
3.5 

10.0 
3.0 

6 

48 

3.5 

2.0 

70 

4 
,12 

48 
11 

1.0 
0.75 

1.0 
Round 

4 

48 

1.0 

1.0 

Wooden  platform  for  columbiad-carriages  weighs  3,904  lbs. 


114 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Traverse-  Circles. 


no.  or 

PICCE8 
IM   THI 


BIZB  OP  PIECE. 


WEIOIITH  OP 


OCTER  OR  j  IKWEK  OB 
REAR.  PROMT. 


For  Imrliotle  riirriacr,  I  ,     „ 

ccnlrc-pliitlp f I 

Kor  bnrlM'ltP  rAiTia((«,   I 
front-plntU- f •" 

For  caaeniAl«  cmtUko i     S 


In. 
2.25 


•«       %t  -t  as 


LtM.'Lbc.'LlM. 

I 

No.  4  II.   \bi    &47    23.       722. 
I 
...     146    i«.6     161.5 
»7     Ui    U.      IM. 


Dimensions  and   Weights  of  Blocks,  Rollers,  etc.,  for  Manoeuvres. 


No.    Lenftli.    Width 


Thlck- 
noM. 


^•-•^"^  /e",St 


Remaiiu. 


LonfT  roller 

Short   roller  .. . . 

Half  roller 

Block  

Half  bK.ck 

Quarter  lilock.. . 
Guu-ehocks 

Wheel-chocks  • .. 

Roller-chocks  . . . 
Skid 

Shifting-plank  . . 

Trace-rope 

Trunnion-loops . . 


In. 

42. 
12. 


46. 
20. 
20. 
20. 
S.6 


7. 
72. 

67. 

360. 
18. 


Id. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

6. 

Round 
Round 

25.0 
12.0 

50.0 
36.0 

6. 

8. 
8. 
8. 
2.75 

6. 
8. 
4. 
2. 
2.5 

31.0 
2j5.0 
13.0 

6.5 

0.375 

62.0 
416.0 
78.0 
13.0    , 

2.25  1 

1 

«. 

3. 

2.25 

13.5 

5. 

8. 

i. 

8. 

1.0 
97. 

6.0 
194. 

1   12. 

2.25 

48. 

48. 

'     2.25 
1.5 

Round 
Round 

7.5 

7.5 

j  A  groove  .25  in. 
•'  dcfp  in  the 
(        middle. 

Top  rounded  3  in. 


Wedjfe  chaped. 
f  Section  a  triangle. 
<.        Top    rounded 
(        1   in. 


(Ends    bevelled    on 
opposite  sidec 


End  spliced. 


BILLS    OF    TIMBER. 

Bills  of  Timber  for  Gins  and  Sling-Cart. 


115 


KAUES   OF    PARTS. 


i 

■p, 

6 

BOCOH  DIMERfilONS  OF 
EACH   PIECE. 

CONTENTS. 

Long. 

Wide. 

Thick. 

Each 
piece. 

Total. 

Kind  of  wood. 


FIELD  AND  SIEGE  GIN. 


I^egs 

Pry-pole ■ 

Windlass 

(  Upper. . 
Braces  <  Middle  . 

(  Lower. . 


GARRISON  GIN. 

Legs  and  J  Large  end 
pry-pole  |  Small  end. 
Two  bevel-blocks  . . . . 

Windlass 

Cleats 


CASEMATE  GIN. 

T  f  Large  end   ) 

I^'^eM  Small  end  j"-' 

Pry-pole  I  ^'''f,  ^"^l   ] 
•'  ^        {  Small  end  j 


In. 


2 

180 

180 

68 

48 

72 

102 

Windlass 
Cleats  ■ 


SLING-CAUT. 


Axle-tree 
Bolster  . . 
Hounds. . 


Tongue  ji"''"g^«°  J  } 
''       {  Small  end  J 


rp         (  Naves . 

Two       „     , 
wheels  i  Spokes 
wneeis  j^j^eHigg. 


264 

40 

104 

12 


180 

180 

101 
12 

102 
66 
80 

198 

21 

48 
.39 


In. 

6.5 

5.5 

9. 

4.75 

4.75 

4.75 


6.5 

10. 
11. 
4.25 


9.0 
6.5 
9. 
6.5 
11. 
4.25 


11. 

9. 

9. 

7.5 

5. 
19. 

5.25 

9. 


In. 

5.5 

5.5 

9. 

2.75 

2.75 

2.75 


9. 
6.5 
9. 
11. 
3. 


9.0 
6.5 
9.    ' 
6.5 
IL 
3. 


9. 
5. 
6. 
5. 

Round 
2.75 
5.5 


Sup.ft. 

44.69 

37.81 

38.25 

4.35 

6.53 

9.25 


113.21 

25. 
87..39 
1.06 


100.33 

77.03 

84.88 
1.06 


70.13 
37.13 
25. 

48.13 

41.34 
4.81 
13.4 


Sup.ft. 

89.38 

37.81 

38.25 

4.35 

6.53 

9.25 

185.57 


I    Spruce    or 
j  ash. 

Oak. 

Oak  plank. 


339.63  Spruce 

25.00 
87.39 
11.66 


463.68 


Oak. 

Oak  plank. 


200.66 

77.03 

84.88 
6.36 


368.93 


70.13 
37.13 
50. 

48.13 

82.68 
153.92 
214.4 


656.39 


>  Spruce. 

Oak. 

Oak  plank. 


Oak. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Oak  plank. 


Bills  of  Lumber  for  Platform  for  Siege  Guns  and  Mortar. 

For  one  siege  gun  or  howitzer,  yellow  pine  or  oak  : 

49  pieces,  114  in.  long,  6  in.  wide,  4  in.  thick,  19  ft.  each 931  ft. 

For  one  siege  mortar,  yellow  pine  or  oak  : 

6  pieces,  102  in.  long,  6  in.  wide,  4  in.  thick,  17  ft.  each 102  ft. 

18     "        114     "  6      "         4       "  19  ft.     "    342  ft 


Total... 444ft. 


116 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Bill  of  Iron  for  Field  and  Siege  Giji. 


Length, 


Weight. 


Chain,  No.  2 

Rivets  and  nails 

Bolts,  No.  3,  and  keys  for 

gudgeons 

Key-bolt 

Bolts,  No.  5,  eye-pin,   and 

handle 

Sheave-bolt 

Bolts  for  pulley-block  . . . . 
Cross-head  for  pulley-block. 

Nuts,  No.  3 

Bands 

Nuts,  No.  4 

Hook  for  pulley -block- .. . 

Washers,  No.  3 

Bevel  washer 

Gudgeons  and  points 

Oval  washers 

Head-straps 

Straps  for  pulley-block... 

Pry-pole  tongue 

Journal-boxes - 

Tongue-plate 

Journals 

Bands  for  windlass 

Pry -polo  handle 

Pawls 

Batchets 


Three  sheaves  for  pulleys. 


In. 

0.2 
.375 

.625 
.76 

1. 

1.25 

1.5 

2.5 

1.25 

1.5 

1.5 

1.75 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2.5 

2.5 

2.5 

3.5 

3.5 

5.5 

3.0 

4.0 

1.125 

1.25 

8.0 


In. 

Round 
Round 

Round 
Round 

Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
.625 
.25 
.75 
1.75 
0.125 
.625 
2. 

0.125 
.31 
.5 
1. 

1.75 
0.5 
Round 
0.375 
Round 
1.25 
1.25 


In. 

42. 
129. 

71. 
10. 

27. 
16. 

8. 

3., 

10. 

212. 

5. 
12. 
18. 

3. 
14. 
13. 
32. 
30. 
12. 
24. 
16. 
18. 
64. 
22. 
24. 
16. 


Lbs. 

0.36 
3.95 

6.03 
1.22 

5.87 

5.45 

3.92 

4.77 

2.18 

22.26 

1.57 

10.29 

1.26 

1.05 

15.68 

1.14 

7. 

10.50 

11.76 

41.16 

12.32 

35.34 

26.88 

6.07 

10.50 

44.80 


24. 


Hammered. 


Hammered. 
Hammered. 


Or  2  round  shapes,  ham- 
mered. 
Brass. 


BILL    OF    IRON. 


117 


Bill  of  Iron  for  one  Garrison  or  Casemate  Gin. 


Thick- 
ness. 


Length.  Weight. 


Remarks. 


Key-chains,  No.  1 

King!: 

Rivct-bolt,«i,  No.  1 

Pin  for  clevis-bolt 

Eye-pins 

Bolts,  No.  5 

Bolts,  No.  %,  for  pawls. . . . 

Braces  and   clevis 

Clevis-bolt ,. 

Bolt-heads.No.  5,  and  points 

for  legs 

Nails,  No.  3 

Nuts,  No.  1 

Kevs  for  braces 

Nuts,  No.  3 

Eyes  for  pulley-blocks  and 

pawls 

Keys  for  clevis-bolt 

Nuts,  No.  4 

Hooks    for   blocks 

Washers.  No.  3 

Collars   for  points 

.Fournals 

Washers    for  handle 

Washers.  No.   5 

Bands  for  windlass 

Lower  bands  for  lejjs 

Cross-beads  for  blocks.... 

Upper  bands  for  legs 

Partitions  for  blocks 

Straps    for   blocks 

Pry-pole  handle 

Two  ratchets 


In. 

0.15 

0.2 

0.5 

0.75 

0.875 

1. 

1.25 

1.5 

1.75 

2. 

0.375 

1. 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

1.5 

1.5 

1.75 

2. 

2. 

3. 

3. 

3 

4 

4 

4 

6 


1.125 

8.0 


25 


Two  journal-boxes. 
Five  sheaves 


In. 

Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 

Round 

0.375 
0.5 
0.125 
0.625 

1.25 

0.125 

0.75 

1.75 

0.125 

1. 

Round 
0.188 
0.188 
0.375 
0.25 
1 .  25 
0.25 
0.25 
0.37 

Round 
1.25 


Feet. 

7.5 
2.5 
1.66 
0.41 
0.83 
3.33 
0.70 
22.5 
2.25 

4. 

9.41 

0.16 

1.16 

2.54 

4. 

1.16 

0.75 

1.83 

0.33 

2. 

1.5 

0.5 

2.16 

5.33 

5.08 

2.33 

4.12 

2.75 

5. 

1.8 

1.33 


Lbs. 

0.52 
0.27 
1.08 
0.60 
1.66 
8. 
2.86 
132.. 52 
18.02 

41.88 
4.42 
0.26 
0.60 
6.65 

21.0 

0.73 

2.83 

18.83 

0.27 

13.44 

35.34 

0.94 

4.40 

26.86 

17.06 

39.14 

20.76 

18.48 

.50.40 

5.96 

44.80 


541.37 
13. 
60. 

73. 


This  bill  includes  the  ma- 
terials for  one  double 
and  one  triple  pulley- 
block. 


Hammered. 


Hammered. 


Or  2  round  shapes,  ham- 
mered. 


Cast-brass. 


118 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Bill  of  Iron  for  one  Sling-Cart. 


Width. 


Thick- 
ness. 


Length     Weight. 


Kemarka. 


Pole-prop  chain,  No.  1 

Rings,  No.  1 

Rivete,  No.  2 

Chain,  No.  5,  and  rivets,  No.  .3 

Pole-rivct9 

Bolts,  No.  4 

Eye-pin,  No.  1 

Bolts,  Nos.  2  and  5,  and  rings 

Pole-staple 

Bolt-heads,  No.  4,  and  eye-pin*  .. . . 

Screw-hundlc   

Bolt-heads,  No.  6 

Nails.  No.  .3 

Toggle  for  pole-proj)  chain 

Axle-washers,    u]iper    skcans,    nuts, 

No.  2,  and  chain-hook 

Burrs  for  i)ole-ri vets 

Nuts,  No.  3 

Bolster-hooks 

Axle-bands 

Nuts.  No.  4 

Hook  for  .sliug-chain 

Axle-hooks 

Pole-prop  ferrule 

Linchpins 

Washers.  No.  .3 

Bands  for  hounds  and  pole 

Brow-bands  for  naves 

Lower  skean  and  stirrups  (in  part).  ■ 

Bridles 

Stirrups  and  pole-straps 

Nuts,  No.  5 

Upper  skcans 

Nuts,  No. 7 

Washers,  No.  4 

End  bands  for  naves 

Lower  axle-skean — body 

Hoisting-screw  (in  one  piece) 

Washers,  No.  5 

Pole-prop  socket > 

Socket  of  screw-handle ■ 

Washers,  No.  7 

Washers  for  axle  and  bolster-hooks , 

Two  wheel-tires 

Lower  axle-skean — middle  part. . . .  ■ 


Bed-plate  for  screw 

N»Te-boxe8  for  two  wheels  , 


Nut  for  hoisting-screw 


In. 
0.15 
0.2 
0.25 
0.375 
0.5 
0.75 
0.875 
1. 

1.25 
1.5 
1.75 
2. 

0.375 
0.5 

1. 

1.125 
1.25 
1.25 


In. 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
0.375 
0.25 

0.5 

0.25 

0.625 

1.25 

0.2 

0.75 

1. 

1.5 

0.375 

0.625 

0.125 

0.25 

0.375 

0.5 

0.625 

0.75 

1. 

0.5 

1.25 

0.188 

0.375 

0.5 

3. 

0.188 

0.625 

2.25 

0.25 

0.375 

0.875 

0.5 


Feet. 
3.75 
0.31 
0.50 
9.06 
0.50 
4.42 
0.14 
9.91 
4.5 
1. 

5.33 

0.50 

12.04 

0.16 

11.25 


0.33 

10. 

16.33 

10. 
1.58 
4.83 
0.66 
0.66 
0.37 
4.58 

13.82 
3.41 
3.83 
0.54 
1.25 
1. 

0.66 
2.33 

50. 
1. 


Lbs. 
0.26 
0.03 
0.08 
3.. 33 
0.32 
6.50 
0.28 
25.86 
18.41 
5.86 
42.69 
6.23 
5.66 
0.06 

18.90 
0.17 
0.26 

12.23 
2.17 

12.28 
6.70 

18.90 
1.45 
3.04 
0.27 

16.80 

41.00 

33.60 
6.63 

24.34 
4.43 
2.49 
3.49 
7.19 

43.52 

17.18 

115.81 

1.10 

9.18 

25.88 
2.21 

13.18 
661.00 

10.08 


1230.04 


42. 
_60. 
"1027 

~ii7 


*Pole-prop. 


Hammered. 


Hammered. 
Hammered. 
In  4  piecet. 


Cast-iron. 
ICast-iron. 


Cast-brass. 


BILL    OF    LUMBER. 


119 


Bill  of  Lwnber  for  one  B2-pdr.  Gun  or  S-in.  Sea-coast  Howitzer 

Pent-House. 


NAMES   OF   PARTS. 


ROUGH    DIMENSIONS  OF 
EACH    PIECE. 


Long.      Wide.     Thick. 


Each 
piece. 


Kind  of  wood. 


MAIN    nOUSE. 


Sides  

Roof 

Front  door 

Rear  door  

Side  and  roof  strips. . . . 

Door  strips 

Rafters    

Roof  front  piece 

Roof  back  piece 

Fascias    

Axle-poeket  sides 

"         "       fronts 

"         "       caps  

Sills  

Front  posts 

Back  and  middle  posts. 


HEAR    HOUSE. 


Sides 

Roof 

Back 

Roof  strips 

Back  strips  and  braces 

Front  rafter 

Rear  rafter 


TONGUE-COVEU. 


Sides 

Side  strips  . 

Roof 

Rafters   . . 
Back , 


74 
25 
68 
49 
87 
62 
39 
42 
39 
86 
26 
24 
11 
62 
78 
60 


57 
34 
66 
56 
120 
61 
62 


50 
120 
51 
14 
19 


In. 

6. 
6. 


6. 

3. 

3. 

7. 
18. 

6. 

7. 

6. 
10. 

8. 

3. 

3. 

3. 


9.5 

17. 


In. 

.75 
.75 
.75 
.75 

1.5 

1.25 

1.5 

1.25 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

4. 

3. 

3. 


.75 
.75 
.75 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 


.75 
1.25 
1. 

1.25 
1.25 


Sup.  ft, 

3.08 
1.04 
2.83 
2.04 
2.72 
1.61 
2.84 
6.56 
1.67 
4.18 
1.08 
1.66 
.61 
5.17 
4.87 
3.75 


2.37 
1.41 
2.75 
1.94 
3.12 
4.76 
8.61 


2.08 
3.12 
.^19 
1.15' 

2.80 


Snp.ft. 

98.56 

33.28 

33.96 

20.40 

24.46 

6.46 

8.53 

6.56 

1.67 

8.36 

4.33 

3.33 

1.22 

10..34 

9.75 

15. 


286.21 


23.70 
31.02 
13.75 

7.77 
(i.24 
4.76 
8.61 


95.85 


16.64 
3.12 
6.37 
2.31 
2.80 

31.24 


White  pine 
or  cy|)ress. 


Yellow 
pine,chest- 
nut,  or  oak. 


White  piiie 
or  cypress. 


[  White  pine 
I    or  cypress. 


120  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Bill  of  Lumber  for  one  8-m.  Columbiad  Barbette  Pent-House. 


RAMES  OP  PARTS. 


MAIX   HOfSE. 

Sidc!)    

Roof 

Doors  

Side   (itrips 

Roof  stri]>8 

Door  strips 

Rafttrs    

Fronts 

Fascias    

Sills   

End  posli' 

Middle  posts 

FRONT  ASn  UKAIl  IIOLSES 

Sides    

Roofs  

Ends 

Roof  strips 

End  strips 

Side  strips 

Braces 

Front  roof  rafters 

Back  roof  rafters  and  ends 


RODdH  DIHEKSIONS 
OF  BACH  PIECE. 


iong 

Wide 

In. 

In. 

75 

6 

31 

6 

49 

6 

86 

3 

86 

4  1 

62 

3   ' 

62 

9   ' 

54 

12   ' 

86 

7 

66 

3 

62 

3 

80 

3 

28 

6 

37 

6 

70 

6 

45 

4 

32 

3 

28 

3 

45 

3 

72 

3 

66 

17 

66 

12 

In. 

.75 
.75 
.75 

1.5 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

1. 

1. 

4. 

3. 

3. 


.75 
.75 
.75 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 


CONTESTS. 

Each 

piece. 

Total. 

Sup.ft. 

Sup.ft. 

3.12 

99.84 

1.29 

41.28 

2.04 

48.96 

2.69 

16.13' 

2.99 

11.94 

1.61 

5.45, 

4.06 

12.18 

4.5 

9. 

4.18 

8.36 

5.5 

11. 

3.875 

15.5    1 

5.05 

10.10 

289.74 

1.17 

42.12 

1.54 

55.44' 

2.91 

.34.92 

1.53 

12.23, 

1.10 

2.20 

.94 

11.25!, 

1.56 

6.25, 

2.50 

5.     : 

9.74 

19.47: 

6.87 

41.25 

2.30.13! 

Kin.1  of 
wood. 


White  pine  or 
cypress. 


S  Yellow  pine, 
>      chestnut,  or 
J      oak. 


I  White  pine  or 
I      cypress. 


NoTK. — An  allowance  of  J  should  be  made  for  waste,  and  |  for  small  bills. 

BUI  of  Iron  for  one  Barbette  Pent-Mouse. 


SIZE  OF  IROK. 

Number 
of 

Len^h 

of  each 

Total 

LeiiKtb 

Weight. 

Remarks. 

Wide. 

Thick. 

pieces. 

piece. 

required. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

1.25 

..375 

8 

4.5 

36 

4.71 

Eye-bolts. 

2. 

.125 

8 

•> 

16 

1.12 

Eye-bolt  plates. 

.625 

Round. 

8 

7.25 

58 

4.92 

Door  handles. 

.375 

« 

6 

7. 

42 

1.29 

Long  hooks.* 

.375 

" 

2 

5. 

10 

.31 

Short  hooks. 

.25 

« 

16 

4. 

64 

.92 

Staples.! 

*  8  additional  pieces  for  columbiad-carriages.    f  1^  additional  pieces  for  columbiad  carriage*. 


ARTILLERY  IMPLEMENTS  AND  EQUIPMENTS.  121 


Chapter    Fifth 


AETILLERY  IMPLEMENTS  AND  EQUIPMENTS. 


NOMENCLATURE,  DIMENSIONS,  WEIGHTS. 

Rammer-Heads. 

Rammkr-heads  are  made  of  ash,  maple,  birch,  beech,  elm,  gnm,  or  other  tough 
woods  ;  the  head  is  bored  S  of  its  length  with  a  hole  0.25  inch  less  than  the  diame- 
ter of  the  staff,  which  enters  with  a  tenon.  The  staff  is  driven  into  the  head  and 
fastened  with  a, pin  of  hard  wood  0.3  inch  diameter:  the  neck  has  a  copper  band  0.5 
inch  wide  and  0.05  inch  thick,  fastened  with  3  copper  nails.  For  dimensions,  see 
page  132. 

Sponge-Heads. 

Sponge-heads  are  made  of  elm  or  poplar,  etc.  The  head  is  bored  5  of  its  length 
with  a  hole  0.25  inch  less  than  the  body  of  the  staff,  which  is  inserted  in  a  tenon  and 
fastened  by  2  hard  wood  pinit  0.3  inch  diameter. 

Rammer,  ladle,  and  sponge-heads  should  be  saturated,  when  new,  with  linseed  oil, 
to  prevent  splitting  from  alternate  wetting  and  drying  in  service. 

For  the  woven  woollen  sponge  the  diameter  of  the  head  is  1  inch  less  than  the 
calibre  of  the  piece. 

Sponges. 

Sponges  are  made  of  coarse,  well-twisted  woollen  yarn,  woven  into  a  warp  of 
strong  hemp  or  flax  thread,  after  the  manner  of  Brussels  carpet;  the  loops  are  0.75 
iuch  long. 

They  are  woven  in  webs  with  selvages  between  them,  which  being  cut,  the 
sponges  are  sewed  to  fit  formers  of  the  same  dimensions  as  the  sponge-heads.  One 
end  of  the  sponge  is  drawn  together  with  strong  twine,  and  a  tuft  of  woollen  yarn  is 
inserted  at  the  centre  of  the  gather  or  folds;  a  circular  piece  of  strong  canvas  is 
stitched  inside  of  the  bottom;  the  other  end,  after  receiving  the  sponge-head,  is 
nailed  to  it  around  the  staff  with  6  copijer  nails,  1  inch  long;  3  copper  nails  should 
also  be  driven  into  the  bottom  of  the  sponge,  to  secure  it  to  the  head. 


122  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Similar  sponges  are  made  by  working  the  yarn  with  needles  into  canvas  bags ; 
but  the  wove  sponges  are  equally  good,  and  less  expensive. 

Sponges  are  likewise  made  of  sheep-skin  alum-dressed,  with  the  wool  on  ;  but 
they  arc  inferior  to  those  made  of  yarn. 

For  dimensions  of  sponges,  see  Table  of  spouge-heads,  page  132. 

Sponge-  Covers. 

They  are  made  of  Russia  duck. 

The  interior  diameter  is  equal  to  the  calibre  of  the  piece.  A  hem  0.5  inch  wide 
around  the  top,  receives  a  cord  0.2  inch  diameter,  by  which  the  mouth  is  drawn 
together  and  tied  aroun<l  the  sponge-staff:  a  loop  of  canvas  0.75  inch  wide  is  sewed 
on  the  end  of  the  cover,  to  draw  it  off  by. 

The  covers  are  marked  in  black  with  the  calibre  of  the  gun. 

Ladle- Heads. 

Ladle-heads  are  made  of  the  same  kinds  of  wood,  and  arc  fastened  to  the  staves 
in  the  same  manner  as  rammer-heads. 

Ladles. 

Ladles  are  used  for  siege,  garrison,  and  sea-coast  guns  only.  They  are  made  of 
sheet-copper  No.  18. 

Toward  the  mouth  of  the  ladle,  the  copper  is  spread  a  little,  so  as  to  increase  the 
diameter  of  the  ladl*  0.,3  inch :  the  corners  are  rounded  with  a  radius  of  from  '2 
inches  to  3.5  inches.  To  stiffen  the  ladle,  the  copper  is  planinhed  after  being  bent 
and  brazed.  The  ladle  is  attached  to  the  head  by  6  to  10  copper  nuiU,  1  inch  long, 
driven  in  two  rows  around  the  l^ody,  about  1  inch  apart. 

Worms. 

There  are  two  sizes  of  worms,  one  for  siege  or  garrison  guns,  and  the  other  for 
field  guns.     They  are  fastened  to  their  staff  by  2  iron  riiets,  .25  inch  in  diameter. 

Staves. 

Staves  for  implements  are  made  of  tough  ash. 

The  diameter  of  the  tenon  is  0.25  inch  less  than  that  of  the  staff;  its  length,  5  of 
that  of  the  head  into  which  it  is  inserted.  For  worms  it  is  pointed  to  fit  the  conical 
form  of  the  socket. 

For  field  guns,  field,  siege  and  mountain  howitzers,  and  mortars,  the  rammer 
and  sponge  heads  are  on  the  same  staff;   for  other  pieces,  on  separate  staves. 

For  the  Coehorn  mortar,  the  body  of  the  staff  forms  the  rammer  and  sponge-head. 

For  lengths  of  staves,  see  page  132. 

For  other  cannon  than  those  of  the  patterns  described  in  Chapter  I,  staves  may 


IMPLEJ4ENTS   AND    EQUIPMENTS.  123 

be  made  of  such  a  length  that  the  finished  implement  shall  bo  18  inches  longer  than 
the  bore  of  the  piece. 

Anvil-block,  for  portable  forge,  is  of  tough  oak  or  other  hard  wood:  it  has  I  band, 
8  inches  wide  around  the  top ;  1  iron  pin  fastens  the  anvil  to  the  block  :  2  r»ii^» 
fastened  by  2  stajilrs  serve  for  handles.  Dimensions,  19  inches  high,  4.4  inches 
diameter  at  top;  10.5  inches  by  7.5  inches  at  bottom.     Weight,  19  lbs. 

Axe,  felling  : — blade  with  steel  edge,  length  7.25  inches  ;  width  of  top  3.5  inches, 
of  edge  4.75  inches;  thickness  at  top  0.75  inch,  at  the  eye  1.25  inch  ;  size  of  the 
eye  2.25  inches  by  0.75  inch ;  handle  (hickory)  27  inches  long.     Weight,  6  lbs. 

Basket,  for  mortar-implements  ;  of  strong  wicker-work,  18  inches  in  diameter,  12 
inches  deep.     Weight,  4  lbs. 

Breech-sight :  the  base  is  a  plate  of  brass  4.5  inches  long,  0.6  inch  wide,  curved 
to  fit  the  base-ring;  the  scale  and  slider  are  similar  to  those  of  the  pendulum- 
hausse,  except  that  a  hole  .05  inch  diameter  is  made  in  the  plate  instead  of  a  notch 
to  sight  through;  the  brass  is  .1  inch  thick  when  finished,  made  of  No.  10  or  11 
sheet-brass;  the  sights  are  graduated  for  no  dispartn,  n,  front  sight  equal  in  height  to 
the  dispart  being  screwed  into  the  swell  of  the  muzzle ;  in  columbiads,  into  the  seats 
provided  for  the  purpose  between  the  trunnions ;  the  scales  are  computed  for  the 
patterns  of  guns  having  a  base-ring;  in  the  24,  32,  and  42-pdrs.  mounted  in  case- 
mate (a  muzzle-sight  being  inadmissible)  the  scale  is  computed  for  a  sight  placed 
at  the  front  end  of  the  second  reinforce.     Weight,  0.3  lb. 

Bill-hook  (iron,  with  steel  edges) ;  blade,  whole  length,  S.25  inches ;  width  in  the 
middle,  3  inches,  near  the  shank,  2.7  inches;  thickness,  0.25  inch;  hook,  1  inch 
long;  shank,  8  inches  long;  handle  (hickory),  7.5  inches  long.     Weight,  2  lbs. 

Broom,  for  mortar  batteries  (hickory  or  birch).     Weight,  3.75  lbs. 

Budge-barrel,  for  use  in  forts  and  batteries;  staves  (oak),  0.4  inch  thick;  bottom 
(oak),  in  1  or  2  pieces,  0.4  inch  thick ;  4  hoojps  (sheet-copper  No.  18),  48  inches  long, 
1.1  inch  wide,  and  confined  to  the  barrel  each  by  5  rivets  0.2  inch  diameter;  they 
are  joined  by  2  rivets,  or  brazed  together;  height  of  barrel,  20  inches;  exterior 
diameter — at  ends,  13  inches,  at  bilge,  15  inches ;  cover  (bag  leather),  18  inches  high 
and  40  inches  wide,  secured  to  the  barrel  under  the  upper  hoop  by  5  nails  and  by 
the  5  rivets  through  the  hoop;  2  cords  0.6  inch  diameter,  6  feet  long,  passing 
through  holes  in  the  cover  at  1.5  inch  from  the  top,  to  draw  the  mouth  together; 
the  ends  of  the  cords  pass  through  a  cap  or  hood  9  inches  deep,  sliding  on  the 
cords.     Weight,  15.5  lbs. 

Coal-sack,  for  portable  forge,  is  made  of  strong  leather;  it  is  closed  at  the  top  by 
a  leather  strap  passing  through  slits  in  the  sack;  diameter  14  inches,  height  18 
inches. 

Chock,  for  casemate  carriage;  small  wedge,  with  a  handle  on  one  side.  Weight, 
1.4  lb. 

Brag-ro2)e:  4-inch  rope,  2S  feet  long,  with  a  thimble  worked  in  a  loop  at  one  end, 
and  a  thimble  and  hook  at  the  other  end;  6  handles,  wood,  12  inches  long,  1.5  inch 
in  diameter,  fastened  in  the  rope  at  the  distance  of  4  feet  apart,  and  at  the  same 
distance  from  the  ends  of  the  rope.     Weight,  16.5  lbs. 


191  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Forge-huckit,  for  the  portable  forge,  is  of  sheet-iron  stiffened  at  top  by  1  band  .5 
inch  wide:  it  is  furnished  with  1  handle  fastened  into  2  ears  1.6  inch  long ;  7  inches 
high,  6.8  inches  diameter. 

Fuze-cutter :  a  steel  chisel,  with  wooden  handle,  for  cutting  the  Bormann  fuze. 

Fuze-extractor  :  the  inner  screw  and  its  Ktem  arc  made  of  steel,  and  riveted  into 
the  handle,  which  is  of  iron  ;  the  stem  is  contained  in  a  ho/low  tcrew  of  steel,  which 
is  worked  up  and  down  by  means  of  an  iron  )ih<  with  2  hiindlen  —  the  screw  being 
prevented  from  turning  by  a  slot  and  &  /rather  in  the  frame;  the  nut  is  kept  in 
place  by  4  iron  set-nrrcirg,  the  points  of  which  enter  into  a  groove  in  the  nut;  the 
frame  is  of  cast-brass.     Weight,  .'',.5.3  lbs. 

In  using  this  fuze-c.xtractor.  the  inner  stem  is  screwed  into  the  fuf-e  or  jdug  to  he 
extracted,  by  means  of  the  upper  handle,  and  it  is  lifted  out  by  turning  the  nut  of 
the  hollow  screw. 

Fuzc-settcr  {hmas) :  the  handle,  upper  end  slightly  rounded;  the  cup  2.1  inches 
diameter;  depth  0.3  inch;  whole  length  5  to  6  inches.     Weight,  2.GG  lbs. 

Fuze-mallet  (dogwood  or  oak),  jn  one  piece;  hfad  5.5  inches  long,  4  inches 
diameter;  handle  7.5  inches  long,  1.25  inch  diameter.     Weight,  2.75  lbs. 

.f'iize-«(i»/' (tenon-saw) :  10-inch  blade.     Weight,  0.75  lb. ' 

Funnel,  for  filling  shells  (copper  or  tin)  :  diameter  of  funnel  3.3  inches  :  diameter 
of  pipe  0.7  inch  ;  length  of  jjipe  2  inches.     Weight,  0.32  lb. 

Ounner'g  gimlet:  iron  wire,  0.175  inch  diameter,  formed  with  a  ring  2  inches 
diameter  at  the  head  ;  the  other  end  terminating  in  a  gimlet  point.  Weight, 
0.08  lb. 

Gunner's  callipers :  made  of  Wjcet-braas,  with  steel  points;  the  graduations  show 
the  diameters  of  guns  and  of  shot,  linear  inches,  degrees  of  the  circle,  etc.  Weight, 
0.5  lb. 

Gunner's  hatersack  (bag  leather)  :  2  tides  13  inches  high,  13  inches  wide  at  bot- 
tom, 14  inches  at  top  of  flap:  end  and  bottom  gussets  5  inches  wide:  /lap  8  inches 
deep,  with  a  strap  7  inches  long  passing  through  a  buckle  sewed  to  the  front  side  ; 
shoulder-bdt  1.5  inch  wide,  one  part  12  inches  long,  with  a  buckle  No.  4  and  loup  ; 
the  other  36  inches  long.     Weight.  1.S6  lb. 

Gunner's  perpendicular :  this  is  made  of  eheet-brass ;  the  lower  part  is  out  in  the 
form  of  a  crescent,  the  points  of  which  are  made  of  steel;  a  small  spin  -level  is 
fastened  to  one  side  of  the  plate,  parallel  to  the  line  joining  the  p.i.ms  of  the 
crescent,  and  a  slider  is  fastened  to  the  same  side  of  the  plate,  perpendicular  to  tbo 
axis  of  the  level.  The  instrument  is  useful  in  marking  the  points  of  sight  on  siege 
guns  and  mortars,  when  the  platform  is  not  perfectly  leTel.     Weight,  0.6  lb. 

Gunner's  pincers:  made  of  iron,  with  steel  jaws  1  inch  wide;  whole  length  10.5 
inches.     Weight,  0.S5  lb. 

(runner'*  quadrant  (wood):  a  graduated  quadrant  of  6  inches  radius,  attached  to 
a  rule  23.5  inches  long  ;  it  has  a  plumb-line  and  bob,  which  are  carried,  when  not 
in  use,  in  a  hole  in  the  end  of  the  rule,  covered  by  a  brass  plate.      Weight,  0  84  lb. 

Gunner'*  quadrant  (brass):   a  graduated  quadrant,  6  inches  radius,  attached  to  a 


IMPLEMENTS    AND    EQUIPMENTS.  125 

rule  22  inches  long;  it  has  an  nrm  carrying  n  npirtt-Ieiel  at  its  middle,  and  a  vernier 
at  its  movable  end  ;  the  other  end  is  secured  to  the  centre  of  the  quadrant  by  a  rivet, 
around  which  the  arm  moves.     Weight,  2.25  lbs. 

Gunner's  sleeve,  for  mortars  (serge  or  flannel).     Weight,  0.25  lb. 

Lanyard  :  the  lanyard,  for  pulling  oflF  the  primers,  is  a  piece  of  strong  cod-liuo 
(about  .2  inch  diameter),  12  feet  long;  to  one  end  is  attached  a  small  iron  hook, 
with  an  eye  for  tjie  line,  and  to  the  other  end  a  wooden  toggle  .75  inch  diameter, 
and  4  inches  long.     Weight,  0.1  lb. 

Maul,  for  driving  pickets;  head  (elm  or  hickory)  C  inches  diameter,  8  inches  long; 
handle  (ash)  IJ  inch  diameter,  24  inches  long,  with  an  iron  band  on  each  end,  1  inch 
wide,  i  inch  thick.     Weight,  10  lbs. 

Men's  harness:  4-inch  rope,  18  feet  long,  with  thimbles  and  a  hook  like  the  drag- 
rope;  instead  of  handles,  10  loops  made  of  strips  of  bag  leather  5  feet  long,  2  75 
inches  wide,  are  fastened  to  the  rope  in  pairs,  each  pair  being  secured  in  place  by 
two  knots  worked  on  the  rope;  the  first  pair  of  loops  at  3  feet  frum  the  hook,  the 
others  at  a  distance  of  3i  feet  apart.     Weight,  23  lbs. 

Pass-box  (white  pine  0.75  inch  thick)  :  interior  dimensions  7  inches  square  by  14 
inches  long;  one  side  turns  on  2  hinges,  and  is  fastened  with  a  brass  hook,  and 
staple;  a  wooden  handle  is  set  diagonall}'  on  one  end.     Weight,  7  lbs. 

Pickaxe:  iron,  pointed  at  both  ends  with  steel;  length  of  each  blade  G.5  inches; 
width  of  edge  of  axe  3  inches ;  handle  (hickorj-)  about  1.5  inch  by  1.25  inch,  and  30 
inches  long.     AVeight,  G.5  lbs. 

Peiiduliim-hitufse. 

The  scale  is  made  of  sheet-brass  No.  13.  At  the  lower  end  is  a  brass  bulb,  filled 
with  lead.  The  slider  is  of  thin  brass,  and  is  retained  in  any  desired  position  on 
the  scale  by  means  of  a  brass  set-screw  with  a  milled  head.  The  scale  is  passed 
through  a  slit  in  a  piece  of  steel,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  brass  screw,  form- 
ing a  pivot  on  which  the  scale  can  vibrate  .laterally  ;  this  slit  is  made  long  enough 
to  allow  the  scale  to  take  a  vertical  position  in  any  ordinary  cases  of  inequalit}'  of 
the  ground  on  which  the  wheels  of  the  carriage  may  stand.  The  enels  of  this  piece 
of  steel  form  two  journals,  by  means  of  which  the  scale  is  supported  on  the  seat 
attached  to  the  gun,  and  is  at  liberty  to  vibrate  in  the  direction  of  the  a.vis  of  the 
piece. 

The  seat  is  of  iron  or  brass,  and  is  fastened  to  the  base  of  the  breech  by  ?>  screws 
in  such  a  manner  that  the  centres  of  the  two  journal-notches  shall  be  at  a  distance 
from  the  axis  equal  to  the  radius  of  the  base-ring. 

A  muzzle-sight,  of  iron,  is  screwed  into  the  swell  of  the  muzzle  of  £,inis,  or  into 
the  middle  of  the  muzzle-ring  of  howitzers.  The  height  of  this  siglit  is  equal  to 
the  dispart  of  the  piece,  so  that  a  line  from  the  top  of  the  muzzle-sight  to  the  pivot 
of  the  haussc  is  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  piece;  consequently,  the  veitii'al  piano 
of  sight  passing  through  the  centre  lino  of  the  scale  and  the  top  of  the  muzzle-sight 
will  be  also  parallel  to  the  axis,  in  any  position  (jf  the  piece;  the  haus.se  will,  there- 
fore, alw.ays  indicate  correctly  the  angle  which  the  line  of  sight  makes  with  the 
axis. 


126 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


The  seat  for  puspending  the  hausse  on  the  gun  is  adapted  to  each  pieee,  accord- 
ing to  the  varying  inclination  of  the  liase  of  the  breech  to  the  axis.  The  hausso, 
the  seat,  and  the  niuzz.le-sight,  are  marked  for  the  kind  of  gun  to  which  they 
belong.  The  huussc,  when  not  in  use,  is  carric<l  in  a  leather  pouch  suspended  to  a 
shoulder  strap. 

The  graduations  on  the  scale  are  the  sines  of  each  quarter  of  a  degree,  to  a 
radius  equal  to  the  distance  between  the  muzzle-sight  and  the  centre  of  the  journal- 
notches,  which  are,  in  all  ca.sc8,  one  inch  in  rear  of  the  base-ring.  Weight  of 
haussc  and  case,  .65  lb. 

Graduations. 


roR  nowinnu. 


12-Pdr, 


12-Pdr.| 

M.xlcl  I  12-Pdr. 

1K57.    I 


24-IMr. 


12-Pdr. 
Moun- 
t«in. 


I  In. 

Radius  of  base-ring. .  ■ 5.15 

Height  of  muzzle-sight   J  1.025 

Distance  between  the  muzzle- ')  I 

sight  and  the  centre  of  the  >  59.7 

journal-notches j 

1° 1.042 

2° 2.0S4 

3° .1.124 

4° 4.164 

5° 5.203 


In. 

«.5 
1.33 

77.S 


In. 

5.5 
1.25 

80.0 


1.340 
2.098 
4.046 
5..392 
6.737 


1.152 
2.31  3 
3.454 
4.6«4 
5.752 


In. 


5.0 
O.U 


53.35 


In, 


6.0 
1.125 


85.2 


0.931 1 
1.802' 
2.792' 
3.722 
4.650! 


1.138 
2.276 
3.412 

4.548 
5.683 


Id. 

6.9 
1.3 

75.05 


In. 

3.8 
0.35 

33.41 


1.310 
2.619 
3.928 
5.235 
6.541 


0.583 
1.188 
1.753 
2.331 
2.912 


Primiiig-trire  :  iron  wire  0.175  inch  diameter,  formed  with  a  ring  2  inchei  diame- 
ter at  the  head,  and  ]>ointed  ;  length  of  stem,  for  siege  and  garrison  gum,  14 
inches;  length  for  field  guns,  8  inches.     Weight,  0.08  lb.  for  garrison  guns. 

Poicder-meaturei :  they  are  made  of  sheet-copper,  from  No.  16  to  No.  20.  The 
bottom  is  made  with  a  flanch  .1  inch  deep,  turned  downward,  and  it  is  brazed  or 
Boldered  to  the  sides. 


IMPLEMENTS   AND   EQUIPMENTS. 


127 


Interior  Dimensions. 


Contents. 

Diameter 
and  hciglit. 

Weight. 

Contents. 

Diameter, 
and  height. 

Weight. 

Lbs.    oz. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs.    oz. 

In. 

Lbs. 

0        1 

1.337 

,  ^ 

2        0 

4.240 

0        2 

1.685 

2        8 

4.571 

0        4 

2.122 

0.3 

3        0 

4.857 

1.6 

0        8 

2.673 

0.5 

4       0 

5.346 

1        0 

3.368 

0.75 

4       8 

5.560 

1        4 

3.628 

6        0 

6.120 

1        8 

3.855 

•• 

8       0 

6.736 

Prolonge:  3.5-inch  hemp  rope  of  4  strands;  on  one  end,  a  toggle  and  3  round 
links  in  a  thimble;  on  the  other  end,  a  ring-link  and  thimhle  ;  whole  length  of  rope 
18  feet;  the  toggle  of  round  iron  0.75  inch  diameter,  7.5  inches  long,  with  an  eye 
in  the  centre;  toggle-rings  of  0.5-ineh  round  iron;  the  ring  that  enters  the  thimble 
is  3  inches,  the  other  two  3.1  inches  exterior  diameter;  thimbles  1.1  inch  interior 
diameter ;  prolonge-rings  of  0.6-inch  round  iron,  4.5  exterior  diameter  ;  the  link  3 
inches  exterior  diameter;  the  iron  for  link  is  0.5  inch  diameter.     AVeight,  12.5  lbs. 

Plummet,  for  mortars  ;   line  and  boh.     Weight,  1  lb. 

Pointing-trire,  for  mortars  (iron  wire  No.  7)  20  inches  long.     Weight,  .08  lb. 

Quoin,  for  siege  mortars  (oak) :  length,  19.5  inches;  height,  7.85  inches;  handle,  6 
inches  long.      Weight,  7  lbs. 

Scraper,  for  siege  mortars  (iron):  handle,  0.5  inch  by  0.3  inch  square,  27  inches 
long;   one  end  formed  like  a  spoon;   the  other,  a  scraper.     Weight,  2.3  lbs. 

Spatula,  for  mortars  (a.sh  or  hickory):  handle  16.5  inches  long;  blade  6  inches  ; 
square  end  3  inches  long.     Weight,  0.75  lb. 

Shell-hooks  (iron):  2  branches  0.5  inch  diameter,  in  shape  of  an  S,  joined  by  a 
rivet;  upper  end  of  the  branches  connected  by  2  small  rings,  1.25  inch  diameter, 
and  1  large  ring  3.4  inches  diameter;  straight  points,  to  insert  into  the  ears  of  the 
shell,  0.5  inch  diameter,  0.75  inch  long;  whole  length  of  branches,  12.48  inches. 
Weight,  2  lbs. 

Screw  jack,  for  field  service:  the  stand  (cast-iron);  the  hoisting-screto :  the  nut; 
2  handles:  the  cap-plate,  fastened  on  the  top  of  the  stand  by  4  screws ;  height  of 
the  stand,  19  inches;  length  of  screw,  15  inches;  handles  7.25  inches  each.  Weight, 
25  lbs. 

Shovel:  blade  sheet-iron,  pointed  with  steel;  length,  12  inches;  width,  10.5 
inches;  handle  (ash)  1.5  inch  thick  at  bottom,  and  1.25  inch  at  top;  length,  45 
inches;  ring  1.5  inch  diameter,  secured  by  a  strap  to  the  handle  at  9  inches  from 
the  upper  end.     Weight,  4.75  lbs. 

Sponge-bucket,  for  field  gun-carriages ;   it  is  made  of  sheet-iron  No.  13  ;  the  top 


128  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

and  bottom  arc  turned  over  the  sides  and  fastened  each  l>y  4  rivetK  ;  diiimctcr,  7.8 
inches;  height,  9  inches. 

The  floni  is  of  wood,  fastened  by  2  rucf«  to  a  cross-bar;  it  is  put  in  before  the  top 
is  fastened  on  :  the  hnndir  of  the  float  is  fastened  to  it  with  2  rivetn,  and  it  is  con- 
nected with  the  bail  of  the  bucket  by  a  rhnin;  the  bail  is  fastened  to  the  bucket  bj 
2  Mm,  each  held  by  3  rivet d  ;  a  togijle,  which  is  fastened  to  the  bail  by  2  links  and  a 
urivcl,  serves  to  attach  the  bucket  to  the  eyo  of  the  axle-strap  on  the  gun-carriage. 
Weight,  10  lbs. 

Tar-lmrhft ;  the  bucket  is  made  of  sheet-iron  No.  13,  like  the  sponge-bucket;  the 
eorcr  is  fastened  to  the  top  by  %  rivet  on  which  it  turns,  and  it  is  kept  closed  bj 
shutting  over  a  stud  riveted  into  the  top;  the  ear*  are  fastened  to  the  bucket  each 
by  3  riretn ;  a  riny,  for  suspending  the  bucket  on  its  hook,  is  connected  with  the 
ears  by  2  oAniiic  .•  diameter  of  bucket,  7.2  inches;  height,  8  inches.  Weight,  7  lbs. 
TarpnuliHH  are  made  of  cotton  duck,  not  painted;  they  are  of  three  sizes;  large, 
15  feet  by  12  feet :  small,  6  feel  by  10  feet,  and  5  feet  square.  Weight,  35.7.^  lbs., 
and  12.2.')  lbs.,  and  O.J.'i  lbs.,  respectively. 

Tompious,  for  S-inch  siege  howiticrs  and  mortars,  and  10-iiicli  mortar. 
Tliiiiiibiliill  (buck-skin) ;  luiliioii,  stuffed  with   hair,  2..'j  inches  long,  1  inch  thick  ; 
the  Ktnip  3  inches  long  :  the  tlrin;/  12  inche.s.     Weight,  .003  lb. 

Totc-hoiik  (iron):  hiimUn  0.4  inch  diameter,  13  inches  lo:ig:  hunk  1  inch;  the 
other  end  forms  a  hammer  0.6  inch  diameter,  2  inches  long.  Weight,  0.6  lb.  Used 
for  unpacking  iimmuuitioii-ehests. 

Tufie-pouch :  the  sides  4.25  inches  high,  7  25  inches  long:  '2  endi  0.9  inch  wide 
at  bottom,  2  inches  at  top;  the  inner  rover;  the jlap,  8  inches  deep,  with  its  ilrap, 
and  brass  buitmi  attached  to  the  bottom  of  the  pouch  :  2  loupt  for  the  belt  to  pass 
through  ;  the  belt  1.37  inch  wide  and  42  inches  long,  with  a  buckle  No.  6  and  loop  at 
one  end:  the  priming-wire  aud  gunner's  gimlet  are  carried  with  the  tube-pouch  in 
the  loops,  attached  by  a  twine,  or  in  small  loops  on  the  inside  of  the  flap.  Weight, 
0.95  lb. 

Vent-cover,  for  field-pieces  without  locks  (leather) ;  6  inches  long,  4  inches  wide, 
with  Acnpper pin  riveted  to  it,  0.175  inch  diameter,  and  2inche8  long;  2  *trap$  1  inch 
wide,  with  buckh*  :  the  length  of  the  strap  varies  with  the  size  of  the  piece;  in  per- 
manent batteries  sheet-lead  may  be  used  for  vent-covers.     Weight,  0.6  lb. 

Vtnt-pMuch:  the  fcoi/y  (steel  wire)  0.175  inch  diameter,  4.3  inches  long:  head 
0.175  inch  thick,  1  inch  ocUgonal,  with  a  hole  0.2  inch  diameter  in  the  middle. 
Weight.  O.OS  lb. 

Watering  bucket,  for  field  service,  made  of  sole-leather;  the  bottom  is  of  two 
thicknesses,  fastened  to  each  other  with  25  copper  rivets,  and  to  the  sides  with  61 
rirett;  the  side  seams  fastened  with  2^  riVef»,  all  0.5  inch  long;  a  rim  of  sheet-copper 
No.  24,  is  fastened  on  the  upper  edge  with  14  copper  rivets;  2  ears  for  the  bail, 
fastened  each  with  4  rivets  0.62  inch  long  ;  the  bail  is  of  round  iron  0.5  inch  thick; 
interior  diameter  of  the  bucket  at  top  12  inches,  at  bottom  10  inches;  height,  9 
imches.     Weight,  8  lbs. 


HANDSPIKES. 


tk 


Wnttr-hiic/.-ct,  for  the  travelling  forge;  the  stavea  and  the  hottom  are  of\»ak;  there 
are  Iti  staves,  aud  the  bottom  is  made  of  not  more  than  2  pieces;  3  huopi,  made  of 
hoop-iron  No.  16;  each  hoop  is  joined  together  with  2  n'rets  No.  1,  and  fastened  to 
the  bucket  with  2  rirets  ;  2  earn  let  into  the  sides,  and  fastened  each  by  1  rivet ;  the 
bail  has  a  linl,-  connected  with  it  by  a  swivel;  diameter  at  top  11  inches,  bottom, 
10.2-')  inches  ;  height,  U  inches      Weight,  10  lbs. 

Water-biieh-ei,  for  garrison  service  :  it  is  made  in  a  similar  manner  with  the  pre- 
ceding, except  that  the  bail  has  no  link  and  swivel  attached  to  it;  diameter  at  top 
10.25  inches,  bottom  13.5  inches;  height,  11  inches.     Weight,  10  lbs. 

Wi}Hr,  for  the  chambers  of  mortars;  tow  cloth,  1  yard  square. 

Handspikes. 

Handspikes  should  be  made  of  the  best  hickory,  or,  where  it  cannot  be  had,  of 
the  toughest  j-oung  oak  ;  it  should  be  free  from  knots. 

Trail  handxpike. — [roii^ :  1  slop,  passing  through  the  lower  end,  clinched  and 
filed  down  smooth — it  projects  0.3  inch  ;  1  Kirap,  carrying  1  ring  No.  2  A,  fastened 
near  the  small  end  by  1  rirct. 

Shod  handsjiikc. — Irons  :  1  shoe,  fastened  to  the  lower  end  by  3  rivets.  It  is  par- 
ticularly useful  in  the  service  of  mortars. 

Mnnopuvriuff  handn2)ike  is  used  for  garrison  and  sea-coast  carriages.  For  me- 
chanical manoeuvres  it  is  84  inches  long,  and  weighs  12  lbs. 

Gin  handspike  is  used  in  the  service  of  gins.  The  large  end  is  round,  and  fits 
into  the  socket  of  the  windlass. 

For  Mountain  howitzer. — Irons:  1  stop,  like  that  for  field  carriages;   1  strap,  fast- 
ened at  the  small  end  by  2  rivets,  forms  a  loop  on  the  end;   1  loop  of  rope,  15  inches 
long,  passing  through  2  holes  in  ^he  middle  of  the  handspike,  is  useful  in  placing 
the  gun  on  the  pack-saddle. 
9 


130 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Handspikes. 


SnCEIfSIONS. 


For     I     For       Mount 

Field     Prairie     How- 

Carr'ge  jCarr'gc     iUer. 


Shod. 


Lcnpth  of 


whole 

8(|tiarc  part 

ronii-al  ]iart 

Distance  of  fnrtlK-ft  .'•ido  of  stop  from 

Ibf  largi-  etui 

Distance  of  middle  uf  strap  from  the 

small  end 

I  upper  cn<l 

_..         .  lower  end 

Diainotcr  ■  , , 

lar^i'st 

I  lower  end  of  round 

SiJio  of  lower  end  of  nquare  part  . . . . 

Site  of  upper  end  of  square  part 

Weijrht  lbs. 


In. 

In. 

in. 

i     *"• 

In.     ' 

?!■.. 

36. 

45.58 

66. 
19. 

62. 
9.7.')  , 

9.6 

.... 

.... 

'    35. 

38.25 

9.0 



8.9 

9.0 

I 

1     1.5 

1.3 

1.65  n      1.8 

1.75 

2.2 

.... 

1.65 

1  . . . . 

3.0 

1.8 

2.0 
....  1 

3.0 
1      2.36 
3.0 

2.5* " 
3X2.5 
SX2.5 

7.25 

2.25 

5.0     , 

8.25 

12.0 

In. 

66. 

IS. 


1.0 

2.78 

8.S9 


IIJS 


Bars. 


DIIIE!(»IO.<IS. 


I         .1,      f   f  whole 

Length   of  ^  ^^^^^^  j,^^j 

...         .  ,    (  small  end 

Diameter   of  ■  .   ,,„  „„. 

I  larf;c  end 

Width  at  larpe  end 

Thickness  at  large  end  .  . 

Length  of  heel 


For  Iron  CmrrUgcs. 


rnng. 


In. 

58.5 

12. 

1. 


1. 
1.25 


Weight lbs.      30.75 


In. 

63. 

12. 

1. 

!9 
1.5 


19. 


In. 

54. 
6. 
1.25 

1.25 

2.0 

3.5 

27.5 


>»•  atd 


KleratiDg.       Pinch.  I'    Truck.        Roller. 


In. 
42. 


1.1 
l.I 


18.5 


In. 
S4. 


0.85 
1. 


*tefl|te*,«M'    f  »>''S,.,i!  *('tt*-. 


132 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Dimensions  and  Weights  of  Implements. 


KIND  or  IMPLEMENT. 


OOLDMBUM. 


10-ln. 


8-ill. 


llliplcllK-lltN. 


Ppoiigo  mill  Htad... 
llniiiiiKT  mill  HtafT 


( lotiRth In. 

'(  Wfilfllt II>H. 

I  lcii|;tb in. 

'{  weiglit Iba. 


I^iillc  mill  xtanr 

Wiirni  an 
Planiotor. 


LfiiK'Mi  fiT. 


(  IniKtli in. 

I  wfiKlit IIm. 

1    .  #r         li-nntli in. 

in. 

nininirr in. 

ii|Ming«  in. 


luilll'l... 

1  worm 


Rammer-     ( '-"P'h  .- 
headH.        i  UiMnii-tcr. 


(' 


in. 


I  body 

"■■  I  nwk in. 

_  ,      ,  ( IriiiClli In. 

BponKO-beadH |,luuiiet«r  ...._ in. 

Spongra,  wivullcn.  weight Il». 

„  <  leuKth Jn. 

SpimK*.<-oven.  ,  ^^l^j,,, H^ 

Duck.  30  inclimi  wide,  requimd  for  HiO  coverm. yds. 

I  Wliole  Icngtli in. 

.     .,    ,       .  (  iilxivr  iihoulder in. 

l^dle Lead*.  ,  dj„„^.,„ l,,,„^  Hhouldcr -Jn. 

I  (nwk Jn. 

I  Wliiili- l«?ii)rlli in. 

,     .,  I  Ix-nirtb  of  band.  devcUtliol in. 

''*"'*■ "I  Wi.lib  of  .c^Kip.  d.-v,-lo|K-,l in. 

I  Width  uf  band  iiuclud><d  in  whole  length) iu. 


Height  of  fr-m  si;;lit in. 

{  Kail.iiM  of  baM^-ring in. 

Breecb-eiKlii     lln^lit  forU° - in- 

••    1° In. 


118. 
12. 
128. 

9.76 


128. 
11. 


1.75  1.7.'i 
\2i.W  12&.H6 
116.331  126.33 


7. 

6.13 

3. 

8. 

9. 


for  giinit  of 
model  of-;      S- 
1841     and 
18U. 


6°. 


lO-in. 

3. 
16. 
1.75 
0.91 

2.73 

'  4^ 


8>in. 

3. 
18. 

1.78 
0.86 

2.6 

4.33 


118. 
10.25 
128. 

M 


1.75 
126.80 
U6J3 


9A 
6.6 

a. 

8. 
7. 


128. 
10. 


1.75 
126.80 
126  .S3 


8. 


O— emate. 
32-pr. 


42-pr. 

S.8 

12.2 

1.85 


2^ 
4.81 


3.5 
11.7 
L16 
0.9«j     0.94 


4.71 


DIMENSIONS    AND    AVEIOHTS    OP    IMPLEMENTS.  133 

« 

Dimensions  and  Weights  of  Implements. — Continued. 


HOWITZERS. 


FIEI.I>  GUNS  AND 
HOWITZERS. 


C 

a 

c 

1 

c 
S 

1 

i 

s 

•c 

B 
C 
C 
B. 

d 
c 

c 

5 

5 

£ 

u 

c 
4 

§1 

0  i 

3° 

©a 

11 

128. 
10.25 
128. 

9.75 

128. 
1.3.75 
128. 
7.5 
1.75 
125.6fi 
125.3.T 

111.66 
123. 

7. 

6.13 

3. 

8. 

6.0 

0.7 
12. 

0.28 
35. 

7. 

6.7 

6.6 

3. 
16.5 
20.75 
14. 

25 

128. 

10. 

128. 

8.4 

128. 
13.15 

128. 
7.5 
1.75 

125.86 

125.33 

113.01 
123. 

6.4 
6.6 
3. 
8. 
5.4 
0.65 
12. 

"32."" 
6.4 
6.1 
6. 
3. 

15..35 
18.85 
12.8 

9.<i 

128. 

9.66 
128. 

8.15 

128. 
12.4 

128. 
7.5 
1.75 

126.07 

125.:J3 

113.47 
123. 

5.8 
5.1 
3. 
8. 
4.8 
0.5 
12. 

""5.8" 

5.5 

5.4 

3. 

14.1 

16.95 

11.6 

2.5 

24-pr. 

2.9 
10.7 
0 
1.94 

5.82 

9.71 

128. 

8.7 
128. 

8. 

128. 
10. 

128. 
7.5 
1.75 

126.23 

125.33 

115.43 
123. 

5.3 
4.64 
3. 
8 

4.3 
0.4 
11. 

""5.3" 
5. 
4.9 
3. 

13.1 

15.4 

10.6 

2.5 

18-pr. 

2.94 
9.88 
0 
1.95 

5.85 

e.76 

128. 

128. 

128. 

8.5 
128. 

7.0 

1 .5.-: 

80. 
6. 

■J 

49.0 

7.8   ;    10.25 
128.       12s. 

I  96. 
83.6 
J     5.8t 

77. 
4.5 

7. .35 

128. 
7.8 

128. 
7.5 
1.75 

126.17 

126.5 

117.36 
123. 

5.6 
4. 
2.5 
7.5 
3.6 
0.35 
11. 

""4.6" 
4.3 
4.2 
2.5 
11.2 
13.2 
9.2 
2.0 

10-in. 

S.C.H. 

3.125 

13.25 

0 

1.91 

5.74 

9.68 

9.75 

87. 

4.26 

1.5 
(91.67 
178.17: 

72. 
3.6 
1.6 

73.17 

"'i".75 
126.66 
125.33 

1.75 
106.86 
105.33 

1  61.67 

""I'b 
75.67 

1  65 

40.0 

.82.5 
69.+ 
5.5* 
4.* 
2.5* 
7.6* 
3.6* 
0.36 
11. 

""zi,"" 

67.5 

"i'.f" 

3.24t 
2.6t 
7.5- 
2.7- ■ 
0.26 
9. 

0.14 
20. 

7. 

6.13 

3. 

8. 
6. 

6.4 

5.6 

3. 

8. 

5.4 

5.5 

4. 

2.5 

7.5 

3.6 

5.5 

4. 

2.5 

7.5 

3.6 

4  0 

.3?4 

2  6 

6 

2  6 

Barbette. 

8-in. 

S.C.II. 

2.86 

11.1 

0 

1.61 

5.03 

8.4 

8-in.S. 

0.9 
9.125 

0 
0.886 

2.64 

4.44 

24-p<ir. 
liow'r. 

1.06 

6.9 
0 

1.07 

3.21 
5.35 

12-pr. 

1.33 

6.5 

0 

6-p(lr. 

1.025 

5.15 

0 

12-pr. 
how. 

0.9 

6.0 
0 

24-pr. 

46 
10.7 
2.7 
93 

42-pr. 

3.8 

12.2 

0 

2.0 

6.02 

10.06 

32-pr. 

3.5 

11.7 

0 

1.96 

5.87 
9.8 

2.8 

4.68 

4.046 
6.737 

3.124 

6.203 

2.792 
4.65 

*Tlio  Bauic  for  13-in.  and  10-in.  mortars,  heavy, 
f  The  same  for  10-in.  and  8-in.  mortars,  light. 
J  For  the  12-pdr.  gun,  model  1857. 


134  ^■TjfVl.t^DBDNANCE    MANUAL. 

r 

Worms. 


i>Tl«l»i 


*iH^^i*' 


DIMEHSIONB. 


Siege  and 
QarriRon. 


Field. 


In. 

Lcnpth  of  gDckot  and  neck '  5.5 

Li-ujrth  of  ono  liranch  from  neck  to  point  (developed) j  16. 

Depth  of  («>ckct 4.5 

Ext<Ti(>r  diunietcr  of  socket  at  top j  1-75 

DinnioUr  of  neck I  O-** 

Thickniss  of  tlii'  iron  of  the  f<ookct 0.125 

l>ianiitir  of  brunches  ut  the  nock  (tapering  to  a  point) |  0.6 

l.i'H^lh  of  socket  and  worm,  comi)lcte i  9.5 

Diaiucter  of  worm,  comiilcto  (exterior  circle) j  4. 

f  Li-njcth i  7. 

Siio  of  iron  for  worms  . .  <  Width 3. 

(Xbicknesi 0.5 

Weight  of  worm lb»|  1.76 


In. 

5.5 
13. 
4.6 
1.5 
0.7 
0.125 
0.6 
0. 
S. 
8. 
3. 
0.6 
l.ft 


Spo7iges  for  Mortars. 


d9 

a 

2 

^1 

•o 
c 

•o  >> 

m 

s; 

a 

Sa 

2 

Length  of  finished  sponge  »nd  rammer inches 

Wcijrlit  "  ••l'"' 

Length  of  staff,  including  tenon inches 

Diameter  of  staff inches 


|44. 

34. 

3.2 

2. 

39.67 

30.17 

i      1.5 

1.5 

18. 

0.8 
18. 

l.S 


Preservation  and  Arrangement  in  Store. 

Implementi  collected  together  according  to  kind  and  calibre,  in  a  dry  pl««e 
arranged  on  shelves  or  rackt<,  in  bundles  or  bunches,  or  in  boxes,  according  to  their 
n.iture.  with  marks  and  labels  showing  the  kind  and  number  of  the  articles. 

Sponge*,  ramtnert,  l,idUi  and  irurmt,  complete,  placed  on  pins  in  a  vertical  frame, 
or  suspended  vertically  or  horisontally.  by  racks  or  hooks,  from  the  joisu,  sup- 
ported so  as  not  lo  bend.  When  in  separate  parts,  the  hr'jdt  piled  on  shelves  or  on 
the  floor,  and  the  ttave*  tied  up  in  bundles,  according  U>  kind  and  calibre. 

The  woollen  tpoH^e*  should  be  preserved  from  moths  by  means  of  camphor,  pep- 
per, etc.,  or  by  being  sealed  up  in  strong  paper  bags. 

Hank*pike$  in  square  piles,  beads  and  poinU  alternating. 


TIMBER   FOR    IMPLEMENTS. 


135 


Leather  equipmentu,  hung  on  pins  or  hooks,  in  dry  and  cool  rooms. 

All  wood  jiaintcd,  except  tool-handles  ;  iron  either  painted  or  oiled.     See  Chapter 


VII. 


Bills  of  Timber  for  100  Implement-Heads. 


RAMMER  HEADS. 

8P0NOE-HEADS. 

LADLE-HEADS. 

KIND. 

a 
c 
CO 

a 

O 

2 

a 

3 

s 
o 

c 
"a 

8 

i 

ji 
to 

B 

1 
1 

In. 

Feet. 

Sup.  ft. 

In. 

Feet. 

Sup.  ft.! 

In. 

Feet. 

Sup.  ft. 

42-pounder.. . . 

6.625 

66 

241.40 

6.5 

72 

253.5 

7.25 

66 

289.09 

32-pounder. .  •  • 

6.125 

60 

187.58 

6. 

72 

216.0 

6.5 

60 

211.25 

24-pounder. . . . 

5.75 

53 

146.02 

5.25 

72 

165.37 

6. 

53 

159.0 

18-pounder. . . . 

5.125 

50 

109.44 

4.75 

72 

135.37 

5.5 

50 

126.04 

12-pounder. . . . 

4.5 

60 

84.37 

4.125 

68 

96.  J  2 

4.75 

50 

94.01 

6-pounder. . . . 

3.75 

40 

46.87 

3.25 

68 

59.85 

Plank  for  100  Implement- Staves. 


■D  a 


DIMENSIONS. 


Width. 


Length 


Each 
plank. 


Siege  and  garrison  • 

Field  .  I  12-pounder 

(  6-poundcr 


In. 

In. 

In. 

1 
Sup.  ft. 

17 

14. 

9 

132 

25.66 

17 

12.5 

1.75 

102 

15.49 

17 

12.5 

1.75 

84 

12.76 

Sup.  ft. 

436.22 
263.33 
216.92 


136  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


( '  II  A  1'  T  E  u    Sixth. 


ARTILLERY  HARNESS  AND  CAVALRY  EQUIPMENTS.* 


ARTILLERY  IIARXKSS.     (Plate  21.) 

The  poni'truption  of  tho  field  carrisfteii  re(|uiroB  u  harnoii(i  difforpnt,  in  jnine 
roKpeftfi,  frmn  liiat  <»f  ronimoii  wa;r<>iii).  The  liiDlier  havint;  no  Hwecp-har,  the  pole 
ill  «up|)orte(l  directly  hy  the  wherl-horseii,  liy  nic&ni<  of  a  chain  which  connectj)  the 
haineK  with  the  pole-yoke  of  the  limber;  and,  in  order  to  diminish  the  weight  at  the 
end  of  tho  pole,  the  leadrn;;-bnrr  are  dispensed  with,  the  truceii  of  tho  leaders  being 
attached  to  those  of  the  wlieel-horscs. 

The  Fame  harnes!<  ii"  perfectly  adapted  also  to  the  ^icgc  carriages;  hut,  aa  theae 
arc  arranpol  for  driMi;;ht  in  the  ordinary  manner,  eouuion  wugou  harness  may  be 
used  with  them  if  necesfiary. 

Leather. 

Leather  i^  generally  <lirided  into  two  kinds:  let,  that  which  is  tanned  an<l  under- 
gftpg  no  further  ]ircparation  :  and.  2d.  that  which  io  tanned  and  is  afterward  curried- 
The  former  iudiides  all  made  from  the  heavier  skins  of  the  larger  animuU.  m  buf- 
faloes, oxen,  and  cows,  into  thick,  strong  §i>le-lr<tlher,  and  the  latter  that  made  from 
the  thinner  skins  of  horfcf.  cows,  calres,  sheep,  etc..  into  liuriift,  bri(iU,up/>rr,h4tg, 
or  punch  leather,  which  differ  fr..in  each  other  only  in  thickncsc,  the  first  being  the 
thickest.  There  arc  other  kinds  besides  these,  designated  from  the  mode  of  prepa- 
ration, as  ffur»(/ leather,  such  aa  white  kid  or  sheep-skin,  prepared  with  alum  and 
salt:  huck-nklH  and  bujT  leather,  so  called  from  the  fact  that  the  buffalo  and  deer- 
skins were  first  most  commonly  dressed  in  this  way:  pntent  Uather,  that  which  bM 
been  varnished.  It  is  sometimes  distinguished  by  its  color,  as  Hack.fnir.  or  rtutet 
le.ither.  Leather  which  ha,«  been  a  long  time  in  tanning  is  to  be  preferred  to  that 
wbich  has  been  produced  more  rapidly.  The  quality  is  judged  of  by  its  appear- 
ance :  a  cross-section  should  be  glistening  and  marbled,  without  any  white  streak* 
in  the  middle.     It  should  be  firm,  compact,  and  pliant. 

The  actual  strength  of  leather  depends  more  on  its  quality  than  on  its  thickneas. 
That   made  from  bulls'  hides  should  be  rejected:  it  is  thick  and  supple,  but.  like 


•  TUU  style  of  barncM  will  be  conformed  to  aa  toon  as  pro|ier  Mddle-treec  cao  be  obtained. 


,«|*    HEAD-OEAR.  13T 

that  made  from  the  legs  and  flanks  of  other  skins,  it  is  spongy,  without  strength  or 
endurance,  and,  if  only  slightly  rumpled,  the  hair  side  presents  a  shrivelled  appear- 
ance, which  it  retains. 

The  different  parts  of  harness,  except  straps  and  the  like,  are  cut  out  by  means 
of  patterns.  The  seams  arc  made  with  strong  waxed  thread,  in  double  stitch,  with 
about  eight  stitches  to  the  inch  :  those  along  an  edge  are  from  0.1.''i  to  0.2  inch  from 
the  edge.  The  ends  of  the  threail  should  be  securely  fastened  before  they  are  cut 
off.     The  awl  used  should  be  small  for  the  thread. 

Buckles,  Loops,  etc. 

The  buckles  of  the  bridle  and  stirrup  leather,  and  the  loops  for  the  cloak  and 
valise-straps  on  the  driver's  and  valise-saddles,  arc  cast-brass,  with  rollers;  and 
the  book  and  loop  on  the  pommel  of  the  valise-saddle  is  brass-plated.  They  are 
designated  by  numbers.  (See  table,  page  157j.  All  other  buckles,  loops,  and 
staples  are  of  wrought-iron,  japanned  (black).  The  iron  buckles  are  all  made  with 
rollers;  the  tongues  are  the  same  size  as  the  sides  of  the  buckles. 

Straps,  or  other  pieces  which  have  buckles  or  iron  loops  attached  to  them,  aro 
doubled  on  a  length  generally  equal  to  twice  their  width,  to  receive  the  buckle  or 
loop,  which  is  fastened  by  two  seams.     The  double  end  is  shaved  down. 

Standing-loops  are  placed  close  to  the  buckles.  Their  ends  arc  shaved  down, 
brought  together,  and  fastened  between  the  two  parts  of  the  strap,  if  it  is  doubled, 
by  the  same  seam.     These  loops  arc  usually  of  the  same  leather  as  the  strap. 

The  tongue-holes  for  buckles  are  made  with  a  punch  corresponding  to  the  size  of 
the  tongue.  Their  distance  apart  is  generally  equal  to  the  width  of  the  strap,  and 
the  first  hole  is  at  double  that  distance  from  the  end  of  the  strap.  This  end  is 
shaved  down  and  reduced  in  width,  to  facilitate  its  entrance  into  the  buckle. 

Note. — A  laucr  is  a  piece  of  leather  sewed  upon  another  piece,  to  strengthen  it. 

A  chiijie  is  a  piece  used  to  fasten  a  buckle  or  loop  to  a  strap  or  other  piece  of 
leather. 

A  billet  is  a  strap  which  enters  a  buckle. 

A  «rt/c  is  a  piece  of  leather  placed  under  a  buckle,  etc.,  to  prevent  it  from  chafing. 

Composition. — A  complete  set  of  artillery  harness  is  composed  as  follows: 

Head-gear.  Driver's  saddles,  the  same  for  all  the  near  horses.  Valise-saddles 
and  valise,  common  for  all  the  off  horses.  Draitf/hl  harness,  differing  according  as 
it  is  intended  for  the  wheel  or  lead-horses.  One  ivhij)  is  allowed  to  each  driver,  and 
one  leg-guard  to  each  driver  of  wheel-horses. 

Head-Gear. 

The  head-gear  is  made  of  strong,  black  bridle  leather,  not  less  than  0.1  inch  thick. 
The  buckles  of  the  bridle  are  brass-plated  or  cast-brass  ;  of  the  halter,  iron. 

Bkidle  of  the  near  house. — It  is  composed  of  the  headstall,  hit  and  pair  of 
reins. 


138  ORDNANCK    MANUAL. 

V 

IIeaiistai.l. —  Our  rrntrn-picce  :  the  ends  split  form  2  hiUrti  for  the  liucklos  of  the 
cheek -gtrapi!  ami  'i  billru  for  the  buckles  of  the  throat-lanh. 

1  btiiir-linnil  :  the  cixls,  doubled  mid  hpwcmI,  furin  1o<i|ib  for  the  orowii-picco  to 
j>a8«  (hr(iu)(h  :  2  nrnamenti  (brasf),  circles  l.S  inch  in  diameter,  raised  in  the  centre, 
on  a  circle  of  leather  2.25  inches  in  diameter,  fojtcnod  on  the  loop  of  the  brow-b&nd 
by  puHfinf;  the  end  of  the  brow-bnnd,  before  beinj^  oewcd,  throuf^h  an  iron  wire 
loop  Foldered  to  the  ornament,  the  iron  loop  pa«sin;{  l>olwecn  the  two  billets  of  the 
crown-piiTc. 

1  ihroiit-lanh,  with  1  liwlU  No.  Iti  H,  and  I  n<inilin^-liii,p  at  each  end.  2  rheet- 
atrajtt :  each  has  1  biirkir  No.  8  H  and  1  hHIrt  newod  to  the  lower  end,  flesh  side  to 
flesh  side,  with  2  «r<iiii/iHf/-/<>o/>«,  to  att«cb  it  to  the  bit;  at  the  upper  end  1  bncklt 
No.  8  IS,  with  one  ^tninling  uiid  one  rlidiug-loop  to  fasten  it  to  the  crown-jiiecu. 

Bit  (iron  forged  uiul  brass-plate<i). — 2  cheek-ijiref,  curved  in  sha|>c  of  S,  and 
pierced  at  top  with  an  ri/r,  lo  receive  the  chock-billet  and  a  Imte  for  the  curb-chain  : 
lit  itN  lower  end  an  ryr  for  the  reins,  and  near  the  mouth-piece  a  irix/,  through 
which  is  inccrlcd  a  rhnj  No.  2  for  the  rein*;  1  uKiulh-pi>cr  :  its  ends  (lans  through 
the  check-pieces,  and  are  rivoteil  and  roundc<l  :  1  eroti-bnr,  riveted  lo  the  choek- 
piecet: :  1  rurb-rhnin  (iron.  tioDcd),  uf  1.3  li>iL»,  diminishing  in  site  from  the  middle 
toward  the  end  ;  it  is  attached  to  the  right  ehock-piece  by  an  CO-culdshut,  and  to 
the  left  cheek -piece  b_v  a  kixik. 

Bits  arc  made  of  three  sites,  in  the  width  between  the  ehifk-jiieccs — vli.,  H 
inches,  5  inches,  and  i>i  inches :  about  three-fifths  being  of  the  medium  site. 

Rki.<(8. — 2  reiHi :  each  reiu  has  a  bucktr  No.  ^  B  and  a  bHUt  sewed  to  one  end, 
flesh  side  to  flesh  side,  with  2  ttundiny-l»up;  fur  attaching  it  to  the  bit;  the  reina 
are  united  by  a  bucklr  No.  S  B,  with  I  ttandituj  and  1  iUdtHtj-loup  on  the  short  rain, 
to  receive  the  billet  of  the  other  :  the  near  rein  is  shorter  by  12  inches  than  the  oflT 
one. 

Bridle  run  the  ovv  iiouse. — The  same  aj  the  bridle  for  the  near  horse,  with  the 
addition  of  1  r,»i]il\H<j-itrap.  which  ha«  1  billn  and  1  burLU  No.  8  B  sewed  on  each 
end.  with  1  riaiidinij-loop  at  one  end  and  2  iinndiny-ltMjpi  at  the  other  ;  it  is  attecli>d 
to  the  ofl'  riug'of  the  bit,  :iud  pasfrcs  ibruugli  the  near  ring. 

IIalteii. — 1  croicM-pirrr,  having  a  billet  at  each  end  for  the  buckles  of  the  cheek- 
straps;  2  cheeL--»lrajn — each  ha«  1  buet/e  No.  6;  1  ttauding  and  1  ttidiifj-l'top  at 
one  end,  the  other  cud  i»  hewed  to  1  iron  loop  No.  3  ;  1  bruvt-bund,  the  ends  doubled 
and  ."-ewcd,  form  loops  for  the  eruwu-ijiecc  and  throat-lash  to  pass  through  ;  1  !!«•«• 
laud,  the  ends  sewed  to  the  same  lui-ps  as  the  cheek-straps  ;  2  ckiH-»trup» :  each  ia 
made  of  one  piece  doubled  and  sewed  together  with  two  seams  the  whole  length :  it 
holds  in  the  fold  at  one  end  the  square  iron  loop  of  the  cheek-strap,  and  at  the  other, 
the  rear.  1  tifnarr  iron  Imip  No.  3:  1  thrtiat-»liap,  made  of  one  piece  doubled  and 
sewed  together  with  two  seams  the  whule  length,  forming  at  the  upper  end  a  loop 
!i)  receive  the  ihroat-la»h,  and  holds  in  the  fold  at  the  other  end  the  square  iron 
loop  of  the  chin-straps  :  1  tkronl-la*h  ;  1  bncUr  No.  8  ;  1  Handing  and  1  tliding- 
Ivop  at  the  end,  on  the  near  side:  it  passes  through  the  loops  in  the  brow-band  aud 
throat-strap. 


DRIVER  S    SADDLE. 


Wv 


1  hitching-itrap,  6i  feet  long;  1  buckle  No.  6;  1  standing-loop;  1  billet,  sewed  to 
the  buckle  end  by  the  same  seam  which  holds  the  buckle. 

Driver's  Saddle. 

It  is  composed  of  1  saddle-tree;  1  seat;  different  parts  of  leather,  etc.,  of  the  body 
of  the  saddle;  2  saddle-skirts;  2  stirrups;  1  girth. 

Saddle-tree — Wood  (beech  or  ash). —  The  saddle-tree  consists  of  1  pommel, 
made  of  two  pieces,  notched  or  halved  together  at  the  top  of  the  hollow  of  the 
pommel,  and  glued;  1  cantle,  formed  of  two  pieces  in  the  same  manner;  2  side 
bars,  with  notches  to  receive  the  pommel  and  cantle,  to  which  they  are  nailed  with 
8  nails,  each,  4-penny. 

Before  the  irons  are  put  on  the  tree,  it  is  entirely  covered  with  raw  hide,  applied 
green,  sewed  on  with  thongs  of  the  same,  and  through  the  side  bars  near  their 
junction  with  the  pommel  and  cantle,  in  front  and  rear  of  each. 

Grooves  are  made  in  the  under  side  of  the  side  bars  to  receive  the  thongs,  that 
they  may  not  project  and  chafe  the  horse's  back. 

Iron. — 2  stirrup-bors,  the  front  end  riveted  to  the  pommel  and  the  rear  end  to 
the  side  bar;  2  iron  staples  No.  1,  driven  through,  one  from  the  front  of  the  pom- 
mel, and  the  other  from  the  rear  of  the  cantle,  and  clenched. 

Seat. — 1  girth-webbing,  the  middle  of  its  length  nailed  double  on  the  pommel 
over  the  hollow:  the  two  ends  separated  and  stretched  strongly,  and  nailed  on  the 
front  of  the  cantle.  1  caiivas  (strong  hemp),  to  cover  the  webbing,  stretched 
across  the  girth-webbing,  the  ends  nailed  on  the  side  bars  and  on  the  edge  of  the 
pommel  and  cantle;  1  cotton  drilling,  drawn  over  the  canvas  and  nailed  in  the 
same  way;  cotton  batting,  stuffed  between  the  linen  and  the  cotton  drilling;  1 
leather  lining,  pasted  underneath  the  webbing  and  canvas. 

Parts  in  leather,  etc.,  of  the  body  of  the  saddle. — The  front  of  pommel 
and  rear  of  cantle  are  covered  with  leather,  glued  to  the  wood  and  nailed  close  to 
the  side  bars.  The  ends  of  the  side  bars  are  covered  with  harness  leather,  which 
is  fastened  by  nails  close  to  the  pommel  and  cantle,  and  by  two  finishing  nails  on 
each  end  of  side  bar,  driven  through  from  the  upper  side;  1  seat  of  goat-skin 
morocco,  lined  with  sheep-skin,  stuffed  with  cotton,  quilted,  and  bound  round  the 
edges  with  light  morocco,  fastened  to  the  side  bars  by  three  finishing  nails  on  each 
side;  1  pommel-cover  (bridle  leather),  sewed  to  the  front  of  the  scat,  tacked  to  the 
lower  part  of  the  pommel,  glued  on  the  upper  part,  and  sewed  to  the  leather  on  the 
front  of  pommel  by  a  seam  along  the  top  edge  of  pommel ;  1  cautle-cover,  sewed  to 
the  rear  end  of  the  seat,  the  lower  part  tacked  to  the  side  bars,  the  upper  part 
glued  to  the  cantle  and  sewed  to  the  leather,  on  the  rear  part  of  the  cantle,  by  a 
seam  around  the  edge  of  the  cantle;  1  pommel  moulding  (brass),  covering  the  seam, 
fastened  by  2  iron  and  2  brass  nails;  1  cantle  ornaraent  (brass),  shape  of  a  shield, 
fastened  by  3  brass  nails;  1  pommel  ornament  (brass),  shape  of  a  shield,  fastened 
by  3  brass  nails;  2  loops  No.  7  B,  for  cloak-straps,  driven  through  the  side  bars  in 


14®  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

rear  of  the  cantle,  and  riveted ;  2  hilhii  for  trace-loop  puss  through  the  gkirtg,  and 
arc  nailed  to  the  upper  side  of  the  side  hars:  1  rollnr-ntrnp  billet,  fovied  to  the  loop 
on  the  front  of  (lie  ponimcl. 

6KIIIT8. — 2  »kirt»  (thick  harness  leather),  fastened  to  the  under  side  of  the  side 
bars  with  glue;  the  ujiper  end  is  turned  over  (he  side  liars,  and  sewed  at  frmt  and 
rear  to  the  covering  of  ends  of  side  bars. 

Stiiibii's. — 2  »tirrii])»  (cast-lirass) ;  2  »tirniji-i>trii]>*  p8J<s  over  the  slirrui)-bHrs;  1 
hurkie  No.  4,  with  3  itnnditifi-loopK,  sewed  to  the  thin  end  of  the  strap,  which  ii 
doubled  and  stitched  on  a  length  of  8  inches,  where  it  passes  through  the  eve  of 
the  stirrup 

(liitTHH. — 1  ijirth  (light  bridle  leather  I.  made  in  two  parts  of  unc<|ual  lengths: 
each  part  is  made  of  doul)le  thickness  by  fidding  the  leatlier  in  the"diric»ion  of 
its  length,  bringing  the  two  edges  together  in  the  middle,  and  fastening  them  with 
a  seam  the  wh<dc  length.  The  long  part  has  a  burle/r  No.  4,  and  rhn/.r,  with  8 
»lini</iii</-l(>(ij>H;  it  i»asses  through  the  skirt  from  nnderneath.  and  is  nailed  to  the 
upper  side  of  the  side  bars,  on  the  off  side.  The  short  part  has  a  billet  ^ewed  to 
it;   it  is  nailed,  in  the  same  luunner  as  the  long  part,  on  the  near  side. 

Valise-Saddle. 

The  ralise-Ba<ldle,  placed  on  the  off  horse,  is  used  to  carry  the  driver's  rallte, 
but  in  coso  of  emergency  can  be  used  to  ride  upon.  It  is  composed  of  1  »nddU- 
Iff*:  1  teal;  different  part*  of  Italker,  rie.,  of  the  body  of  the  taddU ;  2  iiiddU- 
ikirli;    1   (firth. 

Sapdi-k-trkk. — Woop. — The  sanu-  uf  that  of  the  driver's  sadtlle,  exceiit  in  the 
dimensions. 

Iron. — 1  himh  for  the  reins  ( br as o- plated),  with  loop  for  billet  of  the  collar-strap 
attached,  is  driven  through  the  ]jommel  from  the  front,  and  clenched  ;  1  iron  ttapU 
No.  1.  for  the  crupper-strap,  driven  in  the  cantle  from  the  rear,  and  clenched. 

4  hriitii  htopg  No.  7  IJ,  for  valise-straps,  driven  one  iu  each  end  of  the  side  ban, 
and  riveted. 

Srat. —  1  leather  tent,  stretched  an<l  nailed  to  the  pommel,  cantle,  and  ^ide  ban; 
1  cotton  drUliuij,  drawn  over  the  leather  seat  and  nailed  in  the  same  w.iy  ;  eottoii 
fxiiiiiiif,  stuffed  between  the  cotton  drilling  and  leather  seat. 

Parts  in  i.rathkk,  etc.,  of  the  body  op  thk  saddle. — The  same  as  for  the 
driver's  sadille.  with  the  addition  of  2  rnH»>-ittrnp;  each  has  1  hurkie  No.  8,  1 
ttiiiidiiirf  and  1  tlidiiiff-lunp  .-  ]  cmpper-ttrap,  made  of  two  thicknesses,  stitched, 
embracing  in  the  fold  at  one  end  the  iron  loop  on  the  cantle,  and  at  the  other  end 
an  iron  loop  Xo.  T),  with  roller  for  the  back  strap  of  the  crujiper.  The  same  crupper 
answers  for  either  saddle. 

Ski«ts. — The  same,  except  in  dimensions,  as  those  for  the  driver's  saddle. 

Girths. — 1  ^inh  (leather),  has  1  buckle  No.  6,  and  .3  ttandiwf-loopt,  fastened  te 
a  lajfer  ;  the  girth  is  sewed  to  the  near  skirt  of  the  saddle ;  1  billet  sewed  to  the  off 
skirt. 


DRAUGHT    HARNESS.  141 

Valise. 

The  valise  is  cylindrical,  IS  inches  long,  with  a  flat  bottom. 

Valise  (thick  bridle  leather). — 1  hodif ;  1  hndy  lining  (cotton  ticking),  pasted  to 
the  body:  2  rndu,  made  of  2  thicknesses  of  leather,  sewed  together  with  one  seam 
near  the  outer  edge;  2  cud  lininr/n  (cotton  ticking),  pasted  to  the  ends;  1  initrr  flap, 
with  6  slits  for  wire  staples  sewed  to  the  body,  covering  the  mouth  of  valise  ;  1 
Htrap,  1  chnpe  and  buckle  No.  9,  sewed  to  the  opj)ositc  ends  of  body  ;  the  strap  passes 
through  the  iron  staples  and  holds  down  the  inner  flap;  6  iron  wire  Htnplen  No.  3 
pass  through  the  body,  are  bent  and  held  in  place  by  a  strip  of  leather  sewed 
over  their  ends;  3  chapen  and  bitcHcg  No.  9,  and  3  standiiig-loopn,  sewed  to 
the  body  for  the  billets  on  the  cover;  2  handles  (leather,  rounded),  sewed  into  the 
ends  between  the  two  thicknesses;  2  loops,  1  inch  wide,  sewed  to  the  bottom  of  the 
body,  for  the  valiso-straps  to  pass  through;  1  cover  ;  1  carer  lininrj,  larger  than  the 
cover,  sewed  to  it  around  its  outer  edge,  forming  a  pocket :  it  has  an  opening  in  the 
middle,  which  is  closed  with  strings:  1  bindinij,  thin  leather,  sewed  around  the 
edge  of  cover;  3  biUetx,  sewed  to  the  cover  to  fasten  it  down. 

Draught  Harness. 

The  Coli.au. — Collars  are  made  of  two  sizes  — 17  inches  and  20  inches;  the 
measure  taken  on  the  inside  of  the  breast. 

1  rim  (bridle  leather),  sewed  to  the  bell,v,  stuffed  with  uncut  straw.  1  belly  (upper- 
leather),  made  in  two  pieces,  which  lap  and  arc  sewed  together  at  bottom,  stuffed 
with  straw -cut  into  pieces  not  more  than  \  of  an  inch  long;  2  chapex  and  buckles  No. 
8,  2  billets,  .sowed  to  the  open  ends  of  the  collar  and  used  only  to  vary  the  size  of 
the  collar;  ]  pad  (black  sheep-skin),  stuffed  with  deer's  hair,  to  protect  the  horse's 
nock  from  being  chafed  by  the  collar-straps ;  3  loops,  sewed  to  the  pad ;  two  pass 
over  the  ends  of  the  collar,  and  the  collar-strap  passes  through  the  other. 

The  Hames,  iron  (painted  black). —  Two  branches,  curved;  2  double-joint  loops 
for  trace-tugs,  attached  to  the  branches  by  means  of  a  bolt  passing  through  a  stud 
forged  on  the  branch:  they  turn  freely  on  the  bolt,  and  also  admit  free  motion  in 
the  opposite  direction;  2  links,  for  holding  up  the  breast-strap,  welded  into  the  eyes 
of  the  joint-loop  bolts;  2  rings  No.  3,  for  trussing-straps,  welded  into  the  rect- 
angular eyes  at  the  upper  ends  of  the  branches  ;  1  claup,  made  fust  to  the  off 
branch,  connects  the  branches  at  their  lower  ends  ;  1  chain  and  toggle  (3  links  No. 
4),  welded  into  the  eye  of  the  clasp,  connects  the  pole-yoke  to  the  hames;  2  loop- 
rings,  1.75  inches  diameter,  sewed  in  the  trace-tugs,  for  the  trace-chains  to  pass 
through. 

Leather. —  Tico  safes,  sewed  round  the  branches  under  the  joint-loops,  to  protect 
the  collar  from  being  chafed  by  the  trace-tugs;  2  trace-tugs,  0.C3  inch  thick,  made 
of  four  thicknesses  of  leather  stitched  together  with  three  seams,  embracing  in  the 
fold  the  joint-loop  at  one  end  and  the  loop-ring  at  the  other.         ^   .  .,  ,    .    ,.,    


142  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Tiro  frumting-itrapt,  each  with  1  buckle  No.  8,  1  standing  and  1  tliding-loop. 
They  pass  through  the  rings  in  the  rectangular  cjes  of  the  branches  to  truss  up  the 
harness. 

1  hamci-itrap,  with  1  buckle  No.  6  and  2  ttauding-loop$,  connects  the  two  branches 
at  the  top  ;  1  cullar-itrap,  having  1  buckle  No.  6  and  1  ttanding-loop,  pacscs  round 
the  liames-strap  and  is  buckled  to  the  billet  on  the  pommel  of  the  caddie,  to  keep 
the  ciillar  in  place. 

Traces. 

Traces  arc  composed  of  a  leather  trace  with  a  chain  and  toggle  attached  to  each 
end.     They  differ  only  in  the  length  of  the  leather  trace. 

Leather  trace,  0.63  inch  thick,  made  of  three  thicknesses  of  leather  sewed  together 
their  whole  length,  with  two  scams;  2  iron  loopt  riveted  to  the  ends  of  the  leather 
trace  with  3  rtiet$,  each  0.25  inch  diameter.  Front  traee-ehaiit  made  of  iron  .3  inch 
diameter,  6  liukt  and  1  toggle,  attached  to  the  leather  trace  by  the  iron  loop. 

Jiear  trace-chain. —  Thirteen  tinki,  /our  riiigi  (oval),  and  one  toggle,  of  the  aamo 
•ir.cd  iron  and  attached  in  the  same  manner  as  the  front  trace-chain. 

Bei.i.v-banh. —  Tiro  trace-loops,  made  by  doubling  the  leather  and  sewing  the 
branches  together  near  one  end;  1  buckle  No.  6  and  1  ttanding-loop  embraced  in  the 
Stitched  end  of  the  trace-loop;  1  iron  loop  No.  5,  embraced  and  playing  loose  on 
the  bottom  of  the  trace-loop;  1  belly-itrap  with  1  b%iekle  No.  6  and  1  standing-loop, 
sewed  to  the  iron  loop  of  trace-loop  on  the  off  side;  1  belli/strap  billet  sewed  to 
the  iron  loop  of  trace-loop  on  the  near  side  and  buckling  to  the  belly-strap;  1  /o»i»- 
ttrap,  each  end  passes  into  the  buckle  <jf  the  trace-loop  to  hold  up  the  traces.  The 
loin-strap  for  the  wheel-horse  has  1  layer  sewed  under  its  middle,  forming  a  loop 
through  which  passes  the  back-fctrap  of  the  crupper:  it  is  shortvr  than  the  loin-strap 
for  the  lead-horse ;  2  trace-loops  with  1  buckU  No.  6  and  1  standing-loop,  formed  M 
above  described. 

Cruim'kr. — 1  dock,  formed  of  a  tingle  piece  3.5  inches  wide  and  14  inches  long, 
doubled  lengthwise  and  made  round,  not  stuffed:  it  has  1  buckle  No.  9  and  1  stand- 
ing-loop sewed  to  each  end;  1  body,  the  rear  end  is  split  into  2  bilUu  for  the  buckles 
of  the  dock,  the  other  end  is  sewed  to  the  end  of  the  back-strap;  1  layer  10  inckta 
long,  1  buckle  No.  6,  and  4  standing-loops  sewed  on  the  front  end  of  the  body,  learinf 
an  opening  in  rear  of  the  back-strap  for  the  hip-strap  to  pass  through  :  1  short  layeTp 
inserted  under  the  long  layer  and  in  rear  of  the  opening  for  the  hip-strap;  1  bach' 
ttrap,  sewed  in  between  the  body  and  the  long  layer,  passes  through  the  loop  of  loio- 
strap  of  wheel-harness,  through  the  iron  loop  on  the  saddle,  and  returns  to  the 
buckle  on  the  body  of  the  crupper;  1  sliding-loop  holds  the  two  parte  of  the  back- 
strap  together  near  the  saddle. 

Breeching. 

1  hreeck-ttrap  (thick  harness  leather):  1  layer,  thick  leather,  sewed  to  the  breech- 
W^tp  it?  whole  length  with  2  seams :  1  buekU  No.  3  and  3  standing-loops  at  each  end 


NOSE-BAG.  148 

sewed  in  the  fold  of  the  breech-strap  and  layer;  2  iron  loops  No.  5  and  chapes  sewed 
to  upper  side  of  breech-strap ;  4  Utgs  for  hip-straps,  made  of  two  thicknesses  of 
leather,  sewed  together  with  2  seams  :  each  has  1  buckle  No.  6  and  3  standing-loops, 
and  embraces  in  the  fold  at  the  other  end  the  buckle  orloops  of  the  breech -strap;  4 
safes  sewed  on  the  inside  of  the  tugs;  1  hip-strop,  split  at  each  end  into  two  billets, 
which  buckle  into  the  tugs  of  the  breech-strap;  1  breast-strap,  0.63  inch  thick  in  the 
middle,  S)  inch  at  the  ends,  made  of  three  thicknesses,  sewed  togct*her  with  3  seams: 
it  passes  through  the  iron  links  on  the  hamcs  and  the  trace  loops  attached  to  the 
saddle,  and  buckles  to  the  brecch-strap  ;  1  pole-strap,  0.5  inch  thick,  made  of  three 
thicknesses  of  leather  sewed  together  with  two  seams ;  1  buckle  No.  3,  and  3  stand- 
inrj-loops,  sewed  in  the  folds  at  one  end. 

Pole-Pad. 

It  is  placed  on  the  end  of  the  pole  to  prevent  the  lead-horses  from  being  injured 
by  the  pole. 

Iron. — 1  ring,  2..3  inches  diameter,  1  inch  wide,  0.2  inch  thick,  with  2  holes  for 
feolt;   1  bolt  with  small  hole  for  key. 

Leather. — 1  cylindrical  body,  1  end,  circular,  with  hole  for  pole  sewed  to  the 
body;  1  end,  pressed  convex,  sewed  to  the  other  end  of  body  after  it  is  stuffed;  1 
t;i)ier  cylinder,  the  open  end  sewed  in  the  hole  of  the  circular  end;  1  timer  cylinder 
end,  1  reinforce  cylinder  and  cud  sewed  together  and  slipped  over  the  closed  end  of 
inner  cylinder;  2  stay-straps,  sewed  to  the  body,  near  the  bolt-hole,  and  nailed  over 
the  end  of  inner  cylinder;  hair  stuffed  in  between  the  inner  cylinder  and  body.  The 
body  is  pressed  in  against  the  iron  ring  where  the  bolt  passes  through  it. 

The  pole-pad  should  be  taken  off  from  the  pole  and  placed  under  cover,  when  the 
carriage  is  not  in  use. 

Whip. 

1  stock  (raw  hide,)  about  30  inches  long.  The  raw  hide  is  first  covered  with 
India-rubber  cloth  ;  1  leather  cover,  sewed  over  the  India-rubber  covering,  with  a 
loop  in  the  end  well  secured ;  1  lash  (thread),  tied  to  the  leather  cover ;  1  loop  for 
the  hand,  nailed  to  the  butt  of  whip  with  2  tacks. 

Leg-  Guard. 

1  body  (strong  kip  leather);  2  layers,  sewed  to  the  upper  and  lower  part  of  the  body 
with  four  seams;  4  leg-straps,  4  buckles  No.  10  and  4  standing-loops,  sewed  to  the 
body:  the  billet-ends  pass  through  slits  in  the  body;  1  foot-strap,  sewed  to  the  bot- 
tom of  the  body,  at  both  ends;  1  plate  (iron),  0.1  inch  thick,  riveted  to  the  body 
with  five  rivets. 

Nose-Bag. 

1  body  (strong  linen  or  cotton  duck);  1  bottom  (harness  leather),  6  inches  diam- 
eter, 4  inches  deep,  pressed  in  a  mould,  sewed  to  the  body;   1  head-strap,  with  1 


t4t  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

biicile  \o.  8  and  1  Ktandiiig-loop,  sewed  to  top  of  the  bottom,  and  fastened  by  2  cop- 
per ritet*  No.  1  ;  sewed  to  the  top  of  the  body  and  to  an  inside  leather  washer  by 
the  same  seam,  and  fastened  by  1  mpper  rivet  No.  1 ;  1  heud-^lrup  liillct,  sewed  to 
the  top  of  the  bottom,  and  fastened  by  2  copper  rivets  No.  1  ;  sewed  to  the  top  of  the 
body  and  to  an  inside  leather  washer  by  the  same  scam,  and  fastened  by  1  copper 
rivet  No.  1.     Width  of  bag  at  top,  15  inches  ;  whole  height,  15  inches. 

PACK-SADDLE  AND  HARNESS  FOR  MOUNTAIN  ARTILLERY. 

The  mountain  howitzer  ami  its  carriage  are  either  carried  on  puck-mules,  or  the 
gun  is  mounted  on  the  carriage  and  drawn  by  ipules  harnessed  to  it. 

The  ammunition,  forge  and  tool  chests  arc  carried  on  pack-uiulcs;  or,  when  the 
roads  are  good,  may  be  carried  in  common  carts. 

The  equipment  is  the  same  whether  the  gun  and  carriage  are  packed  or  drawn, 
except  that  the  liishing-girth  and  lashing-repc  are  not  required  for  draught. 

Composition. — The  harness  complete  is  eomi>osed  of  the  hcod-ijenr,  the  pnck- 
taddle — which  is  common  for  packing  the  gun-carriage  or  chests — the  crupper,  the 
breechiiKj,  the  breanl-gtrajt,  and  the  hmhiittj-ijirlfi  and  rope. 

Head- Gear. 

The  head-gear  is  made  of  black  bridle  leather.  The  buckles  and  loops  are  iron, 
japanned  (black). 

BniDi.K. — 1  crotru-picee :  one  end  is  split  into  2  hiUct*,  and  the  other  into  1  lltlet 
Bnd  1  buclkle-ittrnp,  for  the  cheek-pieces  and  throat-lash;  1  bnc/clr  No.  10,  and  1 
ttandimj-ltuip,  sewed  to  the  throat-lash;  1  buckle  No.  10  and  1  Dinudiuij-loop,  sewed 
to  the  top  of  the  crown-piece  for  the  billets  of  the  winker-straps. 

1  brotr-biiiid :  the  ends,  doubled  and  sewed,  form  looj)*  for  the  crown-piece  to  pass 
through. 

2  chcek-»triip» :  each  has  2  bucklet  No.  8,  and  S  ttanding-luopn  ;  one  end  buckles  to 
the  billet  of  the  crown-piece,  and  the  other  to  the  bit. 

2  icitikert,  made  of  two  thicknesses  of  leather,  sewed  together  by  a  seam  around 
the  edge;  2  iriiiker-stnipn,  sewed  to  the  top  of  the  winkers,  and  fastened  to  the 
buckle  on  top  of  the  crown-piece. 

1  lcodiii;/-rilii :  made  of  a  single  strap:  one  end  is  sewed  to  the  ring  on  the  right 
end  of  the  bit.  the  other  end  passes  through  the  left  ring,  and  has  1  trooden  toggU, 
sewed  in  a  loop  at  its  extremity,  and  1  leather  tcather  on  the  inside  of  the  toggle. 

The  Bit. — It  consists  of  1  bar  and  2  rinyi,  2.25  inches,  made  of  wrought-iron, 
and  tinued. 

Halter.— The  halter  is  the  same  as  that  used  for  field  artillery  (page  138). 

Pack-SMi<Ile. 

It  is  composed  of  the  tree,  the  parts  of  Uather,  etc.,  of  the  body,  the  pad  and  girth*. 
SAorLC-TREE. — WooD  (ash,  oiled). — 2  arc*,  each  made  of  three  pieces,  haired 


145 

into  each  otlier.  jjliuJ  and  fastened  together  with  6  screws,  No.  14,  1-inch,  in  the 
front  arc,  and  8  screws  No.  1-4,  1-inch,  in  the  rc.ir  arc  :  a  circular  notch  is  cut  in  the 
top  of  the  arcs,  for  tlie  gun  ;  2  transoms,  fastened  to  the  arcs  by  bolts,  which  pass 
through  their  entire  length  :  each  transom  has  a  circular  notch  cut  in  it  for  the 
trunnions  of  the  gun  ;  1  cross-bar,  let  into  the  transoms,  and  fastened  to  them  by  2 
screws  No.  16,  2i-inch,  in  each  end:  a  circular  notch  is  cut  on  top  of  the  cross-bar, 
for  the  gun  ;  2  inner  side  bars,  let  in  flush  with  the  inside  of  the  arcs,  and  fastened 
by  3  screirs  No.  14,  IJ-inch,  in  each  end,  2  outer  side  bars,  mortised  into  the  arcs, 
2  round  bars :  a  round  tenon  on  each  end  passes  through  the  lower  end  of  the  arcs, 
and  is  fastened  by  1  screw  No.  1(5,  2J-inch,  which  also  strengthens  the  bearing- 
notcli  for  the  ammunition-chests. 

IiiON. — 1  front  arc-plate,  with  hooks  on  the  ends,  fastened  to  the  front  of  the 
front  arc  b,y  the  assembling-bolts  and  by  2  rirets  No.  2  B;  1  staple,  riveted  to  the 
middle  of  the  front  arc-plate;  1  rear  arc-plate,  with  hooks  on  the  ends,  fastened  to 
the  rear  of  the  rear  arc  by  the  assembling-bolts  and  by  2  rivets  No.  2  B;  1  staple, 
riveted  to  the  middle  of  the  rear  arc-plate;  2  assemblintj-bolts  No.  1,  octagonal  head's 
and  nuts,  connect  the  front  and  rear  arcs:  4  staples  for  tashing-straps,  fastened  to 
the  arcs  by  2  rivets,  each  No.  2  wire. 

Parts  of  leather,  etc.,  op  the  body. — 2  pieces  of  hemp  webbing,  2J)  inches 
wide,  stretched  from  the  front  to  the  rear  arcs  at  the  top  of  the  hollow,  and  nailed 
to  the  inside  of  the  arcs  with  tacks;  I  cover  (black  bridle  leather),  stretched  over 
the  hemp  webbing,  the  inner  side  bars  and  round  bars,  and  nailed  to  the  inner  side 
of  the  arcs:  a  strip  of  thin  leather  is  put  under  the  heads  of  the  tacks j  2  /laps, 
(harness  leather),  folded  round  the  round  bars,  and  sewed  to  the  lower  ends  of  the 
cover  and  arc-lining;  2  arc-liuiiigs  (harness  leather),  nailed  to  the  side  of  the  front 
and  rear  arcs,  the  lower  end  sewed  to  the  flaps;  4  lining-straps,  nailed  to  the  inner 
side  bars  and  round  bars;  2  thill-straps,  with  1  buckle  No.  6  and  1  standing-loop,  pass 
over  the  round  bars  and  form  loops  for  the  shafts  of  the  gun-carriage. 

6  girth-billets,  sewed  to  the  inside  of  the  flaps :  three  on  each  flap ;  they  pass 
through  slits  in  the  flap  to  the  outside;  4  iron-loops  No.  4,  for  breeching  and  breast- 
straps,  embraced  in  the  leather  loops,  sewed  to  the  inside  of  the  flaps  and  passing  to 
the  outside  through  slits ;  4  lashing-straps,  with  I  buckle  No.  8,  and  1  standing-loop, 
fastened  to  the  inside  of  the  lower  end  of  the  arc  by  1  screw  No.  14,  1-inch,  4  billets 
for  lashing-straps,  fastened  to  the  outside  of  the  arcs,  near  the  top,  by  1  screw  No. 
14,  1-inch,  and  1  staple,  each;  2  shoidder-strap  tugs,  with  1  buckle  No.  6  and  1  sliding- 
loop  each,  fastened  to  the  front  of  the  front  arc  by  1  screw  No.  14,  1-inch,  and  2 
nails,  10-oz.;  1  loop  and  toggle,  fastened  with  1  leather  thong  to  the  iron  loop  on  the 
front  arc-plate;  2  safes,  nailed  to  the  outside  of  the  outer  side  bars. 

Pad. — 1  top  (sheep-skin);  1  side  and  end  (sheep-skin),  sewed  to  the  top  and  lining; 
1  lining  (strong  canvas),  stuffed  with  straw  and  hair,  and  quilted.  It  is  fastened  to 
the  arc-lining  and  flaps,  with  10  leather  thongs. 

Girth  (hemp  webbing),  7i  inches  wide. — 6  buckles  No.  8,  and  6  standing-loops, 
embraced  in  the,ends  of  leather  loops,  sewed  to  the  girths. 
10 


14(3  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Crufper. 

1  dork  with  1  hurhh  No.  10,  and  1  ninnding-loop,  sewed  to  each  end:  it  is  made 
of  a  single  piece  of  Icatber,  rounded  ;  1  body,  split  at  one  end  into  2  hilU-tn  for  the 
dock  ;  1  bark-ntrap,  scwcd  to  the  body  at  one  end,  wilh  2  9eam!<,  leaving  an  open 
space  for  the  jiai'snge  of  the  loin-strap  :  the  other  end  passes  through  the  .itaple  on 
the  rear  arc-plate,  to  1  buckle  No.  6,  and  3  ttandhnj-loopH,  sewed  in  between  the 
body  and  back-strap  ;  1  gltdiny-loop  on  the  back-strap,  near  the  saddle. 

1  lotii-Dlrdp  passes  between  the  body  of  the  crupper  and  the  back-strap,  to  the 
buckle  of  the  tugs  on  the  brccch-strap. 

Breeching. 

1  hrcrrh-ntrap  ;  2  lidf-ftrapn,  Bcwcd  at  one  end  to  the  breech-strap,  the  other  rnd 
passes  through  iron  loops  on  the  pack-saddle,  or  through  the  staples  on  the  shafts 
when  the  harness  is  used  for  draught,  into  1  buckle  No.  4,  and  4  niaiid-limji^,  sewed 
between  the  brccch-strap  and  side-strap;  2  tiigt,  for  l<jin-strap.i:  each  tug  has  1 
buckle  No.  6,  and  3  glnndiiiij-liiopn,  sewed  to  one  end — the  other  end  embraces  1  iron 
loop  No.  5,  which  is  fastened  to  the  breech-strap  by  1  chape;  2  ta/et,  sewed  to  the 
under  side  of  the  tugs,  with  2  seams,  the  length  of  the  tug. 

Breast-Strap. 

I /rout  strap;  2  side  straps,  one  end  sewed  to  the  front  strap:  the  other  endv^osses 
through  the  iron  loop  on  the  flap  of  the  pack-saddle,  or  through  the  staples  on  the 
shafts,  when  the  harness  is  used  for' draught,  back  to  1  buckle  No.  4,  and  3  standing- 
loops,  sewed  between  the  front  strap  and  side  strap ;  2  shoulder-straps,  sewed  at  one 
end  tu  the  front  strap,  the  other  end  passes  to  the  tugs  on  the  front  arc. 

Lashing-Girth  and  Rope. 

1  girth  (thick  Icatber),  the  ends  folded  and  sewed  with  3  seams ;  2  iron  hooks,  the 
bar  embraced  in  the  loop  formed  at  the  end  of  the  girth. 

1  lashing-rope  (2i-inch  rope),  10  feet  long:  it  is  used  in  connection  with  the  girth, 
to  secure  the  pack  to  the  saddle  :  weight,  1.06  lb. 

Packing  the  Mountain  Howitzer. 

The  howitzer  is  placed  on  the  pack-saddle,  the  muzzle  to  the  front,  in  the 
recesses  cut  in  the  bows  and  transoms:  it  is  lashed  with  the  lashing-rope.  The 
shafts  are  placed  upside  down  on  the  same  pack-saddle,  the  cross-bar  on  the  neck 
of  the  cascable:  the  shafts  are  lashed  with  the  bow-straps. 

The  carriage  is  placed  on  the  pack-saddle,  the  axle-tree  against  the  front  face  of 
the  front  bow :  it  is  fastened  by  the  lashing-rope.  The  wheels  are  placed  on  the 
some  pack  with  the  carriage,  one  on  each  side,  the  small  end  of  the  care  against  the 


PACKING    THE    MOUNTAIN    HOWITZER.  147 

pack  between  the  bows,  one  of  the  spokes  resting  on  the  arm  of  the  axle-tree :  they 
are  lashed  with  the  bow-straps. 

The  ammunition-chests  are  suspended  with  chains,  on  hooks,  on  each  side  of  the 
pack,  and  lashed  with  lashing-ropes. 

TO  PLACE  THE  HOWITZER  ON  THE  SADDLE. 

Three  men  load  the  howitzer  on  the  mule.  Introduce  the  rammer-head  into  the 
bore;  place  the  loop  of  the  hankspike  over  the  cascable  ;  carry  the  piece  to  the  sad- 
dle, approaching  by  the  croup  ;  raise  it  and  place  it  in  its  bed.  Three  men  load 
the  carriage,  taking  hold  of  it  by  the  arms  of  the  axle-tree  and  by  the  end  of  the 
trail. 

Four  men  load  2  ammunition-chests,  and  hook  the  4  chains  at  the  same  time. 

The  load  ought  to  be  fastened  securely,  so  as  to  form,  as  it  were,  a  part  of  the 
animal,  and  should  be  raised  as  little  as  possible  above  the  mule's  back. 


148  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


HORSE  EC^UIPMENTS  FOR  THE  C'AVALIIY  SERVICE. 

A  cnmplcio  !<ct  of  burse  equipment''  for  cavalry  troops  consist*  of  1  bridle,  1 
walerini/'brtdle,  1  haltev,  1  Kiiiillr,  1  pnir  of  »addlt-hn'f»,  1  tnddle-hfnnket,  1  mr> 
rfiiy/r,  1  fiitir  of  fpiiri,  1  riirry-ciimb,  1  horie-bniiih,  1  pirkrt-pin,  and  1  tiiriat  (1  li^le 
and  1  uotr-hiiij,  when  specially  required.) 

Jlead-Gear. 

All  the  leutlicr  is  black  bridle  leather,  not  lesis  than  H.l  inch  tlii<'k.  iiinl  ilir 
buckles  arc  uiullcublc  iron  flat  bar-buckles,  blued. 

BRIDLK. 

Il  if  composed  of  1  hend»tall,  1  bil,  1  pair  uf  rriim. 

Hk ADSTAi.i.. — I  critirn-pirrr,  the  ends  Split,  forming  1  chrrk-tliap  and  I  ikmai- 
lanh  billrt  on  one  side,  and  on  the  other  1  cheek-*ir<ip  and  1  ikruut-lntk,  with  I 
buckle  No.  11  A:  2  rhnprn,  and  2  bncklft  No.  10  A,  xewed  to  the  end*  of  cheek 
piece.-*  to  attach  the  bit;  1  brow-band :  the  ends,  d<iubled  and  sewed,  form  2  luopii 
ou  each  cml,  through  which  the  cheek-straps,  throat-la»h,  and  thruat-lasb  billet 
pa«s. 

Bit  (shear  steel,  blued). — 2  lironchn,  g-shaped,  pierced  at  toj)  witii  an  ry  for 
the  chcck-slrap  billet,  and  with  a  small  bole  near  the  eye  for  the  curb-chain,  lurmi- 
natcd  at  the  boitum  by  2  buUmtii,  into  which  are  welded  2  rimjt  No.  .')  for  tbo  reins. 
The  lower  curve  of  the  branch  is  tangent  to  the  line  through  the  axis  of  the  mouth- 
piece and  the  centre  uf  the  eye.  1  muuth-piece,  curved  in  the  middle:  its  end>  pass 
through  the  brunches,  and  are  riveted  to  them;  I  crom-bar,  riveted  to  the  braoches 
near  the  lower  ends  :  2  bumr*  (cast-brass)  bearing  the  number  and  letter  of  the 
regiment  and  the  letter  of  the  company,  riveted  to  the  branches  with  4  rireli ;  1 
eurb-chaiii  hovk.  Steel  wire  No.  ]U,  fastened  to  the  tirar  branch:  1  eurb-rhain,  steel 
wire  No.  11,  curb-chain  links  O.T  inch  wide,  with  1  looir  ring  in  the  middle,  fast 
ened  to  the  ojf  branch  by  an  S-bouk,  coldsbut ;  I  curb-ntrap  (leather)  faatcned  to 
the  curb-chain  by  2  niaiidiug-luopt. 

1  curb-n'ny  for  bit  No.  1  replaces  the  curb-chain  and  curb-strap.  Tbey  ara  of  2 
sites:  No.  1,  interior  diameter  4  inches;  No.  2,  3.70  inches — the  number  marked 
on  the  outside  of  the  swell.  Three-fourths  of  the  bits  of  this  kind  to  hare  the 
large  ring,  one-fourth  the  small  ring. 

There  are  j'uur  varieties  of  bits :  Ihcy  are  all  alike  below  the  mouth-piece. 

No.  1.  No.  2.        No.  3.      Ko  4 

Height  of  arch 2.25         2.  1.5  0.5 

Opening  of  arch I'. 8  1.1 

Distance  of  eye  from  axis  of  mouth-pioce 1.5  2.25         2.25         2.25 

Diameter  of  mouth-piece  at  shoulder 0.5  0.5  0.5  0.65 

Distance  from  axis  of  mouth-piece  t«  axis  of  cross-bar,  5  inches. 

Distance  from  centre  uf  button  to  the  axi£  of  cross-bar,  0.5  inch. 


SADDLE.  149 

Length  of  moutli-piccc  in  all  bits,  4.5  inche?:  square  tenon  of  mouth-piece,  .35 
inch. 

At  centre  of  arch,  .325  inch  vertical  thickness,  0.45  inch  horizontal.  Thickness 
of  branch  at  mouth-piece,  0.2*25  inch. 

t    Rbins. — 2  reina,  sewed  together  at  one  end — the  other  ends  sewed  to  the  rings  of 
the  bit. 

■WATERING -BRIDLK. 

The  watering-bridle  is  composed  of  1  hit.and  1  pair  of  rcinn. 

Bit  (wrought-iron,  blued). — 2  mouth-piece  sides,  united  in  the  middle  by  a  loop- 
hinge  :  their  ends  are  pierced  with  2  holes  to  receive  2  riiic/s  No.  1  for  the  reins ;  2 
flinins  and  toggles,  3  links,  each  1  inchX.55  inch,  welded  into  the  rein-rings. 

Reins. — 2  reins,  sewed  together  at  one  end — the  other  sewed  to  the  rings  of  the 
bit. 

HALTER. 

2  cheek-pieces,  sewed,  one  end  to  2  square-loops  No.  2  A,  and  the  other  to  2  cheek- 
rings  No.  1  A  ;  2  standing-loops  for  the  toggles  of  the  watering-bridle,  sewed  to  the 
cheek-pieces  near  to  the  square-loops;  1  crown-piece,  sewed  to  the  off  cheek-ring: 
1  buckle  No.  7  A  and  chape,  sewed  to  the  near  cheek-ring;  1  nose-hand,  the  ends 
sewed  to  the  square  loops  ;  1  chin-strap,  the  ends  sewed  to  the  square  loops,  and 
passing  loose  through  the  hitcbing-strap  ring;  1  throat-strap,  folded  on  itself, 
making  two  thicknesses,  and  forming  at  top  a  loop  for  the  tbroat-band  to  pass 
through,  and  embracing  in  the  fold  at  the  other  end  1  bolt,  which  holds  1  hitching- 
strap  ring;  1  throat-hand  passes  loose  through  the  loop  in  the  throat-strap,  and 
sewed  to  the  cheek-rings;  1  hitching-straj),  6-}  feet  long  ;  1  buckle  No.  6  A,  and  1 
"tanding-loop ;  1  billet,  sewed  to  the  buckle  end  by  the  same  seam  which  hold.s  the 
buckle. 

Saddle* 

All  the  leather  is  black  bridle  or  harne.=s  leather,  and  the  buckles  are  malleable 
iron,  blued. 

The  Saddle  is  composed  of  1  tree,  2  saddle-skirts,  2  stirrups,  2  stirrup-leathers,  1 
girth  and  girth-strap,  1  s^ircinglc,  1  crupper. 

Saddle-tree. — Wood  (beech). — 1  pommel,  made  of  2  pieces  framed  together  at 
top  and  glued;  1  entitle,  formed  of  2  pieces,  like  the  pommel  ;  2  side  bars  (poplar), 
each  made  of  3  pieces  glued  together:  they  are  glued  to  the  pommel  and  cantle, 
and  fastened  by  2  rivets  No.  1,  2  burrs,  and  4  nails — the  burrs  let  in  on  the  other 
side  ;  1  strap-mortise  in  the  pommel  ;   3  strap-mortises  in  the  cantle. 

There  are  three  sizes  of  trees,  varying  in  the  length  of  the  scat: 
No.  1,  11  inches  length  of  seat,  1 -'^  per  cent.,  ") 
AT      2    11^     "  "'  '•      ""O        "  '-     *'°  ^'^  m.arked  on  the  pommel  orna- 

No.  i  \2       "  "  "     35       "  j         ™°"*- 


♦The  sadillc  used  will  conform  to  that  known  as  .Tenifor's  saddle. 


150  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Iron. — I  pommel-arc,  .1  inch  Ibirk,  with  three  small  holes  on  top.  fastened  to  the 
side  Itars  by  4  rivetK  No.  J  ;  1  pommil-plnte,  .1  inch  thick,  scini-circulnr,  fiiFtenod  to 
the  front  of  iho  ]>otunicl  hy  4  riveU  No.  1  ;  1  cantlc-arc,  .1  inch  thick,  with  '6  Hmull 
holed  on  lop  fanl^nud  t,o  the  side  burs  by  4  rirett  No.  1  ;  1  caiitle-plale,  .1  inch  thick, 
faaleued  to  the  rear  of  the  cautle  by  4  riictn  No.  1 ;  li  itirrup-luopt,  hinged  in  2  iron 
ttrnpn,  which  arc  fa^tencd  to  tiic  siilc  bars  by  6  riirtu  No.  1. 

The  tree  is  ]juiutcd  with  one  coat  of  while  lead.  It  is  covered  with  raw  hide,  put 
on  wet  and  sewed  with  thongs  of  the  same,  and  held  in  place  by  stitches  through  the 
wood  along  the  junction  of  the  pounx^  and  cantlc  with  the  side  bars.  The  se*uia 
are  made  on  the  udgcs  of  the  sidu  bars,  where  they  will  not  chafe  the  horse  Dor 
rider. 

y  ri'(i_f;«  held  by  staples  driven  into  the  front  ends  of  side  bars  ;  '2  /uot-ilnph»  for 
roat-siraps,  fastened  to  the  front  of  the  pommel  by  4  briin-»cre\ei  No.  6,  }  inch;  '2 
crxijiprr-riiiijK  (japanned  black),  fastened  by  staples  driven  into  the  rear  ends  of  side 
bars;  2  /oui-»lnj)lc»,  fastened  to  the  rear  of  cuntle  by  4  brant  crrir*  No.  6,  j  inch;  1 
rjvard-philf  ;  1  pommel  urnamriit,  shield-shaped  (shect-brass),  fastened  to  the  pom- 
mel, each  by  ',i  ItraMt  tcrrir-pint ;  6  yiiard-ptnlei,  faftcncd  to  the  cantlc  by  12  icreie- 
pin*  ;  2  foot-»taph-»,  fastened  on  the  back  strap  by  4  tr(i»»-«cmrt  No.  6,  j-inch;  I 
$itddlc-baij  Hind,  fastened  on   the  back  strap  to  the  cantle-arc  by  2  copper  rip«t»  No. 

iC.  ,  ■ 

2  SADDLK-SKiiiTS  (thick  humess  leather),  fastened  to  the  side  bars  by  38  bra— 
icreirs  No.  6,  j-inch  ;  2  ita^-loupt  for  the  saddle-bag  straps,  sewed  to  the  rear  edge 
of  the  skirts. 

2  STiRKcrs  (hickory  or  oaic),  made  of  one  piece  bent,  the  ends  separated  by  1 
trautum  and  fastened  by  2  iron  rirelt  No.  2  B,  4  bum  each  ;  2  leather  hood*  (thick 
harness  leather),  fastened  ih  the  stirrups  by  12  copper  rirtti  No.  ^  and  bum—du- 
tauce  of  hood  from  nar  of  stirrup,  6  inches;  2  etiri-vp-itrapt — 2  bud-let  No.  5  A;  2 
tUdiiiy-loopt — pass  through  ihc  ^(i^^up-loops  and  through  a  hole  cut  in  the  skirt;  2 
Mirrttp-leiUhert  (thick  harness  leather);  2  ttaHdiny-luop*. 

(iiUTU. — 2  girth-ttrapt  pass  over  the  pommel  and  cantlc-arcs,  to  which  they  are 
fattened  by  4  copper  rirett  No.  ^  C  and  4  burr*:  they  are  fastened  to  the  side  bars 
by  4  train  terete*  No.  6,  j-iuch :  the  ends  are  sewed  into  2  V-riuyt  No.  1  A;  2  girtk- 
hiUett,  sewed  to  the  straight  side  of  the  U-riogs;  1  girth,  4.S  inches  (blue  woolleD 
webbing);  1  chape,  1  buckie  No.  2  A,  1  itanding-loop,  and  1  *a/e  on  the  off  end,  and 
1  chape,  1  bnckle  No.  4  A,  1  D-ri'ii^  No.  1  A,  1  itand tug-loop,  and  1  lo/t  on  the  near 
aad :  1  *to tiding -lt><>p,  on  the  middle. 

6  coAT-STRAi-s,  6  buvkUii  No.  11  A,  6  tiop*:  they  pass  through  the  mortisea  in  tbe 
pommel  and  cantle  and  the  foot-stuples. 

Cakbink-thimdlij:. — 1  ttrap ;  1  l.uvkle  No.  10  A,  sewed  to  the  socket:  the  tbimUe 
is  buckled  to  the  D-ring  on  the  off  side  of  the  saddle. 

SiBCixGLE,  3.25  inches  (blue  woollen  webbing;. — 1  chape,  1  buckle  No.  4  A,  and  1 
ttandiug-loop  on  one  end,  and  1  billet  on  the  other;  1  billet-lining,  sewed  over  the 
end  of  webbing  to  the  billet ;  2  itattdiHg-loop*  near  the  buckle  end. 


SADDLE-BLANKET.  1*51 

Crupper. — 1  dock,  made  of  a  single  piece  and  stuffed  with  hair,  the  ends  sewed  to 
the  bodj'  of  the  crupper;  1  body,  split  at  one  end,  has  sewed  to  it  1  chaj^e  and  1  ring 
No.  3  A;  '2  back  afrapx :  each  has  1  biirkle  No.  10  A  and  2  sliduirj-hnpa :  they  pass 
through  the  rings  of  the  side  bars  and  the  ring  on  the  body  of  the  crupper. 

Saddle- Bags. 

The  saddle-bags  are  composed  of  2  pouches  and  1  grat,  the  ends  of  the  scat  sewed 
to  the  pouches.  Each  pouch  has  1  bark,  sj wed  to  the  gusset  and  upper  part  of  inner 
front  with  a  welt;  1  gKsset,  sewed  to  the  back  and  to  1  outer  and  1  inner  front  with  a 
welt;  1  jJttp,  sewed  to  the  top  of  the  back  and  to  the  seat  by  2  senms ;  1  flapt-billet, 
sewed  to  the  point  of  the  flap;  1  chupc  and  1  buckle  No.  11  A,  sewed  to  the  outer 
front;  1  hillet  and  1  buckle  No.  11  A,  sewed  to  the  chape.  The  scat  is  sewed  to  the 
pouch  by  the  same  seams  which  join  the  flap  to  the  back  of  the  pouch.  It  has  2 
holes  for  the  foot-staples,  and  1  hole  for  the  saddle-bag  stud ;  2  key-strnps,  sewed  to 
the  seat  near  its  ends ;  4  lacing-thongs  for  the  pouches. 

Saddle- Blanket. 

To  be  of  pure  wool,  close  woven,  of  stout  yarns  of  a  dark  gray  color,  with  a  red 
border  .3  inches  wide,  3  inches  from  the  edge.  The  letters  C.  S.,  6  inches  high,  of 
orftnge  color,  in  the  centre  of  the  blanket.  Dimensions,  75  inches  long,  67  inches 
wide.     Weight,  3.1S75  lbs.;  allowance  in  weight,  0.1S75  lb. 

Spurs  (brass).— 2  spurs;  2  rowels;  2  rivets;  2  spur-slrops,  19  inches  long;  2 
roller-buckles  No.  11  B;  2  standing-loops. 

Length  of  heel— for  No.  1,  3i  inches;  for  No.  2,  3i  inches,  1  .     . , 
Width  of  heel  "         l,3i       "  "        2,3         «       j '°«><i« 'measure. 

Length  of  shank  to  centre  of  rowel,  1  inch. 
Diameter  of  rowel,  0.85  inch. 
Weight  of  pair  of  spurs  and  straps,  .57  lb. 

Horse-brush.— 1  body  (ma]>le);  Russia  bristles;  1  cover,  glued  and  fastened  to 
the  body  by  8  screws  No.  3;  1  hand-strap  (fair  leather),  fastened  to  the  sides  of  the 
body  by  6  screws  No.  5;  2  leather  washers  under  the  heads  of  screws. 

Bimeu'iions.— Body,  9.25  inches  long,  4  inches  wide,  .5  inch  thick ;  cover,  0.1 
inch  thick  :  bristles  project  .9  inch  ;  hand-strap,  2  inches  wide.     Weight,  .57  lb. 

Currycomb  (iron,  japanned  black).— 1  body  (sheet- iron,  0.4),  the  top  and  bottom 
edges  turned  at  right  angles,  forming  2  rows  of  teeth ;  3  double  rows  of  teeth  riveted 
to  the  body  by  6  rivets;  1  c»-o«8-6rtr,. riveted  across  the  top  by  2  rivets;  1  handle- 
shank,  riveted  to  the  body 'by  3  rivets;  1  handle  (wood),  turned  and  painted, 
passes  over  the  shank,  and  is  held  by  the  riveted  end  of  the  shank;  \  ferrule,  sheet- 
iron. 

Z»iweMs/ows.— Length,  4  inches:  width,  4.75  inches;  thickness,  .75  inch;  length 
of  handle,  4  inches.     Weight,  .75  lb. 


163  ORDNAXCK    MANUAL. 

PicKKT-PiN  (iron,  pnioted  black). — The  parts  arc;  the  hodi/,  the  neck,  the  head,  the 
ttccll,  the  point,  1  Inriui-riuij  around  the  neck,  8-Fhapeti,  the  larj^cr  ojiening  for  the 
lariat, 

Dimentiun: — Length,  14  inches;  diameter  at  ewcll.  4  inches  from  point,  .75 
inch  ;  at  ni>ck,  Sy  inch  ;  at  heacl,  1  inch.  Lariat-ring,  .yinch  wire,  welded.  Interior 
diameter,  1  inch.     Weight  of  piii,  1.25  pounds. 

Lahiat. — Best  hemp  li-inch  rope,  30  feet  long,  of  4  strands,  an  eye  splicod  in 
one  end,  the  other  end  whipped  with  small  twine.     Weight,  2.3n  lbs. 

Link. — 1  nlmp,  embracing  in  the  fold  at  one  end  1  spring-hook,  and  at  the  other 
1  buckle  No.  10  A  and  1  billet.     Weight,  .2  lb.  • 

Nose-bag,  same  as  that  described  page  143. 

Inspection  of  Harness  and  Horse  Equipments. 

The  inspection  is  made  before  the  parts  arc  assembled.  For  the  conrenicnce  of 
the  inspector,  the  diflTorenl  parts  are  arranged  in  8e]>arate  piles. 

Materials. — The  quality  of  the  materials  is  first  examined. 

The  leather  should  he  firm,  elaitic  and  plinhlr,  and  should  be  smcoth  and  shaved 
to  a  firm  surface  on  the  flesh  side.  If  it  feel  hard  and  horny  to  the  hand,  or,  being 
bent,  it  cracks  in  the  grain,  or,  when  cut,  it  exhibits  a  hard  an<l  i-hining  texture,  it 
is  an  indication  that  the  leather  ha«  not  been  tanned  sufficiently,  and  it  should  ^le 
rejected.  Leather  which  bos  been  tanned  with  hemlock  should  not  be  received. 
The  traces,  the  breast-straj)  and  pole-strap,  and  straps  generally,  should  be  made  of 
tho  strongest  leather,  and  the  saddle-skirls  of  the  thi<'kest  leather. 

The  nialltahlf  iron  parts  should  be  tested  by  taking  some  jiieees  and  bending  them 
back  and. forth  to  see  that  they  have  the  requisite  toughness. 

WoiiKMANsnii'. — Tho  saddle-trees  should  be  inspected  before  they  are  covered, 
that  it  may  be  seen  that  the  proper  kind  and  quality  of  wood  has  been  used,  that 
the  framing  of  the  parts  is  well  done  and  secured,  that  the  surface  ie  smooth,  the 
angels  rounUcd,  and  that  the  irons  arc  properly  fastened. 

No  old  or  brash  wood  should  be  used. 

Examine  tho  edges  of  the  different  parU  of  leather,  that  they  are  well  blacked 
and  rubbed  smooth  ;  that  the  seams  are  at  the  proper  distances  from  the  edges, 
according  to  the  width  of  the  parts:  that  the  splices  and  laps  are. of  the  proper 
length:  that  the  stitching  is  neatly  done  with  a  uniform  length  of  stitch  :  that  the 
thread  is  well  waied,  and  the  ends,  whenever  they  occur,  secured  with  a  double 
knot. 

Examine  the  collars,  that  they  are  stuffed  compactly.  Especial  care  is  to  be 
taken  to  see  that  no  lumps  or  irregularities  occur  on  tne  belly,  or  part  which  comes 
against  the  shoulders  of  the  horse. 

See  that  the  billets  pass  freely  through  the  loops,  that  the  holes  are  punched  at 
the  proper  distance  from  each  other  in  the  central  line  of  the  billet,  and  that  they 
just  admit  the  tongue  of  the  buckle  with  ease  and  no  more. 


IIORSESUOES    AND    NAILS.  153 

Observe  the  rollers  of  such  buckles  as  have  them,  that  they  work  freely,  and  are 
sufficiently  stiff  not  to  be  flattened. 

See  that  the  seams  of  the  raw  hide  covering  the  tree  are  well  made  and  will  not 
chafe  the  horse  or  rider;  that  the  skirts  arc  thinned  down  where  they  are  fastened 
to  the  trees,  the  screw-heads  are  well  sunk,  and  there  is  as  little  unevenness  at  this 
place  as  possible  :  that  the  stirrups  are  well  riveted  at  top,  and  the  wood  is  not  split 
by  the  rivet. 

Examine  the  bits,  that  tbey  are  ma<le  of  the  proper  materials:  that  the  mouth- 
pieces are  forged  solid  ;  that  they  and  the  cross-bars  are  firmly  fitted  to  the  chcek- 
j)ieces;  that  the  curb-rings  work  freely  and  are  properlj'  shouldered  to  keep  them 
in  place;  that  the  watering-bits  are  free  from  cracks  or  ilaws  at  the  joint  of  the 
mouth-piece. 

Sec  that  the  blueing  is,  in  all  cases,  of  a  uniform  dark  blue  color,  free  from  any 
yeHow  tinge. 

The  general  characteristics  of  all  the  work  should  be  neatness  and  strength. 

All  the  parts  are  fiuallj'  measured  and  verified,  to  see  that  they  conform  in  shape 
and  dimensions  to  the  established  patterns. 

Preservation  of  Harness  in  Store. 

The  storehouses  should  be  well  ventilated,  not  too  dry,  but  free  from  dampness. 
The  different  articles  should  be  arranged  according  to  kind  and  class,  separated  or 
in  bundles  according  to  their  nature,  so  placed  as  to  touch  each  other  and  the  walls 
as  little  as  possible,  having  a  free  circulation  of  air  about  them  : — saddles  on  trestles 
or  bars — collars  hung  on  pins — hames  witb'their  straps,  and  traces  with  chains  and 
hooks,  hung  up;  the  traces  hanging  vertically — side  pipes  and  lielly-hands  piled  on 
the  floor  or  on  shelves — surcingles  and  brenst-strapa  stretched  on  racks — halters, 
bridleSf  reins,  etc.,  hung  up  in  bundles  of  five  or  ten — hames-sfraps,  collar-strains,  etc., 
hung  up  in  bundles  of  ten  or  twenty — bits,  curb-chains,  trace-hooks,  in  boxes. 

All  these  articles  should  be  examined  and  cleaned  at  least  fpur  times  a  year. 

The  leather  articles  are  brushed  and  greased  with  neat's-foot  oil,  as  often  as  their 
condition  requires :  if  they  have  a  reddish  hue,  mix  a  little  lampblack  with  the  oil. 
First  brush  the  leather  carefully,  then  pass  over  it  a  sponge  wet  with  lukewarm 
water;  grease  it  slightly  on  the  hair-side,  applying  the  oil  with  a  soft  brush  before 
the  leather  is  quite  dry.  In  general,  new  leather  is  not  greased  until  it  has  been 
in  store  three  years,  unless  it  should  be  found  to  require  it.  Iron  parts  which  are 
not  japanned  or  tinned,  or  from  which  the  coating  is  rubbed  off,  are  greased  with 
tallow. 

Horseshoes  and  Nails. 

The  principal  parts  of  the  shoes  are  the  two  fuces  ;  the  two  edges,  the  inner  and 
outer;  the  toe,  the  front  part;  the  quarters  uniting  the  too  with  the  heels — the  ful- 
lering, the  crease  in  which  the  nail-holes  are  made:  there  are  generally  eight  holes; 
the  calls,  projections  at  the  extremities  of  the  heels  on  the  lower  face:  they  serve 


154  OUDNANCK    MANUAL. 

principally  to  prevent  the  horse  from  slipping:  they  ghonid  be  used  with  osntion  ; 
the  rlip,  A  kind  of  olaw  on  the  outer  C(l>;o  of  the  shoe,  gt-ncrnlly  on  the  toe  of  the 
hind  fool,  HometinieK  on  the  outer  quarter,  in  which  case  a  pmiill  one  is  made  on  the 
inner  one:  they  are  used  to  keep  the  shoo  in  place  and  to  guard  the  hoof;  thr  bevrl, 
the  concavity  of  the  upi)er  face,  that  the  iron  may  in  no  case  rest  on  the  arch  of  the 
sole  of  the  foot. 

The  hind  shoes  are  generally  a  liitle  thicker  and  broader  at  the  toe  than  the  front 
shoes.  The  front  shoes  are  punchcil  nearer  the  toe,  the  hind  shoes  nearer,  the 
heels. 

The  principal  parts  of  the  nail  arc  the  hcod,  the  body,  and  the  poini.  The  heaik 
onght  to  fit  into  the  fullering:  the  blade  near  the  head  should  not  be  too  thin:  it 
hu  a  slight  curve  near  the  point,  that  it  may  turn  out  instead  of  going  into  the 
foot     Reject  those  nails  that  are  split  or  have  flaws. 

Soft  iron  is  best  adapted  for  horseshoes. 

Horseshoes  made  by  machinery  are  gonerally  furnished  to  the  artillery.  There 
ure  four  niies,  viz  : 

Dimcntioii'  ■••••I    Wi  iijhti  uf  Uor»c»hort. 

In.  In.  Lbs. 

fNo.   1.  lAiigth,  i.75  Width,  4.5  Weight,  0.S76 

,,       ,     ,  2.  "       6  0  "      4.75  •'       1.0 

Iront  sLoc j  3  ..       j  35  "      5.75  "       1.1«75 

[  A.  "  6.6  "  5.1  "  1.4:175 

I  1.  "  5.25  "  4.0  "  0.875 

,,.    ,      ,  2.  "  5.5  "  4.2  "  1.0 

"'"^    *''"^" I  3.  "  6.5  "  4.25  "  1.1  K75 

(  4.  "  6.1  "  5.75  "  1.4376 

_  .  .,  (2.         112  naiU •       1.0 

Horseshoe   nails <  „  ..„     „  ."10 

General  Directions  for  Shoeing  Horses. 

The  shoe  should  be  forged  to  fit  the  form  of  the  foot:  it  should  project  on  the 
outside  at  the  end  of  the  heel  about  its  thickness,  beginning  at  the  lart  bole;  should 
be  flush  with  the  hoof  at  the  toe  and  on  the  inside;  the  heels  generally  short  and 
thin.  The  holes  in  the  outer  quarter  should  be  farther  from  the  edge,  and  in  the 
inner  quarter  nearer  the  edge;  in  the  front  shoe  nearer  the  toe,  and  in  the  hind 
shoe  nearer  the  heel.  Make  the  lower  face  of  the  shoe  perfectly  flat,  and  try  it  on 
an  iron  table.  The  shoe  should  bear  equally  all  around  on  the  wall  of  the  foot,  and 
not  at  all  on  the  sole. 

A  judicious  preparation  of  the  foot  for  the  shoe  is  01  the  greatest  importance, 
strict  attention  being  paid  to  its  peculiarities. 

Cut  away  the  wall  no  mure  than  is  necessary  to  make  the  eh<je  fit;  pare  the  sol* 
and  the  frog  ^ery  sparingly;  in  using  the  buttress,  place  it  flat  on  the  fuot,  and  cut 
oflT  the  hoof  evenly.     The  whole  thickness  of  the  wall  should  be  left  perfectly  flat 


SHOEING    HORSES.  155 

or  the  bearing  of  the  shoe,  which  should  never  rest  on  the  sole.  The  bars  should 
nevQr  be  pared  except  in  cases  of  contracted  feet,  and  then  with  judgment. 

Do  not  apply  the  shoe  to  the  foot  when  too  warm;  keep  it  there  but  for  a  short 
time.  Drive  the  nails  in  the  sound  hoof  and  rivet  them  solidly,  all  at  the  same 
height. 

In  rasping  the  rivets,  do  not  touch  the  wall  of  the  foot :  it  weakens  the  foot. 
When  a  nail  binds,  draw  it  out  and  take  another.  If  the  horse  suddenly  jerks  his 
foot  after  a  blow  of  the  hammer,  withdraw  the  nail  immediately. 

Shoes  .should  not  be  allowed  to  remain  on  more  than  five  weeks,  when  they  should 
be  removed,  the  useless  hoof  pared  off  and  the  shoe  replaced  if  it  be  still  good. 
This  should  be  regulated  by  the  length  of  the  hoof  rather  than  by  the  wear  of  the 
shoe.  In  removing  shoes,  take  caro  to  raise  the  clenches  first,  that  the  crust  may 
not  be  torn  or  portions  of  the  nail  left  in  the  hoof.  It  is  better  to  remove  the  shoes 
one  at  a  time  as  the  new  shoe  is  ready  to  be  put  on. 

Rough  shoeing  differs  from  ordinary  shoeing  only  in  the  form  of  the  nails,  the 
heads  being  longer  and  more  pointed. 

The  shoe  used  in  all  other  services  is  to  be  preferred  to  that  in  use  in  ours.  It 
has  no  fullering,  but  each  hole  is  countersunk  to  receive  the  head  of  the  nail,  which 
is  less  apt  to  be  broken  off,  as  it  is  well  supported  on  all  sides :  the  shoe  is  not 
weakened  by  fullering. 


1  r.fi 


ORDNANCE    MA  N  HAL. 


Harness  required  for  each  Morse. 


i 

1 

WUEKUSa. 

1 

New 

Sido. 

Off 
Bide. 

NMir 
Side. 


Pair  of  traoos. 


lliilt«r 

ItridK- 

('"iiplinp-strap 

I*rivcr"c   Huchlle 

Viitiffp-taddic 

VHlidc 

("'illiir  iinil  collarntrai) 

Humes  and  8lra[>  iiml  2  (urninf^-straps. . 

(  Whoi-l 

(  Lcitilin^ 

Trace-loops  and  bcllv-l'aiiil 

,    .       .  1  .  I  <  Wheel   .. 

Loin-strapi'  and  trace  loctpi".  •  ,       ,.    _ 
'  '        (  Leading.. 

Crupper 

nrocohinj;  iind  hip-ftrnp 

I<rcai<l-Rtra)> 

l.ejf -jjuard 

Whip 

N  iiKi'-liap 

r<ile-8trHp  (on  the  carriapc-pole) 

I'olc-pad  "  "  


Weight 


■{ 


For  each  horse 
Set  for  2  horsei. 


Lbi. 

59.82 


Lbs. 

.'.4.0 


113.82 


Off 
Bide. 


L 

60    47, 

»9..17 


(Wtiikt. 


Lbt. 

8.0 

S.0 

0.» 

16.2ft 

T.rs 

4.S 

4.25 

9.75 
lL7ft 
1. 

0.7ft 
0.87ft 
0.7S 
3.6 
4.76 
2.00 
O.Sft 
1.12 
2. 
1.0 


HARNESS. 

Buckles,  Loops,  Rings,  and  Staples. 


157 


DE8IGSATI0S. 


INTERIOR 
DIMENSIONS. 


THE  FRAME. 


Widtli.     Length.!  Width. 


Thick-  \-    .2i 


Buckles.. 


No. 

1  B 

No. 

2  A 

No. 

a 

No. 

4 

No. 

4A 

No. 

4U 

No. 

6A 

No. 

6 

No. 

7  A 

No. 

8 

No. 

8B 

No. 

9 

X(i. 

10 

N... 

10  A 

No. 

10  B 

No. 

11  A 

No. 

HB 

Loops. 


D-riugs 


No.  IB 

No.  2  A 

No.  3 

No.  4 

No.  4  B 

No.  5 

No.  6  B 

No.  7  B 


(No.    lA 
••\No.    2B 


fNo.  1 

No.  1  A 

I  No.  2 

Rings ■;  No.  3 

I  No.  3  A 

No.  4 

No.  5 


Staples....  J 


No.    1 


No.    2  A 
No.    3    • 


Halter-bolt 

Saddle-bag  stud 
Link-hook 


Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

2.5 

1.3 

.4 

2.0 

1.1 

.25 

Round. 

"".'25" 

1.75 

2.5 

.4 

Round. 

1.5 

0.9 

.2 

Round. 

1.5 

1.0 

.25 

Round. 

.25 

1.5 

1.6 

.3 

.18 

.24 

1.375 

2.0 

.325 

.175 

.25 

1.25 

.8 

.2 

Round. 

1.125 

2.0 

.3 

.175 

.25 

1.0 

.8 

.16 

Round. 

1.0 

1.2 

.25 

.125 

.2 

.88 

.7 

.10 

Round. 

.75 

.6 

.15 

Round. 

.75 

1.35 

.225 

.125 

.2 

.75 

.9 

.2 

.r. 

.14 

.625 

1.15 

.2 

.125 

.175 

.625 

(  1.9    1 

1  1.6    f 

1.6 

.185 

1.4 

Round. 

1.2 

.3 

.25 

1.5 

1.25 

.25 

Round. 

1.4 

0.9 

.175 

Round. 

1.4 

1.1 

.185 

Round. 

1.25 

.8 

.2 

Round. 

1.126 

.5 

.185 

Round. 

1.0 
1.85 

.45 

1.85 

.2 
.325 

Round. 
.25 

1.125 

.8 

.185 

Round. 

1.7 

Round. 

2 

Round. 

1.7 

Round. 

!25 

Round. 

1.3 
1.25 

Round. 
Round. 

.15 
.13 

Round. 
Round. 

1.25 

Round. 

.2 

Ronud. 

1.1 

Round. 

.18 

1.0 

Round. 

.21 

1.25 

2.3 

.2 

Round. 

Diam'r 
of  Foot. 

.9 

.3 

.2 

.4 

.88 

.6 

.1 

Diam'r 
of  Head. 

1.2 

.25 

Round. 

.4 
Diam'r 

Foot. 

of  Knob. 

0.4 

1. 

.225 

Round. 

.4 

Eye. 

1.1 

.2 

.4 

1.75 

For  the  oarbino-sling. 
With  roller. 

Those  marked  A  are  made  of 
malleable  iron;  B,  made 
of  brass. 

Size  of  round  for  strap,  .3  .\  .2 
inch. 


With  roller. 


Cast  with  a  shank. 


Plated  with  brass. 


Foot-staples,  held  by  screws. 


Made  of  iron  wire    doubled. 


158 


("UKNANCE    MAM  AL. 


/tintrnsions  of  the  Principal  Leather  Parts  of  ArtHlrrif  Unrnrsa. 
irifh  the  \umher  and  Size  of  Burkles. 


'  rrown-pi<«<»«« I 


II  M  r  I  II 


i(  ^irii|> 


Thr<>at-liu<b. 


ItHini.R. 


rr<>wn-i>irro 

Tlirout  larli 

]tri>«r.l<iiii<l 

(  heck  -Ftrap* 

Uilli-t*  f<ir  rb(«k-»trap»< 

I  ^ll<>rt 

Hillcl*  for  rcinii 

Cou|ilinf:-i>lr«pt 

Billelj  for  do    l'""K' 


io.   j  '""«• 
{  fbfirl 


Dritkk'i 
Saddlk. 


Skiru 

Billrt  for  rollar-ttrap 

Ptirrup-lcBtlicri 

{  Tr»cfl.M.|.  I.il|pi» 

I  ifirtb-bilUl   


Girth.   .'  f*^"^'  P*''- 
I  (  long  pari  . 


Valisk- 

8  A  ••LB. 


f  SkiiU 

Oirth 

<;•-'  '  "  • 

■I 

h 

Cruppcr-Mrap 
ValiM-rtrapt . 


■trap 


fBodv , 

Ends 

Inner  flap 

Vauss.    •{  Strmp  fur  flap , 

I  Cover 
Buckle-ftrapt 
BiU*U  for  buckle-atrapt , 


Cat. 


riii- 


n*. 


WlMk. 


In. 

I.S& 

1.2.'. 
1 . 1'.'. 
1.2i 
1.2& 
1.16 
1. 

i.n 

.T6 

1. 
1. 
1. 
1. 
1. 
1. 
1. 
1. 
1. 

14. 
1.S5 
l.h 
l.tb 
1.& 

i.9 

S.8 

i: 
1. 

1. 

1.2S 
l.li 
I.U 
1. 

18. 
«.U 
4. 

.88 
10. 

.86 
.88 


In. 

30. 
12. i 
21. 
IX. & 
12. 
13. & 
44. 

26. 

23. 

23. 

12. & 

10. 

68. 

46. 

11. 


26.  1 

M. 

10. 

10. 

24. 

24. 

14. 

12. 

66. 

&6. 

18. 

18. 

22.  ) 
20. 

38. 

38. 

88. 

21. 

30. 

20. 

16. 

14. 

10.5 

48. 

26. 

r.i& 

16. 
18. 
20.3 

4. 

7.5 


la. 

.to. 

8. 

16. 

14. 
6.26 
6.36 

42. 

26. 
IV. 6 
16. 
8.6 
10. 
64. 
44. 
11. 


16. 
12. 
4.6 
46. 


18. 


la. 


1.26 


1.  • 


.74 

I. 

1. 
I. 

1. 


1.6 


1.6 


1       1.26 


u 


HARNESS. 


169 


Dimensions  of  Leather  Parts  of  Artillery  Harness. — Continued. 


i 


Cut. 


No.     Width. 


Leg-Giahd. 


Body 

Foot-strap . 
Leg-straps. 


f  Collar-billets  . .  • 

r,  I  Tracc-luffs 

Collar  and      ~        .     *  . 
Hames.  Truss.ng-.straps 

ilarness-strayp. . 
;^  Collar-strap  ... 


Traces 

AND 

Straps. 


f  Wheel-traces.  .  . 
Leading-traces. 
Trace-loops. . . . 

Bellj'-band 


Loin-straps 


f  wheel.    . 
leading. 


I 


'  I  layer 


loops 


Crupper. 


f  Dock 

]  Body  

I  Layer  for  body. 
[  Back-strap  . . . . 


Breeching.    - 


Breech-?trap 

Layer  for  breech-strap. 

Tugs    

Safes 

I  Hip-strap 

[  Breast-strap 


In. 

In. 

In. 

1 

17. 

20.5 

1 

.88 

14. 

14. 

4 

.75 

26. 

24. 

4 

2 

•1. 

11. 

11. 

2 

2 

1.75 

17. 

7. 

2 

1. 

34. 

32. 

2 

1 

1.25 

21. 

18. 

1 

1 

1.25 

15. 

9. 

1 

2 

J. 75 

^0. 

50. 

2 

1.75 

96. 

96. 

2 

1.25 

21. 

9. 

2 

fl 

1.25 

31. 

25. 

1 

M 

1.25 

16. 

13. 

1.25 

4«. 

48. 

1.25 

60. 

60. 

1.25 

6. 

6. 

1.25 

23. 

10. 

2 

3.5 

14. 

14. 

2 

1.75 

20. 

20. 

1 

1.25 

10. 

10. 

1.25 

31. 

31. 

2.5 

48. 

42. 

2 

1.75 

50. 

42. 

1.25 

13. 

6. 

4 

2.25 

6. 

6. 

2.5 

48. 

48. 

1.75 

In. 

0.75 

1. 

1. 

1.25 

1.25 


1.25 
1.25 


1.25 

.88 
1.25 


1.75 
1.25 


Leather,  etc.,  required  for  1  set  of  Wheel  and  1  set  of  Leading 
Harness,  for  2  Horses  each. 


Harness  leather 7  sides. 

Bridle  "       4     " 

Collar  "       2     " 

Goat  (morocco)  skins 1 

Sheep-skins,  russet 2 

"  black 1 

Hemp  webbing 3  yds. 

Cotton  ticking 3     " 

"      drilling 2     " 


Tow  linen 1  ydl 

Cotton  batting 2  lbs. 

Deers'  hair i    " 

Rye  straw 24    " 

Tacks,  assorted 4  M. 

Finishing  nails h  gross. 

Shoe  thread 2  lbs. 

One   side    of  collar   leather 

makes 14  whips. 


IGO 


OKDNANCE    MANUAL. 


n 

SB 


n 


1^ 


■}ac  oao 
JO  Jaqinil)( 


lli^ 


•<•< 

O" 


16 


ji 

i. 


1 13  I  * 

Ik! 


K 


Ok   -4   C2^<^e'vf'*'e'Ae4ieW«^eJ<rf« 


*      ?t    ic  •«  4  ti 


3S 


S:  ^,5£ 


»     if-=-^  = 


*  !  ! 


2  :i^ 


I-  —  2    t    t  - 


C  sisCC^-  C  C^    <K-  y  Pss-aSx -xxxl    w  5 


DIMENSIONS    OF    PARTS    OF    CAVALRY    EQUIPMENTS. 


161 


e  E. 


•J9S  3UO 

.loj  sj.iiid 
JO  .laqiunj^ 


5 


•^     00  c«  to  ■^'  irj  O  C^  i-^  O  W  CO  W  "C  t-^  -jJ  irj  CO  CC  CC  M  -t  X  O  CJ  C^  I-  ci  I*  »o  O  r4  to  c^ 
-;  ^  ,-1  rt         CO         i-<  in  CO         i-H  d  —ir-lrl 


<C^(M(N<NC^lMe'>C^C^(N« 


^  3    IB    »    «   *j  ^ 


11 


162  ORDNANCE   MANUAL.  !>r»n\v 


C  5  A  p  T  E  R    Seventh 


PAINTS,     L  A  C  Iv  i:  R  S ,     ETC 


COMPOSITION  AND  PREPARATION. 

The  proportions  arc  given  for  100  parts  by  weijrht  of  prepared  colors,  etc.,  when 
not  otherwise  designated. 

A  gallon  of  linseed  oil  weighs 7.6 

"  spirits   of   turpentine 7.25 

"  Japan   varnish 7. 

"  sperm  oil 7.12 

"  ncat's-foot  oil , . . . .  7.43 

Boiled  Oil. 

Raw  linseed  oil 103. 

Copperas '• 3.15 

Litharge 8.3 

Pat  the  copperas  and  litharge  in  a  cloth  bag  and  suspend  it  in  the  middle  of  the 
kettle.     Boil  the  oil  4^  hours,  with  a  slow,  even  fire,  so  that  it  may  nut  be  burned; 
then  let  it  stand  and  deposit  the  sediment. 
• 

Dryings. 

Mixture  of  copperas  and*litharge  taken  from  the  boiled  oil 60 

Spirita   of  turpentine 56 

Boiled  oil 2 

The  mixture  taken  from  the  boiled  oil  to  be  ground,  and  mixed  with  the  turpea- 
tine  and  oil. 

Putly. 

{For  fiUintj  craclcM  in  toood.) 

Spanish  whiting,  pnlrerited Sl.tf 

Boiled  oil 20.4 

Made  into  a  stiff  paste.     If  not  intended  for  immediate  use,  raw  oil  should  be  ( 

aa  the  puttj  made  with  boiled  oil  hardeos  quick  Ij. 


OLIVE    PASTE.  163 

Aiiofher  kind  of  piitli/  for  the  same  piir;ii.s\'  is  made  by  mixing  fine  sifteil  oak  saw- 
dust with  linseed  oil  which  has  been  boilod  until  it  assumes  a  glutinous  consistency. 

White  Paint. 

For  inside  work.  For  outside  work. 

White  lead,  ground  in  oil 80    80 

Boiled  oil 14.5 9 

Haw  oil 9 

Spirits  of  turpentine 8    4 

Grind  the  white  lead  in  the  oil,  and  add  the  spirits  of  turpentine. 

New  wood  work  requires  about  1  lb.  to  the  square  yard  for  three  coats. 

Lead  Color. 

White  lead,  ground  in  oil '...75. 

Lampblack 1. 

Boiled  linseed  oil 2?>. 

Litharge 0.5 

Japan  varnish 0.5 

Spirits  of  turpentine 2.5 

The  lampblack  and  the  litharge  arc  ground  separatclj'  upon  the  stone,  in  oil,  then 
stirred  into  the  white  lead  and  the  oil;  the  turpentine  and  varnish  are  added  as  the 
paint  is  required  for  use,  or  when  it  is  packed  in  kegs  for  transportation. 

•      •  Black  Paint. 

Lampblack ., 28 

Litharge 1 

Japan  varnish 1 

Linseed  oil,  boiled 73 

Spirits  of  turpentine 1 

Grind  the  lampblack  in  oil;  mix  it  with  the  oil,  then  grind  the  litharge  in  oil  and 

add  it,  stirring  it  well  with  the  mixture.    The  varnish  and  turpentine  are  added  last. 

The  paint  is  used  for  the  iron  work  of  carriages. 

Olive  Paste. 

Yellow  ochre,  pulverized 68. 

Lampblack 1.1 

Boiled   oil 37. 

Spirits  of  turpentine 0.4 

Make  a  thick  paste  with  the  ochre  and  oil,  in  a  paint  pot,  and  with  the  lampblack 
and  oil  in  another;  grind  them  together  in  small  portions,  and  keep  the  mixture  in 
a  tin  vessel. 


164  ORDNANCE    MANUAT-. 

Liquiff  Olive  Color. 

OHre  pa!<f« 61.5 

H..il.d    ..il 29.5 

RpirilK    of    turponlinc 5.5 

DryinK* ^-^ 

Japan   varnish 2. 

Slirrod  together  in  a  paint  pot. 

Liquid  Olive  Color. 

Yellow  ochre  (French) <". 

Boiled  oil  (raw,  45) 40. 

LithHrRo 5 

Lampblack J 

Spirit!"   of   turjiontinc    5 

Jnpiin    viirninh 1 

liroirn   Paint   for  Iron  Carritigis. 

Iron  paint. 

Ppirit.s  of  turjicntino. 

Jirainard's  Paint. 

Diitgolrc  10  lbi>.  of  rhrllac  in  10  f^a.  of  boilinj;  water,  addinf;  SO  oi.  of  tal  vrmtiu. 
Mix  thix  solution  with  an  e<|ual  quanlitj  of  paint  prepared  in  the  utnal  maonvr. 
This  paint  is  ecuuuuiical  and  durable. 

Paint  for  WindoiQ^Glass. 

Add  .25  01.  of  beot  ehromt  grren  to  1  lb.  tngnr  «/  Uad,  ground  fine,  in  sufficient 
linseed  oil  to  moisten  it :  mix  \o  the  coofiitency  of  common  paint,  and  apply  it  with 
a  soft  brush.  No  drying  material  is  required.  The  glass  should  be  well  cleaned 
before  the  paint  is  applied. 

The  above  quantity  is  sufficient  for  about  200  feet  of  glass. 

Whiting  and  Pru.^sian  blue  may  be  used  for  the  same  purpose. 

Gray  or  Stone  Color  for  Buildings. 

Ist  coat.  2d  coat 

White  lead,  in  oil 7S 1 00. 

Boiled  oU 9.5 20. 

Raw  oil 9.5 2«. 

Spirits   of  turpentine 3. 

Turkey  umber 0.5 

Lampblack 0.25 0.25 

Yellow  ochre 3. 

Mixed  like  the  lead  color. 


LACKER  FOR  IRON  ORDNANCE.  165 

A  aquaro  yard  of  new  brick  work  requires,  for  two  coats,  1.1  lb. ;  for  three  coats, 
]..^lb. 

Cream  Color  for  Buildings. 

Ist  coat.  2d  coat. 

White  lead,  in  oil 66.66 70. 

French  yellow 3. ."•.''> 3. .33 

Japan  varnish 1.33 1.33 

Raw  oil 2S 24.5 

Spirits  of  turpentine 2.25 2.25 

A  square  yard  of  new  brick  work  requires,  for  first  coat,  0.75  ;  for  ,«econd  coat, 
0.3  lb. 

Yellow-  Wash  for  Buildings. 

Dissolve  1  lb.  of  pulverized  copperas  in  8  gals,  of  water ;  let  it  stand  twenty-four 
hours,  stirring  it  two  or  three  times  from  the  bottom;  use  this  for  .slaking  the  lime, 
and  thinning  it  to  the  consistency  of  ordinary  whitewash;  add  h3'draulic  cement 
equal  in  quantity  to  the  lime  used,  and  of  clean  sand  i  gal.  to  15  gals,  of  wash.  Stir 
it  frequently,  to  prevent  the  sand  from  settling. 

The  walls  should  be  first  well  cleaned  of  dust  and  thoroughly  wet  from  the  rose 
of  a  watering  pot,  and  the  w.ish  applied  immediately  after,  beginning  at  the  top, 
laying  on  the  coat  horizontall}'  and  finishing  it  vertically. 

Before  leaving  the  work,  at  any  time,  finish  the  course  to  a  joint  in  the  wall,  to 
prevent  making  a  mark  in  the  color  where  the  two  courses  join. 

This  wash  has  been  known  to  last  for  fifteen  years  without  requiring  renewal. 

For  a,  gray  or  stone  color,  add  lampblack  previously  deadened  with  whiskey. 

Lacker  for  Iron  Ordnance. 

1. — Black  lead,  pulverized 12 

Red  lead 12 

Litharge 5 

Lampblack 5 

Linseed  oil 66 

Boil  it  gentlj'  about  twenty  minutes,  during  which  time  it  must  be  constantly 
stirred. 

2. — Umber,  ground 3.75 

Gum  shellac,  pulverized 3.75 

Ivory-black 3.75 

Litharge 3.75 

Linseed  oil 78. 

Spirits  of  turpentine 7.25 

The  oil  must  be  first  boiled  half  an  hour.  The  mixture  is  then  boiled  24  hours, 
poured  oflF  from  the  sediment,  and  put  in  jugs,  corked. 


166  OUDNANCE    MANUAL. 

3. — Toal  t«r  (of  good  quality) 2  fiJ«. 

SpirilH  lurpt'iiiinc 1  pint. 

Tho  liirpcntiiic  to  he  added  iu  small  ijuantitics  during  tbc  apfdication  of  the 
lacker. 

Ill  npplyinj;  lacker,  the  Riirfacc  of  the  iron  nni»t  he  first  elenncd  with  a  aerapor 
and  a  wire  l)rui<li,  if  iieppuxary,  and  the  lacker  a]i)>lied  hid,  in  two  thin  coat),  wkb  a 
puint  briisb.  It  in  bci<t  done  in  utimincr,  when  the  metal  in  heated  by  the  inn'p 
rays,  with  gloves  made  of  vheep-skin,  the  wool  turned  outward,  cut  .4  inch  long, 
tho  thumb  alone  being  free. 

Old  lacker  should  be  removed  with  a  scraper,  or  by  scouring,  and  not  by  heating 
tho  guns  or  balls,  by  which  the  metal  is  injured. 

About  5  gallons  of  lacker  are  reipiircd  for  100  field  guns  and  1,000  shot;  about 
1  quart  for  a  sea-coast  gun. 

Lacker  for  Iron   Ordnance  (iiHod  in  tlio   Hritinh  service). 

Anti-corrosiun 40  lbs. 

Grant's  black,  ground  in  oil 4     " 

Ucd  lead,  a»  a  dryer    3     '• 

Lini<ccd  oil    4  gals. 

Spirits  uf  tur]>cDtino 1  pint. 

This  mixture,  when  well  stirred  and  incorporultd.  will  be  fit  for  use;  but  as  br 

long  keeping  in  this  stale  it  becomes  hard,  no  more  should  b«  mixed  than  uay  b« 

required  for  immediulo  use. 

A  Hti-corroiitin. — Slag  from  iron  foundries,  pounded    12 

('  lialk 12 

Soot,  eommoo    • 1 

Lacker  for  Small  Anns,  or  for   Water-proof  Paper. 

Beeswax      13  lbs. 

Spirits  turpentine  13  galls. 

Boiled  linseed  oil 1   gall. 

.\ll  the  ingredients  thould  be  pore  and  of  the  best  quality.  Heat  them  together 
iu  a  cupper  or  eurlheu  vessel,  over  a  gentle  fire,  in  a  water-bath,  until  they  arc  well 
mixed. 

Lacker  for  bright  Iron   Work. 

Linseed  oil,  boiled M.5 

Litharge  5.5 

While  lead,  ground  in  oil 11.25 

Rosin,  pulverised  2.75 

.\dd  tho  lithar;;c  t<>  the  oil:   let  it  simaaer  over  a  slow  fire  3  hoars  :   strain  it,  aa^ 


VARNISH    FOR    HOLSTERS,  SCABBARDS,  ETC.  167 

add  the  rosin  and  white  lead;  keep  it  gently  warmed,  and  stir  it  until  the  rosin  is 
dissolved.     Apply  it  with  a  paint  brush. 

Planto7i's  Composition  for  Wood  or  Iron. 

Rosin,  pulverized • 48 

Shellac,         "        2 

Charcoal  or  cannel  coal,  pulverized 16 

Spirits  turpentine 1 

The  shellac  may  be  replaced  by  double  the  quantity  of  beeswax.  The  rosin  and 
shellac  are  melted  in  an  iron  vessel  over  the  fire;  the  charcoal  is  then  added  and 
stirred  briskly  until  the  whole  is  well  inttrmixed,  after  which  the  turpentine  is 
added  and  stirred  until  it  is  well  incorporated  with  the  other  ingredients. 

Black  Stain  for  Wood. 

Copperas ]  lb. 

Nutgalls 1  " 

Sal  ammoniac 0.25  lb. 

Vinegar 1  gall. 

Stir  it  occasionally,  and  it  will  bo  ready  for  use  in  a  few  hours. 
Clean  and  make  smooth  the  surface,  filling  the  cracks  with  black  putty,  which 
should  be  allowed  to  harden.     Apply  the  stain  two  or  three  times,  and  leave  it  a 
day  or  two  to  dry;  then  rub  it  with  boiled  oil  until  it  is  polished. 
The  stain  will  be  of  a  bluish  color  till  the  oil  is  applied. 
This  forms  a  cheap  and  durable  preservative  for  wood. 

Varnish  for  Holsters,  Scabbards,  etc.  (or  Patent  Leather). 

{For  first  and  second  coats.) 

Prussian  blue,  in  lumps 4. 

Sugar  of  lead 0.7 

Aqua  fortis    0.7 

Linseed  oif,  boiled  70. 

Spirits  turpentine    24.6 

The  ingredients,  except  the  turpentine,  are  boiled  together  in  an  iron  kettle  eight' 
hours,  when  the  mixture  will  assume  a  brilliant  black  color.  When  the  varnish  is 
nearly  cool,  stir  in  the  turpentine.  The  kettle  in  which  the  varnish  is  made  should 
be  of  a  capacity  to  hold  double  the  quantity  of  varnish  to  be  boiled. 

{For  the  third  or  fnlshing  coat — CoPAL  Varnish.) 

Gum  copal  (in  clean  lumps)   26.5 

Boiled  linseed  oil 42.5 

Spirits  turpentine 31. 

This  varnish  is  made  in  a  cop2)cr  vessel,  smallest  at  top,  in  the  form  of  a  still. 


yn  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Put  the  copal  in  Iho  vessel,  set  it  on  a  rbarcoal  fire  for  one  hour,  in  which  time  it 
will  melt,  and  all  the  watery  particles  will  evaporate.  Add  the  oil  while  the  eupal 
ii  warm,  hut  not  boiling  hot.  When  nearly  cool,  add  the  turpcntiuc,  which  will 
giro  it  a  proper  cuoiiiKleDry  for  Uf>e. 

For  f)  Ihn.   copal   and   the   jiroper   proportions   of  oil  antl   turpcntiuc,  the   vessel 

should  hol.i  n  gallons. 

■Jiipan    Varnish. 

Lithar(;e    4 

Boiled  oil »7 

Spirits  turpentine    2 

Rod  lead    8 

V  mbcr    1 

Gum  shellac H 

Sugar  of  lead    2 

White  vitriol    ' 1 

Japan  varnish  is  genaraily  |iurcba«ed  from  the  paint  pellem.  It  is  made  by  boil- 
ing over  a  slow  charcoal  fire,  for  fiva  hours,  all  the  ingredients,  except  the  turpen- 
tine and  a  small  purlinn  of  the  oil;  the  latter  is  added  ax  rc<|iiired,  to  check  the 
ebullition  and  allay  the  froth  which  rises  to  the  surface.  It  must  bo  continually 
•tirred  with  a  wooden  spatula,  and  great  cure  is  necessary  to  prevent  it  from  taking 
fire. 

The  turpentine  is  added  after  the  varnish  is  nearly  cool,  and  it  is  litirrcd  well  in. 
The  vurniiih  uiu^t  bo  ]>ut  in  demijohns,  or  close  cane,  and  kept  tightly  corked. 

Dye  for  Blacking  Belts. 

Extract  of  logwood     2     Iba. 

Broken  nutgalls 0.5  lb. 

Pyrolignate  of  iron 0.5  pint. 

Soft  water 1  gall. 

The  logwood  and  nutgalls  are  boiled  in  the  wak«r  till  the  logwood  is  dissolved. 
When  cold,  add  the  pyrolignate  of  iron.  Stir  it  well  and  let  it  settle.  When  clear, 
decant  it  free  from  sediment  and  keep  it  well  corke^^ 

The  pyrolignate  of  iron  is  made  by  dissolving  iron  filings  in  pyroligneoas  acid — 
as  much  as  the  acid  will  take  up. 

The  addition  of  the  logwood  is  not  essential. 

A  solution  of  copperas  may  replace  the  pyrolignate  of  iron,  but  it  is  not  so  good. 

Kit. 

Compotition. — 9  rosin,  6  pitch,  6  beeswax,  1  tallow.  To  be  melted  together  and 
poured  into  water;  then  worked  with  the  hands  until  it  becomes  soft  and  pliable. 


QUANTITY    OF   PAINT    FOR    A    CARRIAGE. 


169 


Pitch  Cement.  > 

Lbs.        Oz. 

Bee?wax - 0  3 

Pitch    2 

Rosin    1 

Turpentine 1 

Brick  dust 0  9 

The  materials  for  the  cement  are  melted  successively  over  a  slow  fire,  and  the 
brick  dust  is  stirred  in  last. 

Grease  for  Carriage   ^Vheels. 

Iloffii'  lard,  softened  (if  fresh)  by  working  it. 

If  this  cannot  be  procured,  tallow  or  other  grease  may  be  used ;  if  hard,  it  should 
be  melted  with  fish  oil. 

About  1  lb.  of  grease  is  required  for  four  wheels. 

Booth's  Patent  Grease  for  Railway  Axles. 

Water    1  gall. 

Clean  tallow    3  lbs. 

Palm  oil    6   " 

Common  soda i  lb. 

Or,  Tallow  8  lbs. 

Palm  oil    10  " 

To  be  heated  to  about  210°,  and  to  be  well  stirred  until  it  cools  down  to  70°. 

Quantity  of  Paint  required  for  a  Carriage. 


KIKD   OF   CARRIAGE. 


Lead 
color. 


Olive. 


Black. 


Field  gun-carriage  and  limber,  with  implements- 
Caisson,  with  limber  and  implements,  etc 

Forge,  with  limber 

Battery-wagon,  with  limber 

Casemate  carriage  and  chassis,  wooden 

Barbette  carriage  and  chassis,  wooden 


Lbs. 

Lbs. 

6 

10 

8 

15 

6 

10 

7 

13 

7 

14 

6 

11 

Lbs. 

0.75 

0.8 

1. 

0.9 

0.75 

1. 


A  priming  of  lead  color  and  two  coats  of  olive  color  are  applied  to  new  wood 
work,  and  1  coat  of  load  color  and  1  of  black,  to  the  iron  work. 


170  ORDNANCE    MANUAL.  HTf.fc'iv' 


C  II  A  P  T  K  R     E  I  G  II  T  II  . 


SMALL  ARMS,  SWORDS,  SABRES  &  ACCOUTREMENTS. 


SMALL    ARMS. 

The  i-mnll  arms  addjitoil  for  ccrvice  are  : 
Thf  rifle  musket,  model  185.0. 
The  rifle  musket,  model  1842. 
The  rifle,  model  1&.')5. 

The  Rifle,  model  1S42,  reamed  out  to  .5S  inch. 

No  model  has  yet  been  adopted   for  a  carbine  for  the  cavalry  service;  screral 
different  patterns  are  now  in  the  hands  of  the  troops. 
A  rtpeating  pittol  is  issued  to  th«  cavalry. 

Rijie  Musket,  model  1855.     (Plates  24,  25,  2G.) 

NOMENCLATURE.* 

Barrel. — Mutzle;  l)ai/<>iirl-$fiid  ami  front  tight,  breech,  flats,  bevels  and  OTal, 
cone-seat,  vent,  vent-screw,  cone-screw  thread,  vent-screw  thread,  rear-^ight  mor- 
tise, rear-side  screw-hole,  bore,  grooves,  lands.  The  exterior  phape  of  this  barrel 
tapers  with  a  gentle  re-ciilcring  curve  from  the  breech  to  the  muztle.  That  portion 
of  the  flat  in  rear  of  the  cor.e-seat  is  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  bore. 

Breccli-gcreir. — Plug  with  threads  (16  to  the  inch;,  tenon,  shoulders,  tang,  tang- 
screw  hole,  bevel. 

Itenr  eiijht  (steel). — liatr  ;  fence,  offsets,  ears,  screw-hole,  joint,  groove  for  barrel, 
steady-pin ;  1st  lenf:  body,  cars,  screw-holes,  sight-notch,  graduation-mark ;  2d 
leaf:  body,  tenon,  screw-hole,  sight-notches,  graduation-marks;  joint-icrew :  item 
head,  slit,  and  thread. 

Bane-screw. — Stem,  head,  holes,  thread. 

Tanif'tcreir. — Shoulder. 

Cotie  (steel). — Screw-thread,  shoulder,  square,  nipple,  vent. 

Bai/unct. — Blade  (steel):  point,  face  flute,  back  flutes,  edges  of  back  and  blade, 
bevels,  elbow,  neck ;  socket  (iron) :  muzzle  end,  bridge  end,  bridge,  mortise,  shoulder 
for  clasp,  stop-pin ;  clatp  (iron) :  body,  stads,  bridge,  groove,  stop,  clasp-screw. 

•  The  Maynard  primer  having  been  abandoned,  all  that  relates  to  the  magazine  is  intended  to 
be  omitted. 


RIFLE    MUSKET.  171 

Lock. — Lnck-plate ;  front  and  rear  ends,  sides,  cone-seat  notch,  bolster,  main- 
spring notch,  chamfer,  bevel,  5  holes  for  the  jiivots  of  the  main  spring  and  bridle, 
arbor  of  the  tumbler,  7  screw-holes,  mortise  for  sear-spring  stud;  hammer:  body, 
crook,  heail,  comb,  checking,  countersink,  cutter,  slit,  tumbler-hole;  tttmh/cr  (steel)  : 
body,  friction-shoulder,  arbor,  square,  pivot,  swivel-arm,  swivel-slot  and  pin-holes, 
half-cock  notch,  cock  notch,  screw-hole  ;  bridle :  body,  eye,  pivot,  3  holes  for  tum- 
bler-pivot, sear-scrCw,  and  bridle-screw  :  Iridle-scrcw ;  Bear  (steel) :  body,  eye,  nose, 
tang,  screw-hole ;  scar-screw;  sear-spring  (steel):  blade  (upper  and  lower  branch 
and  elbow),  eye,  stud-screw  hole;  sear-sprinij  screw;  main  spring  (steel):  blade, 
upper  and  lower  branch  and  elbow,  hook,  pivot,  tang;  swirel  (steel):  body,  axis,  2 
holes  for  tumbler-pin  and  finger-pivot;  tumbler  and  swivel-pin. 

2  side  screws. 

In  all  the  screws  the  parts  are:  the  stem,  the  head,  the  slit,  and  the  thread. 

The  bottom  of  the  slit  of  the  larger  screws  is  concave;  the  base-screw  of  the  rear 
sight  has  2  holes  in  the  head,  instead  of  a  slot,  in  order  that  it  may  not  be  removed 
by  the  ordinary  screw-driver. 

Monntimjs. —  Upper  and  lower  bands:  body,  creases,  letter  TJ  to  designate  the 
upper  from  the  lower  edge;  middle  band:  body,  creases,  letter  U,  stud,  hole  for 
swivel-rivet;  middle  band  swivel:  wire,  eyes,  rivet;  band-springs  (steel):  stem, 
wire,  shoulder;  aide-screw  washers:  counter-sink,  hole  for  screw;  guard;  guard- 
plate  :  body,  bolsters,  trigger-stud,  2  holes  for  guard-bow,  2  for  wood-screws,  and  1 
for  trigger-screw ;  guard-bow  :  bodj%  pillars,  stems  with  their  screw-threads,  swivel- 
stud,  piece  and  hole,  2  nuts  for  stems,  swivel,  and  rivet;  trigger:  blade,  tang  or 
finger-piece,  hole  for  screw;  trigger-screw  :  2  icood-screws  for  guard-plate  ;  butt-plate : 
body,  toe,  heel,  hollow,  corners,  tang  and  screw  holes ;  2  wood-screws  for  butt-plate ; 
box-plate:  the  lid  and  the  strap  joined  hy  a,  hinge  and  rivet ;  screics  :  3  box-plate 
and  1  for  spring;  3  springs;  1  for  box-plate;  catch:  1  for  box-plate;  rivets:  2  for 
catch. 

Ramrod  (steel). — Stem,  swell,  head,  cup.  screw;  stop  (iron):  for  rod. 

Stock  (black  walnut). — Butt:  comb,  handle,  head,  facings,  first  and  second  rein- 
force, chase,  shoulders  for  bands  and  tip;  grooves  for  barrel  and  ramrod;  beds  for 
tang  and  tenon,  lock,  washers,  guard-plate,  nuts  for  guard-bow  and  trigger-stud, 
butt-plate,  and  band-springs  and  tip;  mortises  for  the  trigger,  and  stop;  rod-holes 
for  the  rod,  the  side  screws,  tang-screws,  guard-screws,  butt-plate  screws,  band- 
springs,  and  tip-rivet. 

Tip  (malleable  iron). — Recess  for  stock,  groove  for  rod,  rivet-hole,  and  shoulder. 

Ihe  patch-box  was  added  July  9,  1S59. 

The  muskets  made  at  this  time  have  not  the  self-priming  lock  nor  the  patch-box. 

Rijle  Musket,  model  1842.     (Plate  26.) 

(For  nomenclature  see  Ordnance  Manual,  ISfil.) 

This  arm  differs  from  the  original  model  in  the  following  particulars: — The  boro 
is  grooved ;  it  has  a  rear  sight  similar  to  that  for  the  new  musket. 


172  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Rifie,  model  1855.     (Plate  26.) 

Harrfl. — Muzzle  :  bai/onet-itud,  front  »i<jlit  (brass),  breech,  flats,  bevels  auJ  oral, 
conc-Bcat,  vcut,  vent-screw,  cone-screw  thread,  vent-screw  thread,  rear  sight  mortise, 
rear  sight  screw-hole,  bore,  grooves,  bands.  The  exterior  of  the  barrel  has  a  uni- 
form taper  from  the  breech  to  the  muz/.lc.  That  portion  of  the  flat  in  rear  of  the 
cone-seut  is  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  bore. 

lirccrh-dcreic. — Plug  with  threads  (16  to  the  inch),  tenon,  shoulders,  tang,  tang- 
screw  hole,  bevel. 

Jiear  nujht. — Similar  to  that  of  the  rifle  musket,  IS-OG. 

Tantj-»rrev. — Shoulder. 

four. — Same  as  for  rifle  musket. 

SwoHi)  iiAYo.NKT. —  Jiliide  (stcel),  shoulder,  back,  edge,  bevel,  ji'/mt,  curvature, 
gr<  ove — laiiff,  rivet-hole,  rivet. 

Hil(  (brass). — Gripe:  ridges,  back,  beak,  slot  for  stud,  slot  for  guide,  hole  for 
finger-piece,  hole  for  spring-screw,  hole  for  rivet  (tang),  mortise  for  tang.  Fingrr- 
picre:  head,  notch.  Fiti<jer-picce  utrimj :  blade,  screw-hole,  bofs.  Fimjrr-pieet 
ipriuij-icrew.      Gunrd-riret,  yiiard :  long  and  short  branch,  knobs,  muzzle-socket. 

Luclc. — The  same  as  the  rifle  musket,  lS5.j.     (Maynard  primer  omitted.) 

ilonntingi. — Similar  to  those  of  a  rifle  musket,  ISOS. 

Uamrod. — Similar  to  that  of  the  rifle  musket,  lh55. 

Stock  and  tip. — Similar  to  that  of  the  rifle  musket,  1&55,  except  the  'Jd  reinforce 
of  stock. 

Ei4e,  model  of  1842. 

(For  nomcnclat'irc  see  Ordnance  Manual,  1S61.) 

To  Make  the  Barrel. 

The  barrel  is  made  from  a  short,  flat  bar  of  iron,  which  is  first  formetl  into  a  hol- 
low cylinder,  and  then  welded  and  drawn  out  to  the  required  size,  length  and 
taper,  by  passing  it  through  a  series  of  rolls  for  that  purpose. 

Matkiuals. — Best  refined  iron,  free  from  slag  and  other,  impurities,  of  uniform 
texture,  without  hard  spots:  in  plates  14  inches  long,  5^  inches  wide,  .oG25  inch 
(hick;  the  edges  are  so  bevelled  that  they  shall  form  a  close  joint  when  the  plate  iii 
formed  into  a  cylinder.  English  iron.  Marshall  brand,  is  generally  used.  Best 
bitumitwHt  coal  for  the  reverberating  furnace  (Cumberland,  Broad  top.)  Best 
anthracite  coal  for  the  forgo  (Hazleton,  lump).  Pure  tand  for  the  bottom  of  the 
furnace. 

Utensils. — 1  pair  of  rolh  for  bending  the  plates  into  cylinders.  They  have  b 
grooves,  of  different  sizes ;  3  of  them  have  tongues,  2  are  open. 

1  pair  of  rollt  for  welding  and  shaping  the  barrel.  They  have  9  grooves,  of  dif- 
ferent sizes.  2  of  them  parallel  and  7  taper :  it  has  an  iron  frame  to  hold  the  end  of 
the  mandrel.     The  rolls  make  36  revolutions  per  minute. 


RIFLE.  173 

2  «cM  of  gteel  mandrels,  of  8  each  set,  with  an  egg-shaped  bulb  on  each  end,  vary- 
ing in  size  from  .71  inch  to  .46  inch  in  diameter. 

1  aynall  mandrel,  3  feet  long,  1  mandrel,  6  inches  long. 

1  straightening  table,  iron.  1  straightening  machine,  with  2  dies  the  length  and 
the  shape  of  the  barrel,  worked  by  an  eccentric  which  opens  the  dies  i  inch,  and 
makes  60  revolutions  per  minute. 

2  trip-hammers,  with  dies. 

To  form  the  cylinder. — The  plates  are  put  into  the  furnace  and  raised  to  a  white 
heat,  and  then  passed  through  the  rolls,  each  groove  in  succession.  The  first  groove 
forms  the  plate  into  a  trough  shape  ;  the  second  and  third  grooves  contract  it  gra- 
dually :  the  fourth  turns  the  two  edges  inward,  and  the  fifth  completes  the  cylinder. 
The  operation  is  performed  at  one  heat. 

A  day's  work. — 3  men  can  form  450  cylinders  in  10  hours. 

To  weld  and  shape  the  barrel. — The  fireman  places  two  cylinders  in  the  furnace, 
and  brings  them  to  a  welding  heat;  the  foreman  thrusts  the  largest  mandrel 
through  one  of  them  while  yet  in  the  furnace,  and,  taking  it  to  the  rolls,  puts  the 
mandrel  through  the  frame,  introduces  the  end  into  the  first  groove,  and  the  cylinder 
is  drawn  over  the  bulb  of  the  mandrel,  which  is  held  by  the  collar. 

The  first  assistant,  standing  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  rolls,  catches  the  barrel 
as  it  passes  through,  with  a  pair  of  tongs,  and  hands  it  to  the  second  assistant,  who 
stands  on  the  same  side  as  the  foreman,  and  receives  it  with  a  small,  short  mandrel, 
which  he  thrusts  into  the  barrel,  and  straightens  it  by  striking  it  twp  or  three  times 
on  the  flat  table.  lie  then  replaces  it  in  the  furnace,  and  it  is  raised  to  a  welding 
heata  second  time.  The  foreman  takes  out  the  other  cylinder,  and  proceeds  with 
it  in  the  manner  just  described.  When  the  barrel  is  brought  to  a  welding  beat  the 
second  time,  the  foreman  takes  it  with  the  next  smaller  mandrel  and  passes  it 
through  the  second  groove,  b}"  which  the  barrel  is  reduced  in  diameter  and  length- 
ened :  it  is  straightened  as  before,  and  returned  to  the  furnace. 

The  third  and  remaining  grooves  taper  so  as  to  give  the  barrel  the  shape  of  a 
frustum  of  a  cone,  each  succeeding  groove  reducing  the  size  of  the  barrel  and  mak- 
ing it  longer.  The  rolls  are  of  such  size  that  a  single  revolution  takes  the  barrel 
through ;  as  they  continue  to  revolve  without  stopping,  it  requires  caro  and  dex- 
terity on  the  part  of  the  foreman  to  insert  the  barrel  in  the  groove  at  the  proper 
time,  bringing  the  end  against  the  shoulder  in  the  large  part  of  the  groove. 

The  barrel  is  so  much  chilled  by  passing  over  the  mandrel,  that  it  is  necessary  it 
should  be  straightened  and  reheated  before  passing  it  through  the  next  groove  :  a 
high  red  heat  is  required. 

After  the  barrel  has  been  passed  through  the  first  eight  grooves  with  their  corres- 
ponding mandrels,  it  is  taken  with  tongs  and  passed  twice  through  the  last  groove, 
for  the  purpose  of  making  it  round  and  smooth. 

To  straighten  the  barrel. — The  foreman  inserts  the  muzzle  end  of  the  barrel  in  the 
dies  and  turns  it  around  gradually,  when  the  dies  are  open,  pushing  it  farther  into 
the  dies  until  its  whole  length  is  embraced  by  them.  The  barrel  then  receives  the 
pressure  of  the  dies  from  ten  to  fifteen  times,  when  it  will  bo  found  to  be  straight. 


174 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


To  attach  the  roiip-«e«f.— The  cone-seat  is  swaged  to  the  proper  shnpc  under  the 
Irip-hiiinincr,  and  then  welilcd  to  the  barrel  :  the  dies  of  the  trip-liaininer  and  the 
short  mandrel  in  the  end  of  the  Itarrel  preserving  the  form  of  the  liarrel  and  the 
cone-seat. 

A  day'H  work. — 4  men  can  form  an<l  »vcld  from  75  to  80  barrels  in  10  hours. 

The  barrel  is  next  bored,  turned,  Htruightened  and  proved. 

The  Ktock  is  turned,  the  lock  and  fruard-bow  are  let  in,  and  the  grooves  for  tire 
rammer  and  barrel  are  cut  by  machinery,  and  made  ready  for  the  other  mountingii. 

Principal  Dimensiotis,  Wtighfs,  etc.,  of  Small  Arms. 


KIFLB  MCSKETS. 


18J5. 


1842. 


1855. 


1842. 


DIMBM8I0.18. 


HiRREL.. 


Diameter  of  boro 

Viiriiitiiin  ulliiweJ,  nmri' 

Diaiiietcr  iit  niiizzle , 

UiumetiT  at  bii-ccli  between  flilta... 

Length  willioiit  brtn-cli-icrew 

Batonet— Leniitli  >'f  blade 

KamkoI) — LeiiKtb  

Stock,  with  tmtl  iilate  ami  tip— Lcng^lli. , 

iictli  without  lin.vnuet 

xeii 


Arm. 
complete 


(  bi'iictli  without 

■}  Witli  ba.vonet  tij 

■  (Witli  lull t  piece. 


N  umbel 
i  Twist,  uniform.  1  turn  in  . 

Grooves  ..■{  Width 

I  Depth  at  inuyzle 

(^  Depth  lit  breech 


R.ARREL.  without  breccb-screw. 

Lock,  with  siJe-screws 

Bayonet 

HlTT-l'LATK 

I  AVithout  bayonet . 

■I  With  bayouet 

^Witli  butt-piece... 


Arm 
complete.. 


In. 

In. 

In. 

0.68 

0.09 

0..'i8 

0.0025 

0.015 

0.0025 

0.78 

0.85 

0.90 

l.U 

1.26 

1.14 

40. 

42. 

33. 

18. 

18. 

21.7 

38.«0 

41.70 

33.00 

52.85 

55.85 

57.80 

49.3 

73.85 

75.80 

71.8 

3. 

3. 

3. 

Oft. 

eft. 

Oft. 

o.:io 

0.36 

o.;«) 

.005 

.005 

.005 

.015 

.015 

.ou 

Lbs, 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

4.28 

4.19 

4.8 

.81 

95. 

.81 

.72 

0.64 

2.15 

.375 

9.18 

9.51 

9.93 

9.90 

10.15 

12.08 

In. 

0.58 

0.0036 

0.90 

1.16 
33. 
21.7 
33.00 

48.8 
71J 

0. 
flft. 

o.ao 

.006 
.018 


Lbs. 

4.8 
.66 
2.15 

9.68 
11.83 


INSPECTION  OF  S.MALL  ARMS. 

All  the  materials  used  in  the  manufacture  of  arra<  must  be  of  the  best  quality, 
and  they  should  be  tested  by  the  inspectors,  according  to  the  methods  indicated  in 
Chapter  XIV. 

The  wood  for  gun-stocks  should  be  seasoned  at  lea=t  three  years,  and  kept  in  a 
dry  place  two  years  before  being  worked  ;  it  mui^t  be  free  from  knrts  and  sap,  and 
no  woiid  which  is  brash,  or  light,  or  wnrm-eaten.  or  in  any  degree  decayed,  or  which 
is  cut  across  the  grain  at  the  handle  of  the  stock.  '>r  which  is  kiln-dried,  should  b« 
used  or  received. 


INSPECTION    OF    BARRELS. 


175 


The  following  rules  for  inspection  apply  to  all  small  arms,,  whether  made  at  the 
national  armories,  or  by  contract  at  private  establishments. 

The  attention  of  the  inspecting  officers  should  be  directed  as  much  as  possible  to 
the  o])erations  of  the  workmen  in  the  course  of  the  fabrication  of  arms. 

Each  component  part  is  first  inspected  by  itself,  and  afterward  the  arm  in  a 
tinishcd  state. 

The  materials  and  the  forms  and  dimensions  of  all  the  parts  must  conform  strictly 
to  those  of  the  established  patterns;  the  workmanship  and  finish  must  be  equal  to 
those  of  the  model  arms,  and  the  several  parts  must  be  browned,  l)lued,  ease-hard- 
ened, or  polished  as  in  the  standard  model. 

The  forms  and  dimensions  of  the  parts  are  verified  by  means  of  the  standard 
gauges.     (See  p.        .) 

Inspectioti  of  Barrels.      » 

The Jii-Kt  inspection  of  the  barrel  is  made  in  the  forged  or  cone-seated  stage;  the 
second  in  the  3d  bored  stage  ;  the  third  in  the  <jround  stage ;  thd  fourth  in  the  proved 
stage;  the  fi/lh  in  the  fled  stage;  the  si'jrth  in  the  6th  bored  stage;  the  acicnth  iu  the 
rifed  stage ;  and  the  eir/hth  in  the  breeched  stage. 

In  these  inspections,  the  inspector  will  vcrifj'  the  barrel  with  proper  gauges  for 
each  stage;  he  will  see  that  the  thread  for  the  breech-screw  in  the  barrel  is  well  cut, 
and  the  bayonet-stud  firmly  brazed  on  ;  that  the  exterior  and  interior  dimensions  of 
the  barrel  arc  correct;  that  there  are  no  interior  hammer-marks,  ring-bores,  cinder- 
holes,  flaws,  cracks,  or  other  defects  which  will  not  disappear  in  the  finishing;  and 
that  the  thread  of  the  breech-screw  is  accurately  cut. 

The  barrels  rejected  for  defects  that  cannot  be  remedied  will  be  stamped  on  the 
upper  side,  in  a  line  with  the  vent,  with  the  mark  of  condemnation,  which  will  be 
in  all  cases  the  letter  €.  If  the  defect  is  of  such  a  nature  as  not  to  prevent  the  use 
of  the  barrel  for  a  shorter  arm  when  cut  off,  the  mark  will  be  made  on  the  defective 
part. 

Proof. — The  barrels  which  pass  this  inspection  will  then  be  proved  by  being  fired 
twice,  with  the  following  charges  : 


KIND  OF  BARREL. 


1st  charge. 

2d  charge. 

SIZE  OF  BALL. 

SIZE  OF 
WAD. 

U 

« 

S 

4.3 

^ 

is 

.2 

■? 

_WJ 

s 

3 

& 

n 

pf 

^ 

m 

^ 

^ 

5 

Ki 

Rifle    musket,   model 
1855 


Kiflc,  model  1855  . 


Grs. 

No. 

No. 

Grs. 

No. 

No. 

Grs. 

In. 

In. 

280 

1 

2 

250 

1 

2 

600 

0.57 

32. 

280 

1 

2 

'250 

1 

2 

557U 
278^ 

0.57 

32. 

176  >  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

One  wad  is  placed  oo  the  powder  and  the  other  on  the  ball,  and  the  charj^e  is  well 
rammed  with  a  copper  rod.  The  wad  occupies,  when  rammed,  altout  J  inch  in  the 
length  of  the  barrel. 

The  barrels  arc  closed  for  proof  with  proving -phir/n  having  vents  in  them. 

Musket  powder  will  be  used  for  proving  the  barrelfi  of  muskets  ;  tho  powder  must 
be  of  the  bcft  i|Uftlit\-,  giving  not  less  than  the  standard  initial  velocity:  it  must 
Iw  proved  inimediutoly  before  being  used,  unless  it  shall  have  been  proved  within 
one  year,  and  the  inspector  has  no  reason  to  suppose  that  it  has  become  deterior- 
ated. 

The  measures  for  the  proof-charges  should  bo  of  a  conical  form,  with  tho  mouth 
aa  Biuall  as  may  bo  convenient,  in  order  that  there  may  be  less  variation  in  the 
quantity  of  powder. 

Before  commencing  the  proof  of  barrels,  tho  inspector  will  satisfy  himself  as  to 
tho  quality  and  proof  of  the  powder,  the  siie  of  the  balls  and  of  the  wads. 

The  inspector  will  observe  the  greatest  caution  in  having  the  bnrreli  properly 
loaded;  for  which  purpose,  after  they  arc  placed  on  the  proving-bcd,  he  will  i)ass  a 
ramrod  into  each  barrel,  to  verify  the  accuracy  of  the  charge. 

After  the  discharge  he  will  again  pass  tho  ramrod  into  each  barrel,  and  those 
which  have  missed  fire  will  be  pricked  and  primed  and  discharged,  before  proceed- 
ing to  tho  second  proof-charge. 

After  the  second  proof-charge,  the  inspector  will  examine  the  barrels  which  have 
burst,  and  note  the  cause  of  defect,  whether  in  the  materials  or  workmanship. 

He  will  then  examine  those  which  have  not  burst,  and  lie  will  mark,  as  cod- 
dcmned.  any  which  are  evidently  <lefective;  tho  others  will  rcciivc  the  proof-stamp. 
Til:  V  for  viewed,  P  for  proved,  with  the  eagle's  head  under  them,  placed  on  the 
loft  square  of  the  barrel,  opposite  the  cono-seat.  The  barrels  will  be  immediately 
washed  clean,  in  hot  water,  and  dried,  after  which  they  will  be  again  carefully 
examined. 

They  will  now  be  insjiected  in  the  interior  and  on  the  exterior;  the  inspector 
will  reject  such  as  arc  ton  large  in  the  bore,  and  such  a«  have  holes,  cross-cracks, 
scales,  seams,  or  ring-bores;  he  will  examine  the  braiing  of  the  bayonet-stud,  and 
see  that  the  barrel  is  not  mitched  too  deep,  or  indented  inside. 

The  barrels,  having  been  reduce<i  to  their  ultimate  dimensions,  straightened,  and 
oomplelely  finished,  are  again  strictly  inspected,  to  verify  the  straightnesi  of  the 
bore,  the  exterior  and  interior  diameters,  their  weight  (which  should  not  Tary 
more  than  1  ounce  from  the  standard  weight),  the  taps  for  the  breech-screw  and 
cone,  the  sire,  position,  and  direction  of  the  vent. 

The  siraightness  of  the  barrel  may  be  ascertained  by  holding  it  up  to  the  light 
and  reflecting  a  straight-edge  on  the  different  parts  of  the  bore,  by  which  means  an 
experienced  eye  readily  detects  any  inaccuracy  in  the  bore.  The  small  or  ninndard 
plug  should  pass  freely  through  the  whole  length  of  the  barrel,  including  the 
threads  for  the  breech-screw,  and  the  bore  should  not  admit  the  large  or  limit  plug. 


LOCKS.  177 

The  (jroiweit  shnuM  be  carefully  examined  to  sue  that  they  arc  formed  according 
to  the  pattern,  and  that  they  are  even  and  uniform  throughout. 

The  breec'i-screws  will  be  examined  to  sec  that  they  are  of  the  proper  dimensions, 
are  sound  in  every  part,  and  have  good  threads ;  they  are  case-hardened.  The 
screw  must  be  tried  in  the  barrel,  to  see  that  it  occupies  all  the  threads  in  the  tap 
of  the  barrel,  and  that  it  is  not  loose  after  entering  three  threads. 

The  vent  should  enter  the  bore  of  the  barrel  clear  of  the  end  of  the  breech-screw. 

JInrlcs. — Barrels  condemned  for  defects  detected  after  proof  or  at  any  time  in  the 
course  of  inspection,  arc  marked  with  the  letter  C,  struck  in  deeply;  those  finally 
received  are  stamped,  in  addition  to  the  proof-mark,  with  the  year  of  fabrication  on 
the  top  of  the  barrel,  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  of  the  barrel,  ending  at  .25  inch 
from  the  breech. 

Cones. 

Verify  the  dimensions,  exterior  and  interior,  and  the  thread  of  the  screw.  See 
that  the  upper  part  of  the  cone  is  properly  hardened  and  free  from  cracks  or  flaws. 

Locks. 

Examine  all  the  limbs,  to  sec  that  they  are  soundj  well  filed,  and  of  the  proper 
form. 

Httmmcrn. — Verify  the  dimensions  and  form  carefully  with  the  proper  gauges; 
see  that  they  are  properly  case-hardened,  especially  in  the  head,  knife  edge,  and 
cup  for  the  cone. 

Tumblers  must  be  verified  separately,  with  great  care,  and  their  hardness  tested. 

Sprinija. — The  strength  of  the  lock-springs,  as  indicated  by  the  weights  they 
require  to  bend  them  up  to  the  cock-notch  without  causing  them  to  belly  or  bend 
beyond  a  straight  line,  is  as  follows: 

Alain-spring  of  riffe  musket,  1S.55 7f)  to  75  pounds. 

Sear-spring  of  each,  about 20      " 

Sprinff-pronf,  No.  1. — Shows  when  the  main-springs- are  evenly  tempered,  and 
will  weigh  from  70  to  75  pounds  without  bending  beyond  a  straight  line-,  setting,  or 
breaking,  by  bringing  them  to  the  standard  mark. 

Spring-proof,  No.  2. — The  main-springs  are  all  required  to  stand  in  the  position 
of  full  cock,  in  a  spring-proof  which  holds  35  at  one  time,  in  the  same  position  as 
they  are  held  in  the  lock,  for  twelve  hours,  to  test  their  strength  and  soundness. 

Scrcicn. — Examine  the  forms  of  the  stems  and  heads  of  all  screws  and  the  cutting 
of  the  threads,  and  gauge  them  ;  see  that  they  are  properly  hardened. 

Lock-jilntes. — Verify  with  the  proper  gauges  the  form  and  dimensions,  the 
accuracy  of  the  position  of  the  holes,  and  the  threads  of  those  which  are  tapped; 
see  that  the  plate  is  sound  and  free  from  cracks  and  flaws,  especially  about,  the 
tumbler-hole,  and  that  it  is  well  hardened. 

Fiuuhcd  loci-ii. — The  locks  having  been  put  together,  gee — 

1.  That  they  are  clean  in  the  inside. 
12 


178  ORDNANCE   MANUAL. 

2.  That  the  scar  works  freely  when  the  scar-screw  is  driven  ns  far  as  it  will  g*| 
ami  that,  the  nuse  is  sufficientlj'  strong  and  falls  properly  into  the  notches  of  the 
tumbler. 

3.  That  the  bridle  has  no  cracks  or  flaws  about  the  holes  for  the  tuiublcr-pivot 
and  screws. 

4.  That  tiic  springs  are  well  bent  and  of  good  proportions,  that  the  fixeil  branches 
fit  close  to  the  loek-platc,  and  that  the  moveable  branches  swing  clear  of  it,  without 
having  too  much  play. 

6.  That  the  slits  of  the  screw-heads  are  not  defective. 

6.  That  the  arbor  and  pivot  of  the  tumbler  fit  accurately  in  their  holes. 

7.  That  the  hook  of  the  tumbler  does  not  fall  below  the  edge  of  the  lock -plate 
when  the  cock  is  down. 

8.  That  the  notches  of  the  tumbler  are  sound  and  smooth,  ami  that  tlio  tumbler 
fits  and  turns  well. 

9.  That  the  main-spring  swivel  is  sound,  by  snapping  the  hammer  several  times 
on  the  bare  cone. 

10.  That  the  hammer  fits  well  on  the  scjuare  of  the  tumbkr,  and  that  it  does  not 
rest  on  the  lock-plate  when  screwed  up  tight,  and  that  it  has  the  proper  set  in  rela- 
tion to  the  cone. 

11.  That  all  the  i>arts  work  well  together. 

Marks. — The  place  and  j'car  of  fabrication  are  stamped  on  tiic  face  of  the  lock- 
platc — the  year  in  rear  of  the  hammer,  and  the  name  of  the  place  in  front. 

Finished  arm. — The  initials  of  the  finish  inspector  and  of  the  master  armorer 
arc  stamped  on  the  rear  end  of  the  face  of  the  stock,  opposite  the  lock,  with  italic 
letters. 

Mountings. 

The  forms  and  dimensions  are  verified  with  the  appropriate  gauges  and  patterns. 
The  trigger  should  be  well  fitted  to  the  guard-plate,  with  as  little  lateral  play  as  is 
consistent  with  its  free  movement.  The  form,  size,  and  threads  of  the  screws 
should  be  carefully  examined.  The  letters  C.  S.  are  marked  on  the  tang  of  the 
butt-plate. 

Ramrods. 

The  temper  of  the  rod  is  tested  by  springing  it  in  four  directions,  with  the  point 
resting  on  the  floor.  The  musket  ramrod  should  bend  6  inches  from  a  right  line 
joining  the  ends:  the  rod  should  spring  back  perfectlj-  straight,  without  setting. 
Its  soundness  and  freedom  from  flaws  and  cross-cracks  are  ascertained  by  the  sound 
it  gives  when  suspended  by  one  end  and  gently  struck  with  a  piece  of  metal,  and  by 
passing  it  over  the  edge  of  a  block  of  wood  or  the  closed  jaws  of  a  vice,  pressing 
down  the  ends  at  the  same  time  aad  turning  the  rod.  so  as  to  present  every  side 
successively  to  inspection.  Rifle  and  pistol  rods  are  subjected  to  the  last  tests  only. 
The  diameter  of  the  rod  and  the  tap  of  the  screw  for  the  wiper  are  rerilied  with  the 
proper  gauges.     The  length  is  also  verified. 


STOCKS.  179 

Baijonets, 

The  form  and  dimensions  of  the  baj'onet'are  verified  with  the  proper  gauges;  the 
temper  is  tried  by  springing  the  bayonet  attached  to  the  barrel,  the  point  resting  on 
the  floor.  In  case  of  doubt,  the  temper  of  the  bayonet  is  definitely  proved  in  the 
following  manner : 

Two  iron  staples  arc  fixed  in  a  piece  of  oak  plank  on  a  workbench,  16§  inches 
apart;  one  of  them  serves  as  a  bridge,  and  has  notches  to  receive  the  blade — the 
other  serves  as  a  staple  fpr  holding  the  point  of  the  bayonet  close  to  the  plank  :  the 
bayonet  is  fixed  on  a  barrel,  to  the  butt  of  which  is  fastened  a  brass  ball  weighing  6 
pounds :  so  that,  by  inserting  the  point  of  the  blade  in  the  staples,  the  face  and 
back  resting  alternately  on  the  bridge,  the  blade  sustains  a  weight  of  9  pounds, 
which  springs  it  about  §  of  an  inch.  In  this  situation  the  blade  is  also  examined 
to  detect  flaws  and  croas-cracks.     It  should  not  remain  bent  after  this  trial. 

The  inspector  then  seizes  the  blade  near  the  point  and  strikes  the  elbow  smartly 
on  the  workbench,  to  ascertain  that  the  welding  is  sound. 

If  the  proof  shows  no  defects,  he  verifies  the  dimensions  and  bore  of  the  socket 
and  the  accuracy  of  tho  channels.  He  examines  the  dimensions  of  the  clasp,  to 
see  that  it  fits  well  to  the  shoulder  ;  that  it  turns  evenly,  without  binding  in  any 
part ;  that  the  stop  is  well  placed  and  firmly  set;  that  the  clasp-screw  and  its  thread 
in  the  stud  of  the  clasp  are  well  cut;  that  the  elbow  has  the  proper  form  and 
dimensions. 

Marks. — Bayonets  are  marked  on  the  face  of  the  blade,  near  the  neck,  with  the 
letters  C.  S.;  those  rejected  for  defects  that  cannot  be  remedied  arc  marked  with 
the  stamp  of  condemnation. 

Stocks. 

■    The  examination  of  the  stock  will  be  directed — 

1.  To  the  quality  of  the  wood:  that  it  has  good,  straight  grain,  is  well  seasoned, 
and  free  from  sap  and  worm-holes. 

The  degree  of  seasoning  is  indicated  by  the  smell  of  the  wood  at  a  fresh-cut 
place;  by  the  appearance  of  the  lock  and  barrel,  etc.,  when  removed  from  the 
stock;  they  will  be  rusted  by  unseasoned  wood;  by  rolling  a  thin  shaving  between 
the  fingers  :  it  will  crumble  if  the  wood  be  well  seasoned,  otherwise  it  will  be  tough 
and  will  bend. 

The  medium  weight  of  a  well-seasoned  musket-stock  is  2  pounds ;  a  stock  made 
of  good  walnut  will  not  weigh  less  than  1  pound  13  ounces. 

2.  To  the  workmanship:  that  it  is  free  from  splits,  especially  about  the  barrel- 
groove  and  heading  ;  that  it  has  not  been  split  and  glued  up;  that  the  grooves  and 
beds  are  of  the  proper  forms  and  dimensions;  that  the  roundings  for  the  bands  are 
smooth  and  accurate;  that  the  handle  and  comb  are  of  the  proper  size  and  form; 
that  tho  stock  has  the  proper  fall  or  crook,  and  is  of  the  right  length  ;  that  tho 
holes  arc  well  drilled,  and  that  those  for  the  wood-screws  have  good  threads. 

In  examining  the  bed  of  the  lock,  see — 

1.  That  all  the  edges  are  sharp  and  smooth. 


180  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

2.  Tliiit  tlic  beds  of  the  scar-screw  ami  seiir-spring  screw  arc  not  bored  down  to 
the  friRger  or  to  the  breech-screw. 

3.  Tliut  tlio  beds  of  the  niuin-sprin;;  and  main-spring  screw  do  not  penetrate  to 
the  barrel. 

4.  Tliat  the  hole  for  the  tang  of  the  sear  is  as  small  as  possible,  so  that  the  soar 
shall  not  be  wood-bound. 

f).  That  the  wires  fit  well  in  their  holes, 

Mitrkii. — That  the  stocks  inspected  arc  marked  on  the  left  .«idc  with  the  stamp  of 
approval  (the  initials  of  the  inspector's  name)  or  of  condemnation,  as  tho  coao 
may  bo. 

Appendages. 

litiU-iirrfwii  and  viprrn  are  examined  by  screwing  them  on  a  piece  of  runirod 
furnished  with  a  handle,  to  verify  the  accuracy  of  the  screw-thread;  the  temj>er  of 
tho  branches  is  tested  by  prc.';^:ing  the  points  on  a  piece  of  hard  wood,  in  which 
proof  they  should  spring  back  to  their  proper  form. 

Scrrw-drircm,  by  inserting  the  blades  in  a  vice,  or  in  a  slit  made  for  the  purpose, 
and  twisting  them  with  the  hand.  Test  the  strength  and  size  of  the  cone-wrench 
by  putting  it  on  a  square  socket  and  wrenching  it  by  hand. 

Other  implements  are  examined  by  applying  the  appropriate  patterns,  etc..  and 
their  soundness  may  be  further  tested  by  striking  them  a  smart  blow  with  a  ham- 
mer. 

Finished  Arms. 

Finished  arms  offered  for  inspection  must  bo  taken  entirely  to  piecei,  and  each 
part  must  bo  examined  ns  above  directed;  if  the  parts  have  been  previously  in- 
spected, see  that  they  have  suffered  no  suljsequent  injury.  This  being  d'>ne,  the 
arms  will  be  put  together  and  examined  in  their  complete  ^tate.  Some  of  the  arms 
in  every  lot  should  be  put  together  by  the  inspector  himself. 

The  inspector  will  examine  the  finished  arms  on  every  side,  to  see  that  the  parts 
are  well  fitted  together:  he  will  verify  the  principal  dimensions  and  forms  by 
means  of  the  appropriate  gauges  and  patterns. 

Jiarrel. — The  diameter  of  the  bore  must  be  verified  with  the  standard  and  limit 
gauges.  Tho  barrel  should  enter  the  groove  of  the  stock  to  the  depth  of  half  its 
diameter,  and  should  bear  well  in  the  whole  length  of  the  groove,  particularly  at 
tho  breech.  The  vent  should  be  accurate  in  its  dimensions,  position,  and  direction, 
and  a  wire  should  be  passed  into  the  vent  through  the  cone  and  cone-seat,  to  see 
that  they  are  free.  The  cone  should  be  examined,  to  see  that  it  is  sound.  The 
shoulders  of  the  breeeh-screw  should  fit  close  to  the  end  of  the  barrel,  and  it  must 
be  free  from  cracks  or  flaws  about  the  tang-screw  hole  :  the  tang-screw  should  be 
perpendicular  to  tho  tang.     The  bore  of  the  barrel  should  be  clean  and  bright. 

Ramrod. — The  fitting  of  the  groove  is  ascertained  by  drawing  and  returning  the 
rod  smartly  several  times,  to  see  that  it  holds  well  and  does  not  stick  too  tight ; 


FINISHED    ARMS.  IgJ 

the  pistol-carbine  ramrod  should  hold  more  firmlv  than  that  of  the  musket  •  the 
ramrod  must  bear  on  the  rod-stop,  and  in  that  position  its  head  should  not  project 
beyond  the  end  of  the  barrel  :  it  should  fill  the  groove  well ;  the  open  part  of  the 
groove  should  be  in  the  centre  of  the  stock,  the  covered  part  in  the  middle  of 
the  thickness  of  the  stock,  between  the  outside  and  the  bottom  of  the  barrel-groove 
and  the  rod  should  not  interfere  with  the  front  side  screw.  ' 

f{aj,onct.-The  socket  of  the  bavonct  should  be  a  little  below  the  muzzle  of  the 
barrel  at  the  upper  end.  Work  the  clasp,  to  see  that  the  ramrod  does  not  interfere 
with  ,t,  that  it  bears  well  on  the  shoulders,  that  the  clasp-screw  holds  well,  that  the 
stock  ,s  firmlv  fixed,  and  that  the  clasp  moves  evenly,  without  binding:  the  blade 
of  the  bayonet  should  set  outward  a  little  toward  the  point.  To  try  the  strength 
and  temper  of  the  bayonet  when  fixed,  spring  it  smartly  in  four  directions,  toward 
the  back  and  face  and  each  edge,  resting  the  point  on  the  floor,  and  grasping  the 
butt  of  the  stock  with  the  right  hand  and  the  middle  of  the  barrel  with  the  left 
Examine  the  fitting  of  the  bayonet  to  the  barrel,  and  see  that  the  inside  of  the 
socket  IS  clean  and  free  from  rust,  and  that  the  bayonet-stud  is  well  bra/.cd  and  of 
tlie  right  dimensions. 

/.oc/..-Examine  carefully  the  action  of  the  lock:  snap  the  hammer  on  the  cone, 
to  see  that  it  fits  well.  Let  the  hammer  down  several  times,  to  judge  of  the  working 
of  the  lock.     See,  also— 

1.  That  the  interior  parts  are  not  wood-bound. 

2.  That  the  hammer  stands  ofl!'  (0.02  inch)  from  the  lock. 

^   3.  That  it  does  not  go  ofl^  at  half-(*)ck  when  the  trigger  is.pulled  hard. 
^  4.  That  it  goes  neither  too  hard  nor  too  easily  when  cocked. 
..  5.  That  it  docs  not  stop  at  half-cock. 

6.  that  the  trigger  is  steady  at  cock  and  half-cock,  and  free  when  the  hammer  is 
down. 

7.  Th-it  the  fall  of  the  hammer  is  not  stopped  by  the  heel  of  the  tumbler  before 
It  touches  the  cone. 

8.  That  the  hammer  has  sufficient  sweep  :  that  it  falls  evenly,  without  a  jerk,  and 
that  the  knife  edge  passes  freely  over  the  plate. 

Exjimine  the  soundness  of  the  hammer  at  the  tumbler-hole. 

In  examining  a  finished  lock  by  itself,  observe  the  rules  laid  down  above;  see 
that  the  lock-plate  fits  accurately  in  its  bed,  and  that  the  wood  around  it  is  full  and 
sound. 

Mount{ny.,.-The  front  part  of  the  trigger  at  half-cock  should  be  nearly  perpen- 
dicular to  the  surface  of  the  guard-plate;  the  slit  for  the  trigger  should  be  of  the 
exact  width,  so  that  the  trigger  shall  have  no  lateral  motion. 

It  is  important  that  the  guard-plate  should  bear  firmly  on  the  wood  in  every 
part;  as,  otherwise,  by  driving  the  tang-screw  too  hard,  the  trigger  might  be 
brought  too  close  to  the  sear  and  the  action  of  the  lock  be  thus  interfered  with. 

The  butt-plate  should  be  well  fitted  in  the  centre  of  the  stock. 

The  bands   should   fit  sm..othly  at   (he  shoulders   and   closelv  to   the  stock  and 


182  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

barrel,  but  not  no  tight  as  to  require  a  great  effort  to  remove  them.  The  band- 
ipringR  should  not  l>e  too  deeply  .set :  they  should  spring  hack  freely  when  prcoKcd 
down  ;  the  holes  lor  the  wires  ishoiiid  not  interfere  with  the  liarrel  or  ramrod 
jfTooveg. 

All  the  mountings  should  fit  smoothly  to  tho  stock.  The  stock  should  hare  the 
proper  fall  or  crook,  which  is  ascertained  by  applying  tho  |)attcrn  and  by  trying 
the  piece  in  the  position  of  ainiins:. 

By  sighting  along  the  barrel,  i:  will  be  seen  whether  it  is  well  stocked,  wlietbar 
the  bands,  the  front  and  rear  sights  and  the  bayonet  are  well  set. 

Hit.  also,   InnpeetiitH  of  arm  it  in  lerri're. 

General  Directions. 

The  inspector  is  not  restricted  to  the  particular  examinations  above  mentioned; 
be  will  make  any  other  examinations  which  he  may  deem  necessary  to  ascertain  the 
quality  of  any  |iart  of  the  arms  and  their  confirrmity  to  the  standard  models  ;  if  be 
discover  or  suspect  any  attempts  on  the  part  of  the  workmen  to  cover  or  ccmcea) 
serious  defects,  he  will  subject  the  arms  to  the  most  severe  scrutiny,  in  order  to 
detect  such  defects. 

In  tho  inspection  of  contract  arms,  the  inspector  will  judge  of  the  quality  of 
materials  and  workmanship  by  the  rules  which  govern  in  like  cases  at  tho  national 
armories;  that  is,  he  will  reject  such  arms  or  parts  of  arms  as  would  be  condemned 
at  the  national  armories,  and  ho  will  recoire  such  as  would  be  approred  at  the 
national  armories — without  exacting,  in  any  case,  more  rigid  conditions  than  are 
enforced  at  thoi^c  establishments. 

The  ordnance  officer  charged  with  tho  inspection  of  arms,  or  the  master  armorer 
at  a  national  armory,  will  cause  at  least  one  in  ttrmiy  of  each  lot  of  arms  passed  by 
a  8ub-in8pect<ir  to  be  taken  to  pieces  in  his  presence,  anil  he  will  examine  them 
strictly,  agreeably  to  the  foregoing  directions,  before  affixing  his  stamp  of  approral 
on  the  finished  arms,  all  of  which  must  be  examined  by  him. 

Mnrkt. — As  a  general  rule,  every  part  condemned  on  inspection  will  be  indelibly 
marked  with  the  letter  (',  and  every  principal  part  ajiproved  will  be  marked  with 
the  initials  of  the  inspector's  name.  C.ire  must  be  taken  that  the  marks  of  approval 
arc  not  stamped  so  deep  as  to  be  injurious. 

Finished  arms  approved  in  inspection  will  be  marked  on  the  left  face  of  the  stock 
with  the  initials  of  the  name  of  the  principal  inspector,  and  the  year  of  inspection. 

Report  of  Inspection  of  Barrels. 

After  the  inspection  of  each  lot  of  barrels,  the  inspector  will  make  a  slaicmeDt, 
showing — 

1.  The  number  of  barrels  offered  for  proof.  ^ 

2.  The  number  rejected  before  proof.  •^ 
i.  The  number  burst  in  proof. 


BROWNED   ARMS.  183 

4.  The  mimber  rejected  after  proof,  for  flaws,  cross-crack?,  or  other  defects. 
6.  The  number  received  after  the  proof  and  inspections. 
6.  The  number  rejected  on  inspection  of  the  fisished  arm. 

These  statements  furnish  the  materials  for  the  reports  of  inspection  required  by 
the  Ordnance  Regulations. 

Broinied  Arms. 

The  barrels  of  rifles  are  browned  at  the  armories  before  being  received  fof  the 
service;  the  locis,  ramrods,  hraid-Dpriiiys,  trir/r/erg  and  semes  are  not  browned. 
The  parts  of  these  arms  should  be  thoroughly  inspected  before  browning,  and  the 
finished  arm  after  being  browned. 

INSTRUCTIONS    FOR    BROWNING    ARMS. 
Materials  for  Browning  Mixture, 

li  oz.  spirits  of  wine. 
IJ  oz.  tincture  of  steel.       y 
i  oz.  corrosive  sublimate, 
li  oz.  sweet  spirits  of  nitre. 
1    oz.  blue  vitriol. 
3  oz.  nitric  acid. 
To  be  mixed  and  dissolved  in  1  quart  of  soft  water;  the  mixture  to  be  kept  in 
glass  bottles,  and  not  in  earthen  jugs. 

Previous  to  commencing  the  operation  of  browning,  it  is  necessary  that  the 
barrel  or  other  part  should  be  made  quite  bright  with  emery  or  a  fine,  smooth  file 
(but  not  burnished),  after  which  it  must  be  carefully  cleaned  from  all  greasiness;  a 
small  quantity  of  pounded  lime  rubbed  well  over  every  part  of  the  barrel  is  the  best 
for  this  purpose.  Plugs  of  wood  are  then  to  be  put  into  the  muzzle  of  the  barrel 
and  into  the  vent,  and  the  mixture  applied  to  every  part  with  a  clean  sponge  or  rag. 
The  barrel  is  then  to  be  exposed  to  the  air  for  twenty-four  hours ;  after  which  time 
it  is  to  be  well  rubbed  over  with  a  steel  scrateh-eard  or  scratch-brush,  until  the  rust 
is  entirely  removed;  the  mixture  may  then  be  applied  again,  as  before,  and  in  a 
few  hours  the  barrel  will  be  sufficiently  corroded  for  the  operation  of  scratch-brush- 
ing to  be  repeated.  The  same  process  of  scratching  off  the  rust  and  applying  the 
mixture  is  to  be  repeated  twice  or  three  times  a  day  for  four  or  five  days,  by  which 
time  the  barrel  will  be  of  a  very  dark  brown  color. 

When  the  barrel  is  sufficiently  brown  and  the  rust  has  been  carefully  removed  i 
from  every  part,  about  a  quart  of  boiling  water  should  he  poured  ov«r  every  part 
of  the  barrel,  in  order  that  the  action  of  the  acid  mixture  upon  the  barrel  may  be 
destroyed  and  the  rust  thereby  prevented  from  rising  again. 

The  barrel,  when  cold,  should  afterward  be  rubbed  over  with  linseed  oil  or 
sperm  oil.  It  is  particularly  directed  that  the  steel  scratch-card  or  scratch-brush., 
be  used  in  the  place  of  a  hard  hair-brush,  otherwise  the  browning  will  not  be 
durable  nor  have  a  good  appearance. 


184  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

The  browning  mixture  is  applied  to  other  parts  <>{  anns  in  the  same  manner  ai 
to  the  ImrreU. 

About  fi  <|iiurti<  of  browning  mixture  arc  required  for  l,(Mi(i  liarrvlg. 

Varnish  for  Broicned  Iron. 

Phellao    1  «>». 

Dra(;nns'  blood    0.1  S76  oi. 

Alcohol 1  quiirt. 

Tn  rrmnir  old  liroirniiKj :  Pluj;  tlie  vent  and  the  mur.r.le  of  the  barrel*;  immerse 
Ibo  browned  parts  for  one  hour  in  boilinf;  lime-water  or  lye,  to  remove  tlio  Tarnish 
or  grease  ;  wipe  them,  and  put  them  in  rinegar,  in  a  wooden  trough,  for  half  aa 
hour  or  an  hour,  when  the  browning  may  be  rubbed  off  with  a  rag. 

PACKIXtJ   P.MALL  ARMS. 

Box  for  20  Jiifte  Muskets.     (Plate  27.) 

I 

The  box  !!•  made  of  well  Maioned  yellow  pine,  or  eypress  boards  1  inrh  thick; 
the  sides  and  bottoms  lap  over  the  ends.  4  corner  piece*  (yellow  pine),  7.2b  inches 
wide,  1.25  inch  thick:  the  width  of  the  corner  piece  is  placed  a):aiosl  tho  end  of  the 
box;  a  rabbet  is  rut  in  each  piece  to  receive  the  ends  of  a  board  •I.S  inches  wide 
and  .125  inch  thick,  which  forms  the  inner  lining  of  the  implement-pocket.  2  enit 
liningr,  between  the  corner  pieces,  8.75  inches  deep,  leaving  vacant  spaces  above 
ibem,  between  the  corner  pii*cc«,  4.5  inches  deep,  for  the  implements.  They  arc 
fastened  to  the  ends,  each  with  two  nails. 

Interior  dimen$i»nt  »/  the  l>or. — Length  between  the  end  linings,  59.25  inches; 
width,  If)  inches:  depth,  13.25  inches. 

The  end*  are  fastened  with  nine  8-{>enny  nails  in  two  rows,  in  each  corner  pie««P 
Bach  fide  is  fastened  with  five  12-pcnny  nails  in  each  end,  three  10-penny  nails,  and 
one  2-inch  screw  No.  14  (above  tho  nails j,  in  each  corner  piece.  The  boit.m  is 
fastened  to  each  end  and  lining  with  twelve  10-penny  nails,  and  to  each  side  with 
ten  10-penny  nails  and  two  2-inch  screws.  The  top  is  fastened  with  two  2-inch 
screws  to  each  end  and  four  to  each  side.  Two  holes  are  bored  iu  each  en<l.  H  inches 
apart  and  8  iuchcs  from  the  bottom,  to  receive  rope  becket*,  .5  iuch  thick  and  18 
inches  long,  which  are  inserted  and  fastened  by  a  knot  couute:i-unk  iu  the  end, 
before  the  linings  are  nailed  on. 

4  bayoHet  clamp;  each  1  inch  thick  :  two  of  them  are  1  inch  deep  :  the  others,  1.5 
inch.  They  have  each  ten  notches  on  the  under  side  to  receive  the  blades  of  tb« 
bayonets,  and  they  are  fastened  to  the  bottom  of  the  box  each  with  2  screws,  except 
when  the  box  is  lined  with  tin.  The  small  clamps  are  placed  6  inches  apart,  in 
the  clear;  the  large  ones,  12.5  inches  apart  for  the  model  of  1855,  and  5  inches 
apart  for  the  model  of  1$42. 

4  mutxlt  elampt,  I  inch  thick  and  2.25  inches  wide,  16  inches  long;  each  clamp 
has  5  holes  for  the  muxLles  of  the  barrels  and  5  for  the  beadc  of  the  ramrods. 


PACKING-BOX    FOR    RIFLES.  185 

4  btitl  clamp/',  each  1.&5  inch  thick  and  2.20  inches  wide:  each  clamp  h:is  f) 
sloping  notches,  1  inch  deep.  1. .').'')  inch  wide  at  the  top,  and  1.8  inch  at  the  bottom 
for  the  model  of  1&J2,  and  1.4.')  inch  wide  and  1.7  inch  at  the  bottom  for  the  model 
of  IS.'J.'),  to  receive  the  butts  of  the  muskets. 

On  the  back  of  the  upper  corner  a  rabbet,  .^.O  inch  deep  and  .4.')  inch  wide,  is  cut 
to  receive  a  corresponding  projection  or  tongue  on  the  middle  clamp:  this  serves 
to  hold  the  pieces  together,  and  thereby  save  the  nccessily  of  grooves  on  the  sides 
of  the  box. 

2  middle  clampg,  each  1.S5  inch  thick,  1.13  inch  wide  in  front;  a  projecting 
square  lip,  .'if)  inch  deep  by  .4.')  inch  wide,  on  the  lower  rear  corner,  to  fit  into  the 
rabbet  of  the  butt  clamp. 

2  top  rlampx,  each  1.85  inch  thick  and  3  inches  wide:  the  cover  of  the  box 
presses  on  them  and  keeps  the  muskets  tight  in  place.  A  lip  is  made  on  these 
clamps  to  fit  into  the  butt  clamps,  as  described  in  the  butt  clamps. 

Note.— The  rifle  musket  (model  lb-').'))  is  l.b5  inch  shorter  than  that  of  1842. 
For  this  reason  an  extra  end  piece,  1  inch  thick,  with  cleats  nailed  upon  each  end, 
2  inches  wide,  .8.')  inch  thick,  is  placed  in  one  end  of  the  box  previous  to  putting 
in  the  muskets.     Tbis  forms  a  pocket  for  the  tompions. 

To  Pack  a  box  of  Jfuskets. 

Unfix  the  bjiyoncts  and  let  down  the  hammers. 

The  sm.all  bayonet  clamps  being  fastened  down,  place  the  points  of  the  bayonets 
in  their  notches,  the  bayonets  lying  on  the  edge  of  the  bhade;  then  put  in  the  large 
clamps  and  screw  them  down. 

Place  the  lower  tier  of  ten  muskets ;  the  muzzles  and  ramrods  in  the  holes  in  the 
lower  end  clamps,  the  butts  resting  on  the  opposite  clamp  ;  put  two  lower  butt 
clamps  in  over  the  butts  of  the  lower  tier  of  muskets,  and  over  them  the  two 
middle  clamps.  Place  the  upper  muzzle  clamps  in  ;  insert  the  upper  tier  of  mus- 
kets like  the  lower :  put  in  the  upper  butt  clamps  .and  the  top  clamps. 

Put  the  implements  in  the  pockets  provided  for  them,  and  screw  on  the  cover. 

Packing-Box  for  twenty  Rifles.     (Plate  27.) 

Rifles  are  packed  in  the  same  manner  as  muskets,  the  box  being  made  like  the 
musket  box,  except  in  its  dimensions,  .and  ch.anging  the  botjonet  clamps,  and  adding 
2  end  cleats  and  2  xteel  springs;  1  rabbet  in  each  side. 

Interior  dimensions  of  rifle  60a:.— Length  between  the  end  linings,  50.2  inches; 
width,  16.5  inches  ;  depth,  13.5  inches. 

When  small  .arms  are  to  be  sent  on  a  long  sea  voyage,  the  packing-boxes  are  pro- 
vided with  tin  linings  securely  soldered,  so  as  to  exclude  all  dampness. 

The  clam]}s  for  the  bayonets  are  held  down  by  tin  loops  soldered  to  the  sides  of 
the  tin  lining,  and  bent  over  the  clamps  and  screwed  to  them  after  the  bayonets  arc 
in  place. 


186  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Two  strips  of  wood,  l.>5  inch  wide  and  I  inch  thick,  are  placed  on  each  side  of 
the  V)ox,  their  ends  resting  in  notches  cut  in  the  ends  of  the  top  clamps. 

A  tin  cover  is  then  placed  upon  these  pieces,  and  the  edges  of  the  lining  are  bent 
over  it  and  soldered. 

To  open  the  box,  a  soldering-iron  and  thin  knife  are  rccjiiircd  to  open  the  sol- 
dered joint,  and  the  cover  is  removed. 

Weights  of  boxes  of  Arms  pached. 

20  muskets  and  appendages,  model  ISo."),  286  lbs. 

20       "  •'  "  "      for  sea  voyage,  301  lbs. 

20       "  ■  "  "       1842,  285  lbs. 

20        "  "  "  "     for  sea  voyage,  300  lbs. 

20  rifles  "  "       1855,  321  lbs. 

Packing  Arins  with  Straw. 

In  the  field,  or  under  other  circumstances,  when  the  proper  arm  chests  arc  not 
on  baud,  it  may  sometimes  be  necessary  to  pack  arms  in  this  manner. 

The  interior  dimensions  of  a  box  for  20  muskets  may  be  the  same  as  for  the  regu- 
lar packing-box. 

The  straw  should  be  long,  perfectly  dry,  and  free  from  dust ;  rye  straw  is  the 
best;  hay  should  not  be  used:  about  25  pounds  of  straw  are  required  to  a  box. 

To  prepare  the  miiakit  for  packiiiff. — Oil  it;  let  down  the  hammer,  pass  the  bay- 
onet up  to  the  socket  into  the  guard-bow,  on  the  right  side,  in  front  of  the  trigger. 
MaJ{c  a  rope  of  about  40  straws,  slightly  twisted,  and  40  inches  long ;  wrap  it 
about  the  musket,  commencing  on  top  of  the  hammer,  going  round  the  bayonet 
below,  again  over  the  hammer  and  round  the  piece  in  front  of  the  guard,  then  over 
the  socket  of  the  bayonet  near  the  neck,  and  wrapping  the  rest  around  the  handle 
of  the  stock. 

Lay  a  bed  of  straw  2  inches  thick  in  the  bottom  of  the  box  :  in  the  middle  and 
lit  6  inches  from  the  ends,  place  three  cushions  of  straw  (J  inches  thick  and  12 
inches  wide.  Put  in  a  tier  of  10  muskets  crossing  each  other,  the  butts  resting 
alternately  against  the  ends  of  the  box,  the  guards  uppermost,  and  the  hammers 
bearing  on  the  cushions.  Put  small  trusses  of  straw  under  the  upper  and  middle 
bands,  by  raising  the  muskets  at  one  end  and  then  pressing  them  down  between 
the  others.  Pack,  between  the  butts,  wads  of  straw  8  inches  long,  made  of  a  hand- 
ful of  straws  folded  in  three  ;  cover  the  guards  and  guard-bows  with  the  ends  of 
the  straw  that  form  these  wads,  which  will  be  still  about  12  inches  long.  Put  in 
another  tier  of  10  muskets  in  the  same  manner,  making  the  cushions  four  inches 
thick.  Pack  the  implements  in  straw  in  the  vacant  spaces.  Fill  the  box  with 
straw,  so  that  the  cover  shall  require  strong  pressure  to  keep  it  down.  Put  two 
hoops  around  the  box,  at  IS  inches  from  the  ends. 

Other  arm^,  swords,  etc.,  are  packed  in  a  similar  manner. 


PRESERVATION    OF    ARMS.  187 

Arms  should  not  he  wrapped  in  paper,  unless  it  bo  oiled,  as  it  attracts  moisture 
more  readily  than  straw  does. 

PRESERVATION  OF  ARMS  IN  STORE. 

Arrangement  and  Manner  of  Storing  Ar7ns. 

Arms  are  kept  at  the  arsenals  either  in  the  boxes  in  which  they  arc  received  from 
the  armories,  or  in  racks. 

Those  of  each  kind  are  kept  separate,  and  they  are  arranged  according  to 
the  model,  the  place  and  j-ear  of  fabrication,  and  the  time  when  they  were  last 
cleaned. 

New  arms  are  kept  distinct  from  those  which  have  been  repaired. 

Each  parcel  should  have  a  label,  indicating  the  kind,  number,  model,  date  of 
their  receipt  in  store  and  of  their  being  last  cleaned. 

The  manner  of  keeping  arms  at  the  arsenals  is  determined  by  the  chief  of  the 
Ordnance  bureau,  according  to  the  peculiar  circumstances  of  each  case,  and  racks 
are  constructed  for  them  only  in  pursuance  of  special  authority  from  the  Ordnance 
oflBoe;  without  such  authority,  they  are  kept  in  boxes.  The  form  and  arrangement 
of  the  racks  vary  with  those  of  the  room  in  which  they  are  placed,  so  as  to  use  the 
space  to  the  best  advantage  and  give  light  and  air  to  every  part  of  the  room.  The 
usual  arrangement  of  racks  for  muskets  is  to  establish  two  rows  of  double  racks, 
two  tiers  high,  perpendicular  to  the  length  of  the  room,  leaving  alleys  around  the 
room  next  to  the  walls,  and  in  the  centre,  if  necessary.  The  bayonets  are  passed 
through  the  middle  band  swivel,  the  socket  covering  the  top  of  the  ramrod.  Other 
racks  of  a  similar  kind  may  be  made  for  rifles,  carbines,  etc.  Pistols  are  suspended 
by  the  guard-bows,  on  hooks  driven  into  the  faces  of  the  musket  racks,  or  iuto  the 
joists,  or  into  strips  attached  to  the  walls  of  the  building. 

When  there  are  neither  racks  nor  boxes  prepared,  the  arras  are  stored  in  dry 
rooms,  arranged  in  rows  apart  from  the  walls,  standing  on  their  muzzles  and  sup- 
ported by  frames  to  prevent  them  from  pressing  too  much  on  each  other.  The 
bayonet  should  be  unfixed  and  passed  through  the  swivel.  They  should  be  covered 
with  tarpaulins  or  cloths,  if  necessary,  to  protect  them  from  dust. 

Arms  of  peculiar  kinds,  and  arms  to  be  repaired,  are  kept  separate  from  others ; 
as  also  arms  unserviceable  or  condemned  to  be  broken  up. 

Limbs  and  spare  parts  intended  for  repairs  of  arms  should  be  kept  in  store  by 
themselves,  in  a  dry  place,  classed  according  to  the  kind  of  arms  and  to  the  model 
and  year  of  fabrication,  and  labelled  accordingly. 

Musket  and  rifle  barrels  and  other  long  barrels,  standing  on  their  muzzles ;  the 
piles  covered  from  the  dust  with  tarpaulins  supported  so  as  not  to  touch  the  barrels. 
Pistol  barrels,  bayonets,  and  other  small  jjarts,  in  drawers  or  boxes,  properly  labelled. 
Stocks,  in  square  piles,  in  the  attic  or  upper  story  of  the  building. 


m 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Care  of  Ar7ns  iii  Store. 

Arms  when  received  at  an  arsenal  should  be  unpacked  and  carefully  examined, 
to  detect  anj'  damage  suffered  in  transportation  ;  they  should  be  cleaned  and  oiled, 
if  they  require  it.  Those  arms  which  are  not  to  be  placed  in  racks  should  be 
returned  to  the  boxes,  laid  in  looseh'  but  safely,  and  the  cover  slightly  fastened 
down,  so  that  they  can  be  readily  examined. 

All  arms  in  store  should  be  freijuently  examined,  to  see  that  they  do  not  become 
rusty.  Those  which  are  found  to  be  rusted  should  be  immediately  cleaned  and 
again  oiled.  Browned  arms,  if  affected  with  specks  of  rust,  should  be  rubbed  hard 
with  linseed  oil;  and  if  the  appearance  of  the  browning  indicate  that  the  acid  is 
not  neutralized,  care  should  be  taken  to  examine  the  arms  a;:ain  within  a  short 
time,  as  it  maj'  be  found  necessary  to  remove  and  renew  the  browning:  but  this 
operation  should  not  be  performed  without  special  authority  from  the  chief  of  the 
Ordnance  bureau,  on  the  report  of  a  duly  authorized  inspector. 

Arms  which  are  to  be  repaired  should  be  oiled  and  taken  caro  of  in  the  same 
manner  as  serviceable  arms.  Irreparable  arms,  the  parts  of  which  can  be  used 
for  repairs,  should  be  oiled.  Similar  remarks  apply  to  spare  parts  for  repair  of 
arms. 

Sjirrm  oil  should  be  used  for  greasing  arms. 

Empty  boxes,  from  which  iln-  arms  in  racks  arc  taJicn,  should  be  kept,  with  all 
the  parts  belonging  to  them,  in  the  attics  or  other  dry  situations. 

The  storehouse  for  arms  should  be  aired  in  clear,  dry  weather. 

Issuing  Arms. 

The  Ordnance  regulations  prescribe  the  manner  of  issuing  arms  to  the  troops 
under  the  various  circumstances  of  service,  and  to  the  slates,  for  arming  the 
militia. 

All  arms  issued  from  an  arsenal  should  be  carefully  examined  before  delivery, 
cleaned,  and  put  in  good  order;  if  intended  for  transportation,  the.v  should  be 
oiled,  if  necessarj',  after  cleaning,  and  carefully  packed. 

PRESERVATION  OF  ARMS  IN  SERVICE. 

The  officers,  non-commissioned  oflScers,  and  soldiers  should  be  instructed  and 
practised  in  the  nomenclature  of  the  arms,  the  manner  of  dismounting  and  mounting 
them,  and  the  precautions  and  care  required  for  their  preservation. 

Each  soldier  should  have  a  screw-driver  and  a  wiper,  and  each  squad  of  ten  a 
band-spring  and  tumbler  punch,  and  a  spring-^ce.  No  other  implements  should  be 
used  in  taking  arms  apart  or  in  setting  them  up. 

In  the  inspection  of  arms,  officers  should  attend  to  the  qualities  essential  to  ser- 
vice, rather  than  to  a  bright  polish  on  the  exterior  of  the  arms.  The  arms  should 
be  inspected  in  the  quarters  at  least  once  a  month,  with  the  barrel  and  lock  separated 
from  the  stock. 


TAKING    ARMS    TO    PIECES.  189 

Taking  Arms  to  Pieces. 

To  taJce  apart  the  rijie  jnusJcet,  model  1855 — 

1.  Unfix  the  bayonet. 

2.  Put  the  totnpion  iu  the  muzzle  of  the  barrel. 

3.  Draw  the  ramrod. 

4.  Turn  the  tang-screw. 

5.  Take  off  the  lock  :  to  do  this,  first  put  the  hammer  at  half-cock,  then  unscrew 
partially  the  side  screws,  and,  with  a  slight  tap  on  the  head  of  each  screw  with  a 
wooden  instrument,  loosen  the  lock  from  its  bed  in  the  stock;  then  turn  out  the  side 
screws,  and  remove  the  lock  with  the  left  hand. 

6.  Remove  the  side  screws,  taking  care  not  to  disturb  the  washers. 

7.  Take  otf  the  upper  band. 

8.  Take  off  the  middle  band. 

9.  Take  off  the  lower  band. 

10.  Take  out  the  barrel. 

In  doing  this,  turn  the  musket  horizontally,  with  the  barrel  downward,  holding 
the  barrel  loosely  with  the  left  hand  below  the  rear  sight,  the  right  hand  grasping 
the  stock  by  the  handle;  and  if  it  does  not  leave  the  stock,  tap  the  tompion  in  the 
muzzle  gently  against  the  ground  or  floor,  which  will  loosen  the  breech  end  from  the 
stock.  This  is  preferable  to  lifting  the  barrel  out  by  the  muzzle,  because  if  the  tang 
of  the  breech-screw  should  bind  in  the  wood,  the  head  of  the  stock  would  be  liable 
to  be  split  by  raising  the  muzzle  first. 

The  foregoing  parts  of  the  rifle  musket  are  all  that  should  usually  be  taken  off  or 
dismounted. 

The  soldier  should  never  dismount  the  baiid-sj)r!ncfs,  fjuard,  side  screw,  washers, 
hult-plate,  rear  sight,  cone,  and  cone-seat  screw,  except  when  an  otPicer  considers  it 
necessary.  The  breech-screw  should  be  taken  out  only  by  an  armorer,  and  never  in 
ordinary  cleaning.  The  lock  should  not  bo  taken  apart,  nor  the  bayonet-clasp  taken 
off,  except  wlicn  absolutely  necessary  iu  the  opinion  of  an  officer.  If  proper  and 
regular  care  he  taken  of  the  arm,  this  will  he  very  seldom  necessari/. 

The  parts  which  are  specially  assigned  to  be  dismounted  by  an  experienced 
armorer  will  be  stated  in  their  regular  order  following  No.  10,  viz: 

11.  Unscrew  the  cone,  keeping  the  wrench  well  down  on  the  square  of  the  cone, 
to  prevent  the  corners  from  being  injured. 

12.  T.ake  out  the  cone-seat  screw. 

13.  Take  out  the  upper,  middle,  and  lower  band-springs,  using  a  wire  punch  of 
proper  size. 

14.  Take  out  the  side  screws.* 

*The  guard,  butt-plate,  and  side-screw  heads  have  concave  slits,  for  which  the  screw-driver  is 
adapted:  this  lessens  tiie danger  of  the  stock  being  marred  by  accident  or  carelessness  in  letting 
the  screw-driver  slip  out  while  in  the  act  of  turning  the  screw.  Great  care  should  be  observed  to 
prevent  injury  iu  this  particular. 


100  ORDNANCB    MANUAL. 

\f).  Take  'lilt  the  jfuird,  ukidj;  care  to  prevent  injiirin;;  the  wood  at  ea<'h  end  of 
the  Knard-jilnte. 

IPi.   Tiikc  out  the  hidi'-fcrcw  wiislicri"  with  a  drift-punch. 

17.  Take  out  the  hutl-platc  scri-ws  with  the  largest  hladc  of  the  Hrrcw-clrivcr,  and 
remove  the  hutt-plat'e. 

18.  Keinove  tlie  rear  oijjht  by  turning  out  tlie  leaf-f>pring  screw,  which  will  release 
the  Bight  from  the  barrel. 

19.  Turn  out  the  hrceeh-screw  by  means  of  a  "  brcecli-ser''w  wrench"  ruitcd  to 
the  tenon  of  the  breech-Hcrew.  No  other  wrench  should  ever  be  uned  for  this  pur- 
poHc,  and  llu'  barrel  hliould  be  held  in  clamps  fitting  neatly  the  breech. 

onnKH    IN    WIIK  II    TIIR    LOCK    18   TAKKN    APAUT. 

1,  Cock  the  piece,  and  jiut  the  spring-vice  on  the  main  spring;  give  the  thumb- 
screw a  turn  ^'ufiIcient  to  liberate  the  spring  from  the  swivel  and  main-ipring  notch. 
Remove  the  cjiring. 

2.  The  s-ear-sjiring  screw,  lleforc  turning  this  screw  entirely  out,  strike  the  elbow 
of  the  spring  with  tho  scn-w-driver,  so  as  to  disengage  the  pivot  from  its  mortiie; 
then  remove  the  screw  and  spring. 

'^.  The  sear- screw  and  sear. 

4.  The  bridle-screw  and  bridle. 

5.  The  tumbler-screw. 

6.  The  tumbler.  This  is  driven  out  with  a  punch  inserted  in  the  screw-bole,  which 
at  the  same  time  liberates  the  hammer. 

7.  Detach  the  main-spring  swivel  from  the  tumbler  with  a  drift-punch. 

Assembling  Arms. 

The  lock  and  the  mu^kel  are  put  together  in  the  inverse  order  of  taking  them 
apart. 

THK    LOCK. 

1.  The  main-spring  swivel.  2.  The  tumbler  and  hammer.  3.  The  tumbler- 
screw,  i.  Bridle  and  screw,  i.  Sear  and  screw,  ti.  Sear-spring  and  screw. 
7.  Main   spring. 

Before  replacing  the  screws,  oil  them  slightly  with  good  sperm  oil,  putting  a 
drop  on  the  point  of  the  screw;  also,  on  the  arbor  and  pivot  of  the  tumbler; 
between  the  movable  branches  of  the  springs  and  the  lock-jdatc  :  on  the  hook  and 
Botches  of  the  tumbler.  After  the  lock  is  put  together,  avoid  turning  the  screws  in 
so  bard  as  to  make  the  limbs  bind  :  to  insure  this,  try  the  motion  of  each  limb 
before  and  after  its  spring  is  mounted,  and  see  that  it  moves  without  friction. 

THE    MrSKET. 

1.  The  barrel.  Drop  the  barrel  into  its  place  in  the  stock,  and  squeeze  it  down 
with  the  band  ;  give  the  butt  of  the  stock  a  gentle  tap  against  the  floor,  to  settle 
the  breech  end  of  the  barrel  against  the  head  of  the  stock. 


CLEANING    AND    CARE    OF    ARMS.  191 

2.  Put  on  the  lower  band  with  the  letter  U  upward,  being  careful  not  to  mar  the 
stock  or  barrel  in  sliding  it  into  its  place  ;  apply  the  thumb  to  the  band-spring,  to 
see  that  it  plays  freely. 

.3.   Put  on  the  middle  band  ;   and, 

4.  The  upper  band,  in  the  same  manner. 

5.  The  lock.  Half-cock  the  hammer  ;  take  the  lock  in  the  right  hand,  with  the 
main  spring  and  sear  toward  you,  holding  the  stock  with  the  left  hand  by  the  .'swell, 
with  the  butt  between  the  knees.  Enter  the  lock  fairly  into  the  lock-bed,  taking 
care  to  keep  the  arm  of  the  sear  clear 'of  the  trigger:  press  the  plate  well  down 
into  the  wood,  and  then  turn  the  musket  over,  holding  the  lock  and  stock  together 
/with  the  left  hand. 

6.  With  the  right  hand,  turu  in  the  side  screws,  after  having  touched  their  screw- 
threads  with  oil.  Observe  that  the  point  of  the  rear  screw  is  flat,  and  should  not 
project  beyond  the  plate,  to  interfere  with  the  hammer.  The  front  screw  has  a 
round  point. 

7.  Turn  in  the  tang-scrcw,  after  having  oiled  the  screw-thread.  Be  careful  to  sec 
that  each  of  these  screws  are  turned  firmly  home,  but  not  forced.  Observe  that  the 
lock  plays  freely,  without  friction,  and  that  no  limb  is  bound  by  the  wood. 

8.  Return  the  ramrod. 

9.  Kcfi.x  the  bayonet,  after  having  oiled  the  clasp  and  socket  to  prevent  chafing. 

10.  Replace  the  tompion.  Oil  the  stock  well  with  sperm  or  linseed  oil  ;  let  it 
stand  a  few  hours,  and  then  rub  it  with  a  woollen  rag  until  the  wood  is  perfectly 
dry.  Repeat  this  from  time  to  time,  and  it  will  produce  a  polish  which  moisture 
will  not  affect. 

Linseed  oil  is  the  best  for  this  purpose,  and  it  should  be  used  while  the  arm  is 
dismounted. 

Cleaning  and  Care  of  Anns. 

TO    CLEAN    THE    BAHKEL. 

1.  Stop  the  hole  in  the  cone  with  a  peg  of  soft  wood ;  pour  a  gill  of  water  (warm, 
if  it  can  be  had)  into  the  muzzle  ;  let  it  stand  a  short  time,  to  soften  the  deposit  of 
the  powder ;  put  a  plug  of  soft  wood  into  the  muzzle,  and  shake  the  water  up  and 
down  the  barrel  well;  pour  this  out  and  repeat  the  washing  until  the  water  comes 
out  clear ;  take  out  the  peg  from  the  cone,  and  stand  the  barrel,  muzzle  downward, 
to  drain  for  a  few  moments. 

2.  Screw  the  wiper  on  to  the  end  of  the  ramrod,  and  put  a  piece  of  dry  cloth  or 
toic  round  it,  sufficient  to  prevent  it  from  chafing  the  grooves  of  the  barrel ;  wipe 
the  barrel  quite  dry,  changing  or  drying  the  cloth  two  or  three  times. 

3.  Put  no  oil  into  the  vent,  as  it  will  clog  the  passage,  and  cause  the  first  cap  to 
miss  fire ;  but,  with  a  slightly  oiled  rag  on  the  wiper,  rub  the  bore  of  the  barrel  and 
the  face  of  the  breech-screw  and  immediately  insert  the  tompion  into  the  muzzle. 

4.  To  clean  the  exterior  of  the  barrel,  lay  it  flat  on  a  bench  or  board,  to  avoid 
bending  it.     The  practice  of  supporting  the  barrel  at  each  end  and  rubbing  it  with 


198  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

a  strap  or  buff-ctick,  or  with  the  ramrod  or  any  other  instrument,  lo  hunn't'h  it,  In 
pernicious,  and  should  be  strictly  forbidden. 

5.  After  firinj;,  the  barrel  Hhould  always  bo  washed  as  goon  as  practicable;  when 
the  water  comes  olT  clear,  wipe  the  barrel  dry,  and  pass  into  it  a  rag  moistened  with 
oil. 

Ah  rust  and  dirt  are  produced  by  e.\|)loding  caps  or  primeri^,  ulthnu^^h  no  charge 
be  fired,  the  parts  of  the  barrel  and  cone  exposed  should  be  carefully  wiped  and 
oiled  after  such  practice. 

Fine  Jlour  »/  emery  cloth  is  the  best  article  to  clean  the  exterior  of  the  barrel. 

TO    CLKAN    TllK    I.OCK. 

Wipe  every  part  with  a  moist  rag,  and  then  a  dry  one;  if  any  part  of  the  interior 
shows  rust,  put  a  drop  of  uil  on  the  ])oint  or  end  of  a  piece  of  soft  woud  dipped  into 
flour  of  emery  ;  rub  out  the  rust  clean  and  wipe  the  surf;ice  dry  ;  then  rub  every 
part  with  a  slightly  oiled  rag. 

When  a  lock  has,  from  any  cause,  become  gummed  with  oil  and  dirt,  it  may  be 
eleane<l  by  being  boiled  in  soap-suds  or  in  pearlasb  or  soda  water,  to  luusen  Ibe 
thick  oil  :   but  heat  should  never  be  a]iplied  to  any  part  of  it  in  any  other  way. 

TO    CI-KAN    THE    MOfNTINGS. 

For  the  mountings,  and  all  of  the  iron  and  steel  parts,  use  fine  flour  of  emery 
moistened  with  <jil,  or  flour  of  emery  cloth. 

For  brafs,  use  rotlen-st6ne  moistened  with  vinegar  or  water,  and  keep  free  from 
oil  or  grease.      I'se  a  har<l  brush,  or  a  piece  of  soft  pine,  cedar,  or  crocus  cloth. 

Remove  dirt  from  the  screw-holes  by  screwing  a  piece  of  soft  wood  into  them. 

Wipe  clean  with  a  linen  rag,  and  leave  the  parts  slightly  oiled. 

In  cleaning  the  arms,  great  care  should  be  observed  to  prcunie  the  ifualiliei  etten^ 
tial  to  territr,  rather  than  to  obtain  a  bright  polish. 

BurniihiHtf  the  barrel  (or  other  parts)  should  be  strictly  avoided,  ai  it  tends  ta 
orook  the  barrel,  and  also  to  destroy  the  uniformity  of  the  exterior  finish  of  the 
arm. 

It  is  not  essential  for  the  musket  to  be  dismounted  every  time  that  it  is  cleaned  ; 
for,  after  firing  it  in  fine  weather,  or  when  there  has  been  no  chance  for  the  wet  to 
get  between  the  barrel  and  the  stock,  it  can  be  perfectly  cleaned  in  the  following 
manner — 

Put  a  piece  of  rag  or  soft  leather  on  the  t«p  of  the  cone,  and  let  the  hammer 
down  upon  it ;  pour  a  gill  of  water  into  the  muzzle,  carefully,  so  that  it  does  not 
run  down  the  outside:  put  a  plug  of  wood  into  the  muzzle,  and  shake  the  gun  op 
and  down,  changing  the  water  rei'catedly  until  it  comes  out  clear.  When  clear, 
withdraw  the  leather,  and  stand  the  musket  on  the  muzzle  for  a  few  moments ;  then 
wipe  out  the  barrel  (as  given  in   the  second  rule  for  cleaning),  and  also  wipe  the 


CLEANING    AND    CARE    OF   ARMS.  193 

extcri..r  of  the  lock  and  the  outside  of  the  barrel  around  the  cone  and  cone-seat 
first  with  a  damp  ra-,  and  then  with  a  dry  one,  and  lastly  with  a  rag  that  has  been 
slightly  o.led.  In  this  way,  all  the  dirt  due  to  the  firing  may  be  removed  without 
taking  out  a  screw. 

If.  however,  the  hammer  be  observed  to  work  stiff,  or  to  grate  upon  the  tumbler 

the  look  must  immediately  be  taken  off  and  the  parts  cleaned  and  touched  with  oil 

To  change  the  co„e,  when  it  is  broken  or  worn  out.— After  removing  the  old  cone 

enter  the  new  one  carefully  with  the  fingers,  before  using  the  wrench,  in  order  to 

avoid  bruising  the  thread  in  the  barrel. 

It  is  very  important  to  use  no  other  implenwnts  than  those  before  mentioned 
By  using  nails  to  drive  out  the  wires,  their  holes  are  enlarged.     The  main  spring 
should  never  be  heated  for  the  purpose  of  either  raising  or  lowering  its  temper 
this  destroys  the  elasticity  of  the  spring,  and  the  lock  no  longer  gives  fire. 

The  notches  of  the  tumbler,  the  main  .spring,  swivel,  and  in°general,  all  the  joints 
of  the  lock  should  be  frequently  oiled,  after  first  wiping  off  the  hard  grease  and  the 
dust. 

Broiccd  arms  are  cleaned  by  rubbing  them  hard  with  an  oiled  rag  until  the  oil 
is  well  incorporated  with  the  browning,  or  by  rubbing  them  with  beeswax  on  a  rae 
or  cork.  ° 

Rifled  arms  should  not  have  the  ramrod  spr,u,g  in  the  bore  with  unnecessary 
force.  It  batters  the  head  of  the  rod,  and  wears  injuriously  the  grooves.  The 
soldier  should  let  the  rod  slide  down  gently,  supported  by  the  thumb  and  finger  • 
and  the  inspecting  ofiicer  can  satisfy  himself  of  the  condition  of  the  bottom  of  the 
bore  l,y  gently  tapping  with  the  rod.  The  faca  of  the  breech  can  be  polished  after 
^washing,  by  means  of  a  cork  fixed  on  the  wiper  or  ball-screw ;  the  polished  surface 
can  be  seen  if  the  muzzle  is  turned  to  the  light. 

Besides  all  the  precautions  in  dismounting,  remounting  and  cleaning,  which  have 
been  pointed  out  in  the  foregoing  pages,  habitual  care  in  handling  the  arms  is 
necessary  to  keep  them  in  good  and  serviceable  condition. 

In  ordering  arms  on  parade,  let  the  butt  be  brought  gently  to  the  ground,  espe- 
cially when  the  exercises  take  place  on  pavements  or  hard  roads.  This  will  save 
the  mechanism  of  the  lock  from  shocks,  which  are  very  injurious  to  it,  and  which 
tend  to  loosen  and  mar  the  screws  and  split  the  wood-work. 

In  sfac/nng  arms,  care  should  be  taken  not  to  injure  the  bayonets  by  forcibly 
straining  the  edges  against  each  other.  The  stack  can  be  as  well  secured  without 
such  force  being  used. 

No  cutting,  marking,  or  scraping  in  any  way  the  wood  or  iron  should  be  allowed  : 
and  no  part  of  the  gun  should  be  touched  with  a  file.  Take  every  possible  care  to 
prevent  water  from  getting  in  between  the  lock,  or  barrel  and  stock.  If  any  should 
get  there,  dismount  the  gun  as  soon  as  possible,  clean  and  oil  the  parts  as  directed, 
and  see  that  they  are  perfectly  dry  before  reassembling  them. 
13 


194  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

INSPECTION  OF  ARMS  IN  SERVICE.  OR  WHICH  H Wr  BEEN  IN 

SERVICE. 

fmjilrniciitii. — Standard  and  limit-gauges  for  the  bore,  lirnit-guagcx  for  the  exterior 
of  the  barrel,  and  a  gprcw-platc  with  taps  for  the  holes  of  the  lock-plate. 

The  following  are  the  principal  points  to  be  aUcmUd  to  in  the  inspection  of 
arms — 

The  arms  being  taken  to  pieces  and  cleaned. 

HAnitKI.. — DffrcU  fur  ichtrh  tht  barrel  mtitt  br  eondeiniird  a*  nnjtt /or  trrriee.  Tho 
large  pnacc  entering  the  whole  length  of  the  barrel.  The  email  or  standard  gauge 
not  entering,  unless  the  diminution  of  the  bore  be  caused  by  the  liarrel  being  in- 
dented or  bent — defects  which  may  be  remedied.  A  diminution  of  the  exterior 
diameter  at  the  hreech  or  at  the  muzzle,  so  as  to  enter  the'small  receiving  guagu : 
this  diminution  is  0.1  inch  at  the  breech;  O.O.'l  inch  at  the  muzzle  for  arms  with 
bayonets,  and  0.(t40  inch  for  arms  without  bayonets.  A  diminution  of  more  than 
0.25  in  the  length  of  a  pistol  barrel,  or  0.5  inch  in  the  length  of  other  barreli. 
Splits,  cross-cracks,  and  other  serious  defects,  caused  either  by  bad  workmanship  or 
by  use. 

Examine  the  barrel  carefully,  to  see  if  it  have  any  of  the  above  defects,  and,  if 
■o,  mark  them  with  a  file,  when  not  very  apparunL  See  if  the  bayonet-stud  be  broken 
or  too  much  worn,  if  the  cone-seat  be  perfect,  and  its  thread  in  good  order  and  the 
▼ent  unobstructed.  If  the  breech-screw  be  not  tight  after  entering  5  or  C  threads, 
or  if  it  can  be  screwed  down  by  hand  without  the  use  of  a  wrench,  if  the  thrcada  be 
not  sharp  and  sound,  if  the  plug  *j  not  fill  up  the  whole  Ixix  of  the  female  screw, 
if  the  tang  bo  broken  or  cracked  at  the  screw-hole,  or  if,  when  the  breech-screw  u 
in,  the  tang  bo  not  even  with  the  upper  surface  of  the  barrel,  a  new  breech-screw  is 
required. 

Conk. — Examine  the  chamfered  end  of  the  cone,  to  sec  that  it  be  not  broken  or 
bruised ;  examine  abo  the  thread  and  the  rent. 

Bayonkt. — A  bayonet  is  considered  unserviceable  if  the  blade  be  I  inch  too  short. 
Bee  if  it  bo  sound  and  perfect  in  all  its  parts,  and  if  it  fit  the  barrel ;  also,  if  the 
elasp  be  in  good  order  and  turn  freely. 

Lock. — See  if  the  fixed  branches  of  the  gpriuga  fit  close  to  the  ]«ck-plate,  if  the 
movable  branches  be  clear  of  it,  and  if  any  of  tht  parts  be  wood-bound. 

Have  the  springs  and  the  bridle  of  the  tumbler  renewed  when  their  pivots  are 
hroken.  There  should  be  an  equal  space  between  the  lock-plate  and  the  scar,  the 
tumbler  and  the  hammer. 

If  the  »car  rub  on  the  plate,  have  it  adjusted.  The  friction  of  the  tumbUr  may  be 
eansed  by  the  bridle  being  badly  pierced,  in  which  case  renew  the  bridle.  If  the 
hammer  rub  on  one  side  only,  have  it  adjusted:  if  it  rub  everywhere,  the  arbor  of 
the  tumbler  does  not  project  suflSciently,  and  the  tumbler  should  be  renewed.  If  the 
not(htt  di' the  tumbler  be  broken,  or  the  edges  too  blunt,  have  them  dressed;  if  the 
hook  of  the  tumbler  project  beyond  the  edge  of  the  lock-plate  when  the  hammer  is 


REPAIRS    OF    ARMS    AT    ARSENALS.  105 

let  down,  the  tumbler  should  be  renewed.  The  arbor  and  the  pivot  of  the  tumbler 
should  fit  well  in  their  holes.  Examine  ihc  star  closely,  and  have  it  renewed  when 
the  nose  is  too  thin  or  is  worn  on  the  side  next  the  lock-plate,  although  it  may  be 
perfect  on  the  exterior.  If  the  hammer  be  not  steady,  the  tumbler  should  be  renewed. 
Try  the  action  of  the  hammer,  to  see  that  it  explodes  the  cap  with  certainty. 

Renew  the  Inck-plaie  when  the  holes  arc  too  much  worn  to  be  dressed  over.  Renew 
every  limb  that  is  broken  or  cracked,  the  screws  which  arc  too  much  worn,  or  of 
which  the  stems  are  bent  or  the  slits  too  much  enlarged. 

Mountings. — See  if  the  parts  be  complete  and  sound. 

If  the  tantj-KcrcxB  do  not  fit  tight  in  the  screw-hole  of  the  guard-plate,  renew 
whichever  part  is  defective. 

Ramrod. — See  if  it  be  sound  and  have  a  good  thread  and  be  of  the  proper  length; 
otherwise,  replace  it. 

Stock. — Examine  carefully  the  bed  of  the  lock,  and  the  holes  for  the  band-springs. 
Press  the  thumb  against  the  /uciiKjn,  to  see  if  they  be  split  at  the  holes  for  the  side 
screws,  and  renew  the  stock  if  it  be  split  there  or  at  any  other  part  to  an  injurious 
extent. 

The  a7'm8  complete. 

Are  inspected  according  to  the  rules  before  laid  down  for  the  inspection  of  finished 
arms ;  due  allowance  being  made  for  the  necessary  wear  in  service. 

REPAIRS  OF  ARMS  AT  ARSENALS. 

When  arms  which  have  been  in  the  hands  of  the  troops  are  turned  into  store  at  an 
arsenal,  they  should  be  inspected  by  a  master  armorer,  under  the  supervision  of  an 
oflBcer,  and  classed  as  follows — 

1.  Serviceable  arms. 

2.  Anna  requiring  repairs. 

3.  Irreparable  arms. 

Arms  requiring  repairs  arc  classified  according  to  their  kinds  and  models  and 
to  the  extent  of  the  repairs  required.  Each  arm  should  be  marked  with  a  number, 
and  the  requisite  repairs  should  be  noted  on  the  register  of  in.spettion,  to  guide  the 
workmen  and  to  govern  the  is.sue  of  spare  parts  required  for  repairs. 

Repairs  prohibited.— Tho  following  repairs  beiug  always  imperfect,  the  parts 
requiring  them  should  be  replaced:  Cutting  oflf  a  barrel;  brazing  a  patch  on  a 
barrel;  brazing  a  tang  on  the  breech-scrcw  ;  brazing  a  bolster  on  a  lock-plate; 
reaming  out  the  hole  for  the  arbor  of  the  tumbler;  brazing  a  piece  for  a  tumbler- 
hole  or  a  shoulder  on  the  hammer;  hammering  iu  the  edge  of  the  hole  to  make  it 
fit  tighten  the  square  of  the  tumbler;  putting  a  pivot  to  a  tumbler;  twisting  the 
square  of  the  tumbler  to  increase  the  sweep  of  the  hammer;  straightening  the 
arbor;  brazing  a  ramrod;  splicing  a  stock. 

The  spare  parts  furnished  from  the  armories  are  iu  soQ^:ra,\  filed,  jiniehed,  hard- 
ened and  tempered,  including  the  breech-screw. 


196  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Filtinp  fifir  part*. —  To  adjust  n  icir  lock,  the  flat  of  the  barrel  should  not 
bo  filed,  but  the  bolsters  of  the  lock-plutc  should  be  ground. 

The  hnrrcl  should  not  be  touched  with  a  file  when  it  has  been  injured  by  rust. 
fn  rejilaring  the  hayonrt-ntnd,  avoid  cutting  too  deep  into  the  barrel  and  proclucing  a 
j)rojcctiim  inside;  try  the  small  gauge  iu  the  barrel  after  the  operation.  In  fitting 
a  new  bayonet,  dress  out  the  groove  of  the  socket  and  ream  out  the  socket  if 
necessary. 

lirnzc  iiijhKi  and  bayonet -itudi  only,  and  no  other  pieces;  the  solder  is  comjtosed 
of  two  parts  of  brass  and  one  of  zinc,  without  any  tin. 

Irreparable  Arms. 

Arms  arc  considered  irreparable  when  both  the  barrel  and  stock  arc  until  for 
service;  or  when  the  arms  require  very  extensive  repairs  anil  the  part!«  can  be  made 
useful  for  repairs  of  other  arms.  They  can  be  broken  up  only  by  special  authority  ; 
and  they  should,  therefore,  be  oiled  and  preserved,  in  order  to  be  submitted  to  an 
inspector,  as  prescribed  in  the  Ordnance  regulations. 

When  arms  are  broken  up,  the  parts  are  classed  either  as  lervieenble,  reparnblr., 
or  \in$erv\e.eable  ;  those  of  the  last  class  should  be  turned  into  store  as  tcrap  iron  or 
tieel,  etc. 

STRENGTH  AND  DURABILITY  OF  MUSKET  BARRELS. 

To  test  the  strength  of  musket  barrels,  model  1855,  they  have  been  fired  with  an 
increasing  number  of  cartridges,  until  the  force  of  the  explosion  of  the  first  two 
cartridges  was  unable  to  drive  out  the  other  charge.*,  and  the  gas  escaped  through 
the  veut,  leaving  the  barrel  uninjured. 

The  strength  of  the  barrel,  therefore,  furnishes  every  requisite" security  against 
the  accidents  of  service  and  the  want  of  care  on  the  part  of  the  soldier. 

E.xpcricnce  has  shown  that  a  musket  barrel  may  be  fired  'JG.OOO  times  without 
becoming  unserviceable. 

Barrcl.s  which  are  condemned  in  service  are  almost  always  the  result  of  accident, 
very  rarely  from  enlargement  of  the  bore  or  from  the  diminution  of  the  exterior 
dimensions. 

The  following  trials  of  the  strength  and  durability  of  the  French  musket  barrel 
are  taken  from  the  Aide-Memoire.  They  refer  to  the  smooth  bure  musket :  It  is  to 
be  observed  that  the  charge  of  the  French  musket  was  formerly  1(32  grams  Troy, 
priming  included  (or  146  grains,  exclusive  of  priming),  and  is,  therefore,  consid- 
erjibly  greater  than  our  present  service  charge. 

In  experimeuts  made  in  1S06,  barrels  reduced  0.13  inch  at  the  breech  bore  a 
double  and  triple  charge  with  one  ball,  or  2  cartridges  placed  one  over  the  other. 

Other  trials  were  made  in  1S29,  at  the  manufactory  of  Mutzig,  on  arms  sent 
there  for  repairs^  which  had  been  a  greater  or  less  time  in  the  hands  of  the  troops. 
They  furnished  the  following  results — 


STRENGTH  AND  DURABILITY  OF  MUSKET  BARRELS.  197 

Ist.  When  a  musket  barrel  is  charged  with  a  single  cartridge,  placed  in  any  part 
of  it,  or  with  2  or  even  with  3  cartridges,  inserted  regularly,  without  any  interval 
between  them,  there  is  no  danger  of  bursting  ;  with  4  cartridges  inserted  regularly 
over  each  other,  or  with  2  or  even  3  cartridges  placed  over  each  other  with  slugged 
balls  (or  balls  driven  in,  as  in  a  rifle),  there  is  danger  only  in  case  of  some  defect 
of  fabrication,  or  some  deterioration  in  the  barrel ;  with  more  than  4  cartridges 
inserted  regularly  one  over  another,  or  with  2,  3  aud  4  cartridges  with  intervals 
between  them,  it  is  not  safe  to  firev 

2d.  No  danger  of  bursting  is  occasioned  by  leaving  a  ball-screw  in  the  barrel. 
There  may  be  danger  from  a  plug  of  wood  driven  tight  into  the  muzzle,  whun  the 
barrel  has  been  loaded  with  2  cartridges;  or  from  a  cork  rammed  into  the  barrel  to 
a  certain  distance  from  the  charge,  with  another  cartridge  over  it. 

Snow,  clay  and  sand,  which  may  be  accidentally  introduced  into  the  barrel, 
are  not  dangerous,  if  they  lie  close  to  the  charge;  but  they  are  so  when  there  is  a 
space  between  thcni  aud  the  charge  ;  in  this  case  sand  is  the  most  dangerous,  then 
clay  and  snow. 

Balls  or  pieces  of  iron  inserted  over  the  charge  were  not  attended  with  danger 
when  placed  close  to  the  charge,  even  when  their  weight  amounted  to  11  lb.;  but 
there  is  danger  from  a  piece  of  iron,  0.0  inch  square,  weighiug  i  lb.,  if  placed  20 
inches  or  more  from  the  breech. 

3d.  A  barrel  with  a  defect  which  might  have  escaped  the  inspector  at  the  armory, 
bore  the  explosion  of  3  cartridges,  regularly  inserted.  After  mutilation,  which 
may  have  caused  a  reduction  of  metal  in  some  parts,  it  may  still  bo  used  with- 
out danger. 

Finally,  the  diminutions  of  exterior  diameter  which  may  be  produced  in  ordinary 
service  are  never  sufficient  to  be  dangerous.  In  these  trials,  barrels  oiiginally  0.272 
inch  thick  at  the  breech  did  not  burst  when  loaded  with  2  cartridges,  until  the 
thickness  was  reduced  to  0.169  inch,  and  with  1  cartridge  to  0.091  inch. 


m 


OUDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Spare  Parts  required  for  the  repai 
one  year  in 


r  of  1,U00  Rifie.  Muskets,  du 
the  field. 


ring 


Tip  for  stocks 

Tip-rivets 

Hamrod-tttupH  . . . . . 
6to(k8    

nUtl-plutC8      

liutt-pliitu  .Mfruws    . 

Guard-plali'S    

QunriM)o\ts 

Quard-bow  swivels 


riveta 

DUtH  . . 


TrlgRcrs    

TriRger-porews. . . . 
Quaril-.«crL'ws   . . . . 

Higlit-bascs 

Sigb  (-leaves 

Sigbt-leuf  gpriiif^.s 


Bight-joint  piuD   . . 

Sight-slides 

"  spring's 
"         rivets  .  • 

Leaf  sigiit  basu    . . 

First  leaf 

Second  leaf 

Joint-seiow 

Baso-sorow    

Front  sif^bls 

Breech-screws  . . . . 

Cones 

Vent-screws 

Barrels 

Tang-screws 

Upper  bands     . . . . 


Nm. 
10 
2U 
10 
50 
5 
25 
10 
10 
75 

IflO 
00 

a.') 

•23 
7') 
100 
100 
100 
100 
l.')0 
100 
150 
300 
50 

r>o 

50 
50 

100 

25 

20 

\     75 

125 

2 

50 

50 


Middle  banils    

Lower  bunds     

Upper  band  sprinf^s    

Middle  band  springs 

Lower  band  .•i])rinps    

Miiidle  band  swivels 

"  "         "        rivets 

Lock-platci' 

Main-spring  swivels    

"  "         rivets    .... 

Uanimcrs 

Tumblers 

Tumbler-screws   

Bridles 

Bridle-screws    

Sears 

Sear-screws 

Scar-springs 

"  screws 

Main  springs    

Side  screw  washers 

Side  screws 

Ramrods    

Bayonets   

Bayonet-clasps 

'•  screws 

APPKNDAGE8. 

Wipers 

Screw-drivers   

Ball-screws   

Spring-vices   

Tumpions 

Band-spring  and  tumbler-punch 


— rr 
Mas. 

30 

30 

30 

30 

^0 

75 

100 

8 

20 

SO 

75 

75 

IV.'S 

25 

125 

40 

125 

129 

125 

125 

60 

200 

100 

75 

100 

100 


75 

25 
25 
25 
100 
25 


SPARE    PARTS    OF   RIFLES. 


199 


Spare  Parts  for  1,0U0  Bijles  {Model  1855)  one  year  in  the  field. 


Barrels 

Vent-screws 

Rear- sights 

Breech-screws 

Tang         "        

Cones   

Locks  

Lock-plates 

Hammers 

Tumblers 

"        screws 

Bridles 

"       screws 

Sears 

"      screws 

Sear-springs 

•'  screws 

Main  springs 

"  swivels 

"  "         rivets   . . 

Side  screws  

Upper  bands  with  swivels. .  .  . 

"       band  swivels  and  rivets 

"       band  springs 

Lower  bands 

"        band  springs    

Side  screw  washers 

Guard-plates 


2 

30 
20 
10 
30 
50 
2 
5 
25 
20 

100 
20 
50 
20 
50 
50 
50 
50 
40 
40 

100 
10 
50 
30 
10 
20 
30 
10 


Guard-bows 

"  nuts  . .' 

"              "     swivels  and  rivets 
Triggers     

"       screws    

Guard-plate  screws   

Butt-plates    

"  screws 

Box-plates  with  catches    

"  screws 

"  springs    

"  "       screws    

Ramrods    

"       stops 

Stocks   

Screw-drivers 

Wipers 

Ball-screws 

Spring- vices 

Tumbler  and  wire  punches 

Bullet-moulds  

Swages  for  balls 

Sword  bayonets 

Tompions 

Sword-bayonet  lock-pins   

"  "  springs.. 

"  "  spring 

screws 


20 
40 
50 
10 
10 
50 

2 
20 

5 
10 
10 
10 
50 
10 
30 
50 
50 
10 
10 
10 

5 

5 
30 
20 
25 
55 

50 


200 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Numhrr  and  hind  f>f  Armorers'  Tools  required  for  any  nuinher  of 
workmen,  from  1  to  12,  at  an  Armory  or  Arsenal  for  Repairs,  etc. 


Nt'MBtll  UV   U'UKKMKN. 


1 

1 
2   3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

Awls',  ftockcru' I   3 

Axes,  liiuxl I    1 

Au|;crf>,  urinurcrs' fl 

AdviIh 1 

Bending  toolo I   2 

BalanccH 1 

Bayonet-i>ro<)f!! j   1 

Bevels    

Bifk-ironi' 

Bit.s,  assorted 

"    auffir 

"    Ktocktr;'' 

BraiH'i",  iron 

Braces  and  bits 

Brnii.l8.  C.  S... 

Brushes,  dust 

tool 

Buff,  sticks 

Burrs 


Cutter,  boxes 

•■       dies   

"       juin|>ers 

Cutters,  .>-'niiths' 

"        griuluuteil,  maohinialg' 

Callipers 

Charters 

Chisels,  turning  metal |    ^ 

*'  ■'         wood 4 

"         cold 3 

'•         stockers' 6 

"         smiths' 2 


Clamps,  iron.. .  . 
Comlis,  screw  . . . 
Comb,  grinders'. 
Couulersiuks  . . . 
Chucks,  scroll. .  . 
Cutting-off  tools 

Crucibles 

Cone-boxes 

Cans,  tin 


3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

6 

6 

A 

« 

8 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

0 

1 

6 
1 

6 
1 

6 

1 

6 
I 

6 

1 

6 

1 

1 

I 

8 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

I 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

I 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

6 

20 

20 

24 

24 

24 

28 

28 

28 

30 

30 

SO 

6 

« 

6 

6 

6 

6 

fl 

6 

8 

12 

IS 

18 

13 

18 

18 

18 

20 

20 

20 

24 

24 

24 

1 

1 

I 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

3 

4 

5 

« 

8 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

5 

5 

3 

3 

6 

6 

12 

12 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

6 

6 

8 

0 

6 

fi 

6 

6 

8 

8 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

<) 

2 

•> 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

« 

8 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

6 

9 

12 

15 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

38 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

8 

8 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

« 

6 

8 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

fi 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

8 

8 
1 

1 
2 
1 
1 

8 

1 
1 
2 
I 
1 

8 
1 
1 

2 

1 

I 

14 
I 

1 
2 

1 
1 

14 

16 

ARMORERS     TOOLS. 


201 


Number  and  kind  of  Armorers'  Tools,  etc. — Continued. 


NUMBER  OF  WORKMEN. 


1   2 

3 

4   5   6 

7 

8 

9  1  10 

11 

TOOLS. 

Dies,  screw-cutting. . . 

"      milling 

"      triinming 

"      shaving 

"      tilt-hammer.... 

Drilling-collars 

Drill-presses,  portable 

Drill-stocks 

Drills,  pivot 

"       assorted 

Dividers 

Dogs,  turning 

Files,  assorted 

Formers,  forgers'  . . . . 

Flatters,  forgers' 

Floats,  stockers' 

Fullers  and  sets 

Furnaces,  portable  . . . 

Gauges,  scrcw-cuttiug 

"        graduating  . . 

"        sliding 

"        assorted 

"        wire 

Glue-pots 

Gouges,  stockers'  . . . . 

Grindstones,  small  . . . 

"  large  . . . 

Gravers 

Hammers,  set 

"  copper  . . . . 

"  hand  

Heading  tools 

Hods,  iron 

Jumper  boxes 

"        dies  

Jigs,  drilling 

"     filing . 

"     tapping 

"     milling 

*'     shaving 

Knives,  drawing 

"       stocking 

Ladles,  iron 

Levellers,  iron 


13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

12 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

12 

24 

36 

48 

60 

72 

84 

96 

108 

120 

132 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

] 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

50 

60 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

60 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

5 

5 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

203  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Number  and  kind  of  Armorers'  Tools,  etc. — Continued. 


NUMUKIt  OK  WOIIKMEN. 


9       10  I  11      12 


Measures,  lapc 

"  tin 

Mills 

Mandrels,  for;^cr8' 

"         assorlcil. 

"         l)<«ring 

"         band  

Moulds,  grind- wheel 

"         bullet 

Oil  cans   

Oilers   

Oil  cups  

Oil-stones 

Pans,  copjier  vitrioling 

"      tin 

"      anncalin;; 

"      sheet-iron  

Pincers 

Pliers   .  .* 

Planes,  stookers' 

Powder,  can  istor 

Plugs,  calibre 

"       proving    

Punches,  assorted 

hiUldlcd 

"  spring 

Pails,  wood 

"      iron  washing 

Pots,  water 

Rods,  wiping 

"      riding 

Riflers 

Reamers 

Rules,  carpcn  ters' 

Rests,  filers' 

Racks,  movable 

Stands,  straightening  barrels. 
Scales,  graduated 

"         standard • 

Scales  and  weights 

Saws,  hand 

"       niotal  circular 

'•       hack 

"      Blockers' 

"      whip 


24 


28 


24 


24 


28 


28 


1 
1 
244 
3 
8 
1 
6 
1 
2 
1 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
7 
1 
5 
1 
4 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
28 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
3 
1 
1 


1 
1 
244 
3 
8 
1 
6 
1 
2 
1 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
7 
1 
5 
1 
4 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
28 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
3 
1 
1 


1 
1 
244 
3 
8 
1 
S 
1 
2 
1 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
14 
1 
6 
2 
4 
2 
1 
2 
1 
1 
2 
2 
4 
28 


1 
1 
244 
3 
8 
1 
6 
1 
2 
1 
3 
3 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 

14 
1 
5 
2 
4 
2 
1 
2 
1 
1 
2 
2 
4 
28 
1 
3 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
4 
1 
1 


1 

1 

1 

1 

244 

244 

3 

3 

8 

8 

1 

1 

6 

A 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

3 

3 

3 

3 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2!     2 

14 

14 

1 

5 

2 

4 

2 

2 

1 

] 

2 

1 

1 

1 
1 

244 
3 
8 
1 
6 
1 
2 
1 
3 
3 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
14 
1 
5 
2 
4 
2 
I 
2 


I 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

4 

4 

8 

28 

1 

1 

3 

8 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

8 

« 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

244 
3 
8 
1 
8 
1 
1 
1 
8 
8 
S 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
t 

14 
1 
5 
2 
4 
3 
1 
t 
1 
1 
2 
t 
4 

28 
1 
8 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
6 
1 
1 


armorers'  tools.  203 

number  and  kind  of  Armorers'  Tools,  etc. — Concluded. 


NUMBER  OF  WORKMEN. 


10      11      12 


Shovels,  smiths'. . . 

"        steel 

Screw-drivers 

Screw-plates   

Screw-stocks 

Scribora   

Sets,  assorted 

Saw-sets 

Shears,  band 

"         bench  .... 

Sledges 

Sows,  cast-iron  . . . 
Soldcring-copper. . 

Spoke-shaves 

Spring-proofs 

Squares,  2-fcet  . . . 

"         assorted   . 

"        trying  . . . 

Stakes,  iron 

"         lead 

Stamps,  letters  . . . 

"        figures  . . . 

"        eagles  . . . , 

Straight-edges  .... 

Swages , 

Swage-boxes 

"       dies  

"      jumpers   ... 

"       bullet   , 

Trimmers 

Taps,  metal 

Tongs,  grinders'  ... 

"  smiths'  .... 
Trowels,  masons'.., 

Tunnels,  tin 

Trucks,  hand , 

Tool-cases    

Target,  iron 

Vices,  barrel , 

"       bench 

"       hand , 

"       foot 

Wheels,  polishing  . . 

Wrenches,  patent  . . 

"  assorted . 


1 

1 

6 

7 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

2 

24 

10 

1 

1 

56 

15 

59 

59 

2 

2 

37 

2 

30 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 
1 
5 
6 
1 
6 


1 

1 

8 

7 

1 

4 

4 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

] 

1 

2 

1 

4 

4 

24 

10 

1 

1 

56 

15 

59 

59 

2 

2 

37 

2 

30 


204  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

List  of  Verifying  Gauges  for  the  Rifle  Musket,  model  of  1855. 

Kach  net  of  gauges  ih  distinguished  by  the  term.  "Riki.k  Musket,  C.  S.,'"  iind  the 
nuniher  to  c(irr<nj)ond  with  those  contained  in  the  following  list,  with  deacrip- 
tionB  : 

POK    DAIIREI.S. 
No.  1.    Calibre  (tiitit/e  ; 

Measures  the  size  of  the  burc,  .58  inch  diameter. 
No.  2.    Groove  Gnuyf,  \o.  1  : 

Meusureff  the  depth  of  the  groove  at  the  uiuzzle,  .."iSS  inch. 
No.  'A.    Groiive  Gauge,  A'o.  2  : 

Measures  the  depth  of  the  groove  at  the  breech,  .5V6  inch. 
No.  4.    Dimenaiun  Gauge,  ^Vo.  1  : 

Shows  the  dislance  between  flats,  vertical  diameter,  position  of  top,  loft- 
hand  bevel  and  oval,  site  of  tenon  at  shoulder,  ends  of  the  two  flats,  and 
one  bevel. 
.No.  b.    Dimrntion  Gauge,  A'o.  2: 

Shows  the  exterior  diameter  of  the  burrel  at  the  butt,  at  1.5  inch,  2.S 
inches,  5.5  inches,  9.S75  inches,  '21..')  inches,  3.32^  inches,  from  roar  cod 
of  barrel,  an<l  at  top  and  bottom  of  bayonet-socket,  and  the  length  of 
the  bayonet  socket. 

No.  5 J.    Caltiptr  Qaug*  : 

Corresponding  with  No.  5. 

No.  5J.    Jlarrel  Holder: 

Holds  barrel  and  marks  the  above  points  for  measurement. 
No.  6.    Iteceivinij  Gatige  : 

Shows  dimeut^ions  of  barrel  at  butt,  position  and  form  of  cone-seat,  direc- 
tion and  position  of  tap  for  cone-screw,  position  of  vent-screw,  shape  of 
tang,  and  position  of  tang-screw  hole. 
No.  6^.    Rear-tight  .Vortite  Gauge  : 

Shows  the  position,  depth,  width,  and  bevel  of  mortise,  and  the  position, 
site,  and  depth  of  rear-sight  screw-hole. 
No.  7.    Gauge  for  Counterbore  of  Barrel  : 

Shows  length  and  diameter  of  the  counterbore. 
No.  7J.    Tap  Gauge  for  Barrel  Thread  : 

Shows  length,  depth,  and  width  of  thread. 
No.  8.    Bayonet  Stud  and  Barrel  ifutzle: 

Shows  the  height  of  stud,  distance  of  stud  from  muzzle,  and  diameter  of 
barrel  at  3.03  inches  from  the  muzzle. 
No.  8.   Pront-*igki  Gauge: 

Shows  height,  length,  and  form  of  sight 


VERIFYING    GAUGES.  205 

No.  10.    Barrel,  Sight,  and  Rod  Gavrje  : 

Shows  pcsition   and  morti?c,  screw-hole  for  rear  sight,  length  of  barrel, 
position  of  front  sight,  length  of  ramrod. 
No.  n.    Die  Gaiige  for  Breech  Scrcic  : 

Shows  size  and  commencement  of  thread,  length  of  body,  diapicter  of  the 
body. 
No.  llj.   Limit  Gavije/or  Brr.ech  Screw: 

Shows  maximum  size  of  thread,  limit  of  entrance  of  pin,  diameter  and 
length  of  stem. 

FOR    LOCKS. 

No.  12.    Bereivinfj  Gauge  for  Lock-phtte  : 

Shows  the  form  of  the  lock  plate,  and  thickness. 
No.  13.    Lotik-plntc  Gauge  : 

Shows  thickness  of  plate  and  bevel,  thickness  of  plate,  notch  for  main 
spring,  thickness  of  bolster  and  plate,  height  of  bolster  body,  and  height 
at  notch. 
No.  14.    Tumbler  Gauge  : 

Has  a  receiving  cavity  to  show  the  form  of  tumbler,  diameter  of  arbor  and 
square,  thickness  of  body,  length  of  arbor  and  square,  taper  of  square, 
size  of  pivot,  position  of  swivel-pin  hole  and  swivel-slot. 
No.  141.    Tumbler  Gauge,  No.  2  : 

Tests  the  thread  in  the  tumbler. 
No.  15.   Bridle  Gauge: 

Shows  the  form  of  the  bridle,  position  of  the  pivot  and  stud,  thickness  of 
body,  and  thickness  at  eye. 
No.  16.    Sear  Gauge  : 

Receiving  cavity  shows  form  of  sear,  height  and  form  of  tang,  freeing  of 
scar,  thickness  of  tang,  width  of  nose,  and  width  at  eye. 
No.  17.    Hammer  Gauge: 

Shows  form  of  hammer  and  position  of  hole  for  square  of  tumbler,  with 
a  draft  for  size  of  tumhler-hole,  and  form  of  knife  edge. 
No.  IS.    Dimensiou  Gauge  : 

Shows  the  thickness  of  body  at  tumbler-hole  and  bevel,  thickness  of  body, 
profile  of  comb,  width  of   comb  and  shape  of  back,  curve  of  front  of 
comb   at  start  of  body,  thickness  and  curve  of  head,  curve   of  top  of 
comb,  depth  and  size  of  countersink,  crook  of  body. 
No.  19.  Lock  Screw-hole  Gauge  : 

Shows  po.sition  of  all  holes  on  the  inside  of  the  lock-plate. 
No.  20.    Mdin-npriug  Gauije  : 

Shows  the  curve  of  long  branch,  freeing  of  spring,  sha])e  of  spring  at 
hook,  position  of  pivot  and  relative  position  and  thickness  of  the  two 
branches,  length  of  short  branch,  shape  of  tang,  width  of  hook,  width 


206  ORPNANCE    MANUAL. 

cpf  long  l>riincli  njipositc  extremity  of  short  branch.  wMth  of  ImhIv.  curve 
of  bend,  form  of  slot  for  swivel. 
No.  21.   Maiii-npring  (iaugr.  No.  2: 

6bow»  the  tbickne(8  of  ion);  branch   close  to  the  book,  oppoiitc  the  end  of 
fbort   branch,  dure  to  stud,  thickness  of  short  branch  cloi>e  to  tang, 
opposite  lo  stud,  iind   at  centre  of  tang,  and   height   above  top  of  taag- 
•loi>c. 
No.  22.   Srar-Kpritig  (laiigr  : 

Shows  Kpreud  of  spring,  length  of  nrin.  size  of  stud  and   freeing  of  iomU 
brunch,  position  of  stud  and   pin-holes,  thickness  of  tnetal  at  eyv,  width 
at  small  end,  widih  of  metal  at  body,  width  of  body  a<lj<>iuing  rye. 
No.  23.    T>i)t  (lauge  fur  l.<nk-»rrtic»,  Triijgfr,   Vctil,  and  ffnifoHel-ela*p  Serttrt; 
Bhows  the  length,  diameter,  and  thread  of  each. 

I-KAK-SIGDT,    M0D1;L    OP    iN.'i'J. 

No.  1.    (Inuge  for  Haic,  \<>.  1  : 

Shows  the  profile  of  side  of  base,  thickness  of  fence  and  dislaarc  bctWflMl 
fences,  length  of  base  inside,  width  and  form  of  curve  at  rear  end,  lenipth 
of  curve  and  position  of  screw-hole  and  stcady-piu  on  under  side,  thick- 
ness of  head,  body,  and  diameter  of  the  screw,  length  of  screw. 
No.  2.    (inuijf  far  Itate,  Su.  2; 

Shows  the  position  of  the  screw  and  steady-pin  holes  and  «lu|,  for  the  tenon, 
as  in  the  barrel. 
No.  3.    Guii'jefur  Fimt  Lmf  : 

Shows  the  length,  width,  and  thickness,  thickness  of  ears,  dutaoee  bstfPMft 
ears,  and  position  as  assembled.  ^^ 

No.  4.    Oaui/r  for  Stcoini  Ltuf: 

Shows  the  form  of  the  side  of  the  lOO-yard  range,  form  of  the  ride  of  300- 
yurd    range,   width    of   leaf,   thickness,   width   of  joint,  an<i    p<l^itioo   •> 
assembled:   showing  the  form  and  position  of  notcbca,  and  the  utigle  of 
inside  and  outside  of  leaf. 
No.  r>.    Gouge  fur  Joint  Scrac: 

Shows  the  length,  diameter  and  thickness  of  head,  diameter  of  body,  ■•4 
size  of  thnaii. 

MOUNTINGS.    KTC. 
No.  30.    UvU-plnte  Gauge,  So.  1  : 

Receives  the  plate  and  shows  its  form,  position  of  screw-holes,  position  and 
site  of  notch  for  patch  box. 
No.  31.    liutt-plate  Gaugr.  A'o.  2  : 

Shows  thickness  of  heel,  thickness  of  toe,  thickness  at  comers,  tbicknefi 
of  body,  lateral  curve  across  body,  lateral  curve  across  tang,  longitudinal 
curvature  of  b<:>ttom  of  plate. 


VERIFYING    OUAGES.  207 

No.  32.   Tiiilt-jdate  and  Gunrd-tcrcw  Gauge  : 

Shows  form  of  head  and  reinforce,  diameter  and  length  of  stem,  the  shape 
of  thread. 
No.  3.3.   Band  Gaiiffe  : 

Shows  width  and  thickness  of  body,  width  and  thickness  of  swivel-stud  for 
middle  band  and  guard-bow  stud,  round  of  stud,  thickness  of  swivel  and 
stud,  size  of  swivel-wire. 
No.  34.   Jiand-maudrel  Gauge,  No.  1  : 

Shows  interior  of  upper  band. 
No.  35.    Iland-mandrel  Gauge,  No.  2  : 

Shows  interior  form  of  middle  band. 
No.  36.   Band-mandrel  Gauge,  No.  3  : 

Shows  interior  form  of  lower  band. 
No.  37.    Guard-plate  Gauge: 

Receives  the  plate  and  shows  its  form,  position  of  stud  for  trigger  and  slot, 
position   of  screw-holes,  position   of  guard-bow   holes   and   tang-screw 
hole. 
No.  38.    Guard-plate  and  Bow  Gauge: 

Shows  diameter  of  trigger-stud,  thickness  of  plate  at  bolsters,  thickness  of 
^  body,  shape  of  exterior,  profile  across  bolsters,  position  and  size  of  trigger- 

slot,  width  and  shape  of  upper  and  lower  sides  of  bow,  taken  at  the 
middle,  width  of  swivel-joint,  diameter  of  collar,  diameter  of  stem,  thick- 
ness at  middle  of  bow,  diameter  between  collar  and  swivel-stud,  diameter 
of  nut,  thickness  of  nut,  relative  position  of  swivel-stud,  collar,  stem, 
and  screw,  screw-thread. 
No.  39.    Trigger  Gauge: 

Receiving-slot,  showing  thickness  and  shape  of  blade,  curve  of  finger-piece, 
position  and  size  of  pivot-hole,  curve  of  under  side  of  finger-piece,  and 
thickness  of  metal  at  finger  end. 
No.  40.   Band-spriug  Gauge  : 

Receiving-slot,  showing  size,  form,  and  set  of  spring  and  position  of  wire 
and  shoulder,  three  gauges  for  lengths  of  wire,  thickness  at  shoulder, 
thickness  of  stem,  width  of  stem,  and  diameter  of  wire. 
No.  41.    Washer  Gauge: 

Shows  countersink  for  screw-head,  size  of  the  hole  for  screw,  diameter  of 
washer,  thickness  of  washer,  and  depth  of  countersink. 
No.  42.   Side  and  Tang-screw  Gauge: 

Shows  diameter  of  head  of  side  screw,  diameter  of  stem,  diameter  of  thread, 
length  of  both  side  screws,  countersink  for  the  shoulder  of  tang-screw, 
diameter  of  head,  of  stem,  of  thread,  and  length  of  screw. 
No.  43.  Rod-stop  Gauge: 

An  iron  pattern,  complete. 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

BAYONET. 
No.  44.    Jt'riririnrf  (I'nuifr  : 

Shnwii  length,  width  and  set  of  blade. 

No.  4.').    Sock- f I  dntigr,  So.  1  :  * 

Showii  exterior  diftinctcr  of  socket  below  bead,  and  diameter  of  bead. 

No.  4C.    Surkrt  (inugr,  No.  2  : 

Show*  exterior  diameter  of  socket  at  top  and  bottom. 
No.  47.    Mfifdrrt  (iangr  : 

Shows  form  of  socket  at  lower  end,  siie  of  cut  for  Ktud,  length  of  socket, 
sice  of  grooves,  position  of  claop. 
No.  4S.   niniie  Gnugt: 

Shows  curve  of  front  flute,  the  thickness  of  metal  at  commcnoemanl  of 
front  flute,  at  7^  inches  and  14}  inches  from  widest  point  of  bla<le. 

No.  A9.    Dimrntiiin  (imii/r  : 

(To  be  applied  before  the  clasp  is  put  on.) 

Jflhown  position  and  size  of  socket  at  clasp-stud,  position  and  siie  of  claap- 
ctud,  relative  position  of  bridj,'C-bead  and   cliijp-."tud,  distance  from  top 
of  slot  to  top  of  socket. 
No.  r)0.    .\rrk   Gauge: 

(To  be  applied  before  the  clasp  is  put  on.) 

Shows   lower  curve  of  neck,  upper  curve  of  neck,  diameter  of  neck,  and 
relative  position  of  neck,  bo<id  and  bridge. 
No.  .'>0i.    .\eck-  Uniigf,  So.  2: 

Shows  curves  of  junction  of  neck  and  socket. 
No.  fll.    Itla<ir  Gauge  : 

Shows  profile  of  back  of  blade  at  the  commencement  of  back  flutea,  at 
termination  of  bevel,  at  middle  of  blade,  and  1  inch  from  point  of  blade, 
and  the  width  of  blade  at  the  above-mentioned  points. 

KAMnOD. 

No.  52.   Rod  Gauge  : 

Shows  profile  of  head,  neck  and  swell  for  6^  inches,  diameter  of  bead, 
diameter  at  2.5  inches,  diameter  at  5  inches,  diameter  of  bodj  at  T 
inches,  IS  5  inches,  30  inches  from  large  end,  diameter  at  start  of  thr—d, 
and.  form  of  cup:  the  thread  same  as  in  model  of  1840;  length,  39.62$ 
inches. 
No.  52i.    Hod  Holder  : 

Marks  points  at  '2..')  inches.  5,  7,  IS. 5  and  30  inches  from  large  end,  at  start 
of  thread,  and  gives  true  length  of  rod. 


No.  53.   Profile  Gauge  : 

Shows  the  curve  or  shape,  length,  position  of  bands,  tip  and  shape  of  bnti. 


VERIFYING    GAUGES.  209 

No.  .')4.    fiift/onrl-rltinj)  Mandrel  Gauge  : 

Shows  exterior  and  interior  size  of  clasp  when  the  screw  is  in  its  place. 
No.  55.    (Jlusp-dimcniion  Gauge  : 

Shows  thickness  of  body,  thickness  at  bridge,  width  of  stud,  width  of  body 
at  notch,  position  of  screw-hole,  round  of  stud,  receiving  tool  for  form 
and  size  of  finished  clasp,  with  position  of  bridge  and  notch. 
No.  56.    Tip  Gauge  : 

Shows  circular  cut  for  barrel,  cross-section  of  base  of  tip,  with  cut  for  rod- 
groove,  profile  of  under  side  and  barrel  at  end. 
No.  56i.    Tip  Gauge,  No.  2  : 

Shows  inside  of  tip. 
No.  57.   Cone  Gauge  : 

Shows  size  and  thickness  of  collar,  thread  for  screw,  size  of  body,  size  of 
bottom  of  cone,  size  of  tip,  profile,  size  of  top,  throat  and  lower  part  of 
vent-hole,  upper  surface,  square  and  diameter  of  collar. 
No.  58.  Screw-driver  Gauge  : 

Long  branch :  shows  form  of  edge,  form  of  end,  width  across  centre  below 
rivet,  size  of  wrench,  thickness  of  head,  of  body,  of  wrench,  of  end  of 
blade. 
Short  branch:    shows    thickness  of  body,   width  of  body,  width  of  end. 
thickness  of  end,  size  of  rivet-hole. 
No.  59.    Wiper  : 

Shows  the  diameter  of  branches,  thickness  of  head,  form  of  head,  size  of 
thread. 
No.  60.  Ball  Screw: 

Shows  length  and  form  of  screw,  diameter  of  collar,  diameter  of  body, 
size  of  thread  for  rod. 
No.  65.  Barrel  Gauge  : 

Shows  the  number  of  threads  and  length  of  body  for  breech-screw,  to  be 
applied  in  the  barrel. 
No.  66.    Tip-screw   Gauge  : 

Shows  the  length,  size  of  head,  body,  thickness  of  head  and  thread. 
No.  67.   Stock  Gauge: 

Shows  thickness  across  end  of  centre  of  butt  and  bed  of  lock-plate,  at  the 
bands  and  tip,  at  flats  near  tang,  and  at  end  of  box-mortise. 
No.  68.  Receiving  Gauge: 

Shows  the  form,  size  and  length  of  the  stock,  the  shoulders  for  the  butt 
end  of  the  barrel,  the  bands  and  the  tip. 

Gauges  for  Rifle,  Model  of  1855. 

Nos.  1  to  4,  6,  7,  11  to  27,  30  to  33,  35,  37  to  43,  and  57  are  the  same  as  for  the 
rifle  musket. 
14 


210  OEOMANCE    MANUAL. 

No.  JJ.    Tiarrtl  (inn ye  : 

Sbowo  the  diftinetcr  of  tho  barrel  at  tlio  mur./.le  and  otlK-r  |)<>ii)t8  indi(>ate<l 
»..V  Nc.  05. 
No.  8.    Ihni<i:,r(.»tu<l  Gauge  : 

Sli'iwi"  lonj^lli  of  (<tud,  dictuiice  from   muzzle  to   lower  cjid  of  «tud,  thick- 
necc  and  form  of  stud. 
No.  9.    Frnnt-'iijht  Gaugr  : 

Sh'iwn  height  and  form  of  front  night. 
No.  10.    Sight  (inu'jf,  Sn.  '2: 

Phowd  the  pouiiion  of  the  front  sight  ami  of  the  mortice  and  screw-hole  for 
the  rear  sight. 
No.  .H4.    Itanii-maiidrrl  (Inugr,  No.  1  : 

Shows  interior  or  upper  band. 
No.  36.    linnd-mnndrel  (laugr,  Xo.  .3: 

Shows  interior  of  lower  band. 
No.  •'>2.    Romrnd  (iangr  : 

Shows  profile  of  head,  neck  and  swell.  an<l  diameter  of  head,  neck,  swell 
and  bo<iy. 
No.  03.    /'rojile-ttort  Uaugr  : 

Shows  length  and  curve  of  stock,  and  position  of  bands  and  tip. 
No.  M.    Tip  Gauge: 

Shows  length  of  tip  and  exterior  form  at  upper  and  lower  end. 
No.  61.    Hux-npriiiij  Gniigr  : 

Shows   length,  width   and  thickness  of  spring,  and  poaition  of  rivet  and 
8crew-holc8. 
No.  C)'2.    Box-eorer  Gauge  : 

Shows  profile  of  cover  and  position  of  scrcw-bole^  aii<i  rivet-hole  for  spriof. 
No.  6.1.    Ror-eorer  Gauge,  A'o.  2: 

Shows  curve  of  top  and  thickness  of  cover. 
No.  64.   Jiamrud  Holder: 

Shows  gauging-points  for  ramrod. 

No.  05.    Barrel  Holder: 

Shows  gauging-points  of  barrel. 

BWORD    BAYO.NET. 

No.  66.  Shows  profile  of  back  of  blade  and  back  of  hilt. 

No.  67.  Shows  width  and  thickness  of  blade. 

No.  63.  Shows  width  and  thickness  of  hilt. 

No.  69.  Shows  profile  of  back  and  front  of  hilt  and  guard. 

No.  70.  Shows  position  and  depth  of  slot  in  hilt. 

No.  71.   Finger-piece  Gauge: 

Shows  the  diameter  and  length  of  body,  diameter,  length  and  form  of  bead, 
and  thickness  and  length  of  finger-piece  spring. 
No.  T2,    Tompion  Gauge: 

Shows  length  of  head  and  body,  diameter  of  bead,  neck,  collar  and  body. 


SWORDS    AND    SABRES. 

SWORDS    AX  I)     SABRES. 

NOMENCLATURE. 

Cavalry  Sabre.     (Plate  28.) 

BLADE.-Shoulder,  back,  edge,  be^el,  point,  curvature,  large  groove  small 
groove;  tang,  riveting. 

*u"uf'~'^'""""'  ^^'■*''^'  '"'^''^  ^"^  ^^'^  S""''-  ''"'''•  '•ivet-eap,  hole  for  the  tang  of 
the   blade;    ^jHpe,    wooden    body    (birch    or   maple),    leather  covering    (calfskin 
blackened),  wires  (brass),  notch  for  the  guard,  ridges,  shoulder,  hole  for  the  tan^ 
of  the  blade.  ° 

GvAUr^.-Front  branch,  hook  ;  hark  branch;  middle  branch  ;  plate,  mortise  for  the 
tang,  flange,  bead,  lip. 

ScABBAUD  (sheet-steel).-/?c.</y,  back,  front,  sides,  holes  for  the  rivets;  month- 
prece  nm,  springs,  rivet-holes;  2  rivets;  2  band,,  knob,  eye  for  the  ring;  2  rina,  ■ 
tip,  front  branch,  back  branch. 

Light  Cavalry  Sabre. 

The  nomenclature  the  same  as  the  cavalry  sabre. 

This  sabre  differs  from  that  above  in  being  shorter  and  lighter. 

Light  Artillery  Sabre.     (Plate  28.) 

The  nomenclature  is  the  same  as  the  cavalry  sabre,  with  the  following  ex 
ceptions —  " 

Blade. — Has  but  one  groove. 

UiLT.-Guard,  one  branch  terminating  in  a  scroll;  the  plate  has  2  counter 
sinks— one  for  the  gripe,  the  other  for  the  scabbard. 

Scabbard.— ^S^jrui^,  fastened  to  the  back  by  1  rivet. 

Foot  Artillery  Sword.     (Plate  28.) 

BLADE.-Straight,  two-edged,  narrower  near  the  hilt  than  in  the  middle-  body 
(or  blade  proper),  shoulder,  shoulder-rounding,  ridges,  point,  bevels,  edges,  tano  it, 
rounding  and  riveting,  three  holes  for  the  gripe-rivets. 

Hilt  (brass,  in  one  piece).-Cross,  knob  and  panel  of  the  cross,  mortise  for  the 
tang,  gnpe,  fillet,  necks,  swell,  knob  with  an  eagle  on  each  side,  bolster  and  hole  for 
the  tang-nvet,  grooves  and  ridges,  three  holes  and  bolsters  for  the  gripe-rivets- 
3  rivets  (iron).  ' 

Scabbard  (harness  leather,  jacked,  blackened  and  varnished).-i?o^y  ed-es 
inner  and  outer  sides;  monntings  (brass);  ferrule,  stud,  bead,  cap;  safes  (buff- 
leather)  ;  4  nails  for  the  ferrule  and  safes ;  tip,  bead,  knob;  4  nails  for  the  tip 


212  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Non-commissioned  Officer's  Sword.     (Plate  28.) 

Blade  (straight,  cut  and  thrust). —  I^itk,  edge,  groove,  bevel,  point. 

H,i,x. — Pommel  (brass),  notch  for  the  hook  of  the  guard,  rivet-cap,  shoulder  for 
the  ferrule,  hole  for  the  tang;  2  ferrules;  gri})e,  wooden  body,  hole  for  the  tang: 
covering  (sheet-brass),  grooves  and  ridges. 

Guard  (in  one  piece). — /?rancA,  hook  and  its  shoulder;  j^late,  flange,  bead;  knol. 

Scabbard  (leather). — Ferrule  and  hook  (brass);  tip  (brass),  body,  front  branch, 
back  branch. 

This  sword  is  for  the  non-commissioned  officers  of  foot  troopt. 

Musiciati's  Sword. 

The  same  as  the  non-commissioned  officer's  sword,  without  the  guard-plaU;  and 
with  a  blade  six  inches  shorter. 

Sabre  for  Staff  and  Field  Officers.     (Plate  28.) 

Blade. Shoulder,  back  rounded,  edge,  bevel,  point,  tapering  nearly  equal  from 

edge  and  back,  curvature  slight;  large  groove,  small  groove;  tang,  riveting; 
etched  vine  on  back  ;  letters  "  C.  S.,"  guns,  drums,  colors,  and  rays  on  left  side  ; 
eagle,  guns,  colors,  and  rays  on  right  side. 

Hilt. Pommel  (brass,  gilded),  notch  for  guard,  scrolled  back,  rivet-cap,  hole  for 

the  tang  of  the  blade  ;  gripe,  wooden  body  (birch  or  maple),  seal-skin  covering 
(blackened)  wire,  (fine  brass,  richly  gilded),  notch  for  guard,  ridges,  shoulder,  hole 
for  the  tang  of  the  blade. 

GOARD. Front  branch,  hook;   back  branch  ;  middle  branch  ;  letters  "  C.  S.,"  and 

open  scroll-work  between  branches;  plate  (brass,  gilded),  bead,  flange,  scroll,  lip. 
mortised  for  tang  of  blade  and  for  strap  of  sword-knot. 

Scabbard  (sheet-steel,  browned).  —  Interior  lining  well-seasoned  bass  wood  : 
hody,  back,  front,  sides,  holes  for  screws;  mouth-piece  (brass,  gilded),  rim;  2 
bands  (brass,  gilded),  knob,  eye  for  the  ring,  screws,  and  screw-holes ;  2  ringn 
(gilded) ;  tip  (gilded),  screw,  screw-hole,  front  and  back  branch. 

Sword  for  Officers  of  the  Staff  and  Staff  Corps.     (Plate  28.) 

Bladb. — Straight,  two  edges,  with  an  arris  in  the  middle  between  the  edges: 
etched  scrolls,  colors,  and  shield  on  the  left  side;  eagle,  guns,  colors,  and  scrolls 
on  the  right  side  ;  tang,  riveting. 

Hilt  (brass,  chased  and  gilded). — Pommel,  an  inverted  frustum  of  a  cone,  with 
an  eagle  chased  on  one  side. 

Guard. Principal  branch,  chased,  mortise  for  the  sword-knot,  shoulder  for  the 

lower  ferrule  ;  fixed  shell,  bearing  an  eagle  and  flags,  chased;  movable  shell,  plain  : 
button  for  the  spring;  cross-bar.  Gripe  (black  horn)  wrapped  spirally  with  gold 
cord ;  2  /errule«,  chased.     Weight  of  sword,  1.2  lb. 


PROOF    AND    INSPECTION    OF    SWORDS    AND    SABRES. 


213 


Scabbard  (steel  or  leather). — The  steel  scabbard  has  2  brass  bands  and  ringg, 
gilded  and  chased;  tfp ;  mouth-piece  (brass).  The  leather  scabbard  has  brass  fer- 
rtile  and  hook-tip.     Weight  of  steel  scabbard,  0.69  lb. 

Sword  for  Foot  Officers.     (Plate  28.) 

The  nomenclature  is  the  same  as  for  the  staff  officer's  sword,  except  as  follows : 

Blade. — Etched,  guns,  colors,  and  rays  on  the  left  side;  shield,  colors,  and  rays 
(in  the  right  side. 

GtJARD. — It  has  no  middle  branch  nor  letters. 

Scabbard  (sole-leather,  jacked,  fluted,  blackened,  and  varnished). —  fiodi/,  back, 
front,  sides,  holes  for  screws ;  mouth-piece  and  top  band  united  (brass,  gilded),  rim, 
band,  knob,  eye  for  ring,  screw,  and  screw-hole;  bund  (brass,  gilded),  knob,  eye  for 
ring,  screw,  and  screw-hole  ;  2  rings  (gilded);  tip  (brass,  gilded),  flut€d,  screw  and 
screw-hole,  front  and  back  branches. 

Sabre  for  Cavalry  Officers. 

The  same  as  the  cavalry  sabre,  or  light  cavalry  sabre,  with  gilt  mountings. 

Principal  Dimensions  and  Weights  of  S^vords  and  Sabres. 


1^ 

11  ^ 

iit 

*  t. 

ia'i-  «j 

^a» 

"    1-  DC 

l§» 

-1^ 

DIMENSIONS. 

Whole  length  of  the  sword  or 
sabre  in  its  sc.abbanl |  4'.'25 

Length  of  the  blade  proper 

Length  of  the  scabbard 

Widtli  of  the  l.lailo  in  the  middle.. 

Versed  sine  of  the  curvature  of  the 
blade  in  the  niiddk- 

Versed  sine  in  tlie  curvature  of  the 
blade  in  proof 


Weight  of  sword  or  sabre  complete 
Weight  of  the  finished  blade 


Weight  of  the  scabbard. 


In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

«.25 
36. 
37.25 
1.1 

42.35 

34.80 

3b.05 

1. 

38.6 
32. 
33. 
1.06 

26. 
19. 
20. 
1.8 

38.75 
32.0 

32.8 
0.72 

32.75 
26.0 
29.0 
0.72 

39.4 

32.4 

32.2 

1.1 

1.5 

1.42 

2.32 

0.4 

7.5 

7.20 

6.5 

6.5 

Ibs.oz. 

Ibs.oz. 

Ibs.oz. 

Ibs.oz. 

Ibs.oz. 

Ibs.oz. 

lbs.  oz. 

4    8 

1  5 

2  2 

3    7 
1     6 

1    4 

4  1^ 

3    3 
1    9 

10 

2    6 

3    WA 

1      9\i 

^B^ 


37.85 

32.2 

313^433 

0.4 


lbs.  oz. 

3    0?^ 

2  15^ 

fl    0^ 

(1    0^ 


Proof  and  Inspection  of  Swords  and  Sabres. 

1st.  The  dimensions  and  form  of  the  blade  are  verified  by  comparing  it  with  the 
model,  and  by  applying  the  appropriate  gauges  and  patterns,  for  the  length,  width, 
and  thickness  at  several  points,  and  the  curvature,  if  any. 


214  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

2(1.  The  hladf  is  then  proved,  as  follows:  I.«f.  The  point  is  confined  by  a  staple, 
and  the  blade  is  bent  on  each  of  the  flat  sides  over  a  cylindrical  block,  the  curva- 
ture of  which  is  that  of  a  circle  35  inches  diameter,  the  curvature  of  the  part  next 
the  tand  bcinji  reduced  by  inserting  a  wedjje  0.7  inch  thick  at  the  head  and  14 
inches  long.  2d.  It  is  struck  twice,  on  each  of  the  flat  sides,  on  a  block  of  oak 
wood,  the  curvature  of  which  is  the  same  as  the  above.  3d.  It  is  struck  twice  on 
the  edge  and  twice  on  the  back  across  an  oak  block  1  foot  in  dianu-tor.  4th.  The 
point  is  placed  on  the  floor  and  the  blade  bent  until  it  describes  an  arc  having  the 
versed  sine  indicated  in  the  above  table.  After  these  trials,  the  blade  i.-<  examined 
to  Bee  that  it  is  free  from  flaws,  cracks,  or  other  imperfections,  and  that  it  is  not 
««/ — that  is  to  say,  does  not  remain  bent. 

The  blade  of  the  nrtilleri/  nword  is  proved  by  striking  each  of  the  sides  and 
edges  twice  on   a  flat  block  of   hard  oak  wood. 

The  stamj)  of  approval  or  condemnatioti  is  placed  on  the  side  of  the  blade, 
below  the  tang. 

3d.  The  form,  dimeUiSions,  and  workmanship  of  the  mnuutingi  are  examined  and 
compared  with  the  model.  After  the  blade  is  mounted,  the  sword  is  again  exam- 
ined, and  it  is  struck  four  times  on  a  hard  block  of  wood,  to  test  the  strength  of 
the  mountings.  The  quality  of  the  brass  mountings  may  be  tested  by  breaking  a 
certain  number,  not  more  than  4  in  each  hundred,  which  should  be  taken  from  th* 
pieces  rejected  for  erroneous  dimensions. 

4tb.  The  form,  workmanship,  and  finish  of  the  scnliLardii  are  examined  and  com- 
pared with  the  model,  and  their  titting  to  the  blades  tested.  The  sewing  of  leather 
scabbards,  and  the  fastening  of  the  ferrules  and  tii)S,  will  be  jiarticularly  examined. 
Steel  scabbards  are  proved  by  letting  fall  on  them,  from  a  height  of  18  inches, 
an  iron  weight  of  two  pounds,  1  inch  square  at  the  base:  Ist,  on  one  side,  just 
above  the  upper  band;  2d,  on  the  same  side,  6  inches  from  the  tip:  3d,  on  the 
opposite  side,  just  above  the  lower  band.  In  this  proof  the  scabbard  should  not 
remain  indented.  The  nature  of  the  material  (whether  iron  or  steel)  may  be  tested, 
if  there  be  any  doubt,  by  using  nitric  acid,  which  will  leave  a  black  spot  on  the 
steel  but  not  on  the  iron. 

Packing  Swords  and  Sabres. 

Packing-boxes  for  swords  and  sabres  are  made  ou  the  same  principles  as  those  for 
muskets  and  other  small  arms,  being  furnished  with  packing-boards,  or  partitions, 
made  with  grooves  to  receive  the  scabbards  near  the  hilt  and  near  the  point;  the 
swords  are  placed  in  their  scabbards,  with  the  hilts  and  points  alternately  toward 
each  end  of  the  box — except  the  artillery  swords,  two  of  which  are  jilaced  in  the 
length  of  the  box,  their  points  resting  on  a  packing-board  in  the  middle. 

\iimber  ]iacked  in  ti  box. 
30  cavalry  sabres.  50  artillery  swords. 

50  artillery  sabres.  50  infantry  swords. 


INFANTRY    ACCOUTREMENTS. 


215 


Cleaning  Sivords  and  Sabres. 

The  iron  and  brass  parts  of  swords  and  sabre.-*  are  cleaned  in  the  same  manner  as 
those  of  muskets.  When  the  oil  on  the  blade  of  a  sword  is  dried  up,  it  will  leave 
a  spot  which  may  be  removed  by  covering  it  with  oil  and  rubbing  it  smartly,  after 
a  short  time,  with  a  linen  rag.  When  a  leather  scabbard  has  become  wet,  draw  the 
blade,  and  dry  the  scabbard  slowly  without  heating  it;  wipe  the  blade  dry,  and 
pass  an  oiled  rag  over  it  and  the  scabbard  before  returning  the  blade.  Oil  the 
blades  of  arms  in  store,  and  also  the  scabbards,  especially  on  the  seams. 


Spare  Parts  required  for  Repairs  of  1,000  Swords  or  Sabres  for 
one  year  in  the  field.  • 


Cavalry 
Sabre. 


Light 

Non 

-coni.Officer'p 

Artillery 

or 

Musician's 

Sabre. 

Sword. 

50 

50 

50 

50 

60 

50 
100 

Gripes 

Gripes  and  ferrules 

Heads , 

Guards , 

Bodies  for  leather  scabbards 
Mouth-pieces  and  springs. . . 
Ferrules  and  stud-hooks  ... 
Upper  bands  and  rings  . . . . , 

Tips , 

Lower  bands  and  rings  .... 


100 


ACCOUTREMENTS. 

Infantry  Accoxitrements. 

Cartridge-box,*  for  .5S-inch  ball  (black  bridle  leather),  inner  cover  (light 
upper-leather),  with  end  pieces  sewed  to  it  to  cover  the  ends  of  the  box  ;  JJo}),  with 
a  button-hole  strap  sewed  near  the  bottom ;  hraxe  button,  riveted  to  the  bottom  of  the 
box;  iii>2)lement-poc]cei  (light  upper-leather),  sewed  to  the  front  of  the  box,  with  a 
flap,  strap  and  loop  ;  2  loops  on  the  back  of  the  box,  near  the  top,  for  the  shonldt-r- 
belt  to  pass  through  :  2  iiprit/ht  loops  for  the  waist-belt  to  pass  through,  sewed  and 
riveted  with  1  copper  rivet  No.  8  at  each  end  ;  2  roller-buckles  No.  9  (japanned 
black),  for  the  shoulder-belt,  sewed  to  the  bottom  of  the  box;  2  /m«,  each  with  1 
lower  dii'ision,  open  in  front,  to  contain  1  bundle  of  10  cartridges,  and  2  upp^i 
divisions,  one  to  contain  6  and  the  other  4  cartridges.     The  edges  of  the  tin  are 


*  New  boxes  have  been  ordered  to  bo  made,  with  a  view  of  substituting  two  small  bo«e8  for 
tbe  one  largo  ono. 


216  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

turned  over  and  soldered  down  to  prevent  them  from  cutting  the  cartridges.  All 
the  tin  linings  should  be  made  to  slide  freely  in  the  boxes. 

CAJiTninoE-BOX  for  .69-inch  ball.  It  is  like  the  above,  except  iu  dimensions,  for 
which  sec  page  219. 

Cartkihok-box  for  .69-inch  round  ball.  The  same  as  the  above,  except  in 
dimensions. 

CAKTninr.K-nox  pi.atb  (brass). — Oval,  3.5  inches  by  2.2  inches,  with  the  letters 
C.  S.  stamped  on  it:  2  cycn  of  iron  wire,  for  fastening  the  plate  to  the  flap  of  the 
box. 

CAnTniDOK-nox  bki.t  (black  bufT-leathcr). — Width,  2.25  inches ;  length,  55.5 
inches,  clear  of  the  2  bUletn  for  buckles,  which  are  each  4.25  inches  long  and  0.b75 
inch  wide. 

Cautridge-box  bklt-i'late  (brass). — Circular,  2.5  inches  diameter,  .stamped 
with  an  eaylc  ;  2  eyeii  of  iron  wire. 

Cap-I'OUCH  (black  bridle-leather). — Length  and  depth,  .3  inches;  width.  1.25 
inch ;  inner  cover,  with  end  pieces  :  _fl"P>  made  of  the  same  piece  a.»  the  back,  with  a 
button-hole  strap  at  the  bottom;  brant  button,  riveted  under  the  bottom  of  .the 
pouch;  2  loopt,  sewed  to  the  back,  2.25  inches  long,  to  admit  a  waist-belt  (*f  2 
inches;  lining,  a  strip  of  sheep-skin,  with  the  wool  on,  1.5  inch  wide,  glued  with 
fish  glue,  and  sewed  to  the  back,  at  the  mouth  of  the  pouch. 

Cone-pick  (steel  wire  No.  18). — 1.5  inch  long,  with  a  ring  handle  0.5  inch 
diameter;  it  is  carried  in  a  loop  in  the  inner  left-hand  corner  of  the  cap-pouch. 

Bayonet-scabbard  (black  bridle  leather). — Length,  including  the  ferrule  and 
tip,  for  the  bayonets  of  the  model  of  1S55  and  1840,  19.5  inches ;  for  model  WH),  18 
inches;  ferrule  and  tip,  brass;  frog  (black  buff-leather),  sewed  and  riveted  with  2 
copper  rivets  No.  8  to  a  socket  of  black  leather  which  is  fastened  to  the  top  of  the 
scabbard  ;  the  frog  slides  on  the  waist-belt. 

Waist-belt  (black  buff-leather). — Width,  1.9  inch;  length,  38.5  inches;  a  loop 
at  one  end. 

Waist-belt  i-late  (brass). — Oval.  3.5  inches  long  by  2.25  inches  wide,  stamped 
with  the  letters  C.  S.;  2  etud»  and  1  hook  (brass). 

Gi'N-SLiNG  (russet  bag  leather). — Width,  1.25  inch  :  length,  46  inches  ;  1  utanding 
and  1  sliding  loop;  hook  (brass),  fastened  to  the  sling  with  2  brans  riveti  No.  15 
wire. 

Swoud  shoildeu-belt,  for  non-commissioned  oflBicers  (black  buff-leather). — 
Width.  2.3  inches;  length  of  short  branch,  17  inches:  long  branch,  40  inches;  J 
^landing  loop  on  long  branch  :  frog  for  sword. 

Shoclder-belt  plate. — Like  the  cartridge-box  belt-plate,  except  in  having  3 
hooks,  instead  of  eyes. 

Sergeant's  and  mcsician's  waist-belt  (black  buff-leather). — Length,  36  to  40 
inches;  width,  1.9  inch;  1  bras*  hook  on  one  end,  fastened  with  3  brass  trire  riret* 
No.  15;  1  bra*$  loop  sewed  to  the  other  end,  to  connect  with  the  plate. 

Sergeant's  waist-belt  plate. — The  same  as  the  tabre-belt  plate. 


CAVALRY    ACCOUTREMENTS.  217 

Scabbard  fou  non-commissioned  officer's  sword  (light  bridle  leather),  jacked, 
blacked  and  varnished.— 1  ferrule  (brass),  with  1  hooh  (cast-brass)  riveted  to  it  by 
2  hrma  wire  rivets  No.  15,  fastened  to  the  scabbard  with  glue  and  4  brass  wire  rivets 
No.  15;  1  tip  (brass),  fastened  to  the  scabbard  with  glue  and  4  brass  wire  rivets 
No.  IT). 

Scabbard  for  the  mcsician's  sword.— The  same  as  that  for  the  non-commis- 
sioned oflScer's  sword,  except  in  length. 

Jtijie  Accoutrements. 

The  same  as  for  the  infantry  accoutrements,  except  the  waist-belt  for  the  sword- 
bnyonet  and  the  sword-bayonet  scabbard. 

Waist-belt  for  sword-bayonet  (shoe  leather,  dressed  on  the  flesh  side). — 
Length,  42.5  inches  ;  width,  2.4  inches:  1  hillet,  .9  inch  wide,  sewed  on  the  inside 
at  each  end  to  hold  the  clasps  in  place;  1  pair  clasps,  2  parts  (brass),  to  slide  on 
the  belt;  2  loops,  with  eyes  (brass),  to  slide  on  the  belt;  frog  for  sword-bayonet 
scabbard,  with  1  hillet ;  1  brass  buckle  No.  10,  and  1  standing  loop. 

SwoED-BAYONBT  SCABBARD  (black  bridle  leather).— Length,  including  ferrule 
and  tip,  23  inches:  1  ferrule  and  1  tip  (brass),  1  loop  (brass),  on  the  ferrule  for  the 
frog-billet  to  pass  through. 

^^   •  Cavalry  Accoutrements. 

Cartridge-box  for  carbine. — Like  the  infantry  cartridge-box,  except  in  dimen- 
sions. 2  loops  are  placed  upright  on  the  back  of  the  box,  to  receive  a  2-inch  waist- 
belt.     Special  boxes  are  made  for  the  carbines  now  on  trial  in  the  hands  of  troops. 

Cap-pouoh.  I  _^j^g  g^jjjg  ^g  f^^  jjjg  infantry. 

CONE-PICK.    \ 

Sabre-belt  (buflf-lcather).— ll'oisf-Ac/?,  length  .36  to  40  inches,  width  1.9  inch;  1 
square  loop  No.  46,  2  D-rings  No.  2  B  (brass),  for  attaching  the  slings  and  the 
shoulder-strap;  1  hook  (brass),  riveted  on  one  end  by  3  brass  wire  rivets  No.  IT);  1 
loop  (cast-brass),  sewed  on  the  other  end  to  connect  with  the  plate;  1  shoulder-strap, 
41  inches  long.  1.125  inch  wide,  with  2  hooks  (brass)  ;  2  sabre-slings  1.125  inch  wide; 
front  sling  17  inches  long,  rear  sling  34  inches ;  4  studs  (brass)  for  slings  ;  1  sabre- 
hook  (brass  wire  No.  7). 

Sabre-belt  plate  (cast-brass).— Rectangular,  3.5  inches  long,  2.2  inches  wide, 
with  an  eagle  surrounded  by  a  ureath  (German  silver);  1  slot  at  one  end,  to  receive 
the  belt. 

Sword-knot  (buff-lcatbcr).— ,S'<;-07j  1  inch  wide,  36  inches  long  ;  one  end  of  the 
strap  is  fastened  to  a  tassel  3  inches  long ;  the  other  end  is  passed  through  the  tassel 
after  going  round  the  guard  of  the  sabre,  and  is  fastened  by  one  of  the  tags  of  the 
tassel ;  1  sUding-loop>. 

Carbine-sling  (buflf-leather).— Length  5G  inches,  width  2.5  inches ;  1  buckle  and 
1  tip  (brass),  sicivel  and  D  with  roller,  bright  iron,  2.62  inches  wide;  link  and  hook, 
iron  ;  guard-spring,  steel. 


218  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Artillery  Accoutrements. 

FOR  LIGHT  AUTILLERY. 

Sabue-bklt  (l)lack  liuff-leather). — Length  ;{6  to  40  inches,  width  1.9  inch;  2 
leather  chapen  sewed  on  the  outside  of  the  belt  for  attaching  2  bniHH  loops  No.  6,  for 
the  slings :  2  nabrc-glimji  and  4  brng»  Hud»,  like  those  for  the  cavalry  cabrc-belt ;  1 
nabi-c-hook  (brass  wire  No.  7)  ;  1  loop  (cast-brass)  sewed  on  one  end  to  connect  with 
the  plates  :  1  hook  (brass)  riveted  to  the  other  end  with  3  brasn  irire  rivetn  No.  15. 

SaDUE-BELT  1'I.ATE. 


V  — Like  the 


,       „ .jose  for  the  cavalry. 

t?WORI)-KNOT.  ' 


FOR  FOOT  ARTILLERY. 


Sword-belt  (buff-lciither),  made  in  three  pieces,  1.9  inch  wide,  connected 
together  by  2  lonpn  (brass)  No.  1  B.  Lonr)  branch  2\  inches  long ;  />o«/-;jf'efe  4.5 
inches;  short  branch  4  inches:  \  frotj,  3.5  inches  deep,  2.5  inches  wide  at  top,  and 
2.3  inches  at  bottom,  sus])ended  to  the  loops  by  2  diutjH  1.3  inch  wi<k'  and  3.5  inches 
long;  1  loop  (cast-brass),  sewed  on  one  end  to  connect  with  the  plate;  1  hook 
(brass),  riveted  to  the  other  end  with  3  brass  wire  rivets  No.  15. 

Sword-belt  plate. — Like  that  for  the  cavalry  sabre-belt. 

Foot  artillery  sword-scabbard  (light  bridle  leather),  jacked,  blackened  and 
varni.shed.  Length,  including  the  ferrule  and  tip,  20  inches;  width,  2  inches: 
ferrule  (brass)  has  1  stvd  riveted  to  it,  and  is  fastened  to  the  scabbard  by  4  bran' 
wire  rivets  No.  15;  1  tip  (brass)  fastened  to  the  scabbard  by  4  brass  iciie  rivet*  No. 
15;  2  »n/<«  (black  buff-leather)  placed  on  the  sides  of  the  mouth  <pf  the  scabbard.^ 

Inspection  of  Accoutrements. 

Examine  the  materials  of  which  they  are  made. 

The  bridle,  .shoe,  sole,  calf,  and  russet  leather  should  be  tunned  witii  oak  bark: 
reject  all  that  has  been  tanned  with  hemlock,  as  such  leather  ."oon  moulds,  and  the 
blacking  turns  of  a  reddish  color. 

The  leather  s^hould  be  of  the  best  quality,  uniform  in  thickness,  and  free  from 
cuts  and  fly-holes.  Flesh  split-leather  is  not  admitted.  The  buff-leather  should  be 
soft  and  flexible,  free  from  defects.  When  freshly  cut,  it  should  present  a  bright 
yellow  surface ;  a  brownish  yellow  color  indicates  that  the  hide  has  been  burned  by 
the  lime  in  tanning.     It  should  be  firm  without  being  horny,  and  not  spongy. 

See  that  the  hooks  of  cast-brass  are  free  from  flaws,  and  that  the  eves  are  firmly 
fastened. 


SPARE    PARTS    FOR    ACCOUTREMENTS. 


219 


Dimensions  of  Cartridge- Boxes. 


For  .58-  For  .65 
balls.       balls. 


For  .69 
round. 


Carbine 


r  Length , 

Interior  of  box <  Widtli 

(  Depth  in  front. . 

Inner  cover Width 

Width  at  top 

Width  at  bottom  . 


Flap. 


f  Wi( 
I  Wic 


Implement-pocket \  -^  ^, 

r  Lower {Length 

I  ^^^^^ I  Width  . 

Depth  . 

jength 

idth  . 

Length 


Tins,    -i  I  c      n         f  Len 

-  Upper.]  ^'^'^'l---  I  Wic 

I  Width 

..Weight lbs 


I 


Bo.x,  complete 


Large 


In. 

6.8 
1.4 
5.2 
3.8 
8.0 
8.3 


In. 

In. 

7.8 

7.2 

1.6 

1.6 

4.7 

5.8 

4.0 

4.0 

9.0 

8.0 

9.4 

8.5 

7.0 

6.0 

3.7 

3.5 

3.8 

3.3 

2.7 

3.0 

1.9 

2.7 

2.2 

1.35 

1.5 

1.35 

1.5 

2.0 

1.5 

1.35 

1.76 

1.76 

In. 

7.2 
1.6 

5.0 


3.3 
2.8 
2.8 


Copper  Rivets. 


Diameter.      Thickness.  |      Length.        Diameter. 


No.  8., 
No.  12. 


In. 
.15 


Spare  Parts  for  Accoutrements  for  one  year  in  the  field. 

For  1,000  infantry  accoutrcmentg. 
25  cartridge-box  plates.  100  wai.st-belt  plates. 

60         "  "    belt-plate?.  100  cone-picks. 

For  1,000  cai;alr\j  carbinc-glings. 
150  swivels.  150  swivel-springs. 


220 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


19 
34 
34 
26 
200 
15 
15 
20 
20 
20 
70 


MATERIALS  REQUIRED  FOR  MAKING  ACCOUTREMENTS. 

Leather. 

Infantry  cartridge-box  belts.  ^ 

Waist-belts  1.9  iu.  wide.  I 

Ntm-oninmissionotl  officers'  sword-belts.  | 

Shduldcr  sword-belts.  | 

Bajonet-scabbard  frogs. 

Waist-belts  for  sword-bayonet. 

Cavalry  sabre-belts. 

Liglit  artillery  sabrc-belts. 

Foot  artillery  sword-belts. 

Carbine-slings. 

Sabre-knots. 

Cavalry  sabre-belts. 

Waist-belts  for  sword  bayonet. 

Carbine-slings. 

Gun-slings — out  of  one  butt  hide  of  bag  leath 

Infantry  cartridge-bo.-ces,  e.\cept  pockets  and 

heavy  bridle  leather. 
Bayonet-scabbards.  ") 

Sword-bayonet  scabbards. 
Non-commissioned  officers'  sword-scabbards.   ■ 
Musicians'  sword-scabbards. 
Foot  artillerj'  sword-scabbards. 
Pockets  for  infantry  cartridge-boxes. 
Inner  covers  for  do. 

Tops  for  cap-pouches. 
Inner  covers  for  cap-pouches. 


Either  of  these  can  be  cut  out  of 
one  hide  of  buff-leather. 


Either  of  these  can  be  cut  out  of 
one  side  of  heavy  up)ier  shoe 
leather  dressed  on  flesh  side. 


inner  covers,  out  of  one  side  of 


Either  of  these  can  Ite  cut  out  of 
one  side  of  light  bridle  leather. 


Either  of  these  can  be  cut  from 
one  side  of  light  uppcr-lcathcr. 


Thread. 

100  Infantry  cartridge-boxes 1.25 

100  Gun-slings 13 

100  Cap-pouches 5 

100  Bayonet-scabbards 3 

100  Sword-bayonet  scabbards 2 

100  Non-comuiissioned  officers'  sword-scabbards  .3 
100  Musicians'  or  foot  artillery  do.  .2 

100  Carbine-slings 08 

100  Non-couimissioned  officers'  waist-belts 08 

100  Cavalry  sabre-belts 4 

100  Light  artillery  sword-belts 3 

100  Foot  artillery  sword-belts 8 

100   Sword-bayonet  waist-belts 7 

100  Non-commissioned  officers' sword-belts 33 

100  Waist-belts 08 

100  Bayonet-scabbard  frogs 3 


lb.  1 


b.l 


No.  3.  White  shoe 
thread,  waxed  with 
rosin  wax. 


No.  3.  Bh»k 
thread,  waxed 
rosin  wax. 


shoe 
with 


lb. 


No.  3.  Black  shoe 
thread,  waxed  with 
beeswax. 


■r 


METALS. 


Metals. 

For  100  nct8  of  cavalry  sabrc-hcU  mountings. 

100  Sabre-honks 4.5     lbs.  brass  wire  No.  7. 

100  Loops 4.65     "             "  "     7. 

200  Rings 6.8       "             "  "     6. 

100  Large  hooks 7.         "sheet-brass    "11. 

200  Small  hooks  5-         "            "  "14. 

700  Rivets 48     "  brass  wire  "15. 

400  Studs 22.5       "  cast-brass. 

100  Belt-plates  and  loops (See  below.) 

For  100  infantry  cartridge-boxes. 

For  tins.  125  sheets  single  tin,  1  lb.  soft  solder. 

For  buttons,  4.9  lbs.  cast-brass.     For  burrs,  .33  lb.  .sheet-bras.<,  400  copper  rivett*. 

For  100  cavalry  belt-platen. 
25.     lbs.  cast-brass. 

.2     "     German  silver  No.  33. 
.5     "     soft  solder. 

For  100  infantry  waint-belt plates. 

4.5     lbs.  sheet-brass  No.  31,  for  plates. 
8.         "         "         "     No.  14,  for  hooks. 
.22     "  brass  wire  No.  14,  for  rivets. 
16.         "  soft  solder. 

For  100  infantry  cartridiji -box  plates. 

4.2  lbs.  sheet-brass  No.  31,  for  plates. 
.8     "     iron  wire  No.  15,  for  loops. 
14.       "     soft  solder. 

For  100  ferrides  for  bayonet-scabbards, 

3.5     lbs.  sheet-brass  No.  25,  for  tips. 
6.         "    cast-brass  for  knobs. 

.14     "    copper  wire  No.  16,  for  rivets. 
200  copper  rivets  and  burrs  (i  No.  8)  to  attach  the  frog. 

.2  lb.  spelter. 

.3  "   soft  solder. 

For  100  sets  hooks  and  rivets  for  yun-siings. 

2.8     lbs.  sheet-brass  No.  14. 
.18    "    brass  wire  No.  15. 


222  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

For  100  neU  of  mountings  of  irnht-helt  for  strord -bayonet. 

100  iiiiir,«  rlasps.  pact-brass,  21.25  lbs. 

200  loojip  for  clasps,  sheet-brass  No.  14,  3.75  lbs. 

200  sliders,  cast-brass,  14.8  lbs. 

Speller,  .4  lb. 

For  100  iitttonii  and  cone-pickt fur  rap-ponrfif. 

u- 
3.2     lbs.  cast-brass,  for  buttons. 

.65    "    sheet-brass  No.  19.  for  burrs.  4  3f 

.2       "    st«el  wire  No.  18,  for  cone-picks.  ' 

For  100  KrtH  mountings  for  ttrorj-dayonrt  srafihiird. 

29  lbs.  sbcct-brass  No.  24.  for  ferrules  and  tips. 
1.75  lbs.  cast-brass,  for  loops  for  ferrules. 
6.25    "  "  for  knobs  for  tips. 

1.4       "    copjjcr  wirt'  No.  12,  for  800  rivets. 

.4      "    spi'lt<-r. 

.3      "    soft  solder. 

WEKJHT  OF  ACCOUTREMENTS. 

100  Infantry  cartridge-boxes  and  plates  for  .69-in.  ball 176  lbs. 

100  Infantry  cartridge-boxes  and  plates  for  .58-in.  ball 167 

100  Infantry  cartrid-^e-box  belts  and  plates 63 

100  Cap-poucbes  and  cone-picks 13 

100  Ihiyonet-scabbards  and  frogs 31 

100  Wuist-bclts  and  plates,  1.9  inch  wide 50 

100  (Jun-sliugs IS 

100  Non-commissioned  officers'  waist-belts  and  plates 49 

100  Non-commissioned  officers'  sword-belts  and  plates  (shoulder) 60 

100  Rifle  cartridge-boxes  and  plates  for  .54-in.  ball 118 

100  Rifle  waist-belts  and  plates,  for  bayonet-scabbard 59 

100  Rifle  sword-bayonet  scabbards 49 

100  Rifle  pouches 43 

100  Rifle  flasks 81 

100  Rifle  flask  and  pouch-belts 27 

100  Cavalry  sabre-belts  and  plates 120 

100  Carbine-slings  and  swivels 110 

100  Light  artillery  sabre-belts  and  plates 96 

100  Foot  artillery  sword-belts  and  plates 81 


SALTPETRE. 


Chapter    Ninth. 


GUNPOWDER. 


Gunpowder  for  the  military  service  is  distinguished  as  mnnkci,  cannon,  and  mam- 
moth powder.  Thoy  arc  all  made  in  the  same  manner,  of  the  same  proportions  of 
materials,  and  differ  only  in  the  size  of  the  grain. 

MATERIALS. 

The  materials  required  are  saltpetre,  charcoal,  and  sulphur.  They  should  be  of 
the  greatest  possible  purity,  both  for  the  quality  of  the  powder  and  the  prevention 
of  disastrous  accidents  in  the  manufacture. 

Saltpetre. 

Saltpetre  (nitre,  nitrate  of  potassa)  is  a  transparent,  white,  crystalized  salt, 
inodorous,  anhydrous,  of  a  cooling,  pungent,  and  slightly  bitter  taste.  It  generally 
crystallizes  in  six-sided  prisms  terminated  by  six-sided  pyramids,  or  in  needles 
deeply  striated,  and  sometimes  contains  mother-water  in  fissures  in  the  longer  axis 
of  large  crystals.  It  is  composed  of  53.45  nitric  acid  and  46.55  potassa.  Specific 
gravity,  2.099  to  2.1.  Unalterable, in  common  air,  it  becomes  deliquescent  in  an 
atmosphere  nearly  saturated  with  moisture.  It  melts  at  about  GB2°  into  a  limpid, 
oily-looking  liquid,  and  may  be  cast  into  moulds,  forming  a  white,  compact  mass. 
It  begins  to  decompose  at  about  716°,  giving  up  its  oxygen:  at  a  white  heat  the 
decomposition  is  incomplete,  peroxide  of  potassium  remaining.  If  thrown  upon 
burning  coals,  it  melts  and  deflagrates  violently.  It  is  insoluble  in  absolute  alcohol 
and  oils;  soluble  in  water — more  in  warm  than  in  cold:  in  dissolving  it  causes  a  fall 
in  temperature;  it  raises  the  boiling  point  of  water,  and  increases  its  density  by 
about  0.0077  for  each  part  of  saltpetre  contained  in  100  parts  of  water. 

100  parts  of  water  at  32°  dissolve  13.3'2  saltpetre,  and  tlie  solution  boils  at  about  213. S°. 

"  "  21y.fi°. 

"  "  219.2°. 

"  "  "  222.8°. 

"  "  "  228.2°. 

«  «  "  236.4°. 

"  "  "  2iU.S°. 

A  saturated  hot  solution  will  consequently  lose,  in  cooling,  the  greatest  part  of 
the  salt  dissolved. 


68 

31.75 

104 

63.80 

140 

110.70 

176    " 

170.80 

212    " 

246.60 

240.8  •• 

335.00 

224  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

.Saltpetre  occure  naturally  in  great  quantities,  as  au  efflorescence  on  the  surface 
of  the  earth,  in  man}'  of  the  warm  countries,  particularly  in  India,  where  there  is 
suflScieut  to  supply  the  wants  of  the  whole  world.  It  also  occurs  as  a  saline  crust 
in  caverns  in  some  parts  of  the  globe;  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Monclova,  Mexico,  it 
is  found  in  great  purity  in  veins  or  mines. 

It  exists  in  certain  plants,  and  is  formed  spontaneouslj'  by  the  decomposition  of 
animal  and  vegetable  substances  when  mi.xeil  with  substances  containing  potash 
and  kept  at  an  even  temi>erature  in  moist  situations.  On  this  principle  artificial 
nitre  becls  are  made,  from  which  large  quantities  of  nitre  are  obtained,  in  France, 
(Jermaiiy,  Sweden.  Hungary,  etc.  Saltpetre  obtained  from  any  of  these  sources 
may  be  separated  from  the  greater  part  of  the  foreign  salts  and  earthy  matter  by 
lixiviation  with  wood  ashes  and  evaporation.  The  nitrous  earth  of  India  yields 
about  one-fifth  of  its  weight  of  nitre  ;  that  of  the  nitre  caves,  from  one  to  ton 
pounds  of  nitre  to  the  bushel.  The  best  artificial  nitre  bed?  afford  annually  about 
a  quarter  of  a  pound  of  nitre  to  a  bushel  of  earth.  Saltpetre,  for  the  manufacture 
of  gunpowder,  is  chiefly  obtained  from  India,  whence  it  is  imported  in  a  cryst-al- 
iaed  state,  called  crude  taltpetre  containing  generally  from  15  to  lb  per  cent,  of 
foreign  salts,  earths,  and  water. 

TKST    OK    cm  DE    S.il-TPKTRE. 

Crude  saltpetre  was  formerly  tested  by  washing  it  with  water  saturated  with 
saltpetre,  which  dissolved  the  other  soluble  foreign  6alI^'  without  ilissolving  any  of 
the  saltpetre  itself;  the  loss  in  weight  by  washing  was  taken  as  the  weight  of  the 
impurities  contained.  This  process  was  found  to  occasion  serious  error,  from  the 
fact  that  when  water  saturated  with  saltpetre  has  dissolved  a  portion  of  sea  salt,  it 
acquires  the  property  of  dissolving  an  additional  amount  of  saltpetre  ;  besides, 
this  mode  of  testing  fails  when  there  is  present — as  there  is  almost  always  —  the 
chloride  of  potassium.  The  process  of  testing  now  used  in  this  country,  as  well 
as  in  Knglaud  and  India,  is  that  of  analysis.  The  chlorides  that  the  crude  salt- 
petre contains  are  precipitated  in  the  form  of  the  chloride  of  silver  by  adding  the 
nitrate  of  silver  to  the  solution  of  a  given  weight  of  the  sample  to  be  tested.  The 
sulphates  are  precipitated  in  the  form  of  the  sulphate  of  baryta  by  adding  the 
nitrate  of  baryta  to  the  solution  of  a  given  weight  of  the  sample  :  the  amount  of 
these  impurities  can  now  be  calculated. 

UEFI.VING    SALTPETRE. 

The  purity  of  saltpetre  used  in  making  gunpowder  i?  of  the  greatest  importance, 
not  only  on  account  of  the  quality  of  the  powder,  but  more  particularly  a«  dimia- 
ishing  the  chances  of  explosion  in  the  powder  mills. 

Wash  the  crude  saltpetre  in  a  large  shallow  pan  with  about  40  per  cent,  of  cold 
water,  stirring  it  well  with  rakes.  At  the  end  of  12  hours,  withdraw  the  water, 
which  takes  away  with  it  a  portion  of  the  chlorides.  To  free  the  saltpetre  from 
•arthy  matters  and  the  chloride  of  sodium,  dissolve  it  by  means  of  heat,  in  the 


TEST    OF    SALTPETRE.  225' 

least  possible  anvmiit  of  water,  in  a  large  copper  kettle.  When  ft  is  entirely  dis- 
solvta,  clarify  the  liquid  by  pouring  in  the  solution  of  glue  in  the  proportion,  of 
1-lOth  per  cent,  of  glue  dissolved  in  five  times  its  weight  of  water.  The  glue  is  added 
at  two  different  times;  and  the  liquid  should  be  well  stir?ed,  and  the  scum  removed 
as  it  forms  on  the  surface.  When  the  scum  has  nearly  ceased  forming,  check  the 
boiling  by  adding  cold  water  saturated  with  saltpetre,  to  precipitate  the  chloride  of 
sodium,  which  is  removed  as  it  falls  to  the  bottom.  When  the  scum  has  ceased 
forming  and  the  chloride  of  sodium  is  no  longer  precipitated,  the  liquid  becomes 
limpid,  and  it  is  permitted  to  remain  several  hours,  keeping  up  sufficient  beat  to 
prevent  it  from  crystalizing  in  the  kettle. 

Remove  the  liquid  gently,  while  at  a  temperature  of  about  230°,  to  the  crystaliz- 
ing pans,  and  stir  it  continually  with  wooden  scrai)ers  to  prevent  tho  formation  of 
large  crystals.  The  scrapers  in  large  establishments  are  moved  by  machinery. 
Draw  the  saltpetre,  as  it  forms,  to  the  sides  of  the  paas,  and  when  the  liquid  falls 
to  a  temperature  of  about  70"  draw  it  off  into  other  vessels;  it  will  then  have 
given  up  nearly  all  its  salti>etrc.  Take  the  saltpetru  from  th€  crystalizing. pans  to. 
the  washitig  ttouglw,  and  wash  it  twice  from  the  rose  of  a  watering  pot  with  50  per 
cent,  of  cold  water  saturated  with  pure  saltpeire,  the  water  being  permitted  to 
remain  on  the  salt  each  time  about  two  hours,  and  then  drawn  off:  sprinkl&it  with 
50  per  cent,  of  pure  water,  which  merely  drains  through  and  is  carried  off. 

The  saltpetre,  after  remaining  in  the  washing  troughs  three  or  four  days,  i.<= 
taken  to  the  drying  reservoirs,  where  it  is  dried,  and  stirred  from  time  to  time  with 
wooden  shovels.  It  is  then  passed  through  a  brass  %ieve,  to  separate  any  small 
lumps  or  foreign  particles,  and  is  ready  for  packing.  It  is  now  like  fine  sand,  and 
as  white  as  snow. 

A  100-lbs.  powder  cask  will  hold  about  132  lbs.  of  saltpetre.  The  scum,  mother- 
water,  washings,  etc.,.  are  collected,  and  the  saltpetre  extracted  from  them. 

TEST    0-r   REFINED    SALTPETRE. 

In  order  to  be  used  in  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder,  saltpetre  should  not  con- 
tain more  than  l-3000th  of  chlorides.  To  test  this,  dissolve  200  grains  of  saltpetre 
in  the  least  possible  quantity  (say  1,000  grains)  of  tepid  distilled  water;  pour  on  it 
20  grains  of  a  solution  of  nitrate  of  silver  containing  10  grains  of  the  mitrate  to 
1,033  grains  of  water,  that  being  the  quantity  required  to  decompose  200-3000ths 
of  a  grain  of  muriate  of  soda;  filter  the  liquid,  and  divide  it  into  two  portions:  to 
one  portion  add  a  few  drops  of  the  solution  of  nitrate  of  silver;  if  it  remain  clear, 
the  saltpetre  does  not  contain  more  than  l-3000th  of  muriate  of  soda;  to  the  other 
portion  add  a  small  quantity  of  solution  of  muriate  of  soda;  if  it  become  clouded, 
the  saltpetre  contains  less  than  l-3000th.  By  using  the  test-liquor  in  very  small 
quantities,  the  exact  proportion  of  muriate  of  soda  may  be  ascertained.  The  salt- 
petre used  in  our  best  powder  does  not  contain  more  than  1-lSOOOth  of  chlorides  ; 
and  that  used  in  the  best  sporting  powder  is  refined  a  second  time,,  and  contains 
not  more  than  l-60U00th  part. 
15 


--U  ORItNANCE    MANUAL. 

Charcoal. 

(Tor  gpncrni  remnrkfi  on  charcoal,  see  Chapter  X.) 

or  fho  three  cuinpoBcnt  materials  of  gunpowder,  the  charcoal  has  the  gp-ntcpi 
elTocl  iippn  it!<  qualify^ "''^•Sf?  •»  "'«  great  difference  in  it,  due  to  the  kind  of  wood 
from  wljich  it  is  madb,  and  to  the  mode  of  its  preparation.  Light,  friable  and 
porouH  charcoal,  which  h>irn»  rapidly  and  leaves  the  iciist  anhes,  is  the  beft  adapted 
for  milking  gunpowder.  Charcoal  from  willow  and  black  alder — chiefly  the  former — 
obtained  by  liislillation  in  cast-iron  cylinders,  is  used  for  powder  for  the  military 
service. 

The  wood  is  cut  in  the  y)iring,  when  the  sap  is  running  freely.  Branches  arc 
selected  of  three  In  four  year's  growth,  not  more  than  thrce-f|uart«rs  of  un  inch  in 
dinniVler,  ptrippod  of  its  bark  as  soon  as  cut,  and  piled  in  dry  and  airy  places. 
The  larger  l>ranches  are  split  lengthwise.     All  dead  wood  is  rejected. 

The  dried  wood  is  put  in  ujiright  cast-iron  cylinders,  which  are  then  closely 
luted.  The  heat  is  applied  to  the  outside  of  the  cylinder,  and  care  is  taken  to 
prevent  them  from  getting  too  hot.  The  gaseous  and  li()uid  [iroducts  escape  by  an 
opening  near  one  end.  The  progress  of  distillation  is  judged  of  by  the  color  of  the 
flanc  and  smoke,  and  ^om^imcs  by  tett  »ttcke  which  are  introduced  through  tubes 
prepared  for  the  purpose.  When  the  distillation  is  complete,  the  charcoal  it 
reuioved  into  sheet -iron  tubs. 

About  35  per  cent,  of  brown  coal  is  produced,  by  this  process,  to  100  parts  of 
dried  wood. 

Charcoal  should  be  made  only  as  it  is  required  for  immediate  use,  as  it  absorbs 
moisture  reailily  from  the  air. 

Wheu  freshly  prepared,  it  absorbs  and  condenses  gaaes:  it  heats  and,  if  in  a  heap 
of  30  lbs.  or  more,  takes  fire  spontanconsly. 

The  specific  gravity  of  freshly-burned  charcoal  is  about  .380 ;  when  triturated  in 
a  moist  state  for  a  long  time  under  heavy  rollers,  its  specific  gravity  Le  increased  to 
1.100  and  1.400. 

Sulphur. 

Sulphur  is  found  i»  abundance,  in  the  native  state,  in  the  neighborhood  of  vol- 
canoes, mixed  merely  with  earthy  matters.  It  may  also  be  obtained  from  the 
sulphurets  of  iron  ond  copper,  and  from  other  sources,  but  is  not  so  jiure  in  this 
case  as  the  volcanic  sulphur.  The  specific  gravity  of  native  sulphur  is  2.072 :  that 
of  sulphur  which  has  be«n  fused.  1.99 — which  is  still  further  diminished  by  tritura- 
tion. Sulphur  melts  at  i'M°  into  a  transparent  and  nearly  colorless  liquid  which  it 
Hn-htcr  than  the  solid  sulphur.  As  tkc  temperature  is  increased,  the  sulphar 
beciancs  more  yellow  and  loss  fluid  :  ot  482°  it  is  of  a  dark  brown  color,  and  ao 
thick  a*  to  flow  with  difficulty.  From  .'■)00°  to  its  boiling  point,  7S8°,  it  IweoMM 
more  flaid.  6ulpfaar  takes  fire  at  a  temperature  of  bHO°,  and  bums  wit*  a  Mil 
blue  flame  and  eufibcating  fumes.  It  is  soluble  in  oiJ  of  turpentine,  and  inaolaUa 
in  w.itcr  and  alcohoL 


MANUFACTURE    OF   GUXTOWDER.  22t 

The  supply  of  sulphur  for  this  country  i?  lirouglit  principally  from  Sicily,  in  the 
crude  state.     It  contains  about  8  per  cent,  of  earthy  matter. 

It  is  refined  by  distilling  it  in  cast-iron  retorts,  and  collecting  the  vapors  in  a 
large  chamber,  where  they  are  condensed.  The  temperature  of  this  chamber  is  kept 
at  about  248°,  and  the  liquiil  sulphur  is  drawn  off,  through  iron  pipe?  iu  the  side  of 
the  chamber,  into  wooden  moulds. 

If  the  temperature  of  the  cliamber  be  kept  as  low  as  180°,  the  vapors  are  con- 
densed in  a  light  dust,  called  flowers  of  sulphur :  in  this  state  the  sulphur  always 
contains  sulphurous  and  sulphuric  a<;ids. 

Pure  sulphur  should  bo  of  a  beautiful  citmn  yellow  color,  slightl}'  transparent, 
should  show  no  acid  reaction  on  test  pajtcr,  and  should  burn  without  any  residuum, 

Sulphur  may  be  refined,  but  not  so  thoroughly,  by  being  melted,  skimmed  and 
decanted.  • 

Manufacture  of  Gunpowder. 

The  buildings  in  which  the  different  operations  arc  carried  on  are  separated  from 
each  other,  and  protected  by  trees  or  traverses  as  far  as  practicable. 

There  is  great  diversity  in  the  mauipulations  of  manufacture,  not  only  in  different 
countries,  but  even  in  different  powder  mills  of  the  same  country  —  each  having 
some  particular  mode  of  its  own,  which  is  preferred  to  the  rest.  The  principal 
operations  consist  in  pulverizing  the  materials  ver}'  finely,  thoroughly  incorporating 
them,  pressing  them  into  a  cake,  reducing  the  cake  into  grains,  glazing  the  grains, 
drying  and  dusting  the  powder. 

Pulverizing. — The  saltpetre  is  usually  pulverized  sufficiently  when  it  comes  from 
the  refinery.  The  charcoal  is  placed  in  large  cast-iron  barrels  with  twice  its  weight 
of  bronze  balls.  The  barrel  has  several  ledges  on  the  interior,  and  is  made  to 
revolve  from  20  to  '.^5  times  in  a  minute.  It  is  pulverized  in  '2  or  3  hours.  The 
sulphur  is  placed  in  barrels  made  of  thick  leather  stretched  over  a  wooden  frame, 
with  twice  its  weight  of  bronze  balls  from  .3  to  .■)  inch  in  diameter,  and  the  barrel 
made  to  revolve  about  20  times  per  minute. 

The  sulphur  is  pulverized  in  four  to  eight  hours. 

Pnqtortions  of  materials. — All  powder  for  the  military  service  must  be  composed 
of  the  following  proportions  by  weight,  viz: 

76  parts  of  saltpetre,  14  of  charcoal,  and  10  of  suliilmr: 
or,  75  parts  "  15  "  10  " 

Incorporating. — The  ingredients  having  been  weighed  out  in  tlic  proportions 
above  given,  the  charcoal  and  sulphur  are  put  together  in  a  rolling  barrel  similar 
to  that  in  which  the  sulphur  is  pulverized,  and  rolled  for  one  hour.  The  saltpetre 
is  then  added,  and  rolled  for  three  hours  longer.  In  some  mills  this  operation  is 
omitted.  It  is  now  taken  to  the  cylinder,  or  rol/iii;/  mill.  This  consists  of  two 
cast-iron  cylinders  rolling  round  a  horizontal  axis  in  a  circular  trough  ul'  about 
9  iteet  diameter,  with  a  cast-iron  bottom.  The  cylinders  are  G  feet  in  diameler,  IS 
inches  thick  on  the  face,  and  weigh  about  8  tons  each.  They  are  followed  by  a 
wooden  scrai)er,  which  keeps  the  composition  in  the  centre  of  the  trough. 


228  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

A  cbnrpe  of  75  lbs.  in  some  mill",  and  150  His.  in  others,  is  then  spread  in  the 
trough  <>f  the  rolling  mill,  and  raoisteiud  witli  2  to  3  per  cent,  of  water,  aceordinjj 
to  the  hy;.'roinctric  state  of  the  atmos]iluTC. 

It  is  rolled  slowly  at  first,  and  afterward  from  8  to  10  revolutions  of  the  roller 
per  minute-,  for  1  hour  for  50  lbs.  and  .3  hours  for  150  lbs.  of  composition.  A  little 
water  is  adiled,  as  the  process  advances,  if  the  composition  pets  very  dry — which  in 
judged  of  by  its  color. 

When  the  materials  are  thoroughly  incorporated,  tlu-  cake  is  of  a  uniform,  lively, 
brownish  red  color.     In  this  stale  it  is  called  mill  cukr. 

The  quality  of  the  power  depends  much  on  the  thorough  incorporation  of  the 
materials,  and  burns  more  rapidly  as  this  operation  is  more  thoroughly  performed. 

The  mill  cake  is  next  taken  to  ^he  press  house,  to  be  pressed  into  a  hard  cake. 

Pfeisinij. — Tlie  mill  cake  is  sjirinkled  with  about  3  per  cent,  of  water,  and 
arranged  in  a  series  of  layers  about  '2  inches  thick,  separated  by  brass  jdates.  \ 
powerful  preseurc  is  brought  to  bear  on  the  layers,  which  are  subject  t<>  the  ma.xi- 
nuini  pressure  for  about  10  to  15  minutes,  when  it  is  removed.  Koch  layer  is  thus 
formed  into  a  hard  cake  about  an  inch  thick. 

(irantilaiiiig. — The  cake  is  broken  into  pieces  by  means  of  bronse  toothed  roller^ 
revolving  in  opposite  directions,  their  a.\es  being  parallel  and  the  distance  between 
them  regulated  as  required.  I'lnted  rollers  are  sometimes  used.  The  pieces  are 
passed  through  a  succession  of  rollers,  each  series  being  closer  together,  by  which 
the  pieces  are  broken  into  others  still  smaller,  which  pass  over  a  sieve  to  another 
roller,  the  small  grains  passing  through  the  sieve  into  a  receiver  below,  until  the 
whole  is  reduceil  to  the  required  size.  The  various  sized  grains  are  separated  by 
the  sieves  between  the  different  rollers. 

Glazing. — Several  hundred  pounds  of  the  grained  powder,  containing  from  3  to  4 
per  cent,  of  water,  are  placed  in  the  glazing  barrel,  which  is  made  to  revolve  from 
9  to  10  times  per  minute,  and  in  some  mills  from  25  to  30  times  per  minute. 
Usually  from  10  to  12  hours  are  required  to  give  the  required  glazing.  In  thii" 
operation  the  sharp  angles  are  broken  off,  therebj-  diminishing  the  dust  produced 
in  transportation,  and  the  surface  of  the  grain  receives  a  bright  polish. 

Dri/ing. — The  powder  is  spread  out  on  sheets  stretched  upon  frames  in  a  rooui 
raised  to  a  temperature  of  140°  to  160°  by  steam  pipes  or  by  a  furnace.  The  tejnper- 
ature  should  be  raised  gradually,  and  should  not  exceed  160°,  ventilation  being 
kept  up. 

Dusting. — The  powder  is  finally  sifted  through  fine  sieves,  to  remove  all  dust  and 
fine  grains.  The  dust  obtained  in  this  and  previous  operations  may  be  worked 
over  to  make  other  powders. 

Packing. 

Government  powder  is  packed  in  barrels  of  lOfl  lbs.  each.  Powder  barrels  are 
made  of  well-seasoned  white  oak,  and  hooped  with  hickor)-  or  cedar  hoops,  which 
should  be  deprived  of  their  bark  :  the  cedar  is  not  so  liable  as  hickory  or  white  o«k 


DIMENSIONS    OF    POWDER    BARRELS.  229 

to  be  attacked  by  worms,  and  it  should,  tberefoi-c,  be  used  in  preference;  or  llic 
hoops  may  be  prepared  by  immersion  in  a  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate.  Tlie 
hoops  should  cover  two-thirds  of  the  barrel.  Instead  of  a  bung  on  the  side,  a 
screw-hole  1.5  inch  in  diameter  is  made  in  the  head  of  the  barrel,  for  mortar  and 
musket  powder:  it  is  closed  by  a  wood  screw  with  an  octagonal  head  which  must 
not  project  beyond  the  ends  of  the  staves;  under  the  head  of  the  screw  is  a  washer 
of  thin  leather  steeped  in  a  solution  of  beeswax  in  spirits  of  turpentine.  Tins 
screw-plug  renders  it  unnecessary  to  take  out  the  head  of  the  barrel,  and  the  l[i>ops 
may,  therefore,  bo  secured  with  copper  nails;  for  transportation,  a  piece  of  doih 
should  be  glued  over  the  head  of  the  plug.  Some  barrels  have  been  made  with  6 
copper  hoops,  and  others  with  4  copper  and  8  or  10  cedar  hoops  :  the  copper  hoops 
are  1  inch  wide  and  J  of  an  inch  thick,  fastened  with  2  rivets,  and  nailed  each  with 
3  copper  nails  O.Ci2r)  inch  long.     Average  weight  of  a  hoop,  2J  lbs. 

Powder  barrels  made  of  strong  sheet-iron,  corrugated,  the  heads  put  in  by  folding 
tlicm  over  with  the  metal  forming  the  body,  have  been  made,  and  are  now  on  trinl, 
with  prospects  of  their  answering  a  good  purpo.«e. 

It  has  been  found  that  lining  powder  barrels  with  india-rubber  cloth  has  an 
injurious  effect  on  the  powder,  in  consequence  of  the  affinity  of  the  caoutchouc  for 
sulphur. 

The  heads  of  powder  barrels  are  painted  hhteh;  in  order  to  show  the  marl-ii  more 
jilainlj'  in  dark  magazines. 

Diincitfioiis  of  Powder  Ihirrels. 

Whole  length '2*1.5  inches. 

Length,  interior,  in  the  clear IS         " 

Interior  diameter  at  the  head '• II         " 

Interior  diameter  at  the  bilge 1'')         " 

Thickness  of  the  staves  and  beads <)..')  inch. 

Weight  of  the  barrel  with  cedar  hoops S."")  lbs. 

The  barrels  have  generally  I'i  hoops,  14  to  IG  staves,  and  2  or  3  pieces  in  each 
head.  The  above  dimensions  are  calculated  so  that  with  100  lbs.  of  powder  there 
shall  be  a  vacant  space  in  the  barrel,  allowing  the  powder  tp  shake,  in  order  to 
prevent  its  caking.  The  barrel  would  contain  about  120  lbs.  of  powder  settled  by 
shaking. 

Round  towdeu,  for  immediate  use,  may  be  made  in  an  expeditious  manner,  as 
follows  :  Fix  a  powder  barrel  on  a  shaft  passing  through  its  two  heads,  the  barrel 
having  ledges  on  the  inside  ;  to  prevent  leakage,  cover  it  with  close  canvas  glued 
<in,  and  put  the  hoops  over  the  canvas.  Put  into  the  barrel  10  lbs.  of  sulphur  in 
lumps,  and  1.5  lbs.  of  charcoal,  with  60  lbs.  of  zinc  balls,  or  of  small  shot  (down  to 
No.  4,  0.014  inch  in  diameter  nearly).  Turn  it  by  hand,  or  otherwise,  30  revolutions 
in  a  minute.  To  10  lbs.  of  this  mixture  thus  pulverized  add  30  lbs.  of  saltpetre, 
and  work  it  two  hours  with  the  balls;  water  the  40  lbs.  of  composition  with  2 
quarts  of  water,  mixing  it  equally  with   the  hands ;  granulate  with  the  graining 


2^)0  ORKXANCF.    :\IANUAL. 

sieve.  The  RraiiiH  tli'ua  inadf,  not  being  pressed,  are  too  soft.  To  mako  tbem 
harder,  put  tlicin  into  a  barrel  having  T)  or  6  ledges,  projecting  about  0.4  inch, 
inside  :  give  it  iit  first  8  revoliitinni--  in  a  minute,  increasing  gradually  to  20.  The 
cuuiiiros.siun  will  be  pniportionale  to  tlic  charge  in  the  barrel,  which  should  not, 
however,  bo  more  than  half  full.  Continue  this  operation  until  the  density  is  such 
that  II  cubic  foot  of  the  powilcr  ."hall  weigh  ^■''>5  ounces — the  mean  dcn.-'ily  of  ru«ind 
powder:  strike  on  the  staves  of  tiie  barrel  fri>ra  time  to  lime,  to  jjrcvent  the  adhe 
eion  of  the  pow<lcr. 

Sift  the  grains  and  dry  the  ]>owder  as  u.-ual :  that  which  is  too  fine  or  too  coarse 
is  returned  to  the  pulverizing  barrel. 

Thi.<  powder  is  round.  an<l  the  grain  is  sufficiently  hard  on  the  surface;  but  the 
interior  is  soft,  which  makes  it  unfit  for  kee])ing,  and  may  cause  it  to  burn  slowly. 
This  defect  may  be  remedied  by  making  the  grains  at  first  very  small,  and  by  roll- 
ing Ibcm  on  a  sheet  or  in  a  barrel,  watering  them  from  time  to  time,  anil  adding 
the  pulverized  composition  in  small  portions  ;  iu  this  way.  the  grains  will  be  formed 
by  successive  layers;  they  are  then  separated  according  to  size,  glazed,  and  dried. 

It  aii])ears  from  experiments  that  the  simple  incorjioration  of  the  materials  makes 
a  powder  which  gives  nearly  as  high  ranges  with  field-pieces  as  grained  powder; 
the  ineorpiirated  dust  from  the  rolliug  barrel  may  therefore  be  used  in  case  of  neces- 
sity.    (Junjiowdcr  burns  at  the  temperature  of  57.0°  to  fii)0°  Fahrenheit. 

Inspection  and  Proof  of  Powder. 

Uefnre  powder  for  the  military  service  is  received  from  the  manufacturer,  it  is 
inspected  and  proved.  For  this  purpose,  at  least  50  barrels  are  thoroughly  mixed 
together.  One  liarrel  of  this  is  provtd  by  firing  three  rounds  from  a  musket,  with 
service  charge,  if  it  be  musket  p<iwder ;  if  cannon  or  mammoth  powder,  from  an 
8-inch  C(dumbiad,  with  10  lbs.  and  a  solid  shot  of  H.j  lbs.  weight  and  7.88  inches  iu 
diameter;  if  it  be  mortar  powder,  from  an  8-inch  mortar,  with  1.25  lb.  and  a  shell 
7.88  inches  in  diameter,  weighing  47. 0  lbs.  The  general  character  of  the  grain,  and 
il«  freedom  from  dust,  are  noted. 

(jkxeuai.  yrAi.iTiKs. — liunpowder  should  be  of  an  even  sized  grain,  angular  and 
irregular  in  form,  without  sharp  comers,  and  very  hard.  When  new,  it  should 
leave  no  trace  of  dust  when  poured  on  the  back  of  the  hand,  and  when  flashed  in, 
quantities  of  IU  grains  on  a  copper  plate,  it  should  leave  no  bead  or  foulness.  It 
should  give  the  required  initial  velocity  to  the  ball,  and  not  more  than  the  maxi- 
mum pressure  on  the  guu,  and  should  absorb  but  little  moisture  from  the  air. 

SuK  OK  UHA1X. — The  size  of  the  grain  is  tested  by  standard  sieves  made  of  sbevt- 
brass  pierced  with  round'holes.  Two, sieves  are  used  for  each  kind  of  powder.  Nos. 
1  and  2  for  musket,  2  and  3  for  mortar,  4  and  0  for  cannon,  and  6  and  7  for  mam- 
moth powder. 

Diameter  of  holes  for  musket  powder  :  No.  1.  0.03  in. ;  No.  2,  0.06  in. 

'•  cannon         "  No.  4,  0.25  in. ;  No.  5,  0.35  in. 

mammoth    "  No.  G,  0.6    in. ;  No.  7,  0.9     in. 


INSPECTION    AND    TROOF   OF    TOWDER.  231 

Jfuiikct powder.— in ODC  should  pass  through  sieve  No.  1  ;  all  tlirough  No.  2. 

Cannon  powder. — None  should  pass  through  sixive  No.  4;  idll  through  No.  5. 

Gravimetric  density. — Is  the  weight  of  a  given  measured  quantity.  It  is 
usually  expressed  by  the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  in  ounces. 

Tliis  cannot  be  relied  upon  for  the  true  density  when  accuracj'  is  desired,  as  the 
shape  of  the  grain  may  make  the  denser  po*dcr  seem  the  lighter. 

Specific  Gravity. — The  specific  gravity  of  gunpowder  piust  be  not  less  than 
1.75.  It  is  important  that  it  should  be  determined  with  accuracy.  Alcohol  and 
water  saturated  with  saltpetre  have  been  used  for  this  pwrpose;  but  they  do  not 
furnish  accurate  results.     Mercury,  only,  is  to  be  relied  upon.  , 

Mercury  Densimeter. — This  apparatus  was  invented  by  Colonel  Mallet,  of  the 
French  army,  and  M.  Bianchi,  and  consists  of  an  open  vessel  containing  mercury, 
a  frame  supporting  a  glass  globe  communicating  by  a  tube  with  the  mercury  in  the 
open  vessel,  and  joined  at  top  to  a  graduated  glass  tube,  which  communicates  by  a 
flexible  tube  with  an  ordinary  air  pump.  Stop-cocks  are  inserted  in  the  tubes 
above  and  below  the  glass  globe,  and  a  diaphragm  of  chamois-skin  is  placed  over 
the  orifice  at  the  bottom  of  the  globe,  and  one  of  wire  cloth  over  the  upper  orifice. 

The  operation  consists  as  follows:  Fill  the  globe  with  mercury,  to  any  mark  of 
the  graduated  tube,  by  means  of  the  air-pump ;  close  the  stop-cocks ;  detach  the 
globe,  full  of  mercury,  and  weigh  it;  empty  and  clean  the  globe;  introduce  into  it 
a  given  weight  of  gunpowder;  attach  the  globe  to  the  tubes ;  exhaust  the  air  till 
the  mercury  fills  the  globe  and  rises  to  the  same  height  as  before;  shut  the  stop- 
cocks ;  take  oflf  the  globe  and  weigh  it  as  before.  If  we  represent  by  a  the  weight 
of  the  powder  in  the  globe,  by  P  the  weight  of  the  globe  full  of  mercury,  by  J"  the 
weight  of  the  globe  containing  the  powder  and  mercury,  and  by  D  the  specific 
gravity  of  the  mercury,  the  specific  gravitj'  of  the  gunpowder  will  be  expressed  by 

a  D 

the  formula  d  = — ■ 

P—P'+a. 

A  mean  of  two  or  three  results  will  give  the  true  specific  gravity. 

The  density  of  some  samples  of  powder  has  been  brought  up  to  1.831. 

Initial  velocity. — The  initial  velocity  is  determined  by  means  of  the  Ballistic 
Pendulum,  or  by  Captain  Benton's  Electro-Ballistic  Pendulum.  For  the  method 
of  using  this  machine,  see  page  237. 

Musket  powder  should  give  an  initial  velocity  of  not  less  than feet. 

Cannon  powder  should  give  an  initial  velocity  of  not  less  than feet. 

Strain  upon  the  gun. — This  is  determined  by  Captain  Rodman's  Pressure 
Piston.     For  the  method  of  using  this  instrument,  see  page  238. 

Cannon  powder  should  not  give  a  greater  pressure  than pounds  on  the  square 

inch. 

Hyguometbic  qualities. — If  the  powder  bo  made  of  pure  materials  and  have 
the  required  density,  its  hygroraetric  quality  follows  as  a  matter  of  course.  It  may 
be  determined  by  exposing  the  powder  to  air  saturated  with  moisture.  For  this 
purpose,  samples  of  about  1,500  grains  weight  may  be'  placed  in  a  shallow  tin  pan,  9 


1>3'2  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

inches  by  6  inches,  eet  in  a  tub  the  bottom  of  which  i?  covered  with  water.  The 
pan  of  powder  should  be  placed  about  one  inch  above  the  ."urfacc  of  the  water,  and 
the  tub  covered  over.  In  this  manner  any  sample  of  powder  may  bo  compared  with 
another  of  knows  good  quality.  Good  powder,  made  of  pure  materials,  will  not 
absorb  more  than  2J  per  cent,  of  moisture  in  24  hours. 

Insi'Kction  nKi'OUT. — The  report  of  inspection  should  chow  the  pliin-  and  date 
of  fabrication  and  of  proof,  the  kind  of  powder  and  its  general  qualities,  as  the  num- 
ber of  >;rains  in  100  grs..  whether  hard  or  soft,  round  or  angular,  of  uniform  or 
irregular  cize,  whether  free  from  dust  or  not:  the  initial  velocities  obtained  in  each 
fire:  the  amount  of  moisture  absorbed:  and,  finally,  the  height  of  the  barometer 
and  hygrometer  at  the  time  of  proof. 

Marks  ok  the  barrels. — Each  barrel  is  marked  on  both  heads  (in  white  oil- 
colors,  tl»€  head  painted  black)  with  the  number  of  the  barrel,  the  name  of  the 
Manufacturer,  year  of  fabrication,  and  the  kind  of  powder  —  cannon,  mortnr  or 
m««A-W— the  mean  initial  velocity  and  tbe  pressure  per  square  inch  on  the  prcssur* 
piston.  Kaeh  time  the  powder  is  proved,  the  initial  Telocity  is  marked  below  the 
former  proofs,  and  the  date  of  the  trial  opposite  it. 

Analysis  of  Gunpowder. 

Whatever  may  be  the  mode  of  proof  adopted,  it  is  essential,  in  judging  of  the 
qualities  of  gunpowder,  to  know  the  mode  of  fabrication  and  tb«  proportions  and 
degree  of  purity  of  the  materials.  Tbe  latter  point  m.iy  be  asoertained  by  analysis. 
*  In  the  first  place,  determine  the  quantity  of  water  that  the  powder  contains,  by 
subjecting  it  to  a  temperature  of  212=",  in  a  stove  er  in  a  tube  with  a  current  of 
warm  air  passing  over  it,  until  it  na  longer  loses  in  weight.  The  difference  in 
weight,  iHifore  and  after  drying,  giv^s  the  amount  of  moisture  contained  in  tho 
powder. 

To  (Icteroiin,  the  quoMtity  of  Saltpetre— In  a  vessel  of  tinned  copper,  like  a  com- 
mon coffee-pot.  dissolve  1.000  grains  «f  powder,  well  dried  before  weighing,  in  2,000 
grains  of  distilled  water,  and  heat  it  until  it  boils;  let  it  stand  a  moment,  and  then 
.decant  it  on  a  piece  of  filtering  paper,  doubled  exactly  in  the  middle  ;  repeat  this 
operation  four  times;  at  the  fourth  time,  instead  of  decanting,  pour  the  whole  con- 
tents of  the  vessel  on  the  filter;  drain  the  filter,  and  wash  it  several  times  with 
2,000  grains  of  water  heated  in  the  vessel,  using  in  all  these  operations  10,000 
grains  of  water.  After  passing  through  the  filters,  this  water  contains  in  solution 
all  the  saltpetre,  the  quantity  of  which  is  ascertained  by  evaporating  to  dryneis. 
Dry  the  double  filter  with  the  mixture  of  coal  and  sulphur,  and  take  the  weight  of 
this  composition  by  ut^ing  the  exterior  filter  to  ascerUin  the  weight  of  that  on 
which  the  composition  remains:  this  weight  serves  to  verify  that  of  the  saltpetre 
and  to  estimate  the  loss  in  the  process. 

To  determine  the  qunntiti/  of  Charcoal  dtreetly. — To  separate  the  sulphar  from  the 
chmrooal,  subject  the  powder,  either  directly  or  after  the  saltpetre  has  been  dissolved 


PRESERVATION,    STORAGE,    AND    TRANSPORTATION.  23;) 

out,  to  the  action  of  a  boiling  solution  of  the  sulphide  of  potassium  or  sodium, 
which  dissolves  the  sulphur  aud  leaves  the  charcoal,  the  weight  of  which  may  bo 
easily  determined. 

It  is  important  that  the  sulphides  of  potassium  and  sodium  used  in  dissolving  the 
sulpliur  should  contain  no  free  potassa  or  soda;  for  each  of  these  alkalies  would 
dissolve  a  part  of  the  carbon — particularly  of  the  brown  coal. 

Tiic  sulphide  of  carbon  also  dissolves  the  sulphur  contained  in  powder,  and  may 
be  used  to  determine  the  weight  of  charcoal  which  it  contains. 

The  charcoal,  separated  from  the  saltpetre  and  sulphur,  is  dried  with  care  and 
weighed,  and  should  then  be  submitted  to  analysis  in  an  apparatus  used  for  burning 
organic  matters.  The  composition  of  the  charcoal  may  be  judged  of  by  comparing 
it  with  the  results  obtained  in  the  analysis  of  charcoal  of  known  quality  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  powder. 

To  determine  the  quantity  of  Sulphur  directly. — Mix  and  beat  in  a  mortar  10  grains 
of  dry  powder,  10  of  subcarbonate  of  potash,  10  of  saltpetre,  and  40  of  chloride  of 
sodium ;  put  this  mixture  in  a  vessel  (capsule)  of  platinum  or  glass,  on  live  coals, 
and,  when  the  combination  of  the  materials  is  completed  and  the  mass  is  white,  dis- 
solve it  in  distilled  water,  and  saturate  the  solution  with  nitric  acid;  decompose  the 
sulphate  which  has  been  formed,  by  adding  a  solution  of  chloride  of  barium,  in 
which  the  exact  proportions  of  the  water  and  the  chloride  are  known.  According 
to  the  atomic  proportions,  the  quantity  of  sulphur  will  bo  to  that  of  the  chloride  of 
barium  used  as  20.12  to  152.44. 

Restoring  Unserviceable  Poivder.  ♦ 

When  powder  has  been  damaged  by  being  stored  in  damp  places,  it  loses  its 
.strength,  and  requires  to  be  worked  over.  If  the  quantity  of  moisture  absorbed  do 
not  exceed  7  per  cent.,  it  is  suflBcicnt  to  dry  it  to  restore  it  for  service.  This  is  done 
by  exposing  it  to  the  sun. 

When  powder  has  absorbed  more  than  7  per  cent,  of  water,  it  is  sent  to  the  powder 
mills  to  be  worked  over. 

When  it  has  been  damaged  with  salt  water,  or  become  mixed  with  foreign  matters 
which  cannot  be  separated  by  sifting,  the  saltpetre  is  dissolved  out  from  the  other 
materials  and  collected  by  evaporation. 

Preservation,  Storage,  and  Transportation. 

In  the  powder  magazines  the  barrels  are  generally  placed  on  the  sides,  three  tiers 
high,  or  four  tiers,  if  necessary.  Small  skids  should  be  placed  on  the  floor  and 
between  the  several  tiers  of  barrels,  in  order  to  steady  them,  and  chocks  should  bo 
placed  at  intervals  on  the  lower  skid,  to  prevent  the  rolling  of  the  barrels.  The 
powder  should  be  separated  according  to  its  kind,  the  place  and  date  of  fabrication, 
and  the  proof  range.  Fixed  ammunition,  especially  for  cannon,  should  not  be  put 
in  the  same  magazine  with  powder  in  barrels,  if  it  can  be  avoided.  FireWoAr 
should  never  be  stored  in  powder  magazines. 


234  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

In  a  room  13  or  14  feet  wide,  the  barrels  may  be  arranged  in  a  double  row  in  the 
centre,  two  alleys  2J  feet  wide,  and  2  gingle  rows  0  to  ]2  inches  from  the  walls;  iii 
this  way,  the  marks  of  each  barrel  may  be  seen,  and  any  barrel  can  be  easily 
reached.  In  a  room  12  feet  wide,  an  equal  number  of  barrels  may  be  place<l  in  two 
double  rows,  with  a  central  alley  of  3  feet,  and  J  side  alleys,  next  the  walls,  of  about 
10  inches  each.  There  should  be  an  unincumbered  space  of  6  or  8  feet  at  the  door 
or  dciors  of  the  magaz.ine. 

Should  it  be  necessary  to  jiile  the  barrels  more  than  1  tiers  high,  the  upper  tiers 
should  be  supported  by  a  frame  resting  on  the  floor:  or  the  barrels  may  be  placed 
on  their  heads,  with  boards  between  the  tiers. 

.Besides  being  recorded  in  the  magazine  book,  each  i)arcel  of  powder  should  be 
inscribed  on  a  ticket  attached  to  the  pile,  showing  the  entries  and  the  issues. 

For  the  jircscrvation  of  the  powder  and  of  the  floors  and  lining  of  the  magacine. 
it  is  of  the  greatest  im])ortance  to  preserve  unob-slructed  the  circulation  of  air,  under 
the  flooring  as  well  as  above.  The  magazine  should  be  opened  and  aired  in  clear, 
dry  weather,  irAen  the  tempcrutnre  of  the  air  outaiilr  in  loirvr  than  that  iu»i<le  thv  muija- 
zi'ne.  It  should  not  be  opened  in  damp  weather  if  it  can  be  avoided.  The  ventilators 
mnst  be  kept  free;  no  shrubbery  or  trees  should  be  allowed  to  grow  so  near  as  to 
protect  the  building  from  the  sun.  The  magazine  yard  should  be  paved  and  well 
drained.  The  moisture  of  a  magazine  may  be  absorbed  by  chloride  of  lime  sus- 
pended iu  an  open  box  under  the  arch,  and  renewed  from  time  to  time;  quicklime  i* 
dangerous,  and  should  not  be  used. 

The  sentinel  or  guard  at  a  magazine,  when  it  is  open,  should  have  no  fire-arms. 
%nd  every  one  who  enters  the  magazine  shoubl  take  ofl"  his  shoes,  or  put  socks  over 
them  ;  no  sword,  or  cane,  or  anything  which  might  occasion  sparks,  should  be 
carried  in.  . 

The  windows  should  have  inside  shutters  of  cojiper-wire  cloth.  Fire  should  never 
be  kindled  near  the  magazine  for  the  repair  of  the  roof  or  lightning-rod. 

Barrels  of  jjowder  should  not  be  rolled  for  transportation  :  they  should  be  carried 
in  hand-barrows,  or  slings  made  of  rope  or  leather.  In  moving  ])owder  in, the  mag9^ 
zine,  a  dolh  or  carpet  should  be  spread:  all  implements  used  there  should  be  of 
wood  or  copper,  and  the  barrels  should  never  be  repaired  in  the  magazine.  When  it 
is  necessary  to  roll  the  powder  for  its  better  preservation  and  to  prevent  its  caking, 
this  should  be  done,  with  a  small  quantity  at  a  time,  on  boards,  in  the  magazine 
yard. 

In  the  spring  an  inspection  of  the  barrels  should  be  made,  and  the  hoops  swept 
with  a  brush  wherever  they  can  be  got  at,  t-o  remove  the  insects  which  deposit  their 
eggs  at  this  season. 

In  wagons,  barrels  of  powder  must  be  packed  in  straw,  secured  in  such  a  manner 
as  not  to  rub  against  each  other,  and  the  load  covered  with  thick  canvas. 

In  transportation  by  railroad,  each  barrel  should  be  carefully  boxed,  and  packed 
so  as  to  avoid  all  friction.  The  barrels  should  have  a  thick  tarpaulin  under  them. 
Tht  cars  should  have  springs  similar  to  those  of  passenger  cars. 


FRENCH    GUNPOWDKR.  235 

English  Gunpowder. 

En;.;li.«h  gunpovvtler — particularly  their  sporting  powder — has  long  been  noted  for 
its  excellence,  which  is  due  to  the  care  taken  in  selecting  the  best  materials,  and 
the  skill  in  combining  them. 

The  woods  used  for  making  charcoal  for  gunpowder  are  the  black  dogwood,  the 
alder,  and  the  Dutch  white  willow. 

The  coal  is  made  bj'  distillation  in  iron  cylinders. 

The  ingredients  arc  separately  reduced  to  an  impalpable  powder  and  passed 
through  silk  cloths  or  bolting  machines,  then  mi.xcd  in  a  tub  in  charges  of  42  lbs. 
Oach,  moistened  with  2  or  3  pints  of  water,  and  incorporated  in  the  cylinder  mill 
for  31  hours.  The  iron  cylinders  of  the  cylinder  mill  are  6  feet  in  diameter,  weigh 
a'ljout  3  tons  each,  and  make  about  8  revolutions  in  a  minute  in  a  circular  iron 
trough  7  feet  in  diameter.  The  incorporated  material  is  subjected  to  a  pressure  of 
76  tons  to  the  square  foot  by  means  of  a  hydrostatic  press,  forming  it  into  pressed 
cake,  which  is  broken  by  toothed  rollers  and  formed  into  grains  as  above  described. 
It  is  glazed  by  rolling  in  a  canvas  cylinder,  or  large  cask,  making  40  revolutions 
per  minute,  for  U  hours.  It  i.><  dried  in  a  temperature  of  140°  to  150°,  raised  by 
means  of  steam. 

French  Gunpowder. 

The  charcoal  used  by  the  French  in  making  gunpowder  is  obtained  bj'  the  com- 
bustion of  hlack  ahhr  in  the  open  air  in  iron  pots. 

At  the  powder  mills  at  Saint  Chamas,  the  charcoal  is  made  by  distillation,  effected 
by  passing  a  current  of  steam  raised  to  a  temperature  of  540°  to  600°  into  the  ir'bn 
cylinder  containing  the  wood.  Charcoal  of  an  excellent  quality  is  said  to  be 
obtained  in  this  way. 

The  materials  are  pulverized  separately  in  leathern  barrels  by  means  of  bronze 
balls,  and  passed  through  a  sieve  to  separate  any  foreign  matters  which  may  have 
accidentally  fallen  in  and  might  cause  explosions  in  trituration. 
,  Two  and  three-fourths  pounds  of  sulphur  and  the  same  of  charcoal  arc  weighed 
into  a  tub,  moistened  with  1^  quart  of  water,  and  mixed  by  hand  for  5  minutes.  It 
is  then  transferred  to  the  composition  tray,  16^  lbs.  of  saltpetre  are  added,  and  the 
tray  taken  to  the  pounding  mill.  The  contents  are  emptied  into  a  mortar  and  well 
mixed  with  the  hand  for  several  minutes,  without  further  addition  of  water. 

A  pounding  mill  contains  usually  from  16  to  24  mortars  and  pestles,  arranged  in 
two  parallel  rows.  The  mortars  are  hollowed  out  of  a  piece  of  oals,  with  bottoms 
made  of  a  harder  wood.  The  pestle  is  made  of  beech,  and  has  on  its  lower  end  a 
bronze  shoe  with  its  angles  well  rounded.  It  weighs  about  88  lbs.,  and  falls  through 
a  height  of  16  inches. 

Each  pestle  gives  in  the  beginning  of  the  pounding  from  30  to  40  blows  per 
minute,  and  after  10  minutes  tlje  number  of  blows  is  increased  to  55  or  60  per 
minute.  The  pounding  is  continued  in  this  way  for  labours,  including  the  stop- 
pages for  shifting  the  charges  from  one  mortar  to  the  next — which  is  done  every 
hour.    These  changes  are  made  to  mix  the  materials  more  thoroughly,  and  to  break 


236  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

the  cakes  which  form  at  the  bottom  of  the  mortars.  From  the  6th  to  the  8tb 
•  bange,  about  1  pint  of  water  is  added,  or  as  much  as  may  be  necessary  to  give  to 
the  composition  from  7  to  8  per  cent,  of  moisture.  During  the  last  2  hours  no 
changes  are  made,  so  as  not  to  interrui)t  the  formation  of  cake.  The  composition 
is  taken  out  of  the  mortar  and  dried  from  1  to  ,3  days,  till  it  contains  only  about  6 
per  cent,  of  moisture.  It  is  then  taken  to  the  house  for  granulation.  This  o]iera- 
tion  is  jicrformcd  in  a  barrel  made  by  stretching  two  pieces  of  wire  cloth  over  a 
wooden  frame.  The  pieces  of  wire  cloth  are  placed  one  over  the  other — the  outer 
one  fastened  on  by  cords  so  as  to  be  removed  at  pleasure,  and  rejdaced  by  another 
of  different  sized  meshes,  the  meshes  being  of  the  size  of  the  grain  required,  i)f 
musket  or  cannon  powder.  The  distance  between  the  wires  of  the  inner  cloth  is 
.28  inch.  Halls  of  hard  wood  2  inches  in  diameter,  and  50  or  fiO  in  number,  are 
jilaced,  with  the  composition  to  be  grained,  in  the  barrel,  which  is  made  to  revolve 
about  .SO  times  in  a  minute.  The  caked  composition  is  broken  by  the  balls,  and, 
passing  through  the  wire  cloths,  falls  into  a  tub  beneath. 

The  contents  of  the  tub  are  sifted  in  sieves  which  permit  the  small  grains  and 
dust  to  pass  through. 

The  powder  is  moderately  glazed  by  rolling  it,  while  still  containing  from  6  to  0 
per  cent,  of  moisture,  in  a  barrel  from  10  to  30  minutes — depending  upon  the  kind 
of  powder  and  the  amount  of  moisture  it  contains.  It  is  so  comlucted  that  the 
jwwdcr,  when  dry,  should  have  a  gravimetric  density  of  between  h20  and  860 
ounces. 

The  powder  is  theu  passed  through  a  standard  sieve  of  parchment,  and  is  dried 
either  in  the  open  air,  spread  out  on  sheets,  on  tables,  or  in  a  drying  room,  spread 
on  sheets  stretched  over  the  top  of  boxes,  into  the  lower  part  of  which  heated  air  is 
forced  and  escapes  by  passing  through  the  powder. 

After  dryiug,  the  powder  is  again  sifted,  to  remove  all  dust. 

Proportions  of  Ingredients. 

Saltpotrt'.  Cliarcoiil.  .«iil|ihur. 

By  the  atomic  theory 74.04  i:{.5I  11. S5 

In  the  CoxFEnERATE  States  : 

(76  14  10 

75  15  10 

f 78  12  10 

V^  10 

In  England  :  For  the  military  service 75  15  10 

For  sporting |  "^  ^^  * 

(lb  17  « 

In  France:     For  the  military  service 75  12.5  12.5 

For  sporting 78  12  1(1 

For  blasting 62  18  20 

In  PRrssiA  :  For  the  military  service 75  1.3.5  11.5 

In  Spain:       For  the  military  service 76.5  12.7  10. 8 


For  the  military  service j 

For  sporting .• < 

I  77 


ELECTRO-BALLISTIC    PENDULUM.  237 


Captain  Benton's  Electro-Ballistic  Pendulum.     (Plate  29.) 

Detcnption. — This  instrument  consists  of  a  vertical  arc  of  brass  graduated  into 
degrees  *nd  fifths,  supported  by  a  tripod  with  a  thumb-screw  at  each  foot.  Levels 
arc  attached  to  the  arc,  that  it  may  be  kept  in  a  vertical  position.  Two  pendulums, 
with  their  axis  in  the  same  lino  passing  through  the  centre,  and  perpendicular  to 
the  plane  of  the  arc,  swing  freely  in  front  of  and  near  to  the  arc.  To  the  lower 
extremity  of  each  is  attached  a  piece  of  soft  iron.  The  bob  of  the  outer  pendulum 
is  adjustable.  An  electro  magnet  is  attached  to  each  end  of  the  horizontal  limb  of 
the  are,  and  holds  the  pendulums  horizontal,  or  at  90°  from  the  0°  or  lowest  point 
of  the  arc,  when  the  soft  iron  of  the  pendulum  is  brought  in  contact  with  the  mag- 
net. The  inner  pendulum  has  at  its  lower  extremity  a  movable  point  projecting 
toward  the  arc,  the  head  of  which  is  struck  by  a  blunt  steel  point  on  the  outer 
pendulum  when  the  two  pass  each  other,  leaving  a  mark  on  the  paper  which  is 
clamped  to  the  arc  for  that  purpose.  AVire  conductors  lead  from  the  magnet  to  the 
clamp-screws  secured  to  the  upright  limb,  where  they  are  readily  joined  to  the 
wires  leading  to  the  batteries  and  targets. 

The  adjustments. — 1st.  Level  the  instrument  by  means  of  the  thumb-screws. 

2d.  See  that  the  magnets  are  in  such  a  position  that  each  pendulum,  when 
brought  up  against  them,  is  exactly  90°  from  the  lowest  point  of  the  arc.  The 
magnets  are  held  by  clamp-screws  to  admit  of  this  adjustment. 

3d.  Move  the  bob  of  the  outer  pendulum  till  the  times  of  vibration  of  the  two 
are  the  same.  This  is  done  by  connecting  the  wire  of  the  magnet  to  the  poles  of 
the  battery,  including  the  disjunctor  in  the  circuit.  Bring  the  two  batteries  to  the 
same  strength.  Break  the  currents  by  means  of  the  disjunctor,  and  see  if  the  two 
pendulums  meet  exactly  at  the  zero  mark.  The  two  batteries  are  known  to  be  of 
equal  strength  when  the  pendulums  meet  at  the  zero  point,  irrespective  of  the  par- 
ticular battery  that  works  them. 

The  disjunctor  is  an  instrument  used  to  test  the  working  of  the  batteries,  and 
tell  when  they  are  operating  with  equal  activity.  There  are  several  forms  of  this 
instrument,  the  essential  point  being  to  break  the  currents  exactly  at  the  same 
time.  It  is  so  arranged  that  by  setting  the  trigger  the  currents  are  formed,  and  by 
pressing  it  they  are  broken.  It  should  give  the  same  point  of  meeting  of  the  pen- 
dulums in  six  or  eight  trials  made  in  quick  succession. 

To  use  the  pendulum. — Establish  the  wires  as  shown  in  Plate  29.  Insert  a  piece 
of  drawing  paper  under  the  arc,  and  clamp  it.  Set  the  trigger  of  the  disjunctor: 
raise  the  pendulums  against  their  magnets;  press  the  trigger;  if  the  point  of  meet- 
ing is  very  near  the  0°,  set  the  trigger  again  :  give  the  caution,  "  Ready;"  raise  the 
pendulum,  and  "fire."  Read  o(f  the  angle,  which  must  bo  corrected,  if  the  pendu- 
lum on  the  trial  did  not  meet  at  the  0°,  by  addinfj  the  angle  between  the  0°  and 
mark,  if  it  be  on  the  right,  and  by  subtracting  it  if  it  bo  on  the  left.  The  angle  thus 
corrected  must  be  doubled  for  the  time  of  passage  of  the  projectile  between  the  two 
targets. 


231?  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

To  dil<:rinine  the  iuitial  rclocilt/.—het  I  be  the  length  of  the  equivalent  simple 
jiondulum,  and  t  the  time  of  passing  over  any  one  degree  beginning  at  an  angle  .r 

from  0:  then  t= — 


360  y  2glcos.x. 

By  substituting  for  x  different  values,  we  get  the  times  of  passing  over  the  differ- 
ent degrees,  supposing  the  velocity  to  be  uniform  for  the  time  of  passing.  In  this 
way  a  table  is  formed  which  should  give  the  times  for  the  different  degrees  and 
tenths  of  degrees,  and  the  sums  of  the  times  to  each  degree. 

The  value  of  /  is  determined  by  supporting  the  inner  pendulum  on  the  knife 
edges,  and  noting  the  time  required  to  make  500  or  1,000  vibrations.  The  length 
of  the  c((uivalent  simple  pendulum  is  obtained  from  the  relation  l=^('V',  t'  being 
the  time  of  a  single  vibration  as  just  determined,  and  /'  being  the  length  of  the 
8im])le  second  pendulum  at  the  place  of  experiment. 

The  machine  is  placed  on  a  solid  foundation,  about  100  yards  from  the  cannon. 
(5 rove's  or  Bunscn's  batteries  are  best;  Smcc's  has  been  used  with  good  results. 
The  power  of  the  battery  must  be  regulated  according  to  the  length  and  size  of  the 
wire.  Copper  wire  No.  10  is  about  the  size  required.  If  the  wire  be  small  and 
long,  the  battery  must  be  stronger. 

The  first  target  is  placed  about  20  feet  from  the  muzzle  of  the  gun,  and  the 
second  from  70  to  120,  according  to  the  velocity  of  the  ]irojectile.  The  siie  of  the 
target  is  no  greater  than  is  necessary  to  insure  its  being  struck  every  shot,  and  the 
distance  between  its  wires  is  regulated  in  the  same  manner.  For  small  arms  a 
much  finer  wire  is  used  to  form  the  target. 

Captain  Rodman's  Pressure  Piston.     (Plate  21».)* 

This  iustrumenl  is  used  to  determine  the  pressure  of  the  gas  on  the  sides  of  the 
bore  of  a  gun.  It  consists  of  a  hoiminy  of  wrought-iron,  with  a  cylindrical  nhank 
at  one  end,  chased  with  the  threads  of  a  screw,  by  which  it  is  attached  to  the  gun. 
This  shank  has  a  cylindrical  hole  through  its  axis,  .37  inch  in  diameter,  into  which 
the  piston  fits  tlosely.  The  head  of  the  piston  is  terminated  by  a  cutter,  which  is 
forced  bj'  the  explosion  of  the  charge  into  a  piece  of  wroughi-coppcr,  leaving  a  cut 
or  indentation  of  greater  or  less  length,  according  to  the  greater  or  less  pressure  on 
the  sides  of  the  bore. 

The  cutter  is  made  broad  and  thin,  so  as  to  make  a  loug  cut  compared  with  its 
breadth  and  depth,  that  pressures  which  vary  but  slightly  may  be  distinguished 
more  readily. 

A  strong  «creic,  at  the  opposite  end  of  the  housing  to  the  shank,  holds  the  disk  of 
copper  on  the  cutter. 

A  ijns-check,  made  of  thin  copper,  is  set  tip,  by  a  die  and  punch,  in  the  shape  of  a 
hollow,  shallow  cup.  It  is  placed  against  the  lower  end  of  the  piston,  the  open  eiui 
toward  the  charge  of  powder.  , 

*  Ciit)t&in4  Benton  ami  Kodman  art  bold  officers  of  the  U.  S.  Ordnance  Dejiartment. 


LIGHTNING   CONDUCTORS.  239' 

A  hole,  .4  inch  in  diameter,  is  drilled  into  the  bore  of  the  gun  at  the  seat  of  the 
charge ;  the  outer  part  is  counlcr-borcd  and  tapped  so  as  to  receive  the  housing. 

To  use  the  pfessiirc  piston. — Clean  and  oil  the  piston  and  the  hole  in  the  housing 
into  which  it  works ;  insert  the  piston  in  the  housing  ;  put  in  the  gas-check,  press- 
ing it  down  on  the  piston ;  place  a  thin  copper  washer  in  the  hole  in  the  gun,  and 
screw  the  housing  down  firmly  on  it;  place  a  disk  of  copper  on  the  cutter;  inter- 
pose between  this  and  the  head  of  the  screw  a  second  disk,  and  press  it  down  hard 
on  the  cutter. 

After  each  discharge,  unscrew  the  housing,  take  out  the  gas-check,  clean  the  hole 
in  the  gun,  the  piston  and  the  hole  in  which  it  works  ;  renew  the  gas-check  as  often 
as  required;  see  that  the  copper  disk  is  pressed  hard  on  the  cutter. 

The  actual  pressure  in  pounds  is  determined  by  placing  the  cutter  in  the  dynamo- 
meter, and  applying  a  pressure  until  a  cut  is  made  of  the  same  length  in  a  similar 
piece  of  copper. 

LIGHTNING  CONDUCTOES. 

(Condensed  from  a  "Circular  Jleniorandum"  issued  by  General  Burgoync,  In- 
spector-General of  Fortifications,  British  army,  from  the  researches  of  Sir  Wm. 
Snow  Harris,  F.  R.  S.,  1858.) 

It  appears  to  bo  established — 

That  metal  in  a  building,  whether  disposed  in  the  form  of  a  conductor  or  other- 
wise, never  attracts  lightning. 

That,  provided  the  surfaces  of  metals  are  not  interrupted  by  bodies  possessing  a 
less  conducting  power,  a  building  entirely  of  metal  will  be  the  safest  of  all,  and 
that  such  buildings  require  no  further  lightning  conductors  than  connections  with 
the  earth,  over  the  masonry  foundations  on  which  they  are  often  laid. 

,That,  with  regard  to  a  building  of  brick  or  stone,  the  object  must  be  to  establish 
asufiScicnt  number  of  lines  of  electrical  conductors,  extending  from  its  most  ele- 
vated and  prominent  points  to  the  ground,  and  further  bring  the  building  into  a 
condition  similar  to  that  of  a  metal  building,  by  means  of  other  conductors  gen- 
erally attached  to  more  prominent  lines  of  the  building  itself,  such  as  the  ridges, 
angles  and  eaves. 

There  is  no  advantage,  but  the  contrary,  in  endeavoring  to  insulate  the  con- 
ductors from  the  building. 

The  best  material  for  conductors  is  copper,  either  in  tubes  IJ  to  2  inches 
diameter,  and  .125  inch  thick,  or  in  plates  3.5  inches  wide  and  .125  inch  to  .2 
inch  thick. 

All  metal  surfaces,  whether  lead,  copper,  or  iron,  on  ridges,  roofs,  gutters,  or 
coverings  to  doors  or  windows,  to  be  connected  by  plates  of  copper  with  the  con- 
ducting system.  Lead,  on  account  of  its  low  conducting  power,  cannot  bo  alto- 
gether depended  upon. 

One  or  more  solid  copper  rods,  to  project  freely  into  the  air,  about  5  feet  above 


•Ho 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


fhf  highest  points  of  the  building  to  which  the  main  conductors  are  applied.     Thi- 
rumtnit  of  the  rod  to  be  pointed;  but  gold,  gilt,  or  platinum  tops  are  unnecessary. 

The  termination  of  the  conductors  below  to  l>c  led  into  damp  or  porous  soil,  when 
the  building  happens  to  stand  upon  it;  but,  when  the  soil  is  dry,  two  or  three 
trenches  to  be  cut,  radiating  from  the  foot  of  the  conductor,  to  a  depth  of  IS 
inches  or  2  feet,  and  30  feet  in  length,  and  either  the  conductor  carried  along 
the  bottom  of  the, trenches,  or  old  iron  chain  laid  in  thera;  carefully  connected 
with  the  foot  of  the  conductor.  The  trenches  to  be  then  fillcil  up  to  one  loot  in 
depth  with  coal  ashes,  or  other  carbonaceous  8ub.stanco,  and  afterward  with  earth 
or  gravel. 

If  it  be  possible,  in  regulating  the  surface  driunage,  to  lead  a  flow  of  water, 
during  the  rain  which  generally  accompanies  thunder-storm.",  oyer  the  sites  of  the 
trenches,  it  will  be  an  additional  precaution. 

Tanks  arc  ui«;les.<,  except  where  the  water  flows  freely  into  them  fmm  th«  sur- 
rounding soil ;  and  even  then  the}*  arc  .><uperUuous  us  appendages  lo  the  conductors. 

The  conductors  for  a  brick  or  stone  magazine  with  slate  roof  should  consist  of  a 
sheet-copper  strip  4  inches  wide  and  .125  inch  thick,  covering  the  ridge  and 
securely  fixed  to  it  by  wrought-coppcr  nails.  At  each  end  of  the  ridge  a  solid 
copper  rod,  .0  inch  in  diameter,  is  fixed  to  the  conductor  on  the  rid);c,  and  projects 
about  6  feet  above  the  highest  point  (jf  the  building  :  its  upper  end  i»  pointed. 

Copjier  strips,  3  inches  wide,  or  copper  tubes,  1  inch  in  diameter,  paw  down  the 
augles  of  the  hip,  and  are  firmly  secured  to  the  copper  eaves  gutter. 

The  descending  w^j^  pipes,  made  also  of  copper,  anil  fastened  to  the  face  of  the 
buildiug  by  copper  boldfasts,  arc  connected  at  their  lower  end  to  the  uodergronud 
conductor  b}-  a  piece  of  copper,  3  inches  wide,  wrapped  around  the  lower  end  of 
the  water  ]iipcs  and  riveted  to  the  underground  conductor. 

The  underground  conductor  runs  out  from  the  building  4  feet,  and  then  branchen 
into  two  parts,  each  8  feet  long,  2  inches  wi<le,  and  .12.')  inch  thick.  These  conduc- 
tors are  about  2.5  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  ground  at  the  lower  end,  and  are 
covered  with  coal  ashes  and  earth. 

The  copper  shcathings  on  the  doors  and  windows  are  connected  with  the  lower 
end  of  the  water  pipes  by  flat  copper  strips,  2  inches  wide,  fixed  to  the  water  table 
by  copper  nails  driven  into  wood  plugs  about  10  feet  apart. 

AVhen  tubular  conductors  cannot  be  bad  of  sufficient  length  in  one  piece,  they, 
are  connected  by  a  union  joint,  and  strengthened  by  a  small  pipe  or  femiU,  about 
4  inches  long,  inside  the  tube,  and  riveted  to  each  end. 

Buildings  which  have  the  eaves  gutters  and  down-pipes  made  of  tin  or  sine 
should  have  a  main  conductor  communicating  directly  with  the  ground  :  it  should 
also  be  connected  with  the  eaves  gutter,  and  the  down-pipe  should  connect  by  a 
metallic  communication  with  the  ground,  running  out  some  distance  from  the 
building. 

In  case  of  buildings  situate  on  a  dry  or  rocky  soil,  especial  pains  must  be  taken 
to  lay  down  old  chains  or  other  conductors  in  various  directions,  to  a  distance  of  10 


LIGHTNING   CONDUCTORS.  2-il 

to  15  yards,  and  from  1  foot  to  1.5  foot  below  the  surface  of  the  ground;  and,  if 
possible,  lead  a  flow  of  rain  over  the  surface  of  the  ground  about  or  near  the  con- 
ductor. Let  the  conductor  terminate  in  a  large  surface  of  moist  earth  whenever  it 
can  be  effected. 

If  copper  be  not  used  for  conductors,  zinc  is  the  next  best  material  of  which  they 
can  be  made.  If  iron  be  used,  it  should  be  in  the  shape  of  galvanized  wroun-ht- 
iron  pipe,  not  less  than  2  inches  in  diameter,  firmly  screwed  together  in  joints  of 
extra  thickness.  ' 

Copper  tube,  of  a  thickness  of  from  .125  to  .2  inch,  is  always  to  be  preferred  :  it 
has  more  than  five  times  the  capacity  for  conducting  electricity  that  iron  has,  and 
more  than  three  times  that  of  zinc. 
16 


^ 


t«nm- 


242  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Chapter   Tenth 


AMMUNITION  AND  MILITARY  FIREWORKS. 


BUILDINGS. 

In  a  liirfjc  CBtabliahmonl  for  the  preparation  of  ammunition  and  fircwurkb,  four 
•oparatc  biiildingti  arc  required. 

Nil.  1  nhuuld  have  a  porch,  and  contain  at  Icaiit  four  roomfl,  viz  : 

Ctiriiidijt  room,  for  making  pajter  ami  flannel  cartrid^ros  of  all  kind^. 

Fillinij  room,  for  filliiiR  cartri<lKes  for  cannon  anil  sidhII  armK. 

Packitxj  room,  for  puttiag  up  ammunition  for  tran.-portation  or  Htura;;e. 

Storeroom,  for  materials  and  tools. 

No.  '2.  FtiR.NArK  OK  SMITH  SHOP  should  have  three  roums — two  entirely  out  off 
from  the  third  hj  n  partition  wall: 

Driving  room,  for  driviu;;  rockets,  fuzes,  etc. 

MfiriiKj  room,  for  mising  compositions. 

Funnier  room,  for  oMting  fuzes  or  bullets,  and  making  compositions  requiring  the 
use  of  fire.     The  floors  are  laid  with  brick  or  flagging. 

No.  .'j.  Carprntku's  snoi'. 

No.  4.  MAOAfiNE,  for  powder,  fixed  ammunition,  etc. 

All  these  buildings  should  be  at  a  distance  from  inhabited  buildings,  apart  from 
each  other,  and  protected  by  trees  or  traverses  of  earth  placed  between  them. 

The  size  of  the  rooms  must  be  regulated  by  the  number  of  artificers  to  be  accoin- 
modated.  In  small  establishments  the  number  of  rooms  may  be  reduced,  as  the 
•ame  room  may  be  used,  at  difi°erent  times,  for  difl'ereDt  purposes. 

Fixtures  and  Furniture. 

1.  Cartridge  room*. — A  table  for  making  cartridges  for  small  arms,  12  feel  loof 
and  2}  feet  wide,  for  twelve  men  or  boys  to  work  at,  and  the  length  in  that  propor- 
tion for  any  greater  number;  tables  for  cutting  paper  and  flannel,  and  for  rolling 
oases  on  ;  choker  for  rocket  cases  ;  press  for  rocket  and  portfire  cases  ;  benches  for 
cartridge  tables ;  Btools.  Closets  should  be  partitioned  oS  from  these  rooms,  and 
furnished  with  cases,  drawers,  racks  and  shelves  for  materials  and  tools. 

2.  Filling  room. — A  shelf,  2  feet  wide,  for  weighing  on  ;  other  shelves,  with 
closets  under  them  ;  tables  with  raised  borders,  for  filling,  folding,  etc.;  budge- 


FURNACES.  248 

barrcils,  or  powder  barrels  with   copper  hoops   and   covers;  stools  for  seats;  foott 
spools;  a  step-ladder;  stands  and  gutters  for  cmptj-iiig  powder  barrels. 

3.  J\ic':iiig  7-(i(>,:i. — Tables,  benches,  and  stools;  |>latform  balance. 

4.  Storeroom. — Shelf  for  weighing  on;  shelves,  drawers,  and  closets:  tables,  scales,, 
stools,  seats,  step-ladder. 

5.  Driving  room. — Blocks  set  in  the  ground  or  pavement;  benches  and  stools. 

In  favorable  weather,  a  porch  attached  to  the  building,  or  a  tent,  may  bo  usedifor 
a  driving  room. 

6.  Mixin(j  room. — Tables  with  raised  edges;  sieves,  etc. 

7.  Fnnincr  room. — Furnaces;  workbenches;  platform  balance,  or  large  scales  ;  a 
tinner's  bi'neh  and  tools,  with  a  vice,  an  anvil,  and  a  chest  for  tools;  a  smith's  forgo, 
shovel  and  poker;  stools,  etc. 

8.  Carpenter's  shop. — Turning-lathe  and  tools;  carpenters'  benches  and  tools. 

9.  Magazine. — Shelves  and  frames  for  boxes  and  barrels. 

Furnaces. 

Two  kinds  of  furnaces  are  used  in  a  laboratory ;  in  tho  first,  the  flame  circulates 
around  both  the  bottom  and  sides  of  the  kettle;  in  the  second,  it  comes  in  contact 
only  with  the  bottom :  the  latter  are  used  for  compositions  of  which  gunpowder  forms 
a  part. 

Furnaces  are  built  of  bricks.  The  kettle  is  of  cast-iron,  about  2  feet  in  diameter 
at  the  top,  having  a  rounded  bottom  and  a  flange  about  4  inches  wide  around  the 
top,  or  else  strong  handles,  to  set  it  by.  The  bottom  is  0.75  inch  thick  and  the  sides 
0.5'inch.  By  setting  it  in  an  iron  plate  pierced  with  holes,  encircling  the  bottom, 
a  furnace  of  tho  first  kind  may  be  converted  into  one  of  the  second  kind  by  stopping 
the  holes. 

Furnace  for  rcdncinri  the  oxide  of  lead,  or  dronx. — This  furnace  is  built  in  the  open 
air,  on  a  stone  or  brick  foundation.  It  is  composed  of  a  cjiindcr  of  sheet-iron,  16 
inches  by  30  inches,  lined  with  refractory  clay  from  2  to  3  inches  thick. 

The  interior  has  tho  form  of  an  inverted  frustum  of  a  cone,  terminating  below  in 
a  basin,  the  bottom  of  which  is  inclined  toward  a  tap-hole.  The  firo  is  made  in  the 
furnace,  and  the  draught  supplied  by  a  bellows,  tho  nozzle  of  which  enters  at  tho 
top  of  the  reservoir.  Tho  dross,  and  the  charcoal  intended  for  its  reduction,  are 
thrown  on  the  fire  from  the  top  of  the  furnace.  The  metal,  as  it  is  reduced,  flows 
into  the  basin,  and  escapes  through  the  tap-hole  into  an  iron  vessel,  and  is  cast  into 
bars  or  pigs  as  desired. 

In  the  (ielil,  furnaces  maybe  built  with  sods  or  sunk  in  the  earth,  if  bricks  cannot 
be  readily  procured. 

Fvrnace  built  n-ith  «of^«.— Let  the  kettle  rest  on  a  trivet,  the  feet  of  which  may 
stand  on  iiny  piece  of  Hat  iron,  such  as  the  bottom  of  a  shot  canister  or  stand  for 
grape,  tlic  bottom  of  the  kettle  about  1  foot  from  the  ground;  build  round  it  with 
sods.  Tho  door  of  the  furnace  is  10  inches  square;  the  flue  of  tho  chimney,  oppo- 
site to  the  door,  6  inches  square,  and  commencing  about  6  inches  from  the  ground ; 


244  ORDNANCE    MANUAL.  , 

the  first  part  of  the  flue  inclined  at  an  angle  of  about  IT)" — the  rcf*  T.rtieal.  and 
plaocil,  If  circuiDBtanpes  permit,  against  a  wall;  the  top  of  the  door  ii'.nl  of  the  flue 
may  he  iiup|)orlcd  hy  omall  bars  of  iron. 

Fitriiiire  milk  in  llir  rnrth. — The  edge  of  the  kettle  shouhl  be  about  1  inch  above 
the  groMinl,  and  the  bottom  12  to  15  inches  above  the  hearth  of  the  furnace;  the 
earth  is  dug  down  vertically  1  foot  from  the  kettle  for  the  front  of  the  furnace,  and 
the  door  is  cut  out  ten  inches  square.  The  earth  is  removed  and  sloped  out,  so  as 
to  give  accotis  to  the  door;  the  flue  is  bored  out  on  the  opposite  side  with  a  crowbar: 
it  ctinimenccs  6  inches  above  the  hearth  and  comes  out  of  the  ground  18  inches 
from  the  furnace,  whence  it  is  carried  horizontally  about  13  feel. 

In  furnaces  of  the  second  kind  mentioned  above,  the  trivet  may  be  omitted,  and 
the  kettle  may  rest  on  the  sod  or  earth  for  about  1  inch  all  round,  and  the  earth 
rammed  in  against  the  sides  of  the  kettle. 

Precautions  against  Accidents. 

Avoid,  a«  much  as  possible,  the  use  of  iron  in  the  construction  of  the  buildings, 
fixture.>i,  tables,  benches,  boxes,  etc.,  of  the  laboratory  ;  sink  the  heads  of  iron  nails 
■if  u.-ied,  and  fill  over  them  «i;h  putty,  or  paste  several  thicknesses  of  pajier  over 
them.  Hefore  the  men  go  to  work,  cover  the  floor  with  cariiets  cir  tarpaulins,  which 
are  taken  up  carefully  after  the  men  leave,  and  curried  al  least  .'0  yards  from  the 
building,  and  there  shaken  thoroughly  and  swept.  I>uring  the  work,  have  the 
carpets  frequently  swept. 

Place  the  stores  in  cloth  bags  in  the  windows  exposed  t<i  the  sun.  Prevent  persons 
from  entering  with  sabres,  swords,  or  canes,  etc.,  or  with  matches  about  their  persons. 
Direct  all  who  work  where  there  is  powder  to  wear  moccasins  or  socks,  and  to  lake 
them  off  when  they  leave.     Direct  the  men  not  to  drag  their  feet  in  walking. 

Make  the  doors  and  windows  to  open  and  close  easily,  without  friction ;  keep  them 
open  whenever  the  weather  permits. 

Never  keep  in  the  laboratory  more  powder  than  is  necessary,  and  have  the  ammu- 
nition and  other  work  taken  to  the  magazine  as  fast  as  it  is  finished. 

Let  powder  barrels  be  carried  in  hand-barrows  made  with  leather,  or  with  slings 
of  rope  or  canvas,  and  the  ammunition  in  boxes.  Let  everything  that  is  to  be 
moved  be  lifted,  and  not  dragged  or  rolled  on  the  floor. 

Never  drive  rockets,  portfires,  etc.,  or  strap  shot  or  shells,  in  a  room  where  there 
is  any  powder  or  composition,  except  that  used  at  the  time. 

Loading  and  unloading  shells,  driving  rockets,  pulverizing  materials,  the  prepa- 
ration of  compositions  requiring  the  use  of  fire  and  in  which  the  components  of 
gunpowder  ent«r,  ought  to  be  done  in  all  cases,  when  possible,  in  the  open  air  or 
under  a  tent,  far  from  the  laboratory  and  magazine. 

Never  enter  the  laboratory  at  night,  unless  it  is  indispensable,  and  then  use  a 
close  lantern,  with  a  wax  or  oil  light  carefully  trimmed.  Allow  no  smoking  of 
tobacco  near  the  laboratory. 


MATERIALS.  245 

In  melting  lead,  be  sure  that  it  contains  no  moisture;  put  the  pigs  in  carefully, 
and  do  not  use  more  than  will  fill  the  pot  two-thirds  full. 
Use  the  same  precautions  iu  melting  fatty  substances. 

Applications  for  Burns. 

Exclude  the  air  by  applying  to  the  burn  frenh  lard ;  or  bathe  the  part  burned, 
and  cover  it  with  linen  soaked  in  a  mixture  of  8  parts  of  sweet  oil  and  1  of  harts- 
horn, well  beaten  together. 

MATERIALS. 

Saltpetre. 

For  use  in  the  laboratory,  saltpetre  should  be  freed  from  all  foreign  substances 
arid  be  reduced  to  a  fine  powder,  or  else  to  very  minute  crystnls.  It  is  best  pulver- 
ized in  the  rolling  barrels  at  the  powder  mills;  but  it  may  be  pulverized  by  hand  in 
the  laboratory,  as  follows:  Put  into  a  rolUmj  hnrrel  50  lbs.  of  'dry  refined  saltpetre 
and  100  lbs.  of  bronze  balls;  turn  the  barrel  for  two  hours  and  a  half,  at  30  revolu- 
tions a  minute,  striking  it,  at  the  same  time,  with  a  mallet,  to  prevent  the  saltpetre 
from  adhering  to  the  sides.  Separate  the  balls  by  means  of  a  brass-wire  screen, 
and  the  foreign  substances  with  a  hair  sieve. 

Saltpetre  may  also  be  pulverized  by  pounding  it  in  a  brass  mortar,  or  by  solution, 
as  follows;  Put  14  lbs.  of  refined  nitre,  with  5  pints  of  clear  water,  in  a  broad  and 
shallow  copper  pan,  over  a  slow  fire,  and,  as  the  nitre  dissolves,  skim  off  the  impu- 
rities; stir  the  solution  with  a  wooden  spatula  until  the  water  is  all  evaporated, 
when  the  nitre  will  be  very  white  and  fine.  Should  it  boil  too  much,  the  pan  must 
be  lifted  from  the  fire  and  set  upon  wet  sand  or  earth,  and  the  saltpetre  should  be 
stirred  until  it  dries,  to  prevent  it  from  adhering  to  the  pan. 

Charcoal 

Is  the  residuum  of  the  incomplete  combustion  or  of  the  distillation  of  wood.  Its 
composition  and  properties  vary  with  the  kind  of  wood  from  which  it  is  made,  and 
with  the  mode  of  carbonization  used. 

It  is  as  much  more  dense  and  compact  as  the  wood  from  which  it  is  mnde  is 
harder  and  of  a  closer  texture;  its  density  is  nearly  proportional  to  that  of  the 
wood,  and  its  combustibility  seems  to  be  as  much  greater  as  its  density  is  less. 

The  best  charcoal  for  fireworks  is  that  which  is  most  inflammable  and  which 
leaves  the  least  ashes,  such  as  coals  from  black  alder,  willow,  poplar,  hazel  tree, 
hemp  stalks,  etc.  Hard  woods,  generally,  give  coals  containing  more  ashes  than 
light,  soft  ones;  old  trees  more  than  young;  dead  trees  more  than  living;  in  the 
same  tree,  the  bark  more  than  the  sap  wood — next  the  trunk,  the  roots,  and,  least 
of  all,  the  branches. 

In  some  cases,  where  long  trains  of  fire  are  desired,  charcoal  from  hard  woods. 


OUPNANCE    MANUAL. 

«nch  as  oak,  nuiplo,  or  beech,  is  used.  Charcoal  for  fireworks  is  be<<t  made  in  cl'><ied 
TesselH.  Tlio  "liffcrentlirocesBcs  of  carbonization  are  only  more  or  lusa  rapid  disiil- 
latioDS  of  the  vcKctablo  substance  carried  to  a  greater  or  less  extent.  The  volatile 
matters  wliii-h  are  disengaged,  and  the  fixed  substances  which  remain,  vary  at  each 
moment,  but  in  such  a  manner  that  the  character  of  the  former  indicates  that  uf  the 
latter. 

In  a  slow  distillation  by  a  jirostrc^isiv'c  heat  not  exceeding  .070°,  bluish  vapors  are 
8rst  di)<er,gaged,  then  carbonic  and  acetic  acids,  cmpyrcumatic  oil,  and  soot  in  dark 
olouds  burning  with  a  red  flame.  Carbonic  oxide  replaces,  by  degrees,  the  carbonic 
aoid,  the  .smoke  becomes  clearer,  and  the  flame  takes  a  viulct  lint.  Afterward, 
earburelled  hydrogen  is  disonga\;ed;  the  smoke  becomes  translucent;  the  Uamo 
passes  from  a  violet  to  a  yellow,  then  to  a  more  and  more  shining  white.  Finallj, 
the  smoke  disapjtears,  and  the  flame  grows  shorter  and  goes  uuu 

If  the  operation  bo  sto]>ped  when  the  flame  of  the  gus  becomes  violet,  about  40 
per  cent,  of  charcoal  will  be  obtained.  If  the  operation  bo  continued  till  the  (lame 
becomes  yellow,  there  will  be  had  not  more  than  30  per  cent,  of  coal.  Finally,  not 
more  than  la  per  cent,  will  remain  after  the  flame  goes  out.  In  all  of  these  rases, 
with  slow  diiitillutiiin  the  carbonization  is  uniform  frum  the  surface  to  the  interior 
of  each  piece  of  wood,  and  requires  a  longer  time  in  proportion  as  tho  temperature 
ia  lower. 

In  a  rapid  di.stillalion  with  a  very  strong  heat,  the  gaseous  products  are  disen- 
gaged simultaneously;  the  distillation  on  tho  surface  of  a  piece  of  wood  is  finished 
before  it  is  har<lly  begun  on  tho  interior.  To  obtain  uniform  results  by  thift  mctbud, 
the  distillation  must  be  protracted  till  from  15  to  2U  per  cent,  of  coal  only  is 
obtained.  liy  the  rapid  distillation  a  part  of  the  incombustible  matter  is  carried 
off,  and  the  coal  remaining  contains  less  asbos.  The  carbonization  in  boilers,  pota, 
pits,  or  heaps,  is  nothing  more  than  a  rapid  distillation. 

Charcoal  obtained  by  stojiping  the  carbonization  when  the  violet  flame  appears 
has  a  brown  ch,)eolate  shade;  its  fracture  is  bri^'ht  and  even:  it  is  flexible,  in  thin 
pieces;  reduced  to  a  powder,  it  has  a  greasj*  feeling  and  a  velvety  appearance;  it 
bnrn.s  with  a  yellowish  blue  flame,  bright  and  without  smoke:  it  gives  out  a  heavy 
sound  when  broken,  and  dissolves  almost  entirely  in  potassa.  Heated  in  a  close 
vessel,  it  yields  tar,  pyroligueous  acid,  and  40  per  cent,  of  gas.  It  is  composed  of 
earbon  0.7:55,  hydrogen  0.28S,  and  ashes  0.007. 

Charcoal  obtained  from  a  protracted  distillation,  when  only  1.0  per  cent,  is  had, 
from  dry  wood,  has  a  bluish  black  color,  is  hard  and  coarse;  it  breaks  easily,  gives 
ont  a  clear  sound,  burns  without  flame,  and  is  with  difficulty  reduced  to  a  powder  : 
it  is  then  dry  to  the  touch,  and  docs  not  easily  form  a  cake  by  pressure :  it  if 
insoluble  in  caustic  potassa.  It  is  composed  of  carbon  .906,  hydrogen,  .076,  and 
ashes  OIS. 

AH  ch:ircoals  are  embraced  within  the  two  preceding  kinds,  and  approach  more 
or  less  one  or  the  other.  Coal  which  ha«  not  reached  the  brown  chocolate  shade 
bams  with  smoke  :  it  is  called  smokv  coal :  it  is  not  yet  charcoal.     Charcoal 


MATERIALS.  247 

fire  at  about  460°.  Black  charcoal,  highly  calcined,  takes  fire  quickly,  but  is 
easily  cxiinguished ;  red  charcoal  is  longer  in  taking  fire,  but  it  keeps  fire  and 
burns  up  rapidly.  This  combustibility  is  as  much  greater  as  the  charcoal  is  lighter. 
Charcoal  at  a  red  heat  decomposes  water  to  combine  with  its  oxygen.  Its  absolute 
density  is  at  least  1.5;  the  apparent  density  is  very  variable. 

Charcoal  does  not  become  a  conductor  of  heat  and  electricity  unless  it  has  been 
highl3'  calcined  at  a  white  heat. 

It  absorbs  moisture  rapidly  from  the  atmosphere — particularly  when  in  a  state  of 
fine  powder.  When  freshly  prepared  and  pulverized,  it  absorbs  and  condenses 
gases;  it  grows  warm  ;  and,  if  in  a  mass  of  more  than  about  30  lbs.,  it  takes  fire 
spontaneously.  Black  charcoal,  highly  calcined,  may  be  set  on  fire,  when  in  pieces, 
by  a  strong  blow,  or  by  friction. 

To  make  a  comparison  between  charcoals  as  to  their  action  in  compositions,  make 
an  intimate  mixture  of  5  parts  of  saltpetre  and  1  of  the  ch.arcoal  to  bo  tried,  both  well 
pulverized;  drive  a  fuze  with  the  composition,  or  press  it  in  a  metal  tube  of  about 
one-quarter  of  an  inch  bore ;  take  its  weight  and  height,  and  determine  the  time  of 
burning  by  a  watch  or  pendulum.  The  rapidity  of  combustion,  or  the  length  of 
composition  which  burns  in  a  second,  measures  the  combustibility  of  the  charcoal. 
Note  also  the  weight  of  the  residuum. 

The  rapidity  of  combustion  is  independent  of  the  diameter  of  the  tube  and  of  the 
materials  of  which  it  is  made:  it  varies  very  little  with  the  greater  or  less  com- 
pression of  the  composition,  but  varies  much  with  the  degree  of  trituration  of  the 
materials:  it  is,  therefore,  important,  in  comparing  different  coals,  to  mix  the  com- 
positions precisely  in  the  same  way. 

SuLPnnn. — When  melted  sulphur  is  to  be  used,  care  must  be  taken  that  it  does 
not  become  thick — which  t.akcs  place  at  about  320°.  It  is  pulverized  by  being 
rolled  four  hours  in  a  rolling  barrel  with  twice  its  weight  of  balls,  or  by  being 
pounded  in  a  mortar  and  sifted.  Roll  brimstone  is  used  for  melting,  and  flowers  of 
sulphur  m.ay  be  used  instead  of  roll  sulphur  pulverized,  but  is  not  so  good. 

GuNPOWDEU. — For  compositions,  gunpowder  is  mealed,  cither  by  rolling  it  for  two 
hours  with  once  and  a  half  its  weight  of  balls,  or  by  beating  it  an  equal  length  of 
time  in  a  leather  bag,  or  by  grinding  it  with  a  mnller  on  a  mealing  table. 

Mealed  powder,  and  pulverized  saltpetre,  charcoal  and  sulphur,  are  generally 
obtained  from  the  powder  mills. 

SuLPHURET  OP  ANTIMONY  is  a  gray  solid,  with  a  fibrous  texture,  very  fusible,  very 
Tolatile,  and  easily  reduced  to  a  powder.     Density,  4.6"2. 

It  is  found  in  the  natural  state,  and  can  likewise  bo  prepared  by  melting  in  a 
crucible  equal  parts,  by  weight,  of  antimony  and  sulphur  pulverized  and  mixed.  It 
is  purchased  in  the  state  of  a  powder.  Its  purity  is  tested  by  treating  a  small 
sample  (l-'iO  grs.)  with  concentrated  warm  hydrochloric  acid.  The  residuum  which 
is  not  dissolved  ought  not  to  exceed  the  sulphuret  used,  by  12  per  cent. 

Chi-oratb  op  potassa  is  a  white  salt,  crystalizcd  in  white  scales,  anhydrous,  not 
altered   by   exposure  to   the  air.     Soluble  in  water:  more  in  warm   than  in  cold; 


248  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

insoluble  in  alcohol.  Density,  1.989.  Fusiible  at  about  6()2° ;  it  is  tlecoini>osfJ  at 
about  720°  into  oxypen  and  chloride  of  potassium. 

Thif  chU  if  one  of  the  most  energetic  of  oxidizinp  bodies,  because  it  jiarts  with 
its  oxyf^on  readily,  of  which  it  contains  a  great  quantity  (..■191.')  of  its  weight). 
Thrown  on  burning  coals,  it  melts  quickly.  It  ex]>lodes  by  simple  contact  with 
Bulphuric  acid:  mixed  with  a  combustible  body,  the  mixture  may  be  exploded  by 
friction  or  by  a  blow.  It  should  be  purchasc<l  crystaliz.ed,  and  should  not  contain 
more  than  one-lhousandth  of  its  weight  of  chloride  of  sodium  or  potassium.  lU 
purity  is  lesteil  by  means  of  the  nitrate  of  silver  dissidved  in  distillcl  water — 73J 
grs.  in  oiie-(|uartor  of  a  pint.  Dissolve  77  grs.  of  the  chlorate  in  ;iOU  grs.  of  warm 
water,  and  let  the  solution  get  cold:  the  chlorate  will  be  precipitated  in  crystals. 
Add  to  the  licpiiil  about  two  drops  of  the  solution  of  the  nitrate  of  eilver.  After 
filtering,  the  liquid  ought  not  to  give  a  precipitate  by  the  addition  of  more  nitrate  of 
•ilrer. 

Fi'LMiNATE  oi"  MKiiciitv  is  a  white  salt,crystali7.ed  in  fine,  silky  needles.  Soluble 
in  water:   more  so  in  warm  than  in  cold  water. 

The  elements  of  this  salt  are  held  together  so  feebly  that  the  least  shock  or 
friction  causes  its  decomposition  with  au  ex]dogion.  (For  manner  of  making,  see 
page  285.) 

Fi'LMiN'ATiNO  Powi»KR8  are  compositions  that  detonate  with  great  force  by 
friction  or  by  a  blow.  They  are  generally  made  of  fulminate  of  mercury  or  s 
mixture  of  chlorate  of  potassa  and  sulphurct  of  antimony.  The  preparation  and 
manipulation  of  these  powders  are  very  dangerous,  and  ought  to  be  matie,  with  the 
greatest  precautions,  far  from  the  laboratory  and  magazines.  The  powder  of 
chlorate  of  potassa  and  sulphuret  of  antimony  cannot  be  manipulated  without 
danger  if  it  have  not  at  least  '20  per  cent,  of  water  with  it.  In  this  stale  a  blow  or 
friction  explodes  only  the  part  struck  or  rubbed;  the  rest  is  dispersed  without  being 
set  on  fire. 

The  fulminate  of  mercury,  with  30  per  cent,  of  water,  cx]ilodes  partially  when 
ground  on  marble  with  a  wooden  muller ;  but  the  explosion  is  not  communicated 
to  the  rest.  It  should  always  be  manipulated  moistened  with  this  amount  uf 
water. 

Leap  is  a  bluish  white  metal,  bright,  but  tarnishes  quickly  in  the  air.  Specific 
gravity,  when  pure,  II. ■lb  :   melts  at  600°,  and  volatilizes  at  u  red  heat. 

The  purity  of  lead  is  judged  of  by  its  specific  gravity.  To  determine  this,  aflor 
ha>  ing  weighed  the  i)ig.  suspend  it  with  a  wire  in  a  vessel  of  water,  so  that  it  shall 
be  completely  immersed,  without  touching  the  sides,  and  weigh  it  again.  The 
weight  in  the  air,  divided  by  the  difference  between  the  weight  in  air  and  water, 
will  give  the  specific  gravity — which  ought  to  be  11.35  for  lead  of  commerce. 

Lead  melted  in  contact  with  air  is  soon  covered  by  a  coat  of  gray  oxide,  which 
rapidly  increases  in  thickness.  The  formation  of  this  oxide,  or  dross,  is  prevented 
by  covering  the  lead  with  powdered  charcoal  or  rosin. 

To  reduce  tin  oxide  of  lead. — Put  in  a  kettle  about  50  lbs.  of  lead,  with  1-lOth  of 


MATERIALS.  249 

its  weight  of  powdered  charcoal  or  grease;  cover  the  kettle,  and  raise  to  a  red  heat; 
stir  the  mass,  and  add  {gradually  more  coal,  as  it  assumes  a  yellow  color,  using  in 
all  i  of  the  weight  of  oxide;  dip  out  the  lead  with  an  iron  ladle,  and  pour  it  into 
iron  moulds  or  pans.  After  having  obtained  in  this  way  two-thirds  of  the  weight 
of  oxide,  in  lead,  throw  the  dross  into  a  tub  of  water,  and  wash  it,  to  separate  the 
ashes  and  coal ;  dry  the  remaining  oxide  and  grains  of  lead,  and  put  them  in  a 
ladle  with  l-20th  of  their  weight  of  rosin  ;  raise  it  to  a  red  heat,  set  fire  to  the  rosin, 
shake  the  ladle,  and  pour  off  the  lead.  A  further  addition  of  rosin  will  produce 
more  lead;  1-1 4th  of  the  weight  of  dross  is  generally  used.  Tallow  may  be  used  in 
place  of  rosin. 

AVhen  the  quantity  of  dross  is  considerable,  it  may  be  reduced,  in  a  similar  man- 
ner, in  a  small  cupola  furnace. 

Acetate  op  lead  (Surjnr  of  Lead)  is  a  white,  efiBoreseent  salt,  of  a  sweetish 
taste,  soluble  in  three  or  four  times  its  weight  of  cold  water.  Specific  gravity, 
2.345.  It  may  be  made  by  heating  a  mixture  of  litharge  and  vinegar.  The  solu- 
tion being  concentrated  and  set  aside  to  cool,  the  salt  crystalizes  in  white,  brilliant 
needles. 

Plumbers'  solder  is  an  alloy  of  lead  and  tin,  in  the  proportion  of  2  parts  of  the 
former  to  1  of  the  latter. 

Antimony  {Rcgulufi  of  Antimony)  is  a  grayish  white  metal,  very  brilliant,  with  a 
highly  lamellatcd  structure.  Specific  gravity,  6.7;  melting  point,  809°.  It  is 
easily  reduced  to  powder,  and  by  its  combustion  with  sulphur  produces  a  strong 
light  and  heat,  with  a  blue  or  white  flame.  Antimony  is  never  found  pure  in  the 
shops  ;  that  which  is  sold  under  the  name  of  reffiiliis  of  aiilimony  always  contains  a 
little  sulphuret  of  antimony,  arsenic,  and  sometimes  sulphuret  of  iron. 

Copper  is  a  red,  brilliant  metal,  possessing  great  tenacity,  ductility  and  mallea- 
bility.    Specific  gravity,  8.9;  fusible  at  about  1980°. 

Copper,  being  but  slightly  acted  on  by  saltpetre,  is  employed  for  powder 
measures,  utensils  for  refining  saltpetre,  etc.  Copper  vessels  should  not  be  exposed 
to  a  great  heat,  or  used  for  heating  compositions  containing  sulphur,  as  the  copper 
would  be  rapidly  oxidized. 

In  fireworks,  copper  filings  are  used  to  give  reddish  sparks  and  a  greenish  blue 
flame. 

Bronze  is  used  in  the  laboratory  for  utensils  and  implements  which  receive 
Wows,  or  act  by  percussion,  and  replaces  steel  and  iron  wherever  there  is  danger  of 
an  explosion  from  a  blow  or  from  friction. 

Brass  is  an  alloy  of  about  2  parts  of  copper  and  1  of  zinc.  Brass  wire  is  used 
for  ligatures,  for  screens  and  sieves. 

Acetate  of  copper  (  V<  rdigris)  is  a  green  salt,  used  sometimes  to  make  slow- 
match,  which  burns  with  a  strong  coal  and  with  a  slightly  green  flame. 

Zinc  is  a  bluish  white  metal;  usually  brittle,  and  its  fracture  shows  a  crystalline 

structure.     Specific  gravity,  6.9;  melts  at  680°,  is  volatilized  at  a  red  heat  and  takes 

^  fire  in  the  air,  burning  with  a  white  flame.     At  400°  it  is  easily  reduced  to  a  pow- 


250  ORItNANCK    MANUAL. 

der  in  a  murfiir.  (ininulated  zinc  is  iisod  to  jjrodurc  a  blni,«h  flame.  An  alloy  of 
nine  an<l  aiiliinony  pulverized  p;iv(;s  bi-autiful  blue  drops.  The  oxide  of  zinc 
(Jlowerx  oj  zinc)  produces  the  appearance  called  fjold  rain.  It  ouf^ht  to  be  pur- 
chased in  scales,  not  in  a  powder,  as  in  this  latter  case  it  may  be  mixed  >¥ith  foreign 
oubstanccs. 

TnoN. — Filings  and  thin  chips  give  very  brilliant  ."sparks  and  stars,  the  effects  of 
which  dijiciid  on  (he  size  of  the  particles  used;  the  filin(;s  must  be  made  when 
wantc'l,  or  be  very  enrcfully  preserved  from  rust. 

SnKKT-inoN. — Select  the  softest  and  most  pliable.  M'hen  it  is  substituted  for 
tin,  in  strajtpin};  projectiles,  it  should  be  first  annealed,  by  heating  it  to  a  dull  red 
heat,  and  letting  it  cool  grailually  under  warm  ashes,  not  exposed  to  the  air. 

Cast-iron. — Pulverized,  it  gives  very  large  white  sparks,  in  fireworks  (Chinese 
Are).  Select  the  white  cast-iron,  or  take  the  pieces  of  utensils  with  thin  sides.  To 
pulverize  it  more  easily,  heat  it  to  a  red  heift  and  throw  it  into  cold  water.  \ 

Stkkl. — In  fireworks,  filings  and  small  pieces  give  the  most  brilliant  sparks. 

Pai'kh.  —  Mniikct-cartridgf  paper  should  bo  homogeneous  and  without  any  trace 
of  stalks,  well  sized,  even,  pliable,  with  a  good  body  without  bt  ing  loo  thick,  free 
from  folds  or  rents. 

The  sheet,  when  moistened,  ought  to  present  a  uniform  hue,  without  spots  or 
marblings.  Taken  out  of  the  water  and  suspended  a  moment  by  the  extremiiic* 
of  the  short  sides,  it  ought  not  to  tear  from  its  own  weight.  The  sheet  crumpled 
in  the  hand  or  pinched  with  the  nails  ought  not  to  t«ar  in  the  f<dd8,  and  when  torn 
the  rent  should  be  fibrous. 

A  strip  of  paper  4  inches  wide  ought  not  to  break  under  a  weight  of  40  pounds, 
in  the  direction  of  its  least  strength. 

In  testing  the  strength  of  pa]>er,  the  two  ends  are  held  >iy  two  vices  of  hard 
wood.  Each  vice  is  comjiosed  of  2  rectangular  jaws,  which  can  be  brought  against 
each  other  and  held  firmly  by  means  of  screws,  or  bj-  tenons  on  one  jaw  passing 
through  the  other  and  keyed  firmly  to  it.  A  strip  of  paper  4  inehes  wide  is  cat 
and  iu.scrted  in  the  vices,  so  that  the  length  between  them  shall  be  exactly  12 
inches.  The  jaws  arc  dosed  tightly,  and  one  vice  is  suspended  from  a  fixed  point 
by  means  of  a  cord  or  hook,  and  to  the  other  is  made  fast  the  pan  of  a  bn!:ince. 
It  is  loivdcd  gradually,  with  care,  until  the  paper  gives  way.  The  strij'-*  r'lould 
not  be  taken  from  the  edges  of  the  sheets  only,  but  from  all  parts,  and  'roui  the 
length  and  breadth  successively,  for  in  these  two  directions  the  strength  is  very 
different. 

Five  sheets  are  generally  Uikcn  from  each  ream,  in  which  only  one  sheet  cai 
have  one-tenth  less  strength  than  that  allowed.  If  this  condition  be  not  fnlfillod. 
the  ream  is  rejected. 

Paper  may  be  made  by  hand  or  by  machine. 

The  other  papers  are  tested  in  the  same  way,  and  should  possess  the  same  gen- 
eral characteristics. 


MATERIALS.  251 

^izfi  and   Weiqht  of  Paver. 

No-  ■ 

,     _  ut.  of  bundle.  Proof  wt. 

1.  For  musket  cartridges IT   xlOiin 40  i^g. 

^'     "         "  "  wrappers  ...IS   X20    ••   :?(;11,«.,  loi    '>' 

3.  Blank  cartridges 15   x20    " nO    '• ' .' "  67.'  " 

4.  Portfires  and  rockets 19   ^o.S    " fi5    ..     ^<^^^  u 

5.  Fi.\ed  ammunition 2:].JX24    "   GO    "  '"'yf 

6.  Cannon  e.irtridge.s 10X2.T     " 70    - 315    << 

7.  Fireworks ,3   ^iCi-   20    "'.'.'.'.','.'.''  85    •• 

The  .several  kinds  to   be   packed  in  bundles:  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  in  bundles   of  1,000 

sheets  each,  the  others  in  bundles  of  500  sheets;  all  without  folding.     The  dimen 
s.ons  given  above  arc  such  as  the  sheets  are  required  to  have  when  (rimmed  for  use 
Tow  should  be  entirely  of  hemp  or  flax,  clean,  dry,  sound,  free  from  .talks  and 
lorcign  substances. 

Merino  ou  s,:ugk,  for  eartridge-bags.  .should  be  made  entirely  of  wool;  it  should 
be  strong,  closely  woven,  twilled,  and  not  frayed  ;  the  width  should  be  even  in  the 
same  piece  ;  that  3  yard  wide  i^  convenient  and  the  most  common.  The  colors  are 
to  be  preferred  in  the  following  order:  green,  gray,  yellow,  blue,  red,  white  ;  re- 
ject black,  which  is  almost  alway.-<  burnt  and  weak. 

CANVAS.-Takc  the  strongest  and  clo.sest  woven;  u.sed  for  sacks  for  fire-balls. 

Twin..;  should  be  strong,  smooth,  and  well  twis(cd-0.03  inch  thick  for  bundlin<r 
cartridges,  etc..  and  for  sewing  fire-balls;  from  0.06  inch  to  0.08  inch  for  fixing 
ammunition,  etc. 

TnuKAn.-For  infantry  cartridges,  of  unbleached  flax,  two  strands,  strong  and 


even. 


Ron.:  should  bo  even  and  well  twiste.l;  that  most  commonly  used  in  the  labora- 
tory IS  wmte  hemp  rope  from  1  inch  to  1..5  inch  in  girth 

Thread  and  rope  ought  to  be  pliant,  without  being  soft,  made  of  hemp  of  good 
quality,  water  rotted,  and  entireiy  freed  from  stalks;  of  a  silvery  color,  pearl  Ly 
green  or  yellow,  not  too  deep,  too  black,  nor  stained  with  brown.  Its  siz.e  should 
be  uniform  throughout  its  whole  length. 

Gum  ARABIC  should  be  transparent,  yellowish  white,  brittle,  insipid,  inodorous, 
oluble  in  water  and  vinegar,  insoluble  in  alcohol.     It  is  used  in  solution  to  give 
body  and  tenacity  to  compositions,  or  to  make  them  burn  more  slowly.     It  should 
be  prepared  as  required,  for  when  in  solution  it  undergoes  a  decomposition. 

GiUE  should  be  bar,!,  dry,  transparent,  of  a  brownish  red  color,  and  free  from 
smell. 

WnisKRY  ou  Ai.conoi.  is  used  in  moistening  compositions  into  which  saltpetre 
enters,  as  it  docs  not  dissolve  saltpetre.     It  should  be  stron-. 

To  prevent  its  being  drunk,  mix  a  little  assafc«tida  with  U.  When  whiskey  can- 
not be  had,  vinegar  may  be  used. 


252  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

To  prepare  Pastes  and  Glue. 

Flour  Ptmir. — Sift  the  flour,  and  mix  it  with  8i  times  its  weight  of  water  ;  heat 
it  geutly,  stir  it,  and  let  it  boil  for  three-quarters  of  an  hour;  when  it  I)ecome8 
ropy,  pour  it  into  bowls,  and  pass  it  through  a  sieve  before  it  is  quite  cold.  The 
flour  yields  7  times  its  weight  of  paste.  Time  reejuired  to  make  it,  one  hour  and  a 
half.     It  is  best  made  of  rye  flour. 

Starch  PiiMe. — Mix  wheat  starch  with  twice  its  weight  of  water:  pour  it  grad- 
ually into  6i  times  its  weight  of  boiling  water,  and  let  it  boil  for  ten  miuutcs, 
stirring  it  all  the  time;  then  i)roceed  as  before.  Starch  yields  8  times  its  weight  of 
paste.     Time  required,  1  Imur. 

PaHtf for  I'antrboard. — Mix  the  flour  or  starch  with  12  times  its  weight  of  water: 
this  yields  9  times  the  weight  of  flour,  and  11  times  the  weight  of  starch. 

PoHte  mixed  trith  (ilite. — The  addition  of  1-1  Oth  of  glue  makes  the  paste  fit  for  past- 
ing sheets  of  parchment  together,  or  for  pasting  jiapcr  on  wood.  Dissolve  the  glue 
separately,  and  pour  it  into  the  cold  water  with  which  the  flour  or  starch  is  mixed. 

Cliemc  I'uHif  is  made  of  fresh  white  cheese  ftOd  quicklime.  Pound  the  cheese  in  % 
mortar  with  boiling  water:  let  it  stand,  and  decant  it:  repeat  this  operatinn  three 
or  foUY  times.  Pound  together  3  parts  of  tliis  cheese  thus  prepared  and  1  jjart  of 
quicklime,  moistening  it  with  pure  water  till  the  paste  ro]ies  like  honey.  Prepare 
only  a  little  at  a  time.     It  is  used  in  pasting  parchment  and  parchment  paper. 

These  different  kinds  of  paste  should  be  used  cold.  A  sujiply  for  not  more  than 
2  or  3  days  should  be  made  at  one  time;  but  it  may  be  preserved  longer  by  adding 
alum  in  the  proportion  of  1-lOth  of  the  weight  of  flour.  The  depredations  of  rati 
may  be  prevented  by  dissolving  a  like  proportion  of  colocyuth  in  the  water  with 
which  the  paste  is  made. 

Ulur  is  dissolved  in  its  own  weight  of  boiling  water  A  glue  pot  with  a  water 
b&th  should  be  used,  to  aroid  burning  the  glue.  Kemove  the  pot  from  the  fire  M 
soon  as  the  glue  is  entirely  dissolved. 

Trituration  of  Materials. 

Materials  intended  for  the  preparation  of  fireworks  are  reduced  to  a  powder  by 
rolling  them  in  a  leathern  barrel  with  bronze  balls ;  or,  if  the  barrel  be  not  on  hand, 
leather  sacks,  or  mortars  and  pestles,  may  be  used,  attaching  the  pestle  to  an  elastic 
rtd. 

During  the  trituration  with  the  barrel,  strike  the  bars  of  the  barrel  from  time  to 
time  with  a  small  mallet,  to  deta-h  the  materials  which  may  adhere  to  the  sides. 

The  materials  taken  from  the  barrel  are  first  passed  through  a  brass  screen,  to 
separate  the  balls,  and  then  through  a  sieve.  For  certain  purposes,  as  for  signal 
rockets,  the  charcoal  should  not  be  an  impalpable  powder.  The  trituration  is  then 
made  in  a  leather  sack. 

The  sack  is  filled  and  closed  up:  one  man  holds  it  by  the  mouth,  lays  it  on  an 
even  block,  and  turns  it  frequently,  whilst  another  strikes  it  with  a  billet  of  wood. 


BALL    CARTRIDGES.  253 

After  five  minutes,  the  charcoal  is  taken  ont  and  passed  over  a  silk  screen,  to  get  rid 
of  the  dust:  what  remains  is  then  separated  into  three  numbers — 

No.  1.  That  which  passes  through  the  screen  No.  1  ; 

No.  2.  That  which  passes  through  the  screen  No.  2; 

No.  .3.  That  which  passes  through  the  screen  No.  3. 

AMMUNITION  FOR  SMALL  ARMS. 

There  arc  two  kinds  of  cartridges  used  in  service — the  ball  cartridge,  made  with 
a  single  elongated  ball,  and  the  buckshot  cartridge,  made  with  fifteen  buckshot. 

Ball  Cartridges* 

Making  balls. — Lead  balls  are  made  by  compression,  by  means  of  machines  for 
that  purpose.  Balls  thus  made  are  more  uniform  in  size  and  weight,  smoother,  more 
solid,  .and  give  more  accurate  results,  than  cast  balls. 

The  lead  is  first  east  into  round  cylindrical  bars,  .58  and  .6.3  inch  in  diameter  for 
the  calibres  .•'')8  and  .69  inch  respectively,  and  21  inches  long,  and  then  rolled  to  .46 
*  and  .56  inch  in  diameter  for  the  same  calibres  respectively :  length,  25  inches.  These 
bars  are  fed  to  the  machine,  which  cuts  off  a  part  sufficient  for  one  ball  and  transfers 
it  to  a  die,  in  which  the  ball  is  formed,  with  cavity  and  rings,  the  surplus  metal  being 
forced  out  in  a  thin  belt  around  the  ball  in  the  direction  of  its  axis.  The  balls  are 
trimmed  by  hand,  with  a  knife,  and  are  then  passed  through  a  cylinder  gauge  of  the 
proper  size. 

A  (lay's  work. — One  man  can  m.ike  with  the  macliine  .30,000  balls  in  ten  hours, 
the  bars  of  lead  being  prepared  for  him.  One  man  can  cast  \,-)0()  bars  in  10  hours, 
and  can  trim  and  roll  2,000  bars  in  ten  hours.  A  boy  can  trim  and  gauge  5,000  in 
10  hours. 

Bullet  moulds  are  provided  to  cast  l)alls,  where  the  pressed  balls  cannot  be  had. 

The  mould  is  so  constructed  as  to  trim  the  balls  by  a  single  operation  before  they 
are  taken  from  the  mould. 

Buckshot  are  compressed  by  machines  in  a  similar  manner  to  balls.  They  are  also 
readily  obtained  from  private  shot  works. 

To  GREASE  THE  BALLS. — Placc  them  on  their  bases  on  a  tin  frame  capable  of 
holding  about  50  balls,  and  immerse  it  in  a  melted  mixture  of  1  part  of  tallow  and  8 
of  beeswax,  kept  warm,  until  the  cylindrical  part  of  the  ball  is  covered.  Remove 
the  frame,  and  let  it  stand  until  the  grease  hardens. 

Three  frames  arc  required  for  each  boy. 

TO    CUT    THE    PAPER. 
•  WOUKMAN. — 1  cxitter. 

Materials. — Paper  and  pencil. 

Impleme.vts. — 1  cutting-board,  30  inches  square;   1  iron  rider,  33  inches  long;   1 

lever,  1  cord,  1  large  knife,  1  sandstone,  1  trapezoid  of  hard  wood  or  iron. 

*  A  metUod  of  attaching  the  paper  cartridge  directly  to  the  ball  has  recently  been  invented  by 
F.  J.  Gardner,  iind  is  used  in  the  Confederate  Liiboriitoiy  at  Kidiniond. 


254  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Cut  the  paper  first  into  strips  of  a  width  e'|ual  to  the  Icnjrth  of  a  trapcxoid,  and 
then  into  tnipezoids,  using  the  pattern  as  a  gui<ie. 

The  paper  and  ruler  are  kept  from  moving  by  means  of  a  lever,  one  end  of  which 
is  fixed  and  the  other  is  moved  by  the  foot  by  means  of  a  cord  and  treadle. 

The  knife  is  held  in  both  hands. 

From  C  to  8  rcam.s  may  be  cut  at  a  time  in  lliis  way. 

A  cutting  machine,  like  that  used  by  bookbinders,  facilitates  the  operation  when 
many  hands  arc  employed. 

When  only  a  knife  and  ruler  are  used,  about  12  sheets  arc  cut  at  a  time. 

TO    MAKK    TIIK    CAUTItlDGK. 

WoRKMKN. — 1  mnslcr,  10  boi/i. 

Imi'I.kmknts /or  each  boy. — 2  Itoxen  to  ludd  cylinders,  20  inches  long,  8  inches 
wide,  and  4  inches  high,  in  the  clear,  made  of  i-inch  boards,  without  a  cover:  they 
are  placed  on  their  sides,  their  backs  ineliueJ  against  the  partition  in  the  middle 
of  the  cartridgB  table,  the  front  resting  ou  clcuts  nailed  to  the  table  ;  1  former, 
eyliudricul,  of  hard  woimI,  of  the  same  diameter  as  the  ball,  6  tu  7  inches  long,  one 
end  pointed,  almost  as  much  as  the  ball,  and  marked  with  a  shallow  groove  4.0 
inches  from  the  end  ;  I  aabot  or  frame,  lacked  to  the  table,  to  hold  balls,  placed  at 
the  left  hand  of  the  boy;  1  »pool  of  thread,  turning  on  a  vertical  spindle  fixed  in 
the  table  near  the  balls  ;  I  choking-ntriiKj,  made  of  4  or  '>  -carlridgc  threads  twisted 
together,  about  St  inches  long,  with  a  wooden  toggle  at  ihc  onJ — fastened  to  the 
edge  of  the  table,  at  the  right  hand  of  the  boy;  1  knif^  bludr,  \\  ineh  long,  hooked, 
driven  into  the 'front  of  the  table  below  and  near  the  chcike-string. 

To  KOUM  THK  cvLi.NOEn. — Lay  the  trapezoids  on  the  table  with  the  side  perpen- 
dicular to  the  bases  toward  the  workman,  the  broad  end  to  the  left. 

Take  the  former  in  the  right  hand  and  lay  it  on  a  trapezoid,  the  groove  in  the 
former  against  the  right  edge  of  the  paper,  bringing  the  pointed  end  J  imh  from 
the  broad  end  of  the  paper;  envelop  the  former  with  the  paper;  then,  with  the 
fingers  of  the  left  hand  laid  flat  upon  the  paper,  turn  the  former  and  roll  all  the 
paper  upon  it  :  hold  it  with  the  left  hand,  and,  wiib  the  ehoking-atring  in  the  right, 
take  one  turn  around  the  cylinder  at  about  J  inch  from  the  end;  h<dd  the  former 
firmly  in  the  K-ft  baud,  and  draw  gently  upon  the  chokiiig-string,  pressing  at  the 
same  time  with  the  left  forefinger  upon  the  projecting  end  of  the  eyliudcr,  thus 
folding  it  neatly  down  upon  the  end  of  the  ball.  Having  choked  the  cylinder 
close,  carry  it  to  the  right  side,  and,  with  the  thread  in  the  right  hand,  take  two 
half-hitches  firmly  around  the  part  that  has  been  choked;  cut  the  thread  on  the 
knife  blade,  and  press  the  choke  in  a  cavity  in  the  table;  place  the  former,  with  a 
cylinder  ou  it,  on  a  second  trapezoid  ;  put  a  ball  over  the  end  of  t!  c  former;  roll 
the  paper  on  the  former  and  the  ball;  hold  the  cylinder  in  the  left  hand  and  choke 
and  tic  it  as  just  described  for  the  inner  cylinder;  withdraw  the  former,  pressing 
the  eyliudcr  with  the  left  band,  and  i)lacc  it  in  the  box. 
A  di't/'g  Hork. — A  boy  can  make  800  cylinders  in  10  hours. 


BALL    CARTRIDGES. 


255 


TO    FILL   THE    CYLINDEn. 

iMPr  .,,r.NTS  -1  charter,  made  of  a  cylinder  of  wood  or  brass  pierced  with  two 

ono  end  of  the  cyhndcr,  and  a  discharge  pipe   to   the  other.     The   holes  in   the 
cyluider  are  made  to  communicate  and  shut  off,  alternately,  from  the  funnel  holding 

liven'T:   r'  "r  T  ,       ^''■f  ''''^  ^^  ^''^  '^^^^  ^"^'  ^^  ^  --Procatlog  motion 
given  to  the  cylinder  by  the  hands. 

Fill  the  funnel  with  powder;  in.sort  the  dischar.^e  pipe  in   a  cartridge,  holding 
he  charger  .n  both  hands,  and  turn  the  cylinder;  the  charge  of  powder  i!  deposited 
m  th    cartridge  :  .nsert  the  pipe  in  the  next,  and  turn  the  cylinder  in  ,he  opposite 
direction  ;  and  continue  in  the  same  way  for  all  the  rest 

Cartridges  may  be  tilled  with  a  copper  charger  made' to  hold  the  cact  charge 
pouring  the  powder  by  means  of  a  small  funnel  which  is  inserted  in  the  cartrid-^e    ' 

To  PINCH  THP.  CAnrniDGK.-Take  the  cartridge  in  the  right  hand,  strike  it  liglit'ly 
on  the  table  to  settle  the  powder;  flatten  the  empty  part  of  the  cylinder,  and  bend 
t     ush  with  the  top  of  the  powder,  at  right  angles  to  the  cartridge,  the  obli.ue  Zl 
of    he  trapezoid  on   top,  the  cartridge  .standing  vortical  on   the   table;  tild  th 
flattened  part  in  the  direction  of  its  length  with  two  folds  from  the  exterior,  meetin. 

letus  '  '"''''  '"'  '•"'  "°  '"'''  '^^^  ^^"'^'^ ''  -  '^^  »=^'''«  to  sel 

TO  KixDLK  CAnrnincKS. 

th7b.!irb?7/  '""  "''^'""^  '■"'^■^  "'■  '"P=  -id,he,,„al  to  5  times  the  diameter  of 
th  ball  height  equal  to  twice  that  diameter,  and  length  that  of  the  cartridge  It 
.s  tacked  to  the  table,  the  sides  parallel  to  and  near  the  edge  of  the  table 

Put  a  wrapper  in  the  box,  the  long  side  perpendicular  to  the  edge  of'  the  table 

.Two  tie      t'  '''";  "  ''''  ""''"'^  "'  ^"^  ^^"^  ^  P'^^<^'  ^«™"«'  to  ?he  sides  o 
th7  n  ne.  "h  r  "'  '  ""''  ^'^  ''^"^  "^^'^^"'^^'"^  ■'  ^-'"  the  short  ends  of 

he  paper  together.  ..nd  fold  them  twice  close  down  on  the  cartridges;  insert  a 
Package  of  caps  lu  the  end  of  the  bundle  next  to  the  ends  of  the  lower  tier  ;  fold 

ZnuTZ  T':'  '"'  ''°  ''^  '""'"'''  «'-^'  '"  ^^^  ^"-tion   of  the  length 

then  Its  breadth,  with  the  twine  fastened  in  a  single  bow-knot.  The  wrappers  ar 
of  ditrerent  colors,  to  distinguish  the  cartridges  for  the  diflerent  arms 

Casks  l-oh  PKRCus.sioN-CAPs.-These  are  rolled  on  a  former,  .-04  inch   in    dia 
meter,  choked  at  one  end -ind  Ho,)      t,.,  i  . 

,  I  one  ena  anrt  tied.     Twelve  caps  arc  put  in,  and  the  case  is  closed 

by  twisting  the  open  end  of  the  case. 

FiveT;'%?"7"""'-~^'^'''''''^°^  nro  packed  in  boxes  containing  1.000  each. 
Five  tiers  of  bundles  are  laid  flat  in  a  single  row  along  one  side  of  the  box  ;  the  rest 
ai-e  placed  on  edge,  the  caps  alternately  up  and  down.'  m.nk  .ar„,,,..  ar  pL ked 
.  W.  eonuining  2.000  each;  the  bundles  are  pla.  ed  on  end,  the  ca^  altcLtely 

to.Ctf  "'''"*'r""~J'"  ''"•"''  "■""  '""^^'^  "^  "'^"^  P'"°  ^"»"^^^-  dovetniled  a.d  nailed 
to^ethc,  and   arc  furnished  with  wooden   brackets  or  handles  nailed  to  the  ends 


256  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

with  wrought  nails,  rlcnclicd  on  the  iuside;  the  lids  fastened  with  six  1.75-iQch 
screws.  They  are  painted  difTcrent  colors,  to  indicate  the  kind  of  cartridges.  The 
boxes  shiiuld  be  lined  with  strong  ])apcr,  and  the  bundles  of  cartridges  must  be 
packed  cloi'ely,  so  as  not  to  shake  in  transportation.  Each  box  should  be  marked, 
on  each  end,  with  the  number  and  kind  of  cartridges,  and  on  the  in.xide  of  the  cover 
with  the  jilace  and  date  of  fabrication. 

t 

Blank  Cartridges.  ^ 

Matkhial.s. — Xo.  2  pnj)€r  ;  pante  ;  powder. 

Cut  the  paper  into  trapezoids  as  foe  ball  cartridges;  roll  the  trapezoid  on  the 
former,  one  turn  :  fold  down  this  much  of  the  paper  on  tlic  head  t»f  the  former  with 
the  left  hand;  roll  the  rest  of  thepai)er;  fold  down  the  rest  of  the  paper;  touch 
the  fold  with  a  little  jjaste  on  the  finger;  press  the  eml  of  the  former  on  a  ball 
imbedded  in  the  table  for  the  purpose  ;  remove  the  cylinder  from  the  former;  place 
it  in  a  box  to  dry. 

Fill  the  cylinders  as  described  for  ball  cartridges. 

A  diijf'a  work. — One  boy  can  make  2,000  cylinders  in  10  hours.  - 

Packing  Musket  Balls.  '* 

Balls  are  packed  in  boxes  with  tow  or  saw-dust,  to  prevent  their  bruising.  The 
boxe.''  are  made  of  1-iuch  boards,  and  contain  1,000  balls. 

They  are  marked  on  both  ends  with  the  number  au.i  kind  of  balls,  and  on  the 
inside  of  the  cover  with  the  place  and  date  of  fabrication.  The  cover  is  fastened 
with  six  2-inch  screws,  and  the  boxes  must  be  hooped  with  iron  for  transportation. 
They  are  not  painted. 


1 

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CARTRIDGES   FOR    SMALL   ARMS. 


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258  ORDNANf'K    MANUAL. 

AMMUNITION  FOR  FIELD  AND  MOUNTAIN  SERVICE.* 

The  iiiiirimnition  for  field  and  mountain  service  consists  of — 

Shitl  for  tiie  6  and  12-pdr.  guns. 

HhfllH  for  t ho  12-jjdr.  guns,  an<l  12.  24,  and  152-pdr.  howit/.cr  and  mountain  howitzer. 

Sjilieriml-rttiie  ulioi  for  the  6  and  12-pdr.  guns,  and  12,  21,  and  .32-pdr.  howitzer 
and  mountain  howitzer.  ' 

('(iiiiKlrrii  for  the  f)  and  12-pdr.  guns,  au^^  12,  2'1,  and  .'?2-|)dr.  howitzer  ami  moun- 
tain howitzer. 

The  projiclilo  is  attached  by  strajts  of  tin  to  a  wooden  »<il>ot.  to  whicli  is  also 
fastened  the  vnytiiiiijc-bnij  containing  the  charge,  for  the  gunc,  the  12-pdr.  howitzer, 
and  the  mountain  howitzer,  making  to;^ether  <t  round  of  fixed  nmmunition.  The 
oartrid;;c  for  the  24  and  .'<2-])dr.  howit/.cr.s  is  not  attached  to  the  sabot,  but  to  a 
tarlridijc-btock,  and  is  separate  from  the  projectile. 

Cartridge-bags. 

The  cartridge-bag  is  a  cylindrical  bag  with  a  circular  bottom,  made  of  merino  or 
nergo.  The  material  should  be  composed  entirely  uf  wool,  free  from  any  mixture 
of  thread  or  cotton,  and  of  suflSeiently  close  texture  to  prevent  the  powder  from 
sifting  through:  that  wiiich  is  twilled  is  preferred.  Flannel  is  used  when  the  other 
Ulaterialc  cannot  be  conveniently  uhtained. 

TO    Ct'T    THE    CLOTH.  k 

Implicmknts. — 2  lablcH ;  jinttcrnn,  of  hard,  well-scasoncd  wood,  or  of  sheet-iron 
or  tin,  for  the  rectangles  and  bottoms:  shfari ;  chalk  or  colored  crnyont. 

A  marker  and  assistant  spread  out  the  cloth  on  the  table  in  two  thicknesses,  and 
make  it  fast  at  each  end  of  the  table  on  three  or  four  hooks  driven  in  the  ends  of 
the  tabic,  or  by  means  of  weights,  drawing  it  suflBciently  to  lake  out  the  folds,  and 
uo  more. 

They  murk  out  the  rectangles  and  bottoms  with  the  patterns  and  ruler,  so  dispos- 
ing and  c<imbiuing  them  as  to  cut  the  clotii  to  the  licsl  aJvaiitag"-. 

The  length  of  the  rectangle  (development  of  the  tylindtr)  should  be  taken  in  the 
direction  of  the  length  of  the  stuff,  as  it  does  not  stretch  in  that  direction.  The 
Bolvagc,  if  there  be  any,  ought  to  be  at  the  mouth  of  the  bag.  The  cutter  takes 
a  piece  thus  marked  to  another  table  and  cuts  out  the  rectangles  and  bottoms  with 
a  pair  of  .*liears.   The  l)ottoms  may  be  cut  out  with  a  hollow  punch  of  the  proper  size. 

Skwing. — Marks  for  the  seam  are  traced  on  the  rectangles  and  bottoms,  by  mi'ans 
of  patterns  of  the  proper  size.  The  seam  should  be  at  least  a  half  inch  from  the 
edge.  The  bag  is  sewed  with  woollen  yarn,  with  a  backstitch,  12  to  the  inch.  The 
edges  are  turned  down  on  the  same  side  of  the  seam  and  basted,  to  prevent  the 
powder  from  sifting  through;  the  edges  of  the  bottom  are  basted  down  upon  the 
sides.     Bags  may  be  sewed  advantageously  by  the  sewing  machine.     Bags  fur  fixed 

*  The  ammiwition  for  rifle  guns  is  nut  ^ct  fully  Uecideii  uo,  and  is,  tlicrefore,  uButted. 


SABOTS    AND    CARTRIDGE-BLOCKS.  259 

ammunition  are  gewed  to  within  .'5  inches  of  t'l  •  mouth  for  12-pihs.;  to  within  2.75 
inches  for  6-pclrs. ;  all  others,  up  to  the  mouth.     A  bag  is  given  as  a  model  to  .sew  by. 

Cartridge-hags,  when  filled,  should  pass  through  the  small  shot-guage  of  their 
calibre;  those  used  for  patterns  should  he  thus  verified.  The  empty  bags  should 
be  measured  by  laying  tiic  bag,  flattened  cut,  between  two  marks  ou  a  table,  show- 
ing the  width  of  the  pattern-bag;  a  variation  of  0.1  inch,  greater  or  less,  is  allowed. 
Reject  those  sewed  with  too  Inrge  stitches. 

Bags  for  practice  or  for  blank  cartridges  may  be  formed  i>y  sewing  together  two 
rectangular  pieces  with  semicircular  ends;  the  cloth  is  marked,  for  cutting  and 
sewing,  with  stamps  made  of  1-inch  boards  of  the  dimensions  of  the  cutting  slamp, 
with  a  strip  of  tin  or  copper  fastoned  to  the  edge  of  the  board,  and  projecting  about 
i  inch  perpendicular  to  the  side;  another  strip  parallel  to  the  first  is  inserted  in  a 
groove  i  inch  from  it:  the  edges  of  these  strips  are  made  rough,  to  retain  chalk  or 
paint  used  in  marking.  A  handle  is  placed  in  the  middle  of  the  face  opposite  to 
the  marking  strips.  Width  of  cutting  stamp  for  ]2-pdr.,  7.0  inches;  for  6-pdr.,  6 
inches.  Length,  including  semicircular  ends,  for  12-pdr.,  10.5  inches;  for  O-jxlr., 
8.5  inches. 

Packing.  —  Cartridge-bags  are  preserved  from  mnths  by  being  packed  with 
pounded  camphor  and  black  pepper,  or  dipped  in  water  with  arsenic  dissolved  in 
it,  or  a  solution  of  sulphate  of  copper,  I  lb.  of  sulphate  to  26  lbs.  of  water.  Oj^- 
they  may  be  sealed  up,  in  bundles  of  50,  in  cases  made  of  cartridge  paper,  carefully 
closed  with  strips  of  thin  paper  pasted  over  the  seams.  Each  bundle  is  marked 
with  the  number  and  kind  of  bags. 

Tliey  may  be  preserved  from  moisture  bj'  being  enveloped  in  water-proof  paper. 

Sabots  and  Cartridge-blocks. 

Subot»  and  Caitridge-hhukg  are  made  of  poplar,  basswood,  or  othdir  light,  close 
grained  wood:  it  must  be  well  seasoned,  and  should  be  clear  of  knots  and  splits. 

The  assistant  saws  the  scantling  to  the  proper  length  for  a  sabot,  roughs  it  out, 
and  marks  its  centre. 

The  turner  puts  it  in  the  lathe,  and  turns,  first  the  exterior  and  grooves,  and  then 
the  cavity  for  the  projectile. 

The  holes  for  the  handles  .are  bored  with  a  bit,  and  countersunk  on  the  inside  to 
receive  the  kuot  on  the  end  of  the  cord.  Distance  between  them  for  shells  is  1.5 
inch;  for  canisters,  2.3  inches.  Length  of  cord  for  handles,  for  shells,  12  inches; 
for  canisters,  20  inches.     Diameter  of  cord,  .15  inch. 

The  cartridge-blocks  and  sabots  for  shot  and  spherical-case  shot  for  guns  have 
one  groove.  Sabots  for  gun  canisters  and  for  the  12-pdr.  howitzer  or  mountain 
howitzer  shells,  spherical-case  shot  and  canisters  have  two  grooves.  All  the 
grooves  are  .3  inch  wide  and  .15  inch  deep.  They  are  .8  inch  apart,  from  centre 
to  centre,  for  guns,  and  ,5  inch  for  howitzers.  The  corners  and  bottoms  of  the 
grooves  are  slightly  rounded. 


260  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

The  dimensions  of  finished  sabots  and  Mocks  are  verified  with  appropriate 
gauges.     For  dimensions,  cee  page  2()0. 

A  dny'»  wurk. — One  man  can  make  3j0  sabots  for  6  or  12-pdr.  gun, 

or  300       "        "  field  howitzers, 
or  600  cartridge-blocks,  small  charge,  tn 

or  700  cartridge-blocks,  large  charge.  -"^ik 

Straps. 

Straps  are  made  of  sheet-tin.  For  nhot  there  arc  two  straps  crossing  at  riirht 
angles,  one  passing  through  a  slit  in  the  middle  of  the  other.  For  nhrlh  there  are 
four  straps  factcncd  to  a  ring  of  sheet-tin,  picrce<l  with  4  slits,  thr<iugli  wliicb  the 
ends  of  tiic  straps  are  i^nssed  and  foldeil  down  on  the  under  side. 

The  sheet  of  tin  is  first  cut  to  a  length  equal  to  that  of  the  stra]>s.  and  if  the 
straps  are  for  shot,  a  line  is  drawn,  dividing  it  into  two  e(|iial  parts,  to  mark  the 
place  for  the  slit.  The  straps  are  cut  with  circular  shears.  If  such  be  not  at  band, 
the  width  of  the  strap  is  marked  on  the  sheet,  is  cut  with  tinners"  shearc,  and 
straightened  on  a  bench  with  a  mallet. 

The  slits  arc  made  with  a  cold-chi.-'el  on  a  bluck  of  Icail,  and  a  str«|»  not  slit  is 
passed  through,  and  .^et  flat  by  a  blow  of  the  hammer. 

Ring  Si. 

liivijH  arc  cut  from  sheet-tin  by  means  of  two  punches:  the  first  having  the 
diameter  of  the  exterior  and  the  other  that  of  the  interior  of  the  ring.  The  slits  are 
made  with  a  cold-chisel,  and  the  required  concavit}'  to  fit  the  ball  is  given  by  ham- 
mering on  a  block  of  lead  having  a  concave  surface.  The  ends  of  the  straps  are 
passed  through  the  slits,  folded  down,  and  set  flat.  Dimeiition*  of  rings:  exterior 
diameter,  3. 'J5 ;  interior  diameter,  1.70. 

Strapping  Shot  and  Shells. 

Impi.kments. — 1  hrtich  ;  '2  pani,  containing  natU  O.-O.*)  inch  long,  with  f-troug,  flat 
beads  0.2  inch  diameter;  buxt  and  barrels,  for  straps  and  sabots:  4  /mmmrr*,  for 
strapping;  1  common  hnmmrr  ;  A  piinrhn  ;  ahot-gawjet,  of  each  calibre;  1  g'lH'jf  for 
each  calibre.  0.04  inch  greater  than  the  largest  shot-gauge,  through  which  the  shot 
should  pass  aft*r  it  is  strapped;  tine  or  ragt,  for  wi[iing  balls;  1  trheelbarrote ;  1 
tarpaulin,  if  the  shop  have  not  a  plank  floor. 

A  helper  knocks  ofl"  the  scales  from  the  balls  with  a  hammer,  cleans  and  dries  the 
interior  of  the  shells,  if  requisite,  wipes  the  balls,  and  gauges  them  both  before  and 
after  they  are  strapped. 

The  workman,  sitting  astride  the  bench,  places  the  shot  or  shell  in  the  cavity  of 
the  sabot,  the  roughest  part  of  the  shot  down,  the  fuie-hole  of  the  shell  tm  top,  ia 
th«  axis  of  the  sabot.  The  ball  should  rest  on  the  bottom  of  the  cavity  (it  can  b« 
told  from  the  sound,  by  striking  on  the  bottom  of  the  sabot  with  a  hammer) ;  if  it  da 


SPHERICAL-CASE    SHOT.  261 

not,  the  sabot  is  rejected.  The  workman  places  the  junction  of  the  straps  in  the 
axis  of  the  sabot,  or  the  ring  concentric  with  the  fuze-hole  of  the  shell ;  beginning 
with  the  strap  which  is  not  slit,  he  forces  the  end  of  it  into  the  groove  of  the  sabot 
with  the  back  of  the  hammer,  punches  it,  and  nails  it;  he  then  draws  the  other  end 
tight,  punches  it,  and  nails  it,  in  the  same  manner.  He  disposes  the  other  strap 
perpendicular  to  the  first,  nails  it  to  the  sabot  as  he  did  the  first,  cuts  off  the  super- 
fluous length,  and  with  the  hammer  and  side  of  the  cold-chisel  sets  the  straps  in 
close  to  the  ball  at  the  top  of  the  sabot. 

The  sabots  for  32  and  24-pounder  field  howitzers  having  no  groove,  each  strap  is 
fastened  by  1  nail  on  the  side  and  2  under  the  bottom  of  (he  sabot. 

A  day's  tnirk. — Two  men  can  strap,  in  10  hours,  130  shot,  or  Tf)  shells,  cutting  the 
tin  from  the  sheet. 

Thk  boxkr  mode. — Uore  a  hole,  .2  inch  in  diameter,  .\-'>  inch  deep,  in  the  shot; 
enlarge  the  hole  at  bottom.  Take  a  copper  rivet  .2  inch  diameter,  hollow  out  the 
end,  leaving  the  length  of  the  rivet  .25  inch  greater  than  the  least  thickness  of  the 
sabot;  bore  a  hole  in  the  centre  of  the  sabot  for  the  rivet,  with  a  countersink  for  the 
head;  place  the  shot  in  the  sabot,  the  hole  down;  insert  the  rivet  in  the  sabot, 
making  it  enter  the  hole  in  the  shot;  strike  the  head  of  the  rivet  a  blow  with 
a  hammer  to  upset  the  end  of  the  rivet  and  fasten  the  sabot. 

Another  mode. — If  tin  or  sheet-iron  cannot  be  procured,  straps  may  be  made  of 
ttroiig  cauvtif,  1  inch  wide,  sewed  at  the  point  of  crossing.  The  part  of  the  ball 
which  is  to  be  inserted  in  the  sabot  is  dipped  in  glue;  the  straps  are  also  glued  to 
the  ball ;  the  ends  are  doubled  into  the  groove  and  secured  by  2  nails  in  each  end. 
Another  method  is  to  wrap  round  the  ball  a  band  of  canvas  1  inch  wide,  one  half  of 
which  is  glued  to  the  ball,  the  other  to  the  sabot;  or  the  shot  may  be  kept  in  place 
by  merely  tying  the  cartridge-bag  over  the  top  of  it. 

Charging  Shells. 

Matertai.s. —  Ri'fe  or  mttuket  powder  ;  pliigx  ;  fuzes;   chnlk. 

Imi'Lkmk.nts. — 1/iiniiel;  powder  measure,  to  hold  the  required  charges :  1  wooden 
sfrai(/lil-edi/e ;    lurcfe  howl  ;  fuze-wrench. 

The  shells,  having  been  properly  cleaned,  dried,  tapped  to  receive  the  plug  and 
the  fuze,  and  attached  to  the  sabots,  are  placed  in  two  rows.  The  workman  fills  the 
measure  with  powder,  strikes  it  level  with  the  straight-edge,  and  pours  it  in  the 
shell  ;  the  assistant  holds  the  funnel,  and  marks  the  shell  with  chalk  when  filled,  to 
prevent  mistakes.  The  assistant  screws  in  the  plug.  The  workman  puts  a  little 
white  lead  on  the  threads  of  the  fuze,  punches  4  or  ii  small  holes  in  the  tin  disk,  and 
screws  the  fuze  firmly  into  the  shell,  the  assistnnt  holding  the  shell  to  prevent  it 
from  turning. 

Spherical-case  Shot. 

The  shot  leaving  been  cleaned  and  inspeete<l.  the  upper  part  of  the  fuze-hole  is 
tapped  to  receive  the  fuze;  the  small  hole  is  tapped  to  receive  the  plug. 


20:i  ORDNANCK    MANUAL. 

TO    FILL    THE    SHKLI,. 

Matkrials. — Sphcn'ral,  leaden  balls,  calibre  .59  inch;   nnlphiir  ;  Unbred  oil. 

Utknsils. — 1  kettle  ;  1  ladle  ;  1  iron  funnel,  the  neck  chiiseil  with  the  threads  of 
jt  screw,  to  fit  the  smiill  part  of  the  fuze-hole. 

F'li.LiNf)  THK  siiKLL. — Corcf  the  lead  halls  with  linseed  oil,  and  fill  the  shell  with 
them,  pushinp  (he  upper  halls  aside  with  the  fingers  or  .a  A'wV,  to  get  in  as  many  aa 
poBsihle.  Warm  the  shell  gently,  and  screw  the  neck  of  the  funnel  into  the  fu«o- 
hole  :  jioiir  in  the  niclted  sulphur,  filling  the  shell. 

To  MAKK  THP,  CHAMBF.R  KoR  THK  cnAKGE. — Chuck  the  shot  in  a  lathe;  screw  tho 
funnel  into  the  fuze-hole,  to  protect  the  threads  from  being  injured  hy  the  auger,  and 
with  a  common  screw  auger  bore  a  hole  in  the  axis  of  the  shell  to  tho  bottom. 
Diameter  of  the  auger,  .7.')  inch. 

Lacker  the  shot  and  strap  it;  paint  the  ring  around  the  fuze-hcde  red. 

To  cnAnoK  tiik  shot. — Fill  the  chamber  with  musket  powder,  ramming  it  slightly 
with  a  wooden  drift  and  light  mallet:  screw  in  the  iron  jdug,  leaving  its  tf)p  flush 
with  the  bottom  of  the  large  portion  of  the  fuze-hole,  and  lay  over  it  a  thin  leather 
washer  with  a  hole  in  the  centre;  fill  the  lude  in  the  j>hig  and  washer  wiih  rifle 
powder;  punch  4  or  •')  small  holes  in  the  tin  disk  in  the  bottom  of  the  fuze;  put  a 
little  white  lead  on  the  threads  of  the  fuze,  and  screw  tho  fuze  firmly  into  the  shell. 

Fix  the  spherical-case  shot  the  same  as  round  shot. 

Canisters.     (Plate  31.) 

A  canioler  for  jield  serrice  consists  of  a  tin  cj'lindcr  attached  to  a  sabot  and  filled 
with  CHst-iron  shot.     For  the  dimensions  of  CaniKter  Shot,  see  Chapter  II. 

Canisters  fir  the  mountain  howitzer  are  filled  with  lead  balls. 

Mateiuals. — Sheets  of  tin,  0.02  inch  to  .025  inch  thick  (double  tin);  soft  solder; 
rosin;  culots  of  rolled  iron,  .2!)  inch  thick;  carers  of  sheet-iron,  0.07  inch  thick  for 
the  guns  and  12-pdr.  howitzers,  and  .1  inch  thick  for  the  24  and  32-pdr.  howitzers; 
sabots;   tncks. 

Uten'SILS. — Paltcrun ;  tracinij  point;  shears;  e</linder  of  hard  wood;  mallet / 
gain/es;  furnace;  solderintj   iron;   hammer ;  pnnch. 

To  MAKE  THE  CYLINDER. — The  Workman  marks  out  the  rectangle  on  tjje  sheet  with 
the  ]iattern  ;  cuts  it,  aud  traces  the  line  for  the  lap  :  he  draws  a  line  parallel  to  the 
long  side  of  the  rectangle,  .4  to  .5  inch  from  it,  for  the  length  of  the  slits.  It  ia 
then  bent  round  the  /«rme*-,  the  edge  brought  to  the  line  of  the  lap,  clamjied  and 
soldered. 

If  lumps  of  solder  be  left,  they  arc  filed  down.  The  cylinder  is  made  round,  and 
gauged  on  the  exterior  with  the  large  shot-gauge  of  the  calibre,  and  the  interior  with 
a  cylinder  of  a  diameter  0.02  inch  less  than  that  given  in  the  table,  which  should 
enter  the  canister:  if  it  be  not  of  the  right  size,  it  is  unsoldered  and  soldered  over  again. 

The  slits  arc  made,  and  the  sabot  inserted  and  nailed  with  6  to  8  nails. 

Before  filling  the  canister,  dip  the  tin  cj'linder  into  a  lacker  of  beeswax  dissolved 
in  spirits  of  turpentine,  to  prevent  it  from  rusting.  Coat  the  balls  and  the  plates 
with  paint  or  coal  tar. 


FIXING   AMMUNITION.  263 

Filling  canisters. — The  workman,  sitting  astride  the  bench,  places  the  canister 
upright  in  front  of  him,  inserts  the  iron  bottom  and  places  it  flat  on  the  .sabot,  puts 
in  a  tier  of  balls,  fills  the  interstices  with  dry,  sifted  saw-dust,  packs  it  with  a,  pointed 
stick  so  that  the  balls  will  hold  by  themselves,  and  throws  out  the  loose  saw-dust; 
he  places  another  tier  of  balls,  each  ball  lying  in  the  interval  between  two  ball.s  of 
the  lower  tier,  and  proceeds  in  the  same  manner  until  the  canister  is  filled;  covers 
the  upper  tier  with  saw-dust;  puts  on  the  cover,  places  on  it  one  of  the  iron  Ixittoms 
furnished  with  a  handle,  and  strikes  it  with  a  small  mallet  in  order  to  compress  the 
saw-dust;  then  removes  this  bottom,  and  turns  down  the  slit  pieces  of  the  canister 
over  the  cover,  with  a  hammer.  In  the  canisters  for  the  6  and  12-pdr.  guns  the 
centre  ball  of  the  last  tier  is  omitted.  When  the  canister  is  finished,  verify  it^« 
diameter  with  the  large  shot-gauge  of  the  same  calibre. 

'  Cylinders  and  Caps. 

For  the  greater  security  of  field  annnunitiou,  the  cartridges  are  covered  with  paper 
cylinders  and  caps.  The  cap  is  drawn  oflT  at  the  moment  of  loading  the  piece,  and 
in  using  solid  shot  it  may  be  placed  over  the  shot,  to  diininisTi  the  windage.  A 
cylinder  and  a  cap  are  formed  together  by  folding  the  paper  over  &  formn-,  which 
allows  a  lap  of  about  0.7.')  inch  for  pasting.  The  requisite  length  for  the  cylinder  i.s 
cut  off  from  the  smaller  end;  the  rest  forms  the  cap,  which  is  choked,  at  the  end 
from  which  the  cylinder  is  cut,  on  a  njlindrical  former  which  has  a  groove  around 
it  marking  the  length  from  the  rounded  end  for  cutting  the  cap.  The  former  should 
be  bored  throug^i  the  a.xis  with  a  .5  inch  hole  to  facilitate  drawing  off  the  cap. 

The  caps  for  shells  are  stained  black  ;  for  spherical-case  shot,  red  ;  for  shot,  not 
colored. 

Fixing  Ammunition. 

Imtlements.  — /)'rt)-ci/j,-  for  jiowdcr  ;  1  fiiinirl ;  1  set  of  powder  measures;  1 
straiyhtedye,  to  strike  the  measures  with;  barrels;  ttibn,  foi  mod  of  barrels  sawed 
in  two,  or  ioares  for  the  cartridge-bags  ;  2  trtrpaiillns  ;  2  benches;  }2  choking  sticks, 
6  with  holes  in  them  and  G  slit;  6  kiiiccs;  6  hand-barrows,  with  four  legs  and  a 
box,  and  tarpaulinis  to  cover  them;  calibre-gauf/es,  for  the  cartridge-bags  and  for 
fi.\e<l  ammunition  (they  may  be  made  of  wool);  6  stools;  1  whcvlbarroic  ;  1  mallet; 
1  copper  chixcl ;  1  copper  drift,  or  a  wrench,  to  open  powder  barrels. 

Fixing  shot,  or  sphkuical-cask,  for  field  guns. — The  bags  should  be  filled 
in  the  small  magazine  or  filling  room.  The  assistant  holds  the  pipe  of  the  funnel 
in  the  mouth  of  the  bag  with  both  hands,  the  bag  pressed  close  against  the  pipe. 
The  gauger  heaps  up  the  measui'c  with  powder,  strikes  it  level  with  the  straight- 
edge, and  pours  it  into  the  funnel.  M'^hcu  about  '25  bags  are  filled,  the  gauger 
takes  a  filled  bag  with  one  hand,  squeezing  the  bag  upon  the  powder  ;  he  gives  it  a 
blow  with  the  other  hand  on  the  top  and  bottom  of  the  bag,  twisting  the  month  of 
the  bag  down  upon  the  powder  at  the  samn  time  ;  ho  then  trios  it  with  the  amlVU 
gauge,  through  which  it  should  pass  with  not  more  than  ().2.'J  inc^h  play;  should  it 
not  do  this,  the  bag  is  emptied  and  rejected.     These  bags,  filled  and  gauged,  are 


2(54  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

placed  uprijrhf  in  a  tub  or  box,  and  earrii-d  by  the  araujjers  into  the  finishinj^  room, 
where  the  men  iiro  placed  in  pairs,  sitting;  astride  on  a  bench,  fai'in;j  each  other. 
One  of  thctn  opens  a  hag  and  level?  the  ])o\vilcr,  the  other  inserts  the  cabof  of  a 
strapped  shot  S'liiure  upon  the  powder  and  draws  up  the  end  of  the  bag  over  the 
shot;  the  first  man  parses  about  four  feet  of  twine  through  the  pierced  stick,  and 
maken  two  turns  and  a  double  hitch  with  the  end  at  the  top  of  the  sabot ;  he  makes 
»knot  ill  the  en<l  of  the  twine,  inserts  it  into  the  slit  in  the  other  choking  stick, 
and  tightens  the  double  hitch  by  rolling  the  twine  on  the  sticks  and  bearing  upon 
the  sabot  :  he  then  takes  out  the  end  of  the  twine  from  the  slit,  ties  it  in  a  hard 
knot,  which  he  tightens  with  the  assistance  of  the  choking  stick,  and  cuts  the 
twine  off  near  the  knot.  The  second  man  turns  down  the  muutb  of  the  bag  over 
the  sabiit,  and  the  first  makes  a  similar  tic  in  the  groove  ;  be  makes  another  tie 
below  the  sabot,  the  twine  being  lodged  between  it  and  the  powder,  to  prevent  the 
latter  from  sifting  in  between  the  bag  and  the  sabot  ;  he  then  runs  the  paper 
cjlinder  over  the  cartridge  and  sabot,  leaving  about  two  inches  of  the  end  of  the 
cartridge  uncovered,  and  he  makes  a  tie,  similar  to  the  others,  in  the  groove  of 
the  sabot.  He  now  liolds  the  shot  in  the  left  hand  and  examines  it,  striking  the 
sabot  with  the  right  hand,  if  necessary,  to  bring  it  straight;  if  the  shot  be  properly 
fixed,  the  sabot  and  the  bag  will  have  the  same  axis  ;  the  seams  should  be  between 
two  straps,  and  the  knots  should  be  neither  on  the  seams  nor  on  the  straps. 

The  assistants  pass  the  cartridges  through  the  large  gauge,  which  is  O.Ot  inch 
larger  than  the  large  gauge  for  the  shot.  If  the  size  be  correct,  they  put  on  the 
paper  cap,  lay  the  cartri<lges  on  their  sides  in  the  box  of  the  bnnd-barrow,  and 
carry  them  to  the  magazine.  Those  which  will  not  |iass  through  the  gauge  are 
banded  back  to  the  fixers,  who  cut  the  strings  and  put  them  up  anew. 

Can  intent  /or  Fiilil  Ouim  are  fixed  in  the  same   manner  as  shot,  except  that  the 
llrst  tie  is  made  in  the  upper  groove  of  the  sabot ;  the  cylinder  is  tied  in  the  lower  ' 
groove.     The  caps  must  be  cut  somewhat  shorter  than  those  for  short  cartridges. 

For  the  \2-pilr.  Field  Hoiritzer. — The  shells.  Spherical-case,  and  canisters  are 
fixed  in  the  same  manner  as  the  gun  canisters. 

For  the  Mountain  Howitzer. — The  sabots  having  but  one  groove,  the  first  tie  is 
omitted,  and  the  cartridge  is  covered  with  a  cap  only. 

For  the  3'2-pt/r.  and  2i-p(ir.  Hnwitzem. — The  cartridge  is  not  attached  to  the  pro- 
jectile. The  cartridge-block  is  inserted  with  the  grooved  end  next  to  the  powder, 
and  a  tie  made  in  the  groove  ;  the  mouth  of  the  bag  is  then  turned  down,  and 
another  tie  is  made  between  the  cartridge-block  and  the  powder  :  the  superfluoua 
part  of  the  bag  is  cut  off,  and  the  cartridge  is  covered  with  its  cylinder  and  cap,  a« 
in  other  cases. 

When  the  shot  is  attached  to  the  sabot  by  a  single  band  <>f  canvas,  or  when  if  is 
placed  in  the  sabot  without  any  strap,  the  cartridge-bag  is  drawn  over  it  and  tied 
on'top;  for  this  purpose,  the  bag  should  have  ap  additional  length  of  from  2i  to  3 
inches. 

When  sabots  cannot  be  obtained,  place  upon  the  powder  a  layer  of  tjw  about  0.8  Jfe*' 


PACKING    AMMTTXITION-BOXES.  200 

inch  thick,  forming  a  hcd  for  the  shot  :  tic  the  hag  over  the  shot  and  around  the 
tow;  the  bag  requires  to  he  1  inch  longer  than  for  strapped  shot. 

Pdc/iiiKj  Field  Ammnnition. 

Packing-Boxen  for  fiehl  aninmnition  are  made  of  well  seasoned  stuff  (generally 
white  pine),  1  25  inch  thick,  dovetailed,  with  the  tenon  on  the  ends.  The  top  of 
the  box  is  fastened  wilh  six  :2-inch  screws;  the  l>ox  has  two  handles  of  l^-inch 
rope,  attached  to  brackets  at  the  ends. 

The  bo.xes  are  painted  on  the  outside  different  colors,  to  indicate  the  contents  of 
the  box.  Those  containing  shot  are  painted  olive;  shells,  black;  spherical-case 
shot,  red ;  and  canisters,  a  litjhl  di-uh.  The  kind  of  ammunition  is  marked  on  each 
end,  in  large  white  letters.  The  place  and  date  of  fabrication  are  marked  on  the 
inside  of  the  cover. 

Manner  of  Packing  Ammunition- Boxes. 

For  Gi'NS. — Shot,  Spherical -case,  and  VauiHters,  Ji.red. — Laid  in-  two  tiers  across 
the  box,  the  shot  or  canisters  alternating  with  the  cartridges  at  each  side.  The  shot 
or  canisters  of  the  upper  tier  rest  on  those  of  the  lower,  and  not  on  the  cartridges. 

Fob  2.'?-pdr.  Ano  24-1'1)I{.  nowirzERS. — Shells  and  Spherical-cane  »S7tof. ^Placed 
upright,  the  balls  down,  resting  on  strips  of  wood  about  .25  inch  thick,  placed 
lengthwise  of  the  box  and  nailed  to  the  bottom,  so  as  to  prevent  the  fuzes  from  bear- 
ing on  the  bottom  of  the  box.  Tbe  balls  are  held  down  by  small  strips  of  wood 
tacked  with  sprigs  to  the  sides  of  the  box,  over  the  sabots.  Tbe  cartridges  are  laid 
on  the  top  of  the  sabots. 

CnnititcrK  arc  packed  in  the  same  manner,  omitting  the  strips  of  wood  in  the  bot- 
tom of  the  box.  ^ 

For  12-PnR.  FIELD  and  sroUNTAl.V  howitzers. — Shells  and  Spherical-case  Shot, 
fixed. — Placed  upright,  the  balls  down,  resting  on  strips  of  wood,  as  for  the  other 
howitzers. 

Canisters  are  packed  in  the  same  manner,  resting  on  the  bottom  of  the  box. 

For  RiKi.En  guns. —  Case  Shot,  fjred. — Placed  upright,  the  balls  down,  resting 
on  strips  of  wood,  as  for  the  howitzers.  The  iron  part  of  the  balls  rests  against 
strips  of  wood  4  inches  wide  and  .2.5  inch  thick,  nailed  to  the  side  and  ends  of  the 
box  at  the  bottom,  and  similar  strips  placed  between  the  rows  of  the  balls,  to  prevent 
the  soft  metal  cujis  from  bearing  against  the  box  or  against  each  other  and  being 
bruised. 

Canisters,  ji.ved,  are  packed  in  the  same  manner  as  the  case  shot,  omitting  the 
strips  of  wood  on  the  bottom  of  the  box. 

In  all  the  boxes,  the  small  stores  are  placed  in  the  vacant  spaces  on  top  of  the 
ammnnition. 

A  layer  of  tow  is  placed  in  the  bottom  of  each  box,  and  the  whole  coBtents  are 
well  packed  in  tow,  filling  the  box  so  as  to  be  pressed  down  by  the  cover.  About  3 
lbs.  of  tow  are  required  for  a  box. 


Ammunition  for  Field 


Cbamk  or  POWDER  \  jy«.'K»'* '!"'• 

t  livlKllt  III. 


('AaTitincK 


lyOAMNO  flHKLLR  AND 
HI-HKHICAL-CASR... 


Kadot 


n.\o  -i  "      1  wKltli  ... 

(itottoiii.  ilmnn'tcr  .... 
,     (  Wi-iKht  .. 
■{        ••       <.l 
■■■  (^Numl>er  i 

I  whole 

<  roiiinil  pari 
I  rylilKlrit-ul 


WiMKht  of  jMiwdcrt <>'• 

-j        ••       of  Kiil|iliiir " 

(Numl>er  uf  balU 

in 

part " 

"  part '• 

KrcalcNt '• 

Ht  lioltoni " 

of  cylindpr  " 

[  liott'otn  of  colli' » " 

Ciivlly  for  I  dcplli " 

liiill (  rniliuH " 

[  Didt.  fr.  mid.  lowur  uroo^-o  of  snii.  to  l»ot.  " 

(  IltiKlil " 


H.iKlit  of 


Diameter  . 


,     /  I-<>n(tth  . 
'••tWi<ltli 
( 


(  From  middle  groove  to  bot... 


Straps 

Kl^(a.o  ...  -'  Diamrtpr. 


( exterior 

(  interior  

Woifflit  of  Ballot.  HirnpH.  riiipt.  naiU or.. 

Weight  of  Kliut  or  hIuOI.  rt-ady  for  fixiiiK  etc,....  lbs. 
(  leii;;lli.  including  lap.,    in 

Cylinder  .*■;  heiuht " 

(  fnli-rior  diameter '* 

Dianii-ter  of  top  ami  iHiltoni  plate  ..     " 

Canihtkrs.  {  Tliirlineii*  of  hIii-cI  iron  rover " 

v..~i    .    f  '  shot  in  each  tie" 

^"■"l"'^"^!  whole  of  Khot  ..., 

Whole  height,  inrlnding  shot in. 

Meicht.  tiiiidhed.     -  "     lbs. 

Diameter  of  pauftesi  for  fixed  animanition #.    in. 

I'apkr  fur  a  cylinder  (  LeTitrtli  developed   " 

AND  CAI" 'l  Height " 

Height  of  cylinder.  Impe  charge " 

"  small     "         " 

(  Lenifth  handle  excluded...     " 

Formers  forctlin-  I  Width  at  larjie  end " 

DKRs  AND  CAPS  ...  |  "'       Small  end  " 

(Thickness " 

CrLIXDRlCAL    rORMRII   (  Length    " 

FOR  CHOKING  CAPS..')  Diamrtur '" 

Distance  from  end  of  f -rrner  to  proove  " 

fWliole  height  raj*  includ'd  " 

PlXCD  AMMUNITION-'  Hei;rlil  of  charge. •' 

(WeiKht  of  whole lbs. 

...         ,.   Cleneth Id. 

Tnteru.r     .i-'     i.,„, .. 

n>ensK.ns...  ^j,.|,„,  .. 

p*«.Ko-.ox:..^  Weight .{ ;Xd:.::.-.v.v:::  '^" 

Contents    of  Juiinilter  of  rounds  ... 

each  bux...  (friction-primers  

Color 


•  One  inch  allowe.l  f  t  the  penm  in  length  of  rectangle  and  diameter  of  bottum:  haif  an  loch 

21  oniic-«     tlie  L!l-i.oiiii.lir.  1'"  .>uiiccs:  and  the  \i  pounder,  8  oflnces.  *  One  port-fire 

,  Six  small  and  one  large  cartridges. 


and  Mountain  Service. 


HOWITZERS. 


3.25 
C.25 


l-pounder, 


.■>.■':' 

6.2.1 
14.2 
10.0 

5.25 
1.4 
22. 
245 


24  pounder. 


2.4 

2.4 


.'i.li 
4  5 

4.5 
1.5 
3.12 

2.    or    0.75 

4.15 

0.4  or  3.75 

10.5 

.6 

3.25 

1.7S 

10. 

24.64  I  32.72 


G.31 

14  4 

12. 
5.25 
5. 

15. 
6.71 
6.6 
0.15 

10. 
4.3 
6.5 


6.25 
27.7 
12.75 
12.75 
12. 
23. 
136. 

6 
blaqk 


6.25 
35.82 
12.75 
12.75 
12. 
23. 
168. 

4 

6 
red 


5.0 
31.6 
12.75 
12.75 
15.5 
25. 
158. 


drab 


5.0 

5. 

21.5 

27. 

17.25 

17.25 

n.5 

11.5 

11.5 

11.5 

25. 

25. 

155. 

190. 

6 

6 

9 

9 

black 

rod 

4. 

23.6 
17.25 
11.5 
14.75 
2f). 
170. 


drab 


12-ponndcr. 
■|  cHsc.      ter. 


1. 

3.25' 


1.25  1 

4.0 
11.4 

7.25 

4.37 

1. 
10.6 

82 


3.2 
2. 


4.27 
3.2 


3.(i 
1.3 
2.26 
0.4 


7.5 
.45 
3.26 
1.75 


1.0 
3.25 


4.45 

2.75 
.5 
4..52 
3.2 
4.47 
3.6 


0.4 


12.5 
,    10.8 
.1  14.4 
6.2 
4.45 
4.40 
.07 
12 
48 
8.75 
10.8 


4..57 
11.0 

s. 

3. 

3. 
13. 

5.25 

5.17 

0.15 
10. 

3.3 

4. 


10. 

10.5 

3.25 

4.0 

10.5 

13.65 

22.5 

22.5 

9.25 

9.26 

10.5 

11. 

27. 

27.5 

133. 

165. 

12 

12 

18 

18 

black 

red 

12.3 

3.25 
11.85 
22.5 

9.25 
12  5 
28.5 
148. 

12 

18 
drab 


13-pdr..  inciuntniu. 

Sliell  iSpber.lCanig- 
""        ■    case.      ter. 

I    0.5    ' 

2.25 

10.42 

5.0 

4.0 

7.      I     1. 

10.5 

82 


2.7 
2. 


4.2 
2.8 


3.24 
1.3 

2.20 
0.55 


7.5 
.45 
3.25 
1.75 
5.5 
9..35  j  12.2 


4.67 
10. 

4.55 
none, 
none. 

6. 

4.5 

4.45 

0.15 

9. 

2.9 


3.75 
2.65 
.5 
4.52 
2.8 
4.47 
3.24 


9.5 
11.2 
14.4 
4. 

4.47 
4.42 
.07 
37 
148 
6.85 
11.2 


8.17 

8.17 

2.25 

2.25 

9.9 

12.0 

27.5 

27.5 

9.25 

9.25 

8.6 

8.5 

31. 

31.4 

154. 

184. 

1  i 

12 

V 

18 

black 

red 

9.4 
2.25 

11.8 

27.5 
9.25 
9.5 

32. 

175. 

12 

18 

dnib 


allowed  for  the  scam  in  Iiciglit. 

and  half"  a  yard  of  slow-match  in  oach  box. 


t  Powder  required  to  fill  flic  32-ponnder  sliell  is 
^  Four  small  and  one  large  cartridges. 


2()S  ORDNANCK    MANUAL. 

\ 

AMMUNITION  FOR  SIFXt?]  AND  GARRISON  SERVICE. 

Ammunition  for  sicKC  and  parrison  service  consists  of  carlrtdf^cn,  of  sizes  v;iry- 
ing  accoflitij;  to  circumstances,  and  the  following  projectiles,  viz  : 

S/iol  for  10  iind  8-incli  columl.iads  (model   1861),  -12,  32,  '2i.  IS  and  "S-pdr.  fruns. 

Mhrl/x  for  1(5  and  S-inch  cihiniVdads.  4'i,  32.  '2\.  IS  and  IJ-pdr.  guns.  l.'J,  10  and 
S-incli  morinrs.  h-inch  siege  and  S  and  10-inch  sea-coast  liowit/.ers. 

.V/''"'' "•"/-'■'""■  »*"'  and  cuntHter  for  10  and  8-inch  ccdumiiiads,  42,  32,  24,  lb  and 
12-pdr.  guns.  8  and  10-inch  sea-coast  and  8-inch  siege  howitzers. 

The  slielU  and  spherical-case  shot  (except  for  the  8-inch  siege  honitz.er)  and  the 
S-inch  siege  and  8ca-coast  howitzer  canisters  are  attached  to  the  sabota;  the  other 
projectiles  are  not  strapped. 

Cartridges. 

Tlie  cliarge  of  pow<lcr  for  siege  and  garrison  guns  is  cnclosod  in  a  cartridge-bag 
made  of  merino,  serge,  cotton,  or  paper,  or  of  j)aper  with  woollen  liottoms.  Dags 
made  of  wocdlen  materials  are  i)referalik',  as  they  are  not  so  liable  to  leave  fire  in 
the  guns,  and  are  more  durable  ;  but  they  arc  much  more  costly. 

Merino  or  cotton  bay  are  cut  in  two  pieces  in  the  form  of  a  rectangle  with  semi- 
circular ends,  and  sewed  together  to  form  the  bag,  as  described  in  making  bags  for 
field  service.     .See  jiage  2i8  for  the  manner  of  making  anti  preserving  them. 

Paper  botjK. — The  paper  is  cut  into  rectangles  to  form  the  cylindrical  part  of  the 
bag  —  (be  length  of  the  rectangle  being  the  development  of  the  cylinder,  allowing 
.5  inch  <in  each  si<le  for  the  lap — and  into  circles  for  the  bottoms.  The  sides  of  the 
rectangle  are  lapped  and  sewed  with  woollen  yarn  ;  one  end  of  the  bag  is  slit  with 
longitudinal  cuts,  I  inch  long,  U.75  inch  apart,  and  these  strips  are  pasted  on  the 
paper  bottom  over  a  cylindrical  former:  or  a  circular  piece  of  merino  is  sewed  in 
the  end  of  the  paper  bag,  forming  the  bottom. 

To  close  a  juiper  bag  after  being  filled,  the  open  end  is  foldeil  d<<wn  al>out  .76 
inch  wide,  and  this  fold  is  rolled  on  itself  down  to  the  powder,  and  the  part  which 
projects  beyimd  the  cylinder  is  turned  in  on  the  top  of  it.  Two  turns  are  taken 
with  strong  twine  around  the  cartridge  in  the  direction  of  its  length,  \iii°  apart, 
and  then  tied.  , 

For  mortnri.  cartridge-bags  may  be  made  in  the  same  manner  as  for  guns,  their 
dimensions  corresponding  to  those  of  the  chamber  of  the  mortar.  But,  as  the 
charge  is  generally  poured  loose  into  the  chamber,  the  bag  being  used  only  tor  car- 
rying it  to  the  mortar,  a  gun  cartridge-bag  of  any  convenient  size  may  he  used  for 
mortar  service. 

For  firing  hot  ihot,  cartridge-bags  are  made  double,  by  putting  one  bag  within 
another:  care  must  be  taken  that  the  bags  are  free  from  holes. 

For  ricochet  jiring.  or  other  occasions  when  very  small  charges  are  required,  a 
cartridge-bag  for  a  piece  of  an  inferior  calibre  may  be  used.  Or  else,  after  the  charge 
is  poured  into  the  bag,  place  on   it  another  bag  filled  with   Lay,  pressing  it  with  the 


CANISTERS. 


^M 


hands  to  reduce  the  diameter;  after  having  shaken  this  bag  down  and  rolled  and 
flattened  the  empty  part  of  the  two  bags,  tie  them  with  woollen  j'arn,  like  a  bundle 
of  musket  cartridges,  placing  the  knot  on  top. 

For  proving  ordnance,  cartridge- bags  are  made  of  cotton  cloth.  They  should  be 
of  the  full  diameter  of  the  bore  or  chamber. 

Sabots. 

Snbotii  are  required  for  the  8-inch  canisters,  for  siege  and  sea-coast  howitzers,  and 
all  shells  and  spherical-case  shot,  except  for  S-inch  siege  howitzers.  For  canisters 
and  the  smaller  guns  the  sabots  are  turned  in  a  lathe;  for  the  larger  calibres  they 
are  sawed  from  thick  pine  or  poplar  planks,  and  the  cavity  cut  in  a  lathe,  or  the 
cavity  is  first  cut  by  a  tool  of  the  proper  curvature  attached  to  the  shaft  of  the 
Daniel's  planer,  and  the  sabot  afterward  sawed  out  with  a  circular  saw. 

A  dai/'s  work. — One  man  can  make  3.50  sabots  for  a  4'2  or  32-pdr.  gun,  or  10-ineh 
columbiad,  in  10  hours;   or  400  sabots  for  a  24  or  18-pdr.  gun  or  8-ineh  columbiad. 

Cartridge-Blocks. 

Cartridge-blocks  are  required  for  the  columbiads,  model  1844,  and  the  sea-coast 
howitzers,  when  firing  with  reduced  chargei.  They  are  made  as  prescribed  for  field 
service  (see  page  259) — their  length  being  such  as  always  to  make  the  cartridge  fill 
the  chamber.  The  length  of  the  block  for  any  charge  is  easily  deduced  from  the 
length  occupied  by  1  lb.  of  powder,  as  given  in  the  table.     (See  page  274.) 

Strapping  Shells. 

The  straps  are  cut  and  made  as  prescribed  for  nhot  for  field  service,  changing  their 
dimensions.  Two  rings  or  loops  of  tin,  0.38  inch  diameter,  are  attached  securely  to 
the  slit  strap  of  the  howitzer  and  columbiad  shells,  for  the  purpose  of  attaching  a 
handle  made  of  cord  0.1.')  to  0.2.'i  inch  thick.  A  slit  is  made  in  the  strap,  through 
which  the  ends  of  the  tin  loop  are  passed  and  soldered  on  the  under  side  of  the  strap. 
For  the  handle,  pass  a  piece  of  marline  through  both  loops  and  tie  the  two  ends 
together,  leaving  such  length  that  the  hand  can  embrace  both  branches. 

The  shells  are  placed  in  the  sabot,  and  the  straps  put  on  in  such  a  manner  that  the 
fuze-hole  may  fall  in  one  of  the  angles,  between  two  straps,  and  that  the  axis  of  the 
fuze-hole  may  stand  at  an  angle  of  about  45°  with  that  of  the  sabot.  The  eyes  of 
the  shell  should  not  be  covered  by  the  straps.  The  straps  are  fastened  at  each  end 
with  2  nniln  in  the  side  and  2  in  the  bottom  of  the  sabot. 

In  loading  the  piece,  care  must  be  taken  to  place  the  fuze-hole  in  the  upper  part 
of  the  bore. 

Canisters. 

They  are  made  and  filled  like  canisters  for  field  service,  except  their  dimensions, 
and,  instead  of  being  attached  to  a  sabot,  the  lower  end  of  the  cylinder  is  slit  with 


270  ORPNAXCK    MANUAL. 

longitudinal  cuts  .■'i  inch  long  and  from  .2^1  to  .38  inch  apart,  aorordin;j:  to  tho 
calibre:  (he  nfrips  thus  formed  are  turned  down  over  a  cast-in.n  boitum  plate  li..'> 
inch  thifk. 

The  cover  Tir  these  eanintern  is  of  aheet-iron.  .1  inch  thick  :  it  has  a  hiiiidle  n.7.'i 
inches  lonfr  hy  1.7.'i  inch  wide,  made  of  iron  wire  No.  9.  fastened  to  the  cover  by  a 
Ktrap  of  sheet-iron.  2  inches  long,  1.7')  inch  wide,  secured  hy  V!  rivets  O.!.')  inch  thick. 

C'lni'trrH  for  H-inrli  mrf/i;  ii)id  Heaconut  howitzem  are  attachol  to  sabots,  the  furmer 
with  11  li:  mi-}dierical  bottom  to  fit  the  bottom  of  the  bore. 

Grape. 

A  nt.inri  ../grape  consists  of  9  shot,  put  together  by  uieans  of  "2  eait-i  >ni  lUitm, 
•2  rinij»  and  1  holt  and  nut.     (See  Plate  31.) 

The  sfjuare  of  the  nut  is  2  diameters  of  the  bolt;  it'  thickness,  1  diameter.  The 
head  of  the  bolt  is  countersink  flush  with  the  bottom  of  the  lower  plate,  which  has 
a  tint  to  prevent  the  bolt  from  turning  when  the  nut  is  screwed  on.  Each  plate  has 
.on  the  inside  3  beds  for  the  shot,  of  a  depth  c<iual  to  half  the  thickness  of  the  plate; 
they  are  made  in  the  form  of  a  spherical  segment,  the  curvature  of  which  is  the  same 
as  that  of  the  shot;  their  centres  are  ou  equidistant  radii,  midway  between  the  edge 
of  the  bolt-hole  and  that  of  the  plate.  In  the  ui.j.er  jdate  are  2  holes  n.2r)  inch 
diameter,  placed  opposite  to  each  other  at  0..')  inch  from  the  edge  of  the  plate,  to 
receive  a  rope  haudle. 

For  llie  8-i/ic/i  »ea-coasl  howitzer  the  stand  of  grape  mu.<t  be  attached  to  a  conical 
gabot.  The  sabot  is  4.2.')  inches  long,  7.S.'3  inches  diameter  at  the  large  ond,  and  6.4 
inches  at  the  small  eud.  The  sabot  may  be  fastened  to  the  lower  pUtc  with  .•screws, 
or  the  boll  may  be  uiade  long  enough  to  pass  through  it,  or  else  ihe  sabot  may  be 
iutfei  ted  iuto  the  piece  separately  from  the  stand  of  grape. 

Filling  Shells. 

WonKMEN. — 1  nion  to  fill ;   1  helper. 

MateiuALS. — Powder;   cylinders  of  rork-fire  ;   londed  fitzet;  fnte-pl'irj*  ;  tow. 

Imi'LEMKSTS. — 1  pnir  of  nhell -hooks ;  1  handspike;  2  hnnd-hamniers ;  2  tempera 
(pieces  of  sword  blade);  2  tuw  hooks  ;  2  pairs  of  pincers;  rags  ;  1  cAi'«e/and  1  m'lUet, 
to  clean  the  shells  and  break  up  any  hard  substance  that  may  be  found  in  the  inte- 
rior:  2  searchers,  for  sounding  cavities  ;  shell-tjauges  ;  1  grate,  to  dry  the  Bhella  on  ; 
\  fiite-saw  ;  1  gimlet ;  a  ring  of  rope,  or  a  hollow  block  ;  \  funnel ;  powder  measnre*  ; 
1  fut,  or  vessel  for  powder:  2  baskets,  for  the  composition  and  fuzes  ;  1  rasp  ;  1  fuze- 
setter  ;   \  mallet ;   \  fuze-reamer. 

The  shells  are  cleaned  inside  and  out,  gauged  and  examined  that  they  have 

no   defects  that   would   cause  their  rejection;  that  the   fuze-hole   is   not  defaced; 

if  there  be  water  in  the  cavity,  the  shell  is  dried  by  a  gentle  heat  and  cooled  slowly. 

To  FitL  SHELLS  FOR  GUNS  OR  HOWiTZEKS. — The  helper  places  the  shell  on  tbe 

block  or  ring  of  rope,  the  fuze-hole  uppermoet,  inserts  the  fuze-plug  and  drives  it  in 


WADS.  271 

till  the  top  is  flush  with  the  surface  <if  the  .shell  :  (he  firincipal  reams  out  the  hole  lo 
its  proper  size,  the  helper  holding  the  shell  to  prevent  it  from  turning.  The  helper 
inserts  the  pipe  of  the  funnel  in  the  fuze-plug,  and  the  principal  pours  in  the 
powder  and  closes  the  hole  with  a  wad  of  dry  tow  rammed  in  securely,  leaving  a 
portion  of  it  projecting  out. 

When  cylinders  of  rock-fire  or  other  combustibles  arc  used,  they  arc  inserted  before 
the  fuze  plug  is  driven. 

To  Kitr,  MOiiTAR  SHRi.i.s. — Shells  arc  generally-  filled  and  the  fu7,cs  driven  in  the 
battery  magazines,  as  they  are  required. 

The  helper  places  the  shell  on  a  ring  of  rope  ami  inserts  the  pipe  of  the  funnel  in 
the  fuzc-hoIe;  the  principal  pours  in  the  bursting  charge,  introduces  the  cylinders 
of  rock-fire,  and  pushes  them  aside  with  a  small  stick,  that  they  may  not  be  in  the 
way  of  the  fuze  when  driven  in.  He  then  inserts  the  fuze,  which  should  enter  to 
within  half  an  inch  of  the  top,  and  with  a  mallet  and  fuze-setter  drives  it  so  that  the 
end  of  the  fuze  shall  project  not  more  than  0.2  incli. 

To  OUT  THE  FUZK. — The  fuze  is  cut  to  the  proper  length,  according  to  the  range, 
before  it  is  driven  into  the  shell,  by  resting  it  in  a  groove  made  in  a  block  to  receive 
it  and  hold  it  steady,  the  saw  running  in  a  cut  made  for  it;  or  the  fuze  may  be  bored 
through  to  the  composition  witli  a  gimlet,  at  the  i>roper  length. 

To  fire  6  or  Vl-pdr.  Shells  fr on}  Mortars  of  largf  calibre. 

This  kind  of  fire  is  intended  only  for  short  distances,  as  in  the  defence  of  <a  breach, 
and  supersedes  tho  use  of  the  stone-mortar. 

Take  a  strong  tub  or  half  barrel,  provided  with  two  strong  rope  handles,  and  add 
a.  second  bottom  on  the  outside,  bringing  it  flush  with  the  ends  of  the  staves  to 
which  it  is  nailed. 

To  this  bottom  nail  another,  made  of  a  single  piece  of  wide  'i-iuch  plank,  of 
suflicient  length  to  support  the  ends  of  the  staves.  A  block  of  light,  dry  wood,  of 
the  diameter  and  length  of  the  bore,  is  attached  to  the  bottom  of  the  barrel  or  tub 
by  nails,  and  the  lower  end  of  the  block  which  goes  next  to  the  charge  is  covered 
with  sheet-iron. 

Tho  fuzes  of  the  shells  are  cut,  driven,  uncapped,  and  the  shells  placed  in  the 
barrel,  the  fuzes  turned  down.  When  the  boU<im  tier  is  finished,  a  second  one  is 
laid;  and  so  on  to"  the  last,  which  is  covered  over  with  hay  which  is  rammed  in  to 
keep  the  projectiles  in  place. 

Tho  charge  of  powder  is  put  in  the  mortar,  the  proper  elevation  and  direction  arc 
given,  and  the  barrel  or  tub,  loaded,  is  raised  by  the  handles,  the  block  wiped  clean 
and  introduced  into  the  bore  and  set  home. 

Wads. 

Wads  are  used  in  firing  hot  shot,  and  to  prevent  the  ball  fmm  rolling  out  in 
firing  at  a  depression. 

Matkriai.S. — Jrmk  or  hny.  marline. 


272  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Imtlemexts. — 1  wad-mould,  with  two  holes  for  each  calibre,  innile  of  c&st-irun 
cylinders  set  in  oak,  or  of  two  strong  piece?  of  oak  strjippcd  wilii  iron  and  joined  by 
a  binge  ;  1  dri/l  for  ditto  ;   1  maul. 

To  MAKB  WAns. — The  bay  or  junk,  after  buviiig  been  picked,  i*  coinpresiJcd  by 
being  beaten  in  the  umaller  mould  until  it  nssumes  the  rel)ui^ite  dimenNioDH  ;  it  ir 
then  taken  out,  by  raising  the  upper  part  of  the  mould,  and  wrapped  clonely  with 
ropc-jarn  pacwed  over  it  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  <>f  the  cylinder  and  factcucd  by 
a  few  turns  round  the  middle  of  the  wad  ;  after  which  it  is  placed  in  the  large 
mould  and  again  beaten  with  the  maul  an<l  drift:  the  diameter  of  the  wad  when 
finished  is  verified  with  a  wooden  gauge  corre.-poncling  to  the  large  gauge  of 
the  i<hot. 

lu  firing  hot  shut,  a  «lry  wad  is  put  next  to  the  powder,  and  then  a  wad  wbieh 
has  been  tioaked  in  water  for  a  quarter  of  an  hour  and  has  been  permitted  t<>  drip 
for  several  minutes,  is  placed  between  the  dry  wad  and  the  ball :  or  the  wet  wad 
may  be  replaced  by  one  of  clay.  It  should  be  made  one  calibre  in  length,  of  olajr 
free  from  snnd  or  gravel,  slightly  moistened  and  kneaded. 

Riug-inidn  or  grommrit  are  to  1,10  preferred  where  the  object  of  a  wad  in  merely  to 
retain  the  ball  in  its  place.  They  consist  of  a  ring  of  rope-yarn,  about  0.7  inch 
thick,  with  two  pieces  of  strong  twine  tied  ai-ro»s  it  at  right  angles  with  each 
other.  The  size  of  the  ring  is  the  full  diameter  of  the  bore,  in  onler  that  it  may  fli 
tight.  These  wa4s  may  be  attached  with  twine  to  the  utraps,  or  to  the  ball*;  or 
they  may  be  inserled.  like  other  wads,  after  the  bull.  These  wads  may  be  made  of 
straw  formed  into  rings  of  the  proper  site,  and  wrapped  with  twine  and  tied  to 
the  ball. 

Sabots  of  Shavings. 

In  positions  where  the  pieces  of  sabots  might  prove  dangerous  to  our  own  troopa, 
as  in  firing  over  their  beads  when  making  an  attack,  sabots  made  of  thi<  k  shavings 
of  soft  wood  or  pasteboard  are  used.  For  this  purpose  select  black  walnut,  pine, 
or  fir,  not  too  dry.  and  as  free  as  possible  from  knots. 

Pieces  of  the  proper  length  and  width  are  dressed  out,  and  by  means  of  a  coarK 
plane  shavings  are  cut  .06  inch  in  thickness.  Each  shaving  is  rtdled  in  a  circle  on 
a  cylinder  of  iron  in  which  a  longitudinal  groove  is  cut.  One  end  is  thinned  down, 
moistened,  and  inserted  in  the  groove,  and  the  shaving  is  rolled  on  the  cylin<ler,  the 
smooth  side  turned  outward:  one  man  turns  the  cylinder  by  a  crank  making  three 
revolutions,  the  other  holds  the  shaving  so  as  t<»  roll  it  evenly  on  itself,  pulling  it 
tight. 

The  different  turns  are  then  tacked  together,  the  tacks  being  riveted  on  the  inside 
against  the  iron  cylinder:  the  end  is  thinned  down  with  a  rasp,  and  the  sabot  taken 
from  the  cylinder  is  immersed  in  a  warm  bath  of  thin  glue.  Pasteboard  rn«y  be 
used  instead  of  shavings  of  wood.  The  sabot  is  attached  to  the  shell  by  means  of 
four  pieces  of  tape  1  inch  wide.  Each  piece  is  folded  around  the  sabot,  and  the 
ends  sewed  together:  the  seam  is  turned  on  the  inside  of  the  sabot  and  is  made  Cm( 


FUZE-PLUGS. 


ff% 


to  it  by  tacks,  the  four  pieces  of  tape  beinfr  ;ii;.iclied  to  the  sabot  at  the  extremities 
of  two  diameters  perpendicular  to  each  other.  The  sabot  is  laid  down  on  the  table 
and  the  shell  placed  in  it,  the  fu7,e-hole  down ;  the  ends  of  the  tape  arc  then  drawn 
together  and  tied  on  top  of  the  shell  with  a  piece  of  strong  twine. 

Fuze-Plugs. 

Fuze-plugs  are  made  of  brass,  or  of  close  grained  wood,  well  seasoned.  They 
are  turned  to  a  size  a  little  larger  than  the  fuze-hole,  but  of  the  same  taper,  2.5 
inches  long;  a  hole  is  bored  through  its  axis  and  reamed  out  to  receive  the  paper 
fuze,  and  the  large  end  is  couuterbored  to  receive  the  wat«r-cap.  The  plug  is 
reamed  out  after  it  is  driven,  and  the  recess  for  the  water-cap  is  tapped  with  12 
threads  to  the  inch. 

If  wooden  plugs  be  used,  a  short  hollow  c_vlinder  of  brass,  .5  inch  long,  .15  inch 
thi'^k,  is  inserted  in  the  recess  before  the  plug  is  driven,  and  afterward  tapped  to 
receive  the  water-cap. 

The  water-cap  is  a  brass  plug,  .5  inch  long,  .6  inch  in  diameter,  chased  with  12 
threads  to  the  inch:  one  end  has  a  shallow  recess  cut  in  it,  .1  inch  deep,  larger  at 
bottom  than  at  top:  a  hole,  .1  inch  in  diameter,  is  bored  through  the  middle  of  the 
cap,  and  a  hole  is  bored  from  either  end  into  this  transverse  hole,  but  meeting  it  at 
points  .26  inch  or  more  apart:  those  and  the  recess  at  the  end  arc  filled  with  mealed 
powder  paste. 

Dimensions. — Diameter  of  hole  at  bottom  of  recess,  .53  in.:  at  small  end,  .4  in. 
18 


274 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Ammunition  for  Siege,  Garrison, 


COLUMBUDB. 


10-in. 
1844. 


8-in. 
1844. 


10-in. 
18«1. 


OataOl  OP    POWDER,   ORDINAIIT   SERVICE..  ■!   Jljlj'^l,t    )„ 

liongth  of  1  III.  in  cnrtridgc in 

DitttiK'ter  of  rartriiigo in 

f  KwtanKle  with  circular  ( lonKth in 

Cartudor-        j      cud* (width in 

BAQii  (mf'rinoi  I  Dlampt(>r  of  ryllndriral  former in 

[  .Maturial  (1.26'yd.  widv)  for  lUU  biigii..ydii 

'  „_,„i.,     j  whole  in 

Height.,  j  ^f  rylitider in 

'  greatoat  in 


Sabot.  < 


Oaniutbrs. 


Finished  caniitcr.. 


Diamotor..'j  Bt  bottom in 

^of  cylinder in 

..,     ...     I    II  I  depth in 

Ov.ty  for  I..II  j  ^j^^ .„ 

Diameter  of  cylinder  to  roll  un in 

8rBA..., .  lor  oach.)  lc;{l^::;:;:;:::;::::::;;;;:;;;•::::::;:::::ls 

ilx-ngth,  including  cap in 
Heiglit in 
Interior  diaaiet«r in 
pUlLNI 

i  tier*  of  dhot , 

Number  of<  (hot  in  a  tier 

(  whole  Bitot 

\  height in 

')  wei);ht lbs 

Charge  of  |>owder  for  firing 

to  fill  shell lbs 

to  buret  shell lbs 

to  blow  out  fuze-plug* lbs 

ordinary  charge lbs 

Rock-fire,  No.  of  cylinder! in 

*^'"®'"  I  thickness _ in 

„.  (  interior  diameter in 

"^^^  ••■"(  diameter  of  iron in 

„  „      (length in 

"^     •••  \  diameter ~ in 

Height  of.  from  outside  of  plates in 

Weight  of  plates Jbs 

bolt,  nut  and  rings lbs 

"'      stand  complete lbs 

Diameter  and  height in 

Rht lbs 

for  100  Jbs 

Diameter,  large  bole. in 

"  small  hole in 

Thickness  of  upper  block in 

lower  block  in 

Width  of  block in 

Cylindrical  drift.  If '^!.'*' i" 

■^  (length jn 


PiLUNO  SnEU.8.' 


Stand  of  grape 


Powder 


(  Diamet 

J  Weight 

(junk.  1 


Wai>8. 


]|Oi;i.DS    FOB   WADS.. 


U. 

6.82 
M 

7.6 
20. 
12.7 

7.5 

30 

2. 


8.41 
7.75 


1. 

4.03 
9.3 
29. 
1. 


3.25 
1.38 
.62 
3. 
6. 


9.7 
16.5 
165. 

9.75 

9.4 
10. 

5. 
17. 

8.5 
24. 


8. 

7.84 

.08 

B.O 

Irt. 

10.36 

«.0 

23 

2. 


6.70 
0.16 


1. 

3.03 
7.3 
23.6 
.76 


1.76 
1. 
.6 

1.8 

6. 

7.86 
.« 

6.56 
.6 
14.7 
.6 

9.85 
13.6 

4.75 
75.5 

7.8 

8.5 
850. 

7.8 

7.6 

8. 

4. 
15. 

7.3 
24. 


16. 

6.90 
.42 

0. 
10. 
16.7 

0. 

47 

2. 

S. 

0.76 

1. 

4.03 
9Ji 
29. 
1. 


8.26 
1.38 
.62 
3. 
0. 


0.76 
16.6 
165.0 

0.76 

9.4 
10. 

5. 
17. 

8.5 
24. 


*Wheu  a  wooden  fuze-plug  is  need. 


AMMUNITION. 


275 


and  Sea-coast  Service. 


r.uNS. 

1 1                                             HOWITZERS. 

42-pdr. 

32-pdr. 

24-pdr. 

18-pdr. 

12-pdr.             Siege,  8-in. 

Sea-coast. 

10-in. 

8-in. 

9. 

8. 

7. 

6. 

4. 

4. 

12. 

8. 

882 

9.28 

10.15 

8.75 

8.0 

6. 

9.»6 

7.84 

.98 

1.16 

1.45 

1.75 

2.0 

2. 

0.83 

0.98 

6. 

6.5 

5. 

4.6 

4.3 

4.2 

6.6 

6.0 

16.5 

18. 

16.5 

15.25 

14. 

14. 

18. 

15. 

10.35 

9.55 

8.76 

8.15 

7.6 

7.6 

11.16 

10.35 

e. 

6.5 

6. 

4.6 

4.3 

4.2 

6.5 

6.0 

24 

25 

19 

17 

14 

14 

31 

20 

2. 

1.5 

1.5 

1.6 

1.6 

0 

4.68J 

2. 

2. 

5.01 

2. 

1.5 

1.5 

1.6 

1.5 

.75 

7.H5 

.75 
7.85 

7.75 

6.79 

fl.58 

6.0 

5.43 

4.92 

4.35 

J 

fheiuis- 
( pliere. 

1    6.75 

6.15 

64 

1. 

3.42 

6.4 

0.75 
3.12 
6.8 

0.75 
2.84 
5.2 

0.75 
2.58 
4.7 

1. 

2.26 

4. 

7.8 

7  8 

1. 

4.93 

9.3 

1 

3  13 

7.3 

7.3 

21. 
.65 

21.5 
9.6 
6.78 
6.73 
4 
7 

27 
8.7 

48. 

1.5 

19. 
.6 

20. 
9. 

6.19 
6.14 

4 

7 
27 

8.1 
37. 

1.31 

17.5 
.55 
18.3 

8.25 

6.63 

5.58 

4 

7 

27 

7.35 
29. 

1.0 

16. 
.5 

16.7 
7.7 
6.12 
6.07 

i 
27 
6.8 
23. 

.69 

14. 
.45 

14.4 
6.75 
4.47 
4.42 

27 

6. 

15. 

.6 

29. 
1. 

23  5 

75 

25.1 

8.6 

7.8 

7.75 

4 
12 
48 

12.03 
63.5 

2.56t 

25.1 

8.6 

7.8 

4 

12 

48 

12.35 

64  5 

5.t 

2.56t 

.76 

.69 

.5 

.44 

.31 

1. 

2. 

1. 

.38 

.12 

.12 

.09 

.06 

•     .26 

.31 

.25 

1.25 

1. 

.75 

.02 

.44 

1.75 

3. 

1.75 

6. 

g 

6. 

6. 
7.85 

6.83 
.6 

5.73 

.5 

9.25 

.5 

8.75 

10.2 

2.8 

51.25 

6.8 

6.24 
.5 

5.16 
.6 

8.7 
.6 

8.2 

8. 

2.5 
.%.75 

6.2 

5.68 
.5 

4.75 
.38 

7.88 
.38 

7.5 

6.76 

1.81 
30.61 

5.65 

5.17 
.4 

4.26 
.38 

7.18 
.38 

6.8 

4.56 

1.12 
22.15 

5.12 

4.52 

.4 
3.8 

.32 
6.12 

.32 
5.8 
3.44 

.69 
14.84 
4.48 

.6 

6.55 

6 

14.7 

9.85 

13.6 

4.75 

FOR   6-POUNDER. 

3.5 

75  5 

7.8 

5.62 
562. 
6.8 

4.38 
438. 
6.2 

3. 
300. 
5.65 

2.38 
238. 
5.12 

1.5 
150. 
4.48 

.82 
82. 
3.65 

8.5 

850. 

9.75 

7.S 

6.5 

6.9 

63 

4.8 

4.1 

3.2 

9.4 

7.5 

7. 

6.4 

5.8 

5.3 

4.6 

3.7 

10. 

8. 

4. 

4. 

4. 

4. 

4. 

4. 

5. 

4. 

13. 

12. 

11.5 

11. 

10. 

9. 

17. 

15. 

6.2 

5.6 

6. 

4.5 

3.8 

2.9 

85 

7.3 

24. 

24. 

24. 

24. 

24. 

24. 

24. 

24. 

+  Mortar  shells:  13-inch  shell  holds  11  Ib.i.  piwdor;  service  charge,  7  lbs.;  to  burst  shell.  6  lbs. 
J  For  canisters. 


276  ORDNANCE    MANTTAL. 

MATC'IIES,  FUZES,  AND  PRIMERS. 

Slow-Match. 

Slow-matrli  IK  prpfiarcii  rope,  which  is  used  to  keep  nn<l  cnrry  fire  :  it  burns 
■lowlj,  with  a  firm,  hard  coal,  and  is  not  easily  extin);uii<hed. 

Matkriai.h. —  Urmp  or  /fax  rupf  of  .3  Strands,  slightly  twisted,  about  25  yards 
long,  and  of  a  uniform  diameter  of  .6  inch ;  aretnte  nf  Und  (sugar  of  lead) ;  iraier. 

Utknkii.S. — 1  kcttir  ;  1  tub;  2  woodtH  upatulat ;  lerert ;  twiiliHg-irinrh  ;  mate,  or 
hnir  clolh. 

Mrtboii  with  acrtate  or  LRAD. — Boil  the  rope  for  10  minutes  in  water  holding 
in  solution  l-20th  of  its  weight  of  acetate  of  lend:  remove  it  with  spatulas  into  the 
tub,  or  let  it  remain  in  the  cold  solution  until  it  is  thoroughly  saturated.  First 
twist  it  over  the  kettle,  and  then,  by  attaching  one  end  to  the  hook  of  a  twisting- 
winch,  twist  it  hard,  keeping  it  stretched  by  means  of  a  stick  passed  through  a  loop 
at  the  other  end,  at  the  same  time  rubbing  it  smartly,  always  in  the  same  direction, 
from  the  honk,  with  co«rse  mats,  hair  cloth,  or  cnttings  of  buff-leather,  until  th« 
diameter  of  the  match  is  reduced  0.1  inch  and  it  \\a»  a  uniform  twiKt  ami  hardness. 
Stretch  it  on  jioles  or  on  a  fence  to  dry.  and  put  it  up  in  neat  coils,  well  secured. 

Match  thus  prepared  burns  4  inches  in  an  hoi^r. 

Mktiioi>  dv  lkaciiikc. — If  sugar  of  lead  cannot  be  procured,  the  rope  may  be 
simply  leached.  For  this  purpose,  it  is  put  into  u  leach  tub  and  steeped  in  pure 
water  for  1'2  hours  :  this  water  is  then  drawn  off  and  rejdaced  by  lye  prepared  in  a 
boiler,  with  a  ((uuntity  of  ashes  equal  to  half  the  weight  uf  the  rope,  to  which  5 
per  cent,  of  quicklime  is  added.  This  lye.  with  the  ashes,  is  put.  after  being 
warmed,  into  the  hopper  of  the  tub.  and  when  it  has  run  through  and  remained 
some  time  in  the  tub  it  is  drawn  off,  heated  again,  and  poured  back  en  the  ashes. 
This  operation  is  repeated  several  times  in  the  course  of  24  hours,  which  is  the  time 
required  for  the  rope  to  be  well  leached.  After  being  taken  out  and  twisted  with 
sticks,  it  is  steeped  for  5  minutes  in  hot  water,  beihg  stirred  at  the  same  time,  and 
the  operation  is  finijihed  as  b»fore.  Match  prepared  in  this  manner  burns  5  inches 
in  an  hour. 

Cotton  rope,  well  twisted,  forms  a  good  match  without  any  preparation. 

A  slow-match  may  be  made  of  strong  paper  by  immersing  it  in  a  warm  solution 
of  nitre,  of  about  1  pound  to  2  gallons  of  water.  When  dry,  roll  each  sheet  sepa- 
rately, pressing  it  firmly,  and  pasting  the  last  turn. 

A  half  sheet  thus  prepared  will  keep  fire  for  threr  hourt. 

Slow-match  weighs  from  3  to  5  ounces  to  the  yard. 

Packing. — Slow-match  is  packed  in  tight  casks  or  boxes.  A  cask  iO  inches 
high,  24  inches  diameter  (weighing  60  pounds),  contains  150  pounds  of  match. 
The  casks  and  boxes  should  be  marked  with  the  kind  and  quantity  of  match,  place 
and  date  of  fabrication. 

Dimensions  of  a  box  to  hold  200  pounds  hemp  or  220  pounds  cotton  match — 14 


QUICK-MATCH.  277 

inches  long,  2S  inches  wide,  18  inches  deep;  weight,  87  pounds.  It  is  made  of 
bo<ard3  1  inch  thick,  ends  li  inch,  and  has  corner-pieces  of  hard  wood,  2.25  inches 
square. 

Quick- Match. 

Quick-match  is  cotton  yarn,  of  several  strands,  saturated  and  covered  over  with 
an  intlammable  composition  ;  it  is  used  for  communicating  fire  from  point  to  point 
in  fireworks,  etc. 

Matkkials. — Mealed  powder ;  cotton  yarn,  wound  in  loose  balls  of  convenient 
size  (say  1  pound,  which  will  measure  about  1,000  yards),  such  as  is  used  for 
candlewick;  when  doubled  and  slightly  twisted  in  the  fingers,  it  should  be  about 
.07  inch  in  diameter.  Gummed  brandy  or  tchiskey,  in  the  proportion  of  1  ounce  of 
gum  to  i  gallon  of  spirits:  the  gum  is  first  dissolved  in  the  smallest  quantity  of  hot 
water  or  vinegar,  and  afterward  mixed  with  the  whiskey.     Strips  of  paper ;  thread. 

1,000  yards  of  quick-match  require  1  pound  of  cotton  yarn,  8  pounds  of  mealed 
powder,  IJ  gallon  of  spirits,  and  2i  ounces  of  gum  arable.  Weight,  when  dried,  9 
pounds. 

Utensils. —  Wooden  or  copper  honh  ;    1  quart  measure  ;  funnel  or  frame  ;  reel. 

Preparation. — Steep  the  balls  of  yarn  in  the  gummed  whiskey  until  they  are 
thoroughly  saturated. 

Make  a  paste  of  mealed  powder,  by  mixing  1  quart  of  gummed  whiskey  to  2 
pounds  of  powder,  and  put  a  layer  of  it  about  i  inch  deep  in  the  bowl ;  on  this 
spread  a  coil  of  the  cotton  by  unrolling  the  ball  and  distributing  it  equally  on  the 
surface  of  the  paste  until  there  are  5  or  6  yams  over  one  another ;  put  another 
layer  of  the  paste  ;  and  proceed  in  this  manner  until  the  bowl  is  full,  taking  care 
not  to  entangle  the  strands  :  the  last  layer  of  paste  should  be  a  little  deeper  than 
the  others.  After  the  cotton  has  been  3  or  4  hours  in  the  bowl,  wind  it  on  a  reel, 
or  stretch  it  on  nails  40  or  .50  feet  apart,  making  it  pass  through  a  funnel,  or  the 
hand,  filled  with  the  paste,  and  taking  care  that  the  several  turns  of  yarn  do  not 
touch  each  other.  Before  it  is  dry,  dredge  it  with  mealed  powder  ;  lot  it  dry  slow- 
ly, then  cut  it  off  from  the  reel  or  nails  and  put  it  in  bundles. 

During  the  winter,  quick-match  shoulil  be  made  in  a  warm  room. 

Match  thus  prepared  should  be  hard  and  stiff,  and  the  composition  should  hold 
firmly  on.     1  yard  burns,  in  the  open  air,  13  seconds. 

By  using  vinet/ar,  a  match  is  made  which  burns  less  rapidly,  in  the  proportion  of 
4  to  .5;  and  with  pure  water,  in  the  ratio  of  4  to  fi.  Alcohol  makes  a  quicker 
match  ;  but  it  cannot  be  gummed,  and  the  composition  does  not  stick. 

A  slow  kind  of  match  is  made  by  adding,  sulphur  to  the  mealed  powder;  with 
one-sixth  of  sulphur,  1  yard  of  match  burns  22  seconds  ;  with  one-fifth,  33  seconds  ; 
with  one-third,  r)3  seconds;  with  one-half,  162  seconds. 

Quick-match  enclosed  in  tubes  burns  more  rapidly  than  in  the  open  air,  and 
more  so  in  proportion  as  the  tubes  are  smaller.  To  communicate  fire  very  rapidly, 
it  is  enclosed  in  paper  tubes  called  leaden. 


278  onnNANCE  manual. 

Port-Fires. 

The  port-flre  ponsistn  of  a  cylindrioal  pajiA"  case  filled  with  a  composition  that 
burns  kIkwIv.  It  i*  used  for  firing  rocket?,  etc.,  and,  in  ca^es  of  necessity,  for 
discharging  cannon. 

TO    MAKE    Tllfc    CASES. 

MatkiiiAI-S. — So.  4  pnprr ;  pn»te. 

lU-quircd  for  100  cases — .^O  sheets.  13  pounds  of  jinper. 

Utknrii.s. —  Formrm,  steel,  turned  smooth,  22  inches  long,  0..*)  inch  diameter;  a 
hole  0.2  inch  diameter  is  made  through  one  end,  to  withdraw  it  from  the  case; 
knnd  roUint/ bonrd  ;  rulrm  ;  kniret. 

To  MAKK  THK  rA8F. — Cul  the  paper  into  rectangles  1*?  inches  long,  an<l  from 
10  to  11  inches  wide,  according  to  the  thickness  of  the  paper,  to  make  the  exterior 
diameter  of  the  finishe<l  case  O.t').')  inch.  Roll  the  rectangle  on  the  former,  pasting 
it  after  the  first  turn;  i>ress  the  case  firmly  by  rolling  it  on  a  table  with  a  hand 
rolling  board  ;  withdraw  the  former,  and  place  the  cases  in  a  box  to  dry. 

TO    nniVE    POUT   PIHP.S. 

MATEniAi.s. —  Cn»eii ;  componitioii  for  100  r<i»r»  (13  pounds  uitrc,  •1..')  poundi 
sulphur,  and  2..'J  pounds  mealed  jiowder)  ;  »crap  paptr. 

Utensils. — Purt-Jire  muuldn,  nia<lc  of  brass,  in  two  parts,  which  arc  held  together 
by  a  socket  at  bottom  and  by  4  strong  bunds.  The  moulds  arc  1^  inchet  long,  I 
inch  exterior  diameter  at  top,  U  inch  at  bottom,  with  a  bore  of  O.tV'j  inch  diamct«r. 
3  drift;  steel,  .4  inch  diameter.  22,  1.5,  and  10  inches  long,  with  braw  tips,  ..')  inch 
long,  upon  the  lower  end:  4  ipiral  groorrt.  making  one-half  of  a  turn  in  22  inehei, 
are  cut  upon  the  surface  of  the  drifts  ;  the  handles  of  the  drifts  are  6  inchea  long, 
and  .75  inch  diameter,  with  a  head  1.25  inch  diameU-r.  MalUit,  turned,  of  hard 
wood,  weighing  1  pound;  JuntirU;   ladle». 

DniviKG. — Put  the  case  in  the  mould,  and  drive  on  the  rings  ;  insert  a  piece  of 
paper,  and  push  it  to  the  bottom  of  the  case  with  the  long  drifl ;  insert  a  small 
funnel  in  the  top  of  the  case ;  pa»8  the  long  drift  through  the  funnel  to  the  bottom 
of  the  mould:  fill  the  funnel  with  composition,  and  strike  the  drift  about  three 
blows  every  second,  raising  the  drift  about  half  an  inch,  with  the  fingers  of  the 
left  hand,  between  the  blows.  In  this  way  the  composition  finds  iU  way  aronnd 
the  sides  and  through  the  grooves  of  the  drift  to  the  bottom,  and  is  uniformly  and 
compactly  driven.     The  shorter  drifts  are  used  as  the  ca«e  is  filled. 

Port-fires  should  not  be  primed  with  mealed  powder:  after  they  are  driven,  the  top 
of  the  case  should  be  turned  in  and  beaten  down  :  thus  both  ends  of  the  composition 
are  secured. 

Port-fires  made  as  above  described  burn  10  minutes  each,  or  IJ  inch  per  minute. 

A  dny$  tcork.—A  man  can  drive  120  port-fires  in  ten  hours. 

Packiso. — Port-fires  arc  packed  in  boxes  containing  100  or  200  port-fires.     The 


FUZES   FOR    MORTAR    SHELLS.  279 

contents  of  the  box  should  be  marked  in  white  letters  on  each  end,  and  the  place  and 
date  of  fabrication  on  the  inside  of  the  cover. 

Fuzes  for  Mortar  Shells. 

The  hard,  close  grained  woods  are  best  adapted  for  making  fuzes:  beech  or  ash 
is  generally  used.  It  should  be  dry,  sound,  free  from  sap,  knots,  worm-holes,  or 
shakes. 

To  TURN  TiTE  FUZE.— The  helper  saws  the  plank  into  lengths  equal  to  that  of  the 
fuze,  and  then  into  prisms,  taking  off  the  edges,  and  centring  it  on  each  end.  The 
turner  puts  the  fuze  thus  roughed  out  in  the  lathe,  turns  its  exterior,  and  graduates 
it,  by  means  of  a  steel  gauge,  into  inches  and  tenths  of  an  inch,  commencing  at  the 
bottom  of  the  cup.  When  a  number  have  been  turned,  the  turner  puts  each  fuze 
into  a  chuck,  bores  it,  and  makes  the  cup,  with  a  tool  for  that  purpose. 

The  fuzes  should  be  carefully  inspected,  and  verified  with  gauges,  and  tho.oe 
rejected  which  have  splits,  knots,  or  worm-holes,  or  which  have  not  the  proper 
dimensions. 

A  day's  work. — One  turner  can  turn  500  fuzes,  or  turn  and  bore  S-'jO,  in  ten  hours. 

TO    DRIVE    FUZES. 

Materials. — empti/ fuzes ,-  fuze  composition,  dry;  mealed  powder,  dry;  pastel- 
paper.  • 

VTEtiSiLfi.—Driviiifjf-hlocIcs  with  holes  of  the  size  of  the  fuze;  benches:  mallets— 
for  the  13-inch,  10-inch,  and  8-inch  fuzes  weighing  1  lb.,  for  smaller  fuzes,  weighing 
i  to  j  lb. ;  steel  drifts  shod  with  copper,  the  shortest  with  a  mark  0.2  inch  from  the 
end;  copper  ladles  to  contain  suiBcient  composition  to  make  a  height,  when  driven, 
equal  to  1  diameter  of  the  bore;  copper  pant ;  brushes. 

Preparation  of  the  composition.— The  composition  for  8  and  10-inch  light 
mortar  fuzes  is  2  parts  of  nitre,  1  of  sulphur,  and  3  of  mealed  powder;  for  10  and 
13-inch  heavy  mortars,  2  of  nitre,  1  of  sulphur,  and  2^  of  mealed  powder.  The 
composition  must  be  thoroughly  ground  and  mixed  with  a  muUer,  or  in  a  leathern 
barrel  with  brass  balls.  The  time  of  burning  will  vary  according  to  the  quality  of 
the  materials  used  (especially  of  the  mealed  powder)  and  the  degree  of  their 
admixture.  Trials  should  be  made  with  each  composition  by  driving  several  fuzes 
and  getting  their  time  of  burning.  There  should  not  be  any  great  variation  in  the 
times  of  burning  of  the  different  fuzes,  of  the  same  composition.  Fuze  composition 
should  be  prepared  only  a  short  time  before  being  used,  and  should  be  preserved  in 
close  vessels  in  a  dry  place. 

Driving.— The  workman  is  seated,  his  driving-block  in  front  of  him,  .and  a  bench 
to  hold  a  pan  of  composition  at  his  right  hand.  He  takes  a  fuze,  cleans  it  of  all 
foreign  matter,  inserting  the  drift  to  the  bottom  of  the  bore:  he  then  drops  the  fuze 
into  the  driving-hole,  takes  a  ladleful  of  composition,  passing  tlie  drift  along  the 
edguK  of  the  ladle  to  strike  off  the  surplus ;   pours  the  composition  into  the  fuze, 


280  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Rtrikes  it  two  gentle  blow?  with  the  mallet,  inserts  the  drift,  prepsinR  it  down  on  the 
corapogition,  piving  the  fuz.c  tw(i  sliglit  blows  to  settle  the  compojition.  The  work- 
man strikes  the  drift  2\  blows  in  volleys  of  3,  raising  the  mallet  about  1  foot  each 
blow,  and  moving  the  drift  after  each  volley.  He  puts  in  another  ladleful  and  con- 
tinues as  for  the  first.  Care  should  be  taken  to  put  in  equal  charges  of  composition 
each  time,  and  to  giro  to  each  la<lleful  the  same  number  of  blows,  and  with  the  samu 
force. 

Fuf.en  may  be  driven  by  pressure  in  a  screw  press. 

Pkiminu. — Fur.es  are  all  driven  to  the  same  height  by  means  of  a  mark  on  the 
short  drift,  or  the  composition  is  bored  out  with  a  gouge  to  the  same  dejith.  They 
are  j)rimed  with  meiiled  p<iwder  for  about  O.'i  inch  driven  with  the  same  force  as  a 
ladleful  of  composition.  The  cup  is  filled  with  a  jiastc  of  mealed  p.iwder  and  spirits 
of  wine  or  strong  whiskey,  and  laid  aside  to  dry:  it  is  then  covered  with  a  email 
piece  of  paper,  over  which  is  pasted  a  cap  of  strong  water-proof  paper,  marked  with 
the  number  of  seconds  the  fuco  burns  to  the  inch. 


Fuzes  for  Jleavy  Guns. 

The  fuze  consists  of  a  paper  ente  charged  with  fuxe  composition  ;  it  is  inserted,  at 
the  time  of  loading  the  gun,  into  a  brass  or  wooden  plug  previously  driven  into  the 
fuze-hole  of  the  shell. 

TO    MAKK    THE    CASES. 

Materials. — Lng  paper,  or  thin  drawing  paper:  itinglaai. 

Utensils. — pnttmi  of  wood,  in  the  form  of  a  rectangle  joined  to  a  trapesoid  ;  iron 
former  0.3.')  inch  diameter  ;  kui/e,  ylue  put,  brutliet. 

Making  the  case. — The  paper  is  ?ut  to  the  proper  size  by  means  of  the  pattern. 
The  wh(de  length  of  the  strip  must  be  determined  by  trial,  for  each  kind  of  paper,  to 
give  the  case  the  proper  diameter.  The  strip  is  rolled  hard  on  the  former,  beginning 
with  the  large  end,  and  is  glued  after  the  first  turn. 

When  the  case  is  dry.  it  is  smoothed  with  a  fine  file  or  sand-paper. 

Preparation  or  the  composition. — There  are  three  different  compositions  used, 
one  inch  burning  10  seconds,  14  seconds  aud  20  seconds,  respectively. 

The  following  are  about  the  proportions  required  to  make  these  compositions;  but 
as  their  time  of  burning  is  subject  to  considerable  variation,  according  to  the  quality 
ot  the  ingredients  aud  the  manipulation  in  mixing  them,  the  exact  proportions  must 
bo  determined  by  experiment : 

Xo.  1. — 26  nitre.  9  sulphur,  14  mealed  powder. 
No.  2.— 26     "       9         ♦•        12  " 

No.  3.-26     "       9         "        10 

The  composition  is  carefully  mixed,  as  deiiribed  on  page  27y,  and  several  fuies 
are  fir.*t  driven  aud  their  times  of  burning  determined,  and  the  proportions  varied, 
if  necessary,  to  produce  the  required  result. 


FUZES  FOR  FIELD  GUNS  AND  MOUNTAIN  HOWITZERS.  281 

TO  DRIVE  THE  FUZE. 

Materials. — Empti/  cases;  fuze  camjiosition. 

2  lbs.  of  composition  are  required  for  100  fuzes. 

Utensils.— 'i?rass  moulds  in  two  parts,  which  are  held  together  by  a  wedge  or 
cam  :  the  moulds  have  holes  for  4  or  5  fuzes  ;  steel  drifts,  0.35  inch  diameter :  knt'/e; 
mallet,  weighing  J  lb. 

Driving. — The  mould  is  put  together  and  secured  ;  the  empty  cases  arc  inserted 
and  driven  gently  in;  their  upper  ends  projecting  above  the  mould  are  slit  with  a 
knife  into  4  parts.  The  composition  is  put  in  and  driven  as  described  on  page  279, 
giving  15  blows  to  each  ladleful,  which  will  make  0.25  inch  in  length  of  the  fuze. 

Cutting. — The  fuze  is  inserted  in  an  iron  gauge,  the  bore  of  which  is  of  the  same 
size  and  taper  as  the  fuze,  and  its  width  is  the  true  length  of  the  fuze,  2  inches. 
The  projecting  ends  of  the  fuze  are  first  sawed  off  with  a  fine  saw  and  then  trimmed 
with  a  knife. 

The  fuze  is  stained  the  proper  color  according  to  the  composition  used — fuzes  of 
No.  I  composition  being  yellow  ;  No.  2,  green  ;  and  No.  3,  blue— and  the  number  of 
seconds  that  each  inch  will  burn  is  marked  on  each  fuze. 

Packing. — Fuzes  are  put  up  in  bundles  of  10  each  ;  fuzes  of  the  same  color  being 
put  in  the  same  bundle,  which  is  labelled  with  the  kind  of  fuze  and  its  rate  of 
burning. 

Fuzes  for  Field  Guns  and  Mountain  Howitzers. 

The  fuze  for  shells  and  spherical-case  shot  for  field  and  mountain  service  is  that 
known  as  the  "Bormaun  fuze."  It  consists  of  a  circular  disk  of  soft  metal  con- 
taining an  annular  space  charged  with  mealed  powder.  The  outer  circumference  of 
the  disk  is  chased  with  the  threads  of  a  screw  to  secure  it  in  the  shell.  The  annular 
space  for  the  composition  is  concentric  with  the  outer  circumference,  and  connects 
at  one  end  by  a  hole  with  a  small  magazine  in  the  centre  of  the  disk,  filled  with 
rifle  powder  and  closed  on  the  under  surface  by  a  thin  disk  of  tin.  The  fuze  is 
charged  from  the  under  side,  by  pressure,  and  a  ring  of  the  same  metal  is  pressed 
firmly  on  the  composition. 

The  composition  is  thus  securely  protected  from  accidents,  and  the  fuze  is 
screwed  into  the  shell  in  the  laboratory  ;  the  metal  covering  the  composition  on 
top,  being  left  thin,  is  easily  cut  with  a  knife  or  cutter,  at  the  moment  of  loading, 
and  the  composition  exposed  at  the  required  point  to  the  action  of  the  flame.  The 
graduations  into  seconds  and  quarter  seconds  are  marked  on  the  upper  surface  of 
the  disk.     The  time  of  burning  of  the  whole  length  of  fuze  is  5  seconds. 

TO    CAST    THE    FUZE. 

Materials. —  Tin  and  lead  in  equal  parts;   roain;  tallow. 

Utensils. — Moulds  for  the  fuze,  moulds  for  the  ring,  hac/csair,  nijypers,  mallet, 
kettle,  ladle. 

Casting.— Melt  the  lead  and  tin  together:  heat  the  moulds  so  as  not  to  chill  the 


282  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

metal  in  casting.  Fill  the  mould  with  the  melted  metal,  and  tap  it  gently  with  the 
mallet  to  make  the  metal  fill  the  small  parts.  Cut  off  the  gate  with  the  saw,  and  the 
ends  of  the  ring  with  the  nippers. 

It  ha-8  been  found  convenient  in  opening  and  closing  the  moulds  to  attach  the  two 
parts  of  the  mould  for  the  fuze  and  also  for  the  ring  to  the  jaws  of  a  bench-vice,  so 
that  both  moulds  arc  opened  and  closed  by  the  same  movement  of  the  screw.  Tho 
fuze-mould  is  kept  hot  by  means  of  iron  disks  which  are  heated  and  hung  on  tho 
arbor  which  supports  the  moulds. 

A  mould  of  more  approved  pattern  has  been  devised,  by  which  the  casting  is 
expedited. 

TO    CHARGE    THE    rUZE. 

Matp.riai.S. — }ffnhd  powder  ;  muskfl  powder  ;  rifle  powder  ;  dink*  of  tin. 

Vtknsii.s. — A  strong  tcrew  presi,  annular  charger  the  size  of  the  ring,  annular 
drift,  fidl  drift,  round  drift. 

Take  the  mould  in  which  the  fuze  was  cast:  place  tho  fuze  in  the  parts  of  the 
mould  containing  the  screw  and  tho  upper  or  graduated  side,  and  secure  the  mould 
by  a  ring  driven  on  it. 

Draw  up  the  piston,  and  fill  the  charger  by  pressing  it  into  the  mealed  powder 
contained  in  a  shallow  pan.  Place  the  charger  over  the  groove,  and  force  down  tho 
piston,  transferring  the  powder  into  the  fuze.  Insert  the  buttun  in  the  magazine 
and  the  pin  in  the  priming-hole,  to  preserve  their  shapes:  place  the  ring  on  tho 
powder,  and  with  the  annular  drift  force  it  down  by  means  of  a  strong  si-rew  [tress, 
bringing  the  ring  flush  with  the  surface  of  the  fuze;  rivet  the  ring  in  it«  place  with 
another  drift.  Withdraw  the  button  and  pin:  charge  the  priming-hole  with  rifle 
powder  and  till  the  magazine  with  musket  power:  cover  the  magazine  with  a  disk 
of  tin,  and  rivet  it  in  place  by  means  of  first  a  flat  drift  and  then  a  round  one,  which 
turn  down  a  part  of  the  metal  of  the  fuze  over  the  disk. 

Remove  the  fuze  from  the  mould,  place  it  in  a  screw-chuck  made  to  fit  it,  and 
turn  off  in  a  lathe  the  lower  surface  smooth  and  to  the  proper  thickness. 

The  powder  of  the  fuze  is  now  perfectly  sealed  up  from  tho  air.  The  fuze  may 
b«  varnished. 


FRICTION    PRIMERS. 

Fuzes. 


283 


DIMENSIONS  AND  WEIGHTS. 


WOODEN  FUZES. 


f  AVhole  length in. 

Fuze.  }  ,  .  f  "'^  *"'' " 

I  Diameter  .  <  at  bottom " 

L  (  of  bore '< 

First  cone  .  (  If.''"^^  "■;', ' " 

(  Diameter  at  lower  end " 

C  Depth " 

Cup..-^^.         .  f  at  top " 

Diameter  .  ^     .  ,   ' 
(,  I  at  bottom " 

Thickness  of  wood  at  bottom  of  fuze " 

Length  of  composition " 

f  Diainctor " 

Drifts  .  I  Lcnctb,  exclusive  |  1st " 

(      ofhaiulle j  2d " 

Weight   I  ^^  (^(>m\H>»itiou  for  100  fuzes lbs. 

(  Of  100  fuzes  complete " 

Whole  length in. 

Paper  for  the  case  ^  J'f."-,"'  f  "^'^''^^^'f^^  •  •  •  •  " 

\V  Kith  of  rectangle " 

Width  of  small  end  ....   " 


Bonnann  Fuze. 

Diameter  of  fuze,  including  threads 1.65  in. 

Thickness 45  Jq^ 

Number  of  threads  to  the  inch 12 

Diameter  of  plug,  including  threads 1.07  in. 

Thickness  for  field  guns 3    in. 

Number  of  threads  to  the  inch 12 

Packing-boxes  for  Port-Fires. 

Lcns'tb. 

For  100  port-fires 18 

"    200         "         18 


13-in. 

10-iu. 

8-in. 

10.8 

9.4 

6.3 

1.85 

1.7 

1.25 

1.25 

1.0 

0.9 

.4 

.3 

.3 

2.8 

2.25 

1.25 

1.65 

1.55 

1.15 

.6 

0.5 

0.4 

1.25 

1.0 

0.75 

0.9 

0.8 

0.6 

1.2 

0.9 

0.9 

9.0 

8.0 

5.0 

.36 

.27 

.27 

9. 

8. 

8. 

4.5 

4. 

4. 

8. 

4. 

2.5 

54. 

33. 

16. 

•Width. 

Depth. 

Weight 

9.1 

5.1 

38 

9.1 

10.1 

70 

PAPER 

FUZES. 


.63 

.4 

.35 


2.0 
.3 


2. 

19. 
6. 

2.25 
0.4 


Friction  Primers  for  Cannon. 

The  friction  primer  for  cannon  is  a  small  brass  tube  filled  with  gunpowder,  which 
is  ignited  by  drawing  a  rough  wire  briskly  through  friction  composition,  contained 
in  a  smaller  tube  inserted  into  the  first,  near  the  top,  and  soldered  at  right  angles 
to  it.     A  lanyard,  with  a  hook  attached,  is  used  to  ignite  the  primer. 


284  OUDNANCE    MANUAL. 

The  fricli'on  primrr  is  cuiu])0sc<l  of  1  larye  tube:  1  uhurt  tube;  1  trlre  rubber;  fric- 
tion euwpoiition  ;  mutkrt  powder  ;  wax. 

The  lottff  lube  is  mndo  from  a  circular  disk  of  No.  19  8hcct-brii.»!<,  0.02  inch  in 
diameter,  by  means  of  a  scrie«  of  5  punches  and  dies,  grudually  dimininhinfj^  in 
8i7,e  to  the  last,  which  i«  of  the  required  size  of  the  tube.  The  brass  must  be  an- 
nealed before  each  punchin;^. 

The  lube  is  cut  to  the  prescribed  length,  measuring  from  the  closed  end,  by 
means  of  a  circular  saw,  and  the  holes  for  the  short  tube  and  wire  rubber  are 
drilled,  and  the  burrs  removed.  Length  of  the  long  tube,  1.76  inch;  exterior 
diameter,  .10  inch;  interior  diameter,  .176  inch;  diameter  uf  holes,  .16  inch  and 
.00  inch. 

The  thort  tube  is  formed  from  the  long  one  by  using  two  additional  punches  and 
dies,  reducing  the  site  each  time.  It  is  cut  to  the  proper  length  by  circular  saws 
placed  at  the  required  distance  apart,  and  the  burr  removed  by  rolling  in  a  barrel. 
Length  of  the  short  tube,  0.44  inch;  exterior  diameter,  0.16  inch;  interior  diame- 
ter, .133  inch. 

One  end  of  the  short  tube  is  dipped  into  a  solution  of  chloride  of  zinc,  inserted 
in  the  hole  drilled  in  the  long  tube,  heated  to  redness  in' the  flame  of  a  spirit  lamp, 
and  soldered  with  soft  solder;  it  is  then  washed  and  dried. 

The  wire  rubber  is  ma^le  of  \o.  16  bra.ss  wire,  annealed,  cut  to  the  proper  length, 
and  pressed  flat  at  one  end  by  a  machine  for  that  purpose.  The  flat  end  is  trimmed 
by  a  punch  and  die  with  dentated  edges,  and  the  tip  is  anneale<l  in  the  flame  of  a 
spirit  lamp.     Length  of  wire,  3.4  inclies;  length  of  flattened  end,  O.lj  inch. 

The  frirtiou  compotitiou  is  made  of  2  parti  of  the  tulphurel  uf  antimun^  and  1 
part  of  the  chlomte  of  putatia,  moistened  with  yumnird  iroltr  —  60  grains  of  gum 
arabic  in  2  ounces  of  water  to  1  pound  of  composition. 

The  materials  are  first  pulverized  separately,  mixed  together  dry,  moistened  with 
the  gum  water,  and  ground  in  an  iron  mill,  such  as  is  used  for  grinding  [taint. 

CuAiiGixG  AND  VAK.MSHiNG. — The  small  tube  is  charged  by  pressing  the  open 
end  in  the  friction  composition  spread  on  a  flat  piece  of  iron  and  brought  to  the 
consistency  of  soft  putty,  the  long  tube  being  closed  its  whole  length  with  a 
wooden  or  metal  plug. 

A  conical  hole  is  made  iu  tho  composition,  while  yet  moi?t,  with  a  conical  drift, 
and  the  surplus  composition  removed;  the  wire  rubber  is  passed  through  the  short 
tube  and  through  the  small  hole  in  the  long  tube,  the  round  end  first,  leaving  the 
annealed  tip  projecting  out  of  the  open  end,  which  is  then  closed  by  pressing 
the  top  and  bottom  together  firmly  with  pincers,  and  bending  the  tip  against  the 
bottom. 

The  cud  of  the  wire  rubber  is  doubled  on  itself  and  twisted,  leaving  a  loop  0.2 
inch  diameter,  and  then  bent  alongside  the  long  tube  for  packing. 

The  head  of  the  long  tube,  including  the  short  tube  and  the  joint,  is  dipped  into 
shella<>  varnish  colored  with  lampblack. 

When  dry,  the  long  tube  is  filled  with  musket  powder  and  closed  with  beeswax, 
mixed  with  J  its  weight  of  pitch. 


PERCUSSION-CAPS    FOR    SMALL   ARMS.  285 

Both  ends  arc  touched  with  varnish  and  the  tube  thoroughly  dried. 

Packing — The  tubes  are  first  put  up  in  bundles  of  10  each,  wrapped  in  water- 
proof paper;  10  bundles  are  packed  in  a  tin  box.  painted  or  japanned:  100  tin 
boxes  are  packed  in  a  box  made  of  1-inch  white  pine  boards,  dovetailed. 

The  contents  of  the  tin  box,  place  and  year  of  fabrication,  are  stamped  on  the 
lid,  and  the  number  of  the  box  marked  on  the  front  side.  The  contents  of  the 
wooden  box,  are  marked  on  each  end. 

Dimensions  of  the  tin  box:     Length,  4.5  in.;  width,  2.35  in.;  depth,  2.35  in. 
"  (interior)  wooden  box  :         "        20.5  "         "       12.0     "         "        9.5     " 

Weight  of  tin  box  containing 100  primers,         .8347  lb. 

Weight  of  wooden  box     "         10,000        "  105.  " 

MATERIALS    REQriREP    FOR    10,000    FRICTION    PRIMERS. 

66  Ihs.  sheet-brass  No.  19.  "I    .,       .  „-,  ,,  »  i  . 

V  About  36^  lbs.  are  returned  in  scraps. 
20    "     brass  wire  No.  16.    J 

1.2.T  lbs.  solder. 

2.33    "     chlorate  of  potassa. 

2.66    "     sulphuret  of  antimony. 

.65    "     beeswax  and  pitch. 

11.0      "     musket  powder. 

1.25  quart  varnish  (0.75  lb.  shellac,  1  qt,  alcohol,  0.25  oz.  lampblack).    44  sheets 

of  common  tin  are  required  for  100  tin  boxes. 

Percussion-Caps  for  Small  Ar7ns. 

The  cap  for  small  arms  is  made  of  copper.  It  is  very  slightly  conical,  with  a 
rim  or  (lanch  at  the  open  end;  it  has  four  slits,  extending  about  half  the  height  of 
the  cap. 

The  cap  is  charged  with  fulminate  of  mercury,  mixed  with  half  its  weight  of 
nitre :  the  object  of  the  nitre  being  to  render  the  fulminate  less  explosive  and  to 
give  body  to  the  flame.  To  protect  the  percussion  powder  from  moisture,  and  also 
to  secure  it  from  falling  out,  it  is  covered  over,  in  each  cap,  with  a  drop  of  pure 
shellac  varnish. 

The  copper  ft)/-  making  the  caps  is  obtained  in  sheets  48  inches  long  and  14  inches 
wide,  weighing  3  lbs.:  a  variation  of  4  ounces,  more  or  less,  is  allowed.  The  cop- 
per should  be  pure,  free  from  seams,  holes,  or  blisters,  well  annealed,  and  as  evenly 
rolled  as  possible,  with  straight  and  smooth  edges. 

The  copper  is  cleaned  by  immersion  in  a  pickle  made  of  1  part  (by  measure)  of 
sulphuric  acid  and  40  p<arts  of  water;  it  is  secured  with  fine  sand  and  a  hand- 
brush,  and  washed  clean  in  running  water — after  which  it  is  well  dried  in  clean 
saw-dust  and  rubbed  over  with  a  cloth  slightly  oiled:  it  is  then  ready  for  the  ma- 
chine. 

To  PREPARE  THE  FULMINATE  OP  MERCURY. — Dissolve,  in  a  glass  retort  capable  of 


286  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

holding  aV)out  a  half  gallon,  10  oz.  of  pure  mercury  in  5  lbs.  of  nitric  acid  of  the 
specific  gravity  of  1.40.  The  solution  is  made  by  placing  the  retort  in  a  water  or 
sand-buth  of  about  120°  or  exposed  to  the  sun's  rays  on  a  warm  day.  The  vapors 
which  como  over  arc  very  deleterious,  and  should  not  be  inlialed. 

When  the  solution  is  complete,  pour  the  liquor  into  a  widc-mouthc<l  glass  vessel 
capaltle  of  holding  8  to  10  gallons,  into  which  5. 675  lbs.  of  alcohol  (abi)ut  CJ  pints) 
of  the  spocifio  gravity  of  0.85  have  been  previously  poured.  Care  must  be  taken 
U)  pour  the  nitrate  of  mercury  on  the  alcohol,  as  the  reverse  mode  of  mixing  is  dan- 
gerous. Great  heat  is  evolved  during  the  effervescence  which  ensues  from  the 
mixture,  and  the  glass  vessels  used  should  be  well  annealed  and  of  a  form  to  bear 
a  high  heat  without  breaking.  Carboys  of  thin  flint  glass,  without  mouth-rings  or 
any  alinipt  change  in  thickness,  are  best.  The  operation  should  be  performed  at  a 
safe  di.-<tancc  from  the  fire,  as  the  vapors  of  ether  disengaged  are  highly  inflamma- 
ble. When  reddish  fumes  begin  to  appear,  they  must  be  reduced  by  adding  alcohol 
in  small  ()nantities. 

The  proportion  of  alcohol  used  in  the  whole  operation  varies  according  to  the 
strength  of  the  acid  and  alcohol,  and  also  with  the  state  of  the  weather.  The 
proper  quantity  is  that  which  is  just  suflBcicnt  to  keep  down  the  reddish  fumes,  and 
is  determined  by  trial  with  the  materials  used. 

When  the  elfcrvescence  has  ceased,  the  fulminate  of  mercury  is  found  at  the 
bottom  of  the  vessel  as  a  brownish  precipitate.  A  small  ijuantity  of  water  is 
poured  in,  ami  the  contents  transferred  to  the  washing  tub,  where  it  is  repeatedly 
washed  in  soft  water,  until  tlie  water  no  lunger  reddens  litmus  paper. 

The  fulminate  is  in  the  form  of  very  small  crystals,  of  a  light  gray  color  and 
brilliant  surface.  If  the  operation  be  well  performed,  no  metallic  mercury  will  be 
reproduced.  The  weight  of  the  fulminate,  when  dried,  is  about  14  per  cent,  greater 
than  that  of  the  mercury  used. 

If  the  proper  proportions  be  not  used  (or  if  the  materials  be  not  of  good  quality), 
the  product  will  be,  instead  of  fulminate,  an  impalpable,  yellow  powder,  which  is 
incombustible.  When  this  is  observed,  the  result  may  generally  bo  corrected  by 
varying  the  proportion  of  alcohol  in  the  mixture. 

The  fulminate  of  mercury  is  kept  under  water,  in  stone  jars,  which  should  be  pre- 
served from  frost. 

A  day's  icork. — In  a  warm,  clear  day,  1  master  and  2  assistants  can  make,  and 
partially  wash,  100  lbs.  of  fulminate  in  10  hours. 

To  PREPARE  THE  PERCi'SsiON  POWDER. — Take  aboat  2  lbs.  of  the  wet  fulminate 
in  an  earthen  dish ;  drain  the  water  from  it,  and  spread  it  on  sheets  of  blotting 
paper  until  it  is  sufficiently  dry  to  assume  the  granular  form  and  retains  only  20 
per  cent,  of  moisture.  In  this  state  add  to  it  bO  per  cent,  of  its  weight  of  refined 
pulverized  nitre,  and  thoroughly  mix  the  ingredients,  on  a  wooden  table,  with  the 
hand  and  a  wooden  spatula,  and  pass  it  several  times  through  an  iron  sieve  Xo.  3: 
spread  it  on  sheets  ot  paper  in  quantities  of  ^  lb.  each,  and  dry  it  in  the  sun  or  in  a 
room  warmed  by  flues.     When  quite  dry,  pass  the  i  lb.  parcels  through  a  fine  hair 


PERCUSSION-CAPS    FOR    SMALL   ARMS.  287 

sjeve,  by  rubbing  it  with  the  hand,  and  put  each  parcel  in  a  separate  box,  made  of 
paper,  varnished  on  the  inside  and  outside  with  shellac  varnish  and  having  a  loose- 
ly-fitting cover.  The  boxes  should  bo  kept  in  a  small  magazine  standing  apart 
from  other  buildings,  upon  shelves  covered  with  cloth,  to  prevent  friction  in 
moving,  and  be  issued  one  at  a,  time  to  the  person  having  charge  of  the  cap 
machine. 

Making  and  fillikg  the  caps. — Both  of  these  operations  are  performed  by 
the  same  machine.  The  sheet  of  copper  is  adjusted  on  the  table  of  the  machine. 
The  hopper  is  filled  with  the  percussion  powder,  and  the  machine  put  in  motion. 
The  star  or  blank  is  cut  by  a  punch  and  transferred  to  a  die,  where  it  is  formed 
into  a  cap  by  a  second  punch.  The  cap  is  caught  in  the  notches  of  the  revolving 
horizontal  plate,  and  carried,  first  under  the  hopper  containing  the  percussion  pow- 
der, where  it  receives  its  charge  of  i  grain,  and  then  under  a  punch,  which  presses 
the  charge  firmly  into  the  cap,  and  lastly  to  the  drop-hole,  where  it  falls  into  the 
receiving  drawer. 

The  hopper  is  supplied  from  time  to  time  from  the  i  lb.  box,  while  the  machine 
is  at  rest,  using  a  small  copper  scoop  for  the  purpose,  and  the  bo.\  returned  to  its 
special  closet,  at  least  one  yard  from  the  machine  and  above  its  level,  before  the 
machine  is  put  in  motion. 

As  a  cap  is  occasionally  exploded  under  the  punch  in  charging,  all  dust  of  per- 
cussion powder  should  be  frequently  removed,  and  only  a  small  quantity  of  percus- 
Bion  powder  kept  in  the  hopper.  The  receiving  drawer  should  be  emptied  after 
each  sheet  of  copper  is  completed  :  2,314  caps  are  made  from  each  sheet  48  inches 
long  and  14  wide. 

A  day's  work. — The  average  work  of  ten  hours,  including  all  necessary  stoppa- 
ges, is  31,000  caps  for  each  machine. 

To  PREPAnE  THE  VARNISH. — Dissolve  1  lb.  of  the  best  gum  shellac  in  1  qt.  of 
rectified  alcohol  containing  95  per  cent,  of  pure  spirit.  The  solution  is  made  most 
readily  at  a  te"mperature  of  about  120°.  It  must  be  stirred  frequently  until  all  the 
gum  is  dissolved.     It  is  made  and  fit  for  use  in  4  hours. 

The  varnish  is  best  made  and  kept  in  glass  vessels.  1  qt.  of  alcohol  and  1  lb.  of 
shellac  make  1.4(5  qt.  of  varnish.  A  small  quantity  of  alcohol  is  occasionally 
added  to  thin  the  varnish  when  it  is  used.  i 

Eighteen  quarts  of  varnish  are  required  for  1,000,000  caps.  Two  quarts  of  alco- 
hol are  required  for  thinning  the  varnish. 

To  VARNISH  THE  CAPS. — The  caps  are  put  into  holes  in  counting-plates  made  of 
sheet-brass,  15  inches  by  12  inches,  .05  inch  thick,  held  in  a  frame  of  brass  rods  .35 
inch  square.  This  is  quickly  done  by  taking  a  parcel  of  caps  on  the  plate  and 
shaking  it  sideways:  the  caps  settle  themselves  in  the  holes.  When  the  plate  is  filled, 
the  defective  caps  and  those  which  have  lost  their  charge  are  easily  detected  by  the 
eye,  and  are  replaced  by  perfect  ones.  The  plate  is  placed  in  its  bed  in  the  varnish- 
ing machine,  which  is  worked  by  hand,  and  each  row  of  caps  is  brought  in  turn  under 
a  row  of  wires,  Avhich  are  alternately  dipped  into  a  pan  of  varnish  and  then  into  the 
caps,  leaving  in  each  a  drop  of  varnish. 


288  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

The  quantity  of  varnish  placed  in  each  cap  can  be  rcpulafed  by  the  sifo  of  the 
wires,  or  by  the  depth  tu  which  they  cuter  the  varnish.  The  ru)i8  remain  in  tho  plate 
30  to  40  minutei<,  when  the  varnigh  ie  sufficiently  net  to  allow  of  their  beiiip  turned 
into  a  tray  for  dryinp.  Thefo  trays  are  of  wood,  18  inches  long,  12  inches  wide,  and 
1  inch  deep,  and  contain  2,500  caps.  Tho  caps  remain  in  the  tray*  fur  .'J  days*  in  a 
room  lieated  to  about  100°.  They  arc  then  put  into  bnpf,  and  kept  at  the  same 
temperature  for  10  days  longer,  before  they  arc  packed  in  boxes. 

A  diiy'i  tcork. — One  boy  can  count  and  varniish  7,000  caps  per  hour. 

Packing. — Tho  caps  are  put  into  bags  of  strong  cotton  duck,  10,000  in  a  bag,  and 
ten  bags  are  packed  in  a  woodeu  box.  The  box  is  lined  with  thick  paper,  tho  bags 
are  packed  in  tow,  and  the  cover  is  fastened  with  six  2-inch  wood  screws. 

Uaoh  anh  i-A(  king-boxes. — Tho  bags  are  6  inches  in  diameter  and  13.5  inchei 
deep.     They  arc  made  with  circular  bottoms,  like  cartridge-bags  for  field  service. 

They  are  marked  with  the  number  of  the  bap,  the  content",  the  place  and  date  of 
fabrication. 

Tht  piirking-hnsct  are  made  of  1-inch  white  pine,  dovetailed  ;  they  have  brackets 
for  rope  handles  on  the  ends,  are  painted  olive  color,  and  marked  on  tho  ends  with 
the  number  aud  kind  of  contents,  and  on  tho  inside  of  the  covor  with  the  place  and 
date  of  fabrication. 

Interior  ih'inentiuiii. — Length,  28.75  inches;  width,  12  inches:  depth,  S.S  iochM. 
I»ri(//i»«.— Of  1.000,000  caps,  «44  lbs. 

Of  bag  with  10.000  caps,  9.625  lbs. 

Of  packing-box,  26  lbs. 

Of  box  packed  with  100,000  cap?,  127  lbs. 

matkrials  required  for  1,000,000  caps. 

For  the  Ctipn. — 1,300  lbs.  sheet-copper,  of  which  about  one-third  is  returned  in 
scraps. 

For  the  Poictirr. — 42  lbs.  mercury. 

336  lbs.  nitric  acid. 
382  lbs.  alcohoL 
24  lbs.  nitre. 
For  the  Varnith. — 10  lbs.  gum  shellac. 

12  qts.  alcohol. 
For  Bag*. — 31  yards  of  cotton  duck,  .76  yard  wide. 
For  Jioxet. — 150  feet  white  pine  boards. 

Note. — Experience  has  shown  that  it  is  not  safe  to  try  to  wash  the  percussion 
powder  from  partly  filled  caps.  A  lot  of  unvarnished  caps,  imperfectly  filled,  being 
soaked  in  water  for  several  days,  became  coated  with'  a  substance  much  more  explo- 
sive than  the  origiual  fulminate. 

The  percussion  powder  must  be  burned  out,  and  the  cap  polished  by  roiling  in  a 
dust  barrel. 


PITCHED    FASCINES.  289 

iNCEXDiA  i;y  compositions,  lights  and  signals. 

Rock-Fire. 

Rock-fire  is  a  composition  which  burns  slowly,  is  difficult  to  extinguish,  and  is  used 
to  set  fire  to  buildings,  ships,  etc.  That  which  is  put  into  shells  is  cast  in  cylindrical 
cases  of  paper  hnving  a  priming  in  their  axes. 

Materials. — Roiin,  ^  parts  ;  sulphur,  4;  uitre,  10';  rcguhts  of  antimony,  1  ;  mutton 
tallow,  1;   turpentine,  1. 

Utensils. —  A  furnace  of  second  kind  (page  24.'?),  or  large  kettle  in  the  open  air- 
tpatulas  ;   ladle  with  long  handle;  balance  and  weights;  sieves. 

Preparation  op  the  composition. — Pulverize  the  sulphur,  nitre  and  antimony 
separately;  mix  them  with  the  hands,  and  pass  them  through  sieve  No.  2;  melt  the 
tallow  first,  then  the  rosin,  stirring  the  mixture  with  spatulas;  add  the  turpentine 
and  next  the  other  materials,  in  small  (luanlitics  at  a  time,  stirring  the  whole  con- 
stantly with  large  spatulas. 

Let  one  portion  of  the  composition  be  melted  before  more  is  added,  and  work  with 
great  precaution  to  prevent  it  from  taking  fire.  When  the  composition  becomes  of 
a  brown  color,  and  white  vapors  are  disengaged,  the  firo  is  permitted  to  go  down  • 
and  when  the  composition  is  sufficiently  fluid,  the  cases  are  filled  with  the  ladle  not 
more  than  three-fourths  full. 

Paper  cases  and  phiming-tubes. — The  cases  are  made  ofrocket  paper,  in  the 
manner  described  for  port-fire  cases.  The  priming-tubes  are  made  of  cartridge  paper 
pasted  after  the  first  turn,  and  rolled  hard. 

Filling  the  cases. — The  cases  are  arranged  in  a  frame,  the  lower  end  of  each 
inserted  iu  a  socket,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  a  spindle  to  support  the  priming  tube. 

The  upper  ends  of  the  cases  are  held  in  place  by  short  cylindrical  spouts  attached 
to  the  lower  side  of  a  reservoir  which  rests  on  the  top  of  the  frame.  The  composition 
is  poured  into  the  reservoir,  and  tlie  frame  is  gently  shaken  to  settle  the  composition 
in  the  cases  until  they  are  filled. 

When  the  composition  has  become  solid,  the  cylinders  are  taken  out  of  the  frame 
and  trimmed;  the  priming-tubes  are  charged  with  composition  No.  1  for  mortar 
fuzes,  driven  the  same  as  mortar  fuzes ;  the  ends  of  the  cylinders  are  last  dipped  in 
mealed  powder. 

When  rock-fire  cannot  be  had  to  put  into  shells,  the  p.aper  cases  may  be  filled  with 
port-fire  composition,  driven  as  usual;  or  pieces  of  port-fire  may  be  inserted  in  the 
shells. 

Pitched  Fascines. 

Pitched  fascines  arc  fagots  of  dry  twigs  covered  over  with  an  incendiary  compo- 
sition, and  used  to  set  fire  to  buildings  or  to  lightup  at  work. 
19 


290  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


TO    MAKE    riTf-flEr)    FASCINES. 


MATF.niAL. —  Di-)!  hrnnchm,  about  0.5  inch  diameter,  or  other  light,  combustibftj 
wood:   I/-OII  irire,  about  0  5  ineh  diameter. 

Utensils. — 4  pickrts,  40  inches  long  and  li  inch  diameter ;  ryliudrt'cnl  tiirl-n,  20 
inches  long,  11  inch  diameter;  2  tracc-rope» ;  1  mpc  for  a  cap-^tan  ;  2  lever* ;  I  $maU 
cord;    I  flat  puiirh  ;    1  miv)  OX  hill-hook ;   1  block. 

To  MAK.K  THE  KAS<iNE. — Form  2  crotchets,  1  foot  apart,  with  the  -lO-inch  pickets; 
cut  the  liranchcs  20  inches  long,  and  tie  them  in  the  middle  of  their  length,  and  about 
2  inches  from  their  ends,  with  annealed  wire,  and  |dace  in  the  axis  a  cylindrical  stick, 
intcndcil  to  preserve  a  vacant  space:  draw  the  branches  tightly  together,  that  they 
may  bold  the  composition  better,  and  cut  off  tho  end»  square. 

TO    riTCn    THE    KASCl.VES. 

MATKniAI.R. —  I'it'h  ;  tar;  miilton  (tilloir ;  liiincxl  oil,  in  a  bowl;  »nir.ilii»t,  in  A 
barrel ;  rock-fire  for  priming. 

Utensils. — 2  potn  in  a  furnace  of  tho  first  kiml ;  2  Kjintiilii* :  1  ln<ll'  with  a  long 
handle:   1  rnnnll  iron  fork,  with  a  long  wooden  hanalc;  2  tiib»  ;  plank: 

The  fascines  receive  two  coats  of  composition. 

Firnt  root. — Melt  20  parts  of  pitch  and  1  of  tallow  in  the  pots,  filling  them  not  more 
than  half  full.  Having  first  well  oiled  the  cylindrical  slick,  plunge  the  fascine  into 
the  liiiuiil  with  the  fork,  first  one  end,  then  the  other,  each  time  pouring  on  the  upper 
end  two  ladlefuls  of  the  composition.  Let  the  composition  harden,  holding  the 
fascine  over  the  pot,  turning  it  slowly,  and  then  immerse  it  in  the  tub  of  water. 

The  assistant,  with  his  hands  covered  with  oil,  fashions  the  fascine,  rolling  it  on 
the  bottom  of  the  tub,  and  places  it  on  the  planks. 

Second  coat  is  put  on  24  hours  after  the  first;  it  is  composed  of  e<iual  parts  of 
pitch  and  rosin,  melted  and  mixed  together  in  the  pot.  The  cylindrical  stick  ii 
taken  out,  and  the  fascine  immersed  in  the  composition,  as  with  the  first  coat:  it  is 
permitted  to  drip,  and  is  then  laid  in  saw-dust  and  powdered  all  over  with  it.  A 
fascine  requires  about  1.1  lb.  of  each  composition.  Fascines  should  be  primed  only 
&  short  time  before  being  used.  For  this  purpose  dip  each  end,  for  a  distance  of  » 
half  inch,  into  a  kettle  holding  melted  rock-fire. 

When  used  for  incendiary  purposes,  fascines  are  placed  in  piles,  and  pieces  of 
quick-match  and  port-fire  scattered  over  them  to  make  the  whole  mass  take  fire  at 
once. 

Torches. 

Torches  are  made  of  a  number  of  strands  of  twine  slightly  twisted,  or  old  rope, 
covered  with  a  composition  to  give  light. 

Materials. — Hemp  ttritie,  slightly  twisted,  about  0.08  inch  diameter;  cartridge 
thread  ;   mutton  talloie  :  j/ellow  wax;  roitin ;  glue;  quicklime. 

Utensils. — I  pot ;  2  upatulai ;   1  ladle;  glue  pot  and  bath;   knife;   1  mould. 


'm 


FIRE-BALLS.  291 

PuEPARATiON. — Melt  in  the  pot  1  part  of  t.i'li<\v,  2  of  yellow  wax.  and  8  of  rosin, 
stirring  it  with  spatulas.  The  twine  is  formed  in  hanks  of  about  40  threads,  3  feet 
long,  cut  at  one  end,  and  tied  with  twine,  forming  a  handle,  at  the  other. 

The  hanks  are  immersed  for  ten  minutes  in  the  composition,  and  then  drawn 
through  a  mould  of  the  proper  size.  They  are  suspended  by  the  handle  in  a  shady 
place  to  harden ;  24  hours  after,  they  are  painted  over  with  a  warm  solution  of 
a  half  pound  of  quicklime  and  J  of  an  ounce  of  glue  to  a  quart  of  water. 

With  old  rope. — Boil  the  rope,  well  beaten  and  untwisted,  in  a  solution  of  equal 
parts  of  nitre  and  water ;  when  dry,  cut  it  iu  pieces  4  feet  long  ;  tie  3  or  4  of  these 
pieces  around  a  piece  of  i)ine  wood,  2  inches  in  diameter  and  4  feet  long;  cover  the 
whole  with  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  sulphur  and  mealed  powder,  moistened  with 
brandy;  fill  the  intervals  between  the  cords  with  a  paste  of  3  parts  of  sulphur  and 
1  of  quicklime.  When  it  is  dry,  cover  the  whole  torch  with  the  following  compo- 
sition : 

Pitch,  3  parts  ;  Venice  turpentine,  3  parts  ;  turpentine,  i  part. 

Tarred  Links. 

Tarred  links  are  made  of  old  rope,  covered  over  with  a  composition  to  give  light. 

Matkrials. —  Old  nlow-match  or  rope ;  cartridge  thread ;  endn  of  rope.  One  link 
requires  i  lb.  of  tow  and  1  to  li  lb.  of  composition. 

Utensils. — Mallet;  knife. 

To  MAKE  THE  LINKS. — The  old  rope  is  well  beaten  with  mallets:  the  short  ends 
are  tied  together  with  cartridge  thread.  The  links  are  formed  by  coiliug  the  soft 
rope  around  the  hand,  in  coils  of  3  inches  interior  and  6  inches  exterior  diameter. 
loosely  tied  with  thread. 

To  TAR  THE  LINKS.— The  links  are  covered  with  composition  as  described  for 
fascines. 

Tarred  links  burn  one  hour  in  calm  weather,  half  an  hour  in  a  high  wind,  and 
are  not  extinguished  in  the  rain.  Two  of  them  are  put  in  a  rampart  grate  on  a 
bed  of  shavings.     The  grates  are  placed  about  250  feet  apart. 

Fire-Balls. 

Fire-balls  arc  projectiles  of  an  oval  shape,  formed  of  sacks  of  canvas  filled  with 
combustible  composition.  They  are  used  to  light  up  the  enemy's  work,  and  are 
loaded  with  shells  to  prevent  them  from  being  approached. 

Materials.— »S'(roH<7,  clo^e  canvas  (sail-cloth) ;  rope;  cartridge  thread;  red  chalk; 
slow-match;  loaded  shells ;  pitch.  A  composition  of  8  parts  of  saltpetre  as  it  comes 
from  the  refinery,  2  of  pulverized  sulphur,  and  1  of  antimony,  passed  through 
sieve  No.  2.  These  materials  are  mixed  in  the  hands,  passed  through  sieve  No.  4, 
moistened  with  l-30th  their  weight  of  water,  and  passed  again  through  the  same 
sieve. 


292  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Utenbils. — The  necessary  utensils  for  prinding  and  preparing  tbo  composition  : 
Wooden  pnltrrn,  red  chalk,  1  pair  xherirn,  <  ,llar  neidles,  ninlUt,  Hmall  goiKje  of  the 
calibre  of  the  fire-balls,  troop,  Uinvd  links,  1  wooden  mould,  2  wooden  drift*,  20 
inches  long,  one  of  them  U  inch  and  the  other  2J  to  4  inches  in  diamctur;  2 
wooden  pint,  4i  inches  long,  the  small  end  the  size  of  a  pa])er  fuze. 

To  MARK  TiiK  SACK. — Miirk  out  the  pieces  by  means  of  the  imttcrn,  and  cut 
them  with  the  shears;  baste  two  or  three  thicknesses  together,  according  t)  the 
strength  of  the  canvas;  sew  three  or  more  together,  enough  to  make  the  sack; 
leave  one  end  open,  forming  a  mouth  for  charging;  turn  the  bag  to  bring  the  seams 
on  the  inside.  The  mouth  may  be  made  fast  to  un  iron  hoop,  large  enough  to 
admit  the  shell,  with  which  the  fire-ball  is  loaded. 

To  riiKPAUK  THK  shf.ll. — Charge  the  shell  with  j)owdcr  and  put  in  a  slow  fuze. 
Dip  the  tarred  link  into  the  melted  rosin,  pitch  and  tallow,  and  fasten  it  with  twine 
to  the  shell  around  the  fuz-e-hole. 

To  oiiAUGK  TIIK  SACK. — Placc  the  sack  in  the  mould  and  secure  the  mouth  to  it. 
Put  the  shell  with  the  tarred  link  in  the  bottom  of  the  sack,  the  fu/.c-holo  down- 
ward, and  fasten  the  shell  down  with  twine  passed  through  the  sides  of  the  sack, 
or  with  a  piece  of  canvas  secured  to  the  sides  ;  put  in  the  composition  with  a  scoop 
and  ram  it,  first  with  the  small  drift,  and,  when  it  is  half  the  height  of  the  projec- 
tile, with  the  large  drift,  driving  it  with  the  mallet.  Continue  in  this  way  till  the 
sack  is  Oiled  to  the  top.     Close  the  mouth  of  the  sack,  sewing  the  pieces  together. 

TuK  luoN  BOTTOM. — Thc  ball  is  furnished  with  an  iron  bottom,  to  prevent  it  from 
being  broken  by  the  force  of  the  charge  in  thc  mortar.  To  make  the  bottom,  thc 
iron,  .'2  inch  thick,  is  cut  in  a  circular  form,  healed  and  partly  shaped  with  a  set 
hammer,  in  a  concave  wooden  former:  it  is  again  heated,  and  finished  in  an  iron 
former.  It  is  then  put  into  a  lathe,  where  thc  outer  edge  is  trimmed  and  chamfered 
to  thc  thickness  of  i  inch. 

The  iron  bottom  is  attached  to  the  ball  witli  the  cement  (page  16^);  the  bottom  is 
filled  about  one-third  full  with  the  cement,  and  the  loaded  end  of  the  fire-ball  i» 
inserted  in  it  and  left  to  cool. 

The  ball  is  next  covered  aad  strengthened  with  a  net-work  made  of  span-yarn  or 
cord,  from  O.'io  to  0.5  inch  thick,  according  to  the  size  of  the  ball.  This  net-work  is 
oommeuccd  at  the  bottom  of  the  sack,  and  terminates  at  the  ti^]!  in  a  strong  loop, 
which  forms  a  handle  for  carrying  the  baU.  Fire-balls  are  dipped  in  a  composition 
of  equal  parts  of  pitch  and  rosin,  made  warm.  The  ball,  when  finished,  should  pass 
through  the  large  shell-gauge. 

To  PRIME  THE  BALLS. — Make  4  holes,  about  3  inches  below  the  top,  by  driving  in 
the  greased  wooden  pins  2  inches  deep.  When  the  ball  is  to  be  primed,  lake  out 
these  pins  and  fill  the  holes  with  fuzes,  and  with  two  strands  of  quick-match,  held 
fast  by  the  composition:  leave  room  in  the  priming-hole  for  coiling  the  quick-matob 
and  cover  it  with  a  piece  of  canvas  fastened  with  4  nails. 

The  balls  are  not  primed  until  they  are  to  be  fired. 


SIGNAL   ROCKETS.  293 

Light-Balls.  ^—-rfh 

Light-balls  are  made  in  the  same  manner  as  fire-balls,  except  that  there  is  no 
shell  in  them,  as  they  are  use!  for  lighting  up  our  own  works. 

Blue-Lights. 

Materials. — For  100  Iff/htn — Saltpetre,  9  lbs.  10  oz. ;  mlphnr,  2  lbs.  6i  oz.;  red 
orpimetit,  11  oz.  The  materials  should  be  pure,  well  pulverized,  and  thoroughly- 
incorporated,  rubbing  them  in  the  hands  and  passing  them  several  times  through  a 
fine  hair  sieve.  Hemiiipherirnl  ctipa  of  well-seasoned  wood  (beech,  linden,  etc.)  with 
a  handle  10  inches  long,  IJ  inch  diameter;  quirk-uialeh,  paper,  paste. 

Utensils. — The  necessary  utensils  for  pulverizing  and  mixing  the  composition. 

PiiEPAiiATiON. — Fill  the  cup  with  composition  and  press  it  firmly  in;  prime  the 
cup  with  quick-match,  and  cover  the  whole  with  cartridge  paper  pasted  to  the 
bottom  of  the  cup. 

The  brilliancy  of  the  light  depends  on  the  purity  and  thorough  incorporation  of 
the  materials. 

Signal  Rockets. 

Rockets  for  signals  are  composed  of  a  paper  case  charged  with  composition,  ajoot 
filled  with  ornaments,  and  a  light  ulick  to  give  direction. 

Rockets  are  denominated  by  the  interior  diameter  of  the  case.  The  most  common 
sizes  are  the  .75-inch,  1-inch  and  1.5-inch. 

TO    MAKE    THE    CASE. 

Mateuials. — No.  4  paper  ;  pasfe  ;  stroiirj  twiue. 

Implements. — Aivl;  ruler;  knife;  sdndstone ;  rolling  bench;  press  and  crank; 
choking  machine;  gauge  for  the  case  ;  paste  brush. 

To  CUT  THE  PAPER. — Lay  off  the  paper  into  rectangles,  their  width  equal  to  the 
length  of  the  case,  pricking  with  the  awl  the  four  corners  on  several  sheets  at  once; 
cut  them  with  the  knife. 

A  sheet  of  No.  4  paper  makes  two  rectangles  for  a  .75-inch  or  for  an  inch  rocket, 
by  cutting  it  parallel  to  the  short  or  the  long  side,  respectively. 

To  ROLL  THE  CASE. — Roll  tho  rectangle  smoothly  on  the  former,  pasting  the  paper 
after  the  first  turn  ;  put  the  case  and  former  in  one  of  the  grooves  of  the  press,  and, 
by  means  of  tho  crank  slipped  on  the  square  end  of  the  former,  turn  it;  the  top"  of 
the  press  bearing  on  it  slightly  at  first  Paste  tho  second  rectangle,  introduce  one 
end  under  the  last  rectangle,  and  roll  it  as  at  first.  Gauge  the  case,  to  sec  that  it  is 
the  size  of  the  mould. 

If  there  be  no  rocket  press  at  hand,  a  long  hand  rolling  board  may  bo  used 
instead. 

To  CHOKE  THE  CASE. — Wrap  a  piece  of  strong  paper  around  the  end  of  the  case 


204  ORDNANCE    MANUAL.  ' 

to  ltd  choked,  to  prcvcDt  the  cor'I  from  chafing  it ;  take  a  turn  around  it  with  the 
ohokiDK-cord,  and  ])r<-i<H  on  the  treadle,  turning  the  case  at  the  same  time,  and  draw- 
injt  out  the  small  imrt  of  the  former  as  the  jjaper  contracts;  make  the  choke  fa«t  by 
wrapping  it  i^tveral  times  with  strcmj;  twine,  drawing  it  firmly,  and  tie  it  in  a  hard 
knot:  |ilace  the  eases  uwaj  tu  dry  in  the  shade. 

TO    nBIVK    THK    ROCKKT. 
MaTRRIALS. —  Empty  rimm  ;    coinjjo'ition  ;    cliiy  or  pltnlrr  of  Parit. 

The  cum]>ositioD  is  composed  of  26  parts  of  nitre,  .'>}  of  sulphur,  and  19  of 
oharooal,  which  arc  mixed  hj  ruhbing  them  io  the  hand,  and  passing  them  three 
times  through  the  sieve  No.  2;  the  charcoal  is  added,  and  mixed  with  the  hands.  If 
antimony  or  steel  filings  be  used,  they  should  be  added  after  the  charcoal. 

When  beginning  with  a  new  compobition  or  new  materials,  it  is  necessary  to  try 
the  composition  by  firing  two  or  three  rockets  made  of  it,  ami  regulate  the  height 
of  the  milt'd.  If  the  rockets  do  not  ascend  sufficiently  high,  increase  the  quantity 
of  nitre,  and  diminish  it  if  the  rockets  burst  or  blow  out  the  head. 

When  rockets  are  well  made,  they  ascend  rapidly  to  a  great  height,  an<I  throw 
(At  their  ornaments  at  the  highest  point  of  the  curve,  after  all  the  composition  baa 
burned  out. 

Utensils. — 1  mow/i/and  fjiimilr;  1  Uock  <»/iror»rf,  settled  in  the  ground;  3  koltoie 
drift*,  bored  to  admit  the  spindle;  I  tolid  drift ;  m<illeti;  kuive*  ;  §and*lunea ;  1  thnrg- 
ing  Indlr  of  such  size  thai  its  contents,  when  driven  in  the  case,  shall  be  a  diamet«.-r 
in  height. 

To  iMT  TDK  TASK  IX  THK  Moi  i.ii. — In  the  first  jdace,  cut  off  the  choke<l  end  of  the 
ease  square,  and  to  such  a  length  that  when  the  case  is  settled  down  on  the  s[dndle 
the  choke  should  fit  closely  over  the  nipple,  and  the  end  of  the  case  rest  on  the  base 
of  the  8i>indle. 

Place  the  case  on  the  spindle,  the  choked  end  down  ;  settle  it  with  two  or  three 
blows  of  the  mallet :  set  the  mould  over  the  case  and  key  it  down. 

Driving  the  rocket. — Take  a  ladleful  of  composition,  strike  off  the  surplus  and 
pour  it  into  the  ease.  Use  first  the  longest  hollow  drift,  and  give  each  lailleful  25  or 
SO  blows  with  the  mallet,  keeping  the  drift  down  on  the  composition.  As  the  eaae 
fills,  use  the  shorter  drifts  until  the  composition  reaches  the  top  of  the  spindle;  then 
drive  1  diameter  in  height  with  the  solid  drift,  cover  this  with  a  patch  of  stiff  paper 
cut  to  fit  the  case,  and  over  this  patch  drive  a  wad  i  diameter  high,  of  clay,  or  of 
piaster  of  Paris  slightly  moistened  with  water. 

Rockets  are  sometimes  driven  solid  throughout,  and  afterward  bored  and  reamed 
OBt  with  a  reamer  of  the  form  of  the  spindle. 

The  mnMldf  fi>r  driving  are  not  indispensable.  Rockets  are  oft«n  driven  without 
them.  For  this  purpose,  screw  the  spindle  vertically  into  the  top  of  a  block  of  wood 
firmly  imbedded  in  the  ground.  To  the  opposite  sides  of  this  block  attach  two 
upright  strips  of  plnuk.  and  fasten  to  them  a  cross-piece  which  has  near  its  centre* 
hole  to  fit  the  rocket-case  and  keep  it  steady  on  the  spindle  in  driving. 


SIGNAL    ROCKETS.  295 

To  guard  nffnivst  arcidrnft,  drive  rockets  in  an  empty  rotim  ;  particularly,  let  no 
powder  be  in  the  room,  or  composition,  except  that  used  at  the  time,  and  let  no  filled 
rocket-cases  be  lying  about.     In  fair  weather  use  a  tent  for  a  driving  room. 

To  PRIME  THK  ROCKET. — Insert  in  the  bore  of  the  rocket  one  end  of  a  piece  of 
quick-match,  2  feet  long,  a  small  piece  of  paper  attached,  and  push  it  in  securely; 
coil  the  rest  of  the  match  in  the  bore  and  bottom  of  the  case.  To  secure  it  from 
dampness,  paste  over  the  end  of  the  case  a  circular  cap  of  strong  paper. 

TO    MAKE    THE    POTS. 

Materials. — No.  4  paper,  pnntc. 

IJTENSrLS. — Knife,  former,  rolling  hoard,  hotel  for  pdste,  hiushra. 

Making  the  pot, — Cut  the  rectangle  and  roll  it  on  the  former  as  described  for 
port-tire  cases. 

To  attach  the  pot. — Paste  the  pot  on  the  inside  the  di.«tance  of  one-half  of  a 
diameter,  and  also  the  out-^idc?  of  the  case,  at  the  end  containing  the  clay,  for  the 
same  length ;  slip  the  pot  on  the  pasted  end,  leaving  the  length  of  the  pot  above  the 
top  of  the  case  t)ne  and  a  half  diameter. 

To  secure  the  pot  in  place  and  give  a  neat  tinisb,  cover  the  rocket-case  and  pot, 
when  dry,  with  thin  paper  pasted  on. 

TO    MAKE    THE    CONES. 

Matehials. — iVo.  A:  jiaper,  paste,  thin  paper. 

Utensils. —  Compnsse»,  knife,  scissors,  conical  former,  howl  for  paste,  hriishes. 

Making  cones. — Mark  out  the  No.  4  paper  by  describing  with  the  compasses 
circles  with  a  radius  equal  to  the  length  of  the  cone  required.  Cut  them  out  with 
the  scissors,  and  cut  each  circle  into  semicircles.  Paste  each  semicircle  and  roll  it 
sep.arately  on  the  former;  press  it  firmly,  and  put  it  away  to  dry.  Cut  the  cones  to 
such  length  that  their  bases  shall  bo  of  the  same  diameter  as  t'lo  pot.  Make  in  the 
same  way  a  similar  cone  of  thin  paper  one  inch  longer,  and  paste  it  on  the  first;  cut 
the  part  of  the  cone  formed  of  one  thickness  of  paper  into  longitudinal  slips  \  inch 
wide. 

To  LOAD  THE  POT  AND  FIX  THE  CONE. — Put  in  the  bursting  charge  of  150  to  300 
grains  of  powder  in  the  bottom  of  the  pot,  and  fill  it  with  the  decorations,  placing  the 
serpents  and  streamers  on  end,  the  primed  ends  down.  Fill  the  cone  with  tow,  and 
paste  the  strips  of  the  cone;  place  the  cone  on  the  pot,  and  press  the  strips  on  the 
side  of  the  pot;  paste  a  narrow  baud  of  paper  around  the  rocket  close  to  the  base  of 
the  cone. 

The  axes  of  the  rocket-case,  of  the  pot,  and  of  the  cone,  should  be  in  the  same  line. 

To  ATTACH  THE  STICK.— Tie  the  stick  to  the  rocket,  with  strong  twine  or  annealed 
iron  wire  from  .04  to  .08  inch  in  diameter,  at  two  places :  first  at  the  choke  of  the 
case  and  the  second  notch  in  the  stick,  crossing  the  ends  of  the  twine  under  the 
stick  to  prevent  its  moving  to  the  right  or  left;  the  second,  in  the  notch  at  the  end 
of  the  stick  and  near  the  pot;  tic  the  twine  in  a  hard  knot,  and  cut  the  ends  close. 


296  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

If  wire  be  used,  twi»t  the  ends  together  with  plicrF,  jiiid  flatten  the  end«  into  the 
notch. 

After  the  stick  is  attachp<i,  the  centre  of  jfravify  of  tiie  rocket  should  bo  from  .8 
inch  to  2  imhes  from  the  end  of  the  case.  aecordinK  to  the  kind  of  dceorutionc  used. 
For  tiiin  inirpouc,  if  necei<Kary,  reduce  the  size  of  tlic  slick  at  the  end. 

DKCOR.\TIONS  FOR  ROCKETS. 

Stars. 

Materiai.r.— Roe  table,  pa^e  .311. 

Utrn8IL8. — The  necessary  utensils  for  weighing  and  grinding  the  matnriali ; 
a  efflindrirnl  mould  with  a  pin  in  the  axio .  and  a  piston  for  pushing  out  the  stars. 

To  PRKi'AUK  TiiK  I'OM I'OSiTios. — Reduce  the  materials  to  the  finest  powder;  mix 
them  with  the  hands;  pass  them  three  times  throti;;h  the  sieve,  mixin;;  them  each 
time  with  the  hand. 

Moisten  the  composition  with  whiskey  in  which  gum  has  been  dissolred,*  so  that 
the  composition  sliall  retain  its  form  when  pressecl  in  the  hand. 

To  MOfi-n  TIIK  STARS. — Fill  the  mould  by  pressing  it  in  the  composition  spread 
oat  in  a  wooden  bowl  ;  push  out  the  star  with  the  piston,  letting  it  full  lightly  on 
a  sheet  of  paper  dusted  over  with  mcalcil  powder. 

Colnrrd  glum  arc  made  in  the  same  manner  as  white  ones,  using  the  compositiont 
indicated  in  the  tabic,  pa;:e  311. 

Serin'nt.s. 

Serpents  are  very  small  rocket-cases  charged  with  com]>osition. 

MatkkiaLS. — ^V«.  4  paper,  thread,  paste,  eloi/. 

Utensils. — R'lii/e  ;  former.  0.4  incli  in  diameter;  hmrl  for  past«,  brtuffi,  tntuden 
mould,  uipplt ,  drift,  mallrl,  chanjer,  hand  roUimj  board. 

To  MAKK  TUB  CASK. — The  case  is  made  by  rolling  a  rectangle  of  paper.  No.  4,  with 
a  hand  rolling  bnard,  and  choking  it  at  one  end. 

The  cases  are  driven  j  their  length,  giving  each  ladlcful  of  composition  .'J  blows 
with  the  mallet. 

The  case  is  choked  over  the  composition,  and  the  remainder  of  it  is  nearly  filled 
with  mealed  powder,  upon  which  a  small  paper  wad  is  placed  ;  a  clay  bead  is  ibeo 
driven  on  it,  and  the  end  of  the  case  turned  down,  to  secure  it;  the  other  end  is 
primed  with  priming  paste,  or  a  small  strand  of  quick-match. 

Streamers. 

Streamor.s  are  small   paper  cases  from  .2  to  .4   inch  diameter  and  from  2  to  4 


•nie  ua*  of  the  gam  is  to  give  consistency  to  the  stars,  so  that  the  ezploeioo  of  the  pot  inaj' 
•ok  break  Umb  to  piaoee  and  thereby  destroy  the  eflTecL 


DECORATIONS    FOR    ROCKETS. 


297 


inches  long,  made  of  four  turns  of  No.  7  paper.     One  end  is  closed,  and  the  case  is 
cbarL'cd  and  primed  liite  that  of  a  lance. 

A  number  of  streamers  produce  the  effect  known  as  rain  of  fire. 

Gold  Rain. 

(lold  rain  is  made  of  small  stars,  all  of  the  same  Mze.  The  stars  are  cubes,  the 
length  of  whose  sides  is  .r)  inch. 

Jfarrons. 

Marrons  are  small  cubic  boxes,  made  of  p.isteboard.  filled  with  powder,  and 
wrapped  with  strong  twine.  They  arc  used  to  give  a  loud  report,  or  the  effect  of 
cannonading. 

lli.KTV:\u^^.v,.— Pasteboard,  rartridijc  paper,  strong  twine  or  marline,  paste,  quick- 
match,  powder. 

Utensils. — Knife,  ruler,  pencil,  pnneh. 

To  MAKE  THR  MARRONS.— Cut  the  pasteboard  into  rectangles  whose  sides  shall  bo 
3  and  5  times,  respectively,  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  marron  required.  Divide 
the  rectangle  into  15  equal  squares;  cut  out  the  squares  forming  the  four  corners  of 
the  rectangle,  and  divide  the  three  remaining  squares  on  the  long  side  from  each 
other  by  a  cut  the  length  of  their  side  and  perpendicular  to  the  long  side  of  the 
rectangle. 

Form  a  small  cubic  box  with  the  pasteboard  thus  cut  out;  paste  the  squares 
togfethcr  which  cover  each  other,  and  paste  a  band  of  paper  around  the  box,  leaving 
the  cover  open.  When  dry,  fill  the  box  with  powder,  paste  down  the  cover,  and 
envelop  it  with  two  or  three  layers  of  strong  twine.  Cover  the  marron  with  glue 
or  kit,  and  prime  it  with  quick-match  inserted  in  a  hole  punched  into  the  powder  at 
the  middle  of  one  of  the  faces. 


8W  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

DivieMions  and  Weights  of  Rockets  and  their  Orunm-  nfs 


tnp.. 


Nipri-K 


Ditii 


Dkiviro 

Mai.lbt 

Cbarokr . 

Height  of 
Compositi- 
Clay  in  hi' 


Langlb  of  cyliodrical 
pari 


Conical 
cavity. 


Pot 


Conk  .  • . . 

Stick  . . . 


l»l  drift 

2d       " " 

3d       "   " 

4th     '• •* 

Diameter    f  Ist  drift " 

at  buitom  ■  2d       "   " 

or  liiu«c. .  (  .3d        " " 

CuuiiioD  diumvter  at  toji. . .  " 

r  l«t  drift " 

Length  of   .^  2d       " 

(••'->       " " 

Weight pouods 

Length  <if  ^ainllo inchca 

I  I»i*iuctvrt " 

.  •'  Li'nglh  «>f  oyliuder " 

(Whole  length " 

the  rulid '' 

>ii  fnr  1(10  rocket* l>oundg 

a<l ounce!! 

f  length inches 

(  height " 

I  Former,  diameter '* 

I  (  stars ounce; 

I  Weight  of  pot .  i  serpents 

(gold  rain " 

(  Bur:^ting  charge " 

(^  ,r  (height inches 

Conical  former.  i   ,.  *    .        .  v,  «i 

<  {  diameter  at  base ....       " 

(  Length  of  finii-hed  cone " 

(  Length " 

<  Thickness  of  large  end " 

(            "              small  end " 


Rectangle. 


Intarior  diaiu'r  of  Ilucketa. 


Ileiglil  of  rectangle  for  canei inches 

Length  of  the  finished  case* " 

Interior  diiinu-tcr  of  tlie  choke "     i 

Kxterior  dintiM-tcr  of  the  case " 

I  lli-ifrht 

6piniii.k  . .  '   IMnineter  at 

IMamcter 

H<-ighl 

Diameter  of  cjlindcr  and  part  of  nipple 

diameter 


.7Mo. 

Uu. 

1.6-ln. 

10. 

11. 

13.0 

9.25 

10.60 

13.60 

.25 

.42 

.M 

1..15 

1.60 

3.0 

0.25 

6.75 

I.O 

.25 

.42 

.M 

.13 

.31 

.33 

.75 

1.0 

1.4« 

.05 

.7 

1.0 

.75 

1.0 

1.48 

.72 

.87 

1.47 

».S5 

10. 

13.U 

7.25 

0. 

10. 

4.5 

5.35 

r.M 

2.5 

S.O 

«.• 

.27 

.44 

.n 

.24 

.it 

.64 

.21 

.ss 

.M 

•  H 

.23 

.33 

6.75 

7.5 

8.M 

4.25 

6.0 

6,t 

3. 

S. 

4. 

1.15 

1.4 

S.O 

H. 

8. 

8. 

2.25 

3.75 

i.s 

2.5 

3.30 

S.M 

7. 

7.76 

9M 

1.5 

2.0 

t^ 

30. 

50. 

135. 

.75 

i. 

1.35 

12.5 

7. 36 

15.0 

3.10 

3.25 

5. 

1.35 

1.60 

2.25 

1. 

1.6 

3. 

1. 

1.4 

S. 

1. 

1.75 

3.5 

.5 

1. 

1.35 

3.25 

3.74 

4. 

1.5 

3.0 

3.80 

1.75 

4. 

4.35 

80. 

84. 

00. 

.« 

.66 

.8 

.35 

.4 

.5 

•  Without  the  pot.^ 

fits  consents,  when  driren,  should  be  half  a  diameter  in  height. 


WAR    ROCKETS. 


299 


.75-in.  Rocket. 


Stars 

Gold  rain. 
Streamers 
Serpents  . 


10 
10 


Number.  I    Weight. 


Grains. 
490 

490 

685 

525 


l-in.  Rocket. 


fjnmber.  '    Weight. 


15 
15 
12 

4 


Grains. 
700 

700 

1,025 

850 


1.5-in.  Rocket. 


Number. 


20 
20 

18 

8 


Weight. 

Grains. 
890 

870 

1,575 

1..3.50 


WAE  POCKETS. 

The  war  rocket  used  in  the  military  service  is  made  after  H.ale's  patent.  It 
consists,  1st.  Of  a  sheet-iron  case  lined  with  paper  and  charged  with  rocket  com- 
position. 2d.  Of  a  cast-iron  cyliudro-conoidal  head,  with  a  small  ^cavity  commu- 
nicating with  the  bore  of  the  rocket,  and  pierced  with  (hree  holes,  oblique  to  the 
surface,  for  the  escape  of  gas.  3d.  Of  a  wrought-iron  plug  welded  into  the  rear 
end  of  the  case,  and  having  a  hole  in  its  axis  for  the  escape  of  gas. 

The  rocket  is  driven  forward  by  the  escape  of  gas  through  the  hole  in  the  rear 
end,  and  a  motion  of  rotation  around  its  axis  is  given  to  it  by  the  esc.-ipe  of  gas 
through  the  holes  in  the  head,  whereby  its  direction  is  preserved  without  the  use  of 
a  directing  stick. 

The  composition  is  pressed  solid  in  the  case  by  means  of  a  powerful  press,  and 
the  bore  of  the  rocket  is  drilled  and  reamed  out  to  the  proper  size. 

The  sizes  of  rockets  are  indicated  by  the  interior  diameter  of  thp  cases. 

The  two  sizes  used  are  the  two-inch  and  three-inch. 

To  MAKE  THE  3-INCH  CASE. — Select  the  best  lap-welded  sheet-iron  tubing.  Cut 
it  into  lengths  of  14.4  inches,  and  weld  into  one  end  a  ring  made  of  bar-iron  0.625 
inch  by  .25  inch,  leaving  a  hole  in  the  centre  of  .75  inch  diameter.  Swage  the 
ring  into  a  conical  shape,  the  small  end  1.6  inch  diameter;  cut  off  the  ends  of  the 
case  square,  and  ream  out  the  hole  to  .95  inch  diameter. 

Ream  out  the  hole  in  the  base  of  the  head  to  .875  inch,  turn  and  fit  the  head  into 
the  case,  and  bore  three  holes,  equidistant  from  each  other,  .45  inch  diameter, 
through  the  lap  of  the  case  and  head  into  the  cavity  of  the  latter,  the  holes  in  a 
plane  perpendicular  to  the  axis,  but  the  holes  not  passing  through  the  axis.  Bore 
nine  holes  .18  inch  in  diameter  through  the  case  into  the  head,  for  riveting  on  the 
head. 

TO    DRIVE    THE    ROCKET. 

Composition. — Nitre,  10  parts;  sulphnr,  2;  charcoal,  3.  Place  the  case  in  the 
mould,  put  in  the  case  about  3^  oz.  of  composition,  and  press  it  with  a  pressure  of 
about  20  tons;  continue  in  the  same  waj' until  the  composition  is  about  1.2  inch 


800  OUDNANCK    MANUAL. 

fVom  «ho  tnp ;  put  in  n.  layer  of  potterp'  clnj'  .25  inch  thiok  when  prcusioW  ;  h  spajse 
of  .95  inrh  in  left  vii'iint  for  a  pastelioanl  washor  ami  the  ca.«t  iron  head. 

To  uoiiK  TiiK  norKKT.— Remove  the  rocket  to  tlic  boring-room  ;  drill  a  hole  .If) 
inch  (lianioCer  lliroujrh  Us  entire  length  ;  ream  out  the  hole  to  .p.")  inch  at  the  tail 
and  .7rj  inch  nt  the  head;  bore  the  bole  in  the  clay  .b7.'»  inch  diameter. 

To  FA8TKN  ON  Till'.  iiKAP.— I'ut  a  washcr  of  pasteboard  on  the  clay,  in«ert  the 
bead  aii<l  rivet  it  on,  cork  np  the  holes,  and  cover  the  rocket  with  a  coat  of  paint. 

l)imtn»v>n». —  Whole  Icnf^th  of  the  rocket Kl.U  inches. 

Len;;th  of  the  finiHhcd  ease 1  1.2       " 

Exterior  diameter  of  case .^.25     " 

I nt«ri<ir  diameter  of  case 3.00     *' 

Wei;;ht  of  rocket,  complete 14.00  pounds. 

KocketH  are  mrefully  packed  in  tow,  in  buxco  cimtainiii);  8  rocketn  each. 
The  content*  c)('  boxc«  to  bo  marked  on  each  end. 

/>MN«Nci'on«  «./  I'ltrking-hoxe*. — Length,  interior 17.     inches. 

Width,  interior 125        " 

Depth fl.5 

Weight  of  box,  empty 20.     pounds. 

Wei.'ht  of  box.  j.aeked 1.16.5        " 

These  riicl;.-t>  are  fired  from  open  tubes  formed  of  rods  i^f  iron  bent  spirally  and 
mounted  on  a  porlAble  stand. 

Petard. 

Tlie  pttani  i;*  a  liox  of  woi>d  filled  with  powder,  ur^cd  to  blow  down  doors,  gatM, 
burierK,  etc. 

The  box  fihould  be  made  of  dry  wood,  and  have  [taper  pasted  over  the  joints  t4 
prevent  the  powder  from  sifting  out.  A  fuze,  by  which  the  petard  is  fired,  is 
sorowod   into  the  box,   reaching  to  the  powder. 

The  box  should  contain  at  lea«t  20  lbs.  of  powder. 

The  effects  of  petard.-*  are  nearly  proportioned  to  the  square  of  the  rhar^jcs  of 
powder  they  eoiiUiiu,  and  their  effects  are  considerably  increased  if  loaded  with 
WBd-bags. 

A  10  or  8  inch  shell  filled  with  powder,  and  provided  with  a  long  fuie,  ni»v  b« 
used  for  a  petard. 

STORAtJE  AND    PRESERVATION  OF  AMMUNITION  AND  FIREW0HK8. 

Storehouses  and  magazines  should  be  kept  in  the  neatest  possible  order,  tb* 
stores  arranged  as  much  as  possible  by  classes,  kinds  and  calibres,  and  labelled. 
They  should  be  ventilated  from  time  to  time,  in  the  middle  of  the  day.  in  fine 
we&ther — particularly  those  which  contain  ammunition  and  fireworks  which  are 
iignred  by  moisture. 

Provide  cloth  blinds  for  all  windows  exposed  to  the  sun. 

Leaden  BalU  are  generally  kept  in  cellars,  on  account  of  their  weight:  the  boxes 


PRESERVATION    OF   AMMUNITION    AND    FIREWORKS.  301 

should  be  kept  as  dry  asi  possible,  and  so  piled  as  to  admit  tbe  circulation  of  air 
about  them. 

Cartridges  for  small  arms  are  kept  in  magazines,  the  barrels  or  boxes  being 
piled  3  or  4  tiers  high  at  most. 

Fixed  Ammunition  for  Cannon. — If  not  in  boxes,  it  should  be  placed  in  piles 
formed  of  two  parallel  rows  of  cartridges,  with  the  sabots  together  —  in  4  tiers  for 
12-pdr.,  and  5  for  6-pdr. ;  chock  the  lower  tier  with  strips  of  wood  fastened  with 
small  nails  ;  put  a  layer  of  tow  2  inches  thick  between  the  shot ;  let  the  piles  rest 
on  planks,  if  there  be  no  floor,  and  cover  them  with  tarpaulins  ;  have  the  place 
swept,  and  the  cartridge-bags  brushed  off.  Leave  a  passage  of  18  inches  between 
the  double  rows,  and  keep  them  2  feet  from  the  walls. 

Fixed  ammunition  should  not  be  put  into  powder  magazines,  if  it  can  be  avoided; 
it  should  be  kept  in  a  dry  place,  above  the  ground  floor  if  practicable;  the  store- 
rooms should  be  always  aired  in  fine  weather;  the  piles  should  be  taken  down  and 
made  up  again  every  six  months  at  most,  the  bags  examined  and  repaired,  and  the 
damaged  cartridges  broken  up.  A  ti<!ket  on  each  pile  should  show  the  number  and 
kind  of  cartridges,  the  additions  to  the  pile,  and  the  issues. 

Caniiters. — Piled  up  like  fixed  ammunition,  in  4  tiers  for  24's  and  IS's  ;  and  5 
for  12's  and  6's.  Empty  caniriters  in  10  or  12  tiers;  the  bottoms  and  covers  separ- 
ately. 

Cartridfje-hafjK  filled. — Like  fixed  ammunition  ;  or  packed  in  boxes  or  barrels. 

Cartridge-hags  empty.  —  In  bundles  of  50,  sealed  up  in  paper  cases,  carefully 
closed  with  strips  of  thin  paper  pasted  over  the  #eams. 

Paper  Cartridge-hngs.  —  In  bundles,  packed  in  boxes  or  on  shelves,  in  a  dry 
place,  with  pounded  camphor  and  black  pepper,  or  tobacco:  the  flannel  bottom 
dipped  in  a  solutiun  of  the  sulphate  of  copper. 

Loaded  Shells  should  never  be  put  into  magazines,  except  from  absolute  neces- 
sity ;  powder  is  not  well  preserved  in  them.  They  should  be  piled  on  the  ground 
floor  of  a  secure  building  —  on  planks,  if  the  floor  be  not  boarded;  in  6  tiers  at 
most;  the  fuzes  of  the  lower  tier  in  the  vacant  spaces  between  the  shells  ;  those  of 
the  other  tiers  turned  downward,  like  the  fuze-holes  of  empty  shells;  the  pile 
should  be  covered  with  a  tarpaulin. 

Use  the  same  precautions  against  moisture  and  accidents  as  in  a  powder  maga- 
zine. 

Canister  Shot. — Keep  them,  the  different  kinds  together,  in  bins  or  boxes. 

Slow-match.— In  a  dry  place,  such  as  a  garret,  in  boxes  or  barrels,  or  piled  on  the 
floor. 

Quick-match. — If  not  in  boxes,  it  may  be  hung  up  in  bundles,  on  ropes  or  pins, 
and  covered  with  paper. 

Friction  Primers. — In  tin  bo.\es. 

Port-fires. — Bundles  of  10  are  placed  in  boxes  or  in  barrels,  on  end,  in  safe  and 
dry  situations. 

Fuzes. — Packed  in  boxes — fuzes  of  the  same  kind,  as  much  as  possible,  in  the  same 
box — in  very  dry  and  well  ventilated  stores.  * 


802  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

f'i/Ilnilrr»  of  Rnrk-firr. — In  hoxeo  or  barrels,  like  fuzcp.  -   '~"" 

firr-lirilf: — In  cool  but  dry  an<l  niry  plnoc?,  fiifiiciKlc-il  l.y  the  linndle,  the  bottom 
rectinp  on  a  board  or  floor,  that  they  may  not  become  deformoil.  Each  ball  should 
bo  labcllid.  clMtinR  its  calibre,  weight,  and  year  of  fabrication. 

Si'/ii'il  Itiirl'tn. — Packed  in  boxen,  the  sticks  tied  to;r<'ther.  Each  box  shouM  con- 
tain rr)ckctK  of  but  one  calibre,  and  chould  be  marked  with  the  ^if.e  and  the  kind  of 
decoration.  If  the  sticko  be  attached,  they  are  tied  in  bundlei'  of  .').  according  to  the 
kind  of  decoration. 

W'lr  Knrkrit. — Prcnerved  in  dry  place.",  with  the  name  jirecuntionK  »f  loaded  fhclle. 

Tiirii'i  l.t'tik'. — Strung  on  a  rope  and  hung  up.  For  transportation  they  are 
packed  in  burnlx.  with  straw  between  the  tier.". 

f',(«riiif«  .III'/  Tcrrhei. — Packed  like  the  preceding. 

nUEAKIXiJ   UP  UNSERVrCEAI5LE  STtlRES. 

CAHTlunOKS  KOK  SMALL  AUIIS. — I  box;  1  reetn>i;fuliir  tcreen,  of  brui  wire,  which 
fits  in  the  box  :  1  huord,  with  4  rtipprr  honln,  placed  acroea  the  middle  of  the  ncruen; 
hoxf  for  balls  and  caps;   tmrrrli  for  powder;   1  pa/trt  prrit ;   1  tiere ,•  ilo»U. 

Put  the  bundlec  of  cartridges  on  the  screen,  as  they  are  re<{uire<l,  and  open  thcB 
there  near  the  wire  gaure:  put  the  pieces  of  twine  on  the  hook»,  the  papers  on  ibe 
board,  and  the  bundles  of  caps  in  the  boxes;  the  powder,  passing  through  the  icreon. 
falls  iu  the  box,  and  the  balls,  remaining  on  the  screen,  are  washed,  if  necessary,  and 
bdxed.  The  unserviceable  paperstire  thrown  into  water,  or  burned ;  the  others  arc 
put  under  the  press  for  1'2  hours,  and  then  placed  in  barrels  or  boxes.  The  bundles 
of  caps  are  put  in  boxes  without  being  broken  up,  unless  the  caps  are  damaged  ;  th« 
caiis  arc  then  put  iu  bags  by  themselves.  The  powder  is  dried  and  sifted,  Ui 
Kparate  the  dust  and  the  caked  powder,  which  are  laid  by  to  be  reworked,  or  to  be 
melted  for  the  saltpetre. 

FiXKI)  AMii'MTloN  KOK  CAXSox. — 1  tarpaulin;  1  hnj- ;  2  barrtU ;  1  kni/t ;  9 
hrnthri  :  1  pnnrh  ;  1  hammer  ;  1  icruper  (piece  u{  mrunl  hUtdr)  ;  luir ;  a  tub  half  full 
of  wat4.>r.  t4)  clean  the  balls ;  •(»«/•. 

■  One  man  holds  the  cartridge  over  the  box.  whilst  another  cuts  the  twine  near  the 
knot,  takes  off  the  strapped  shot,  brushes  it,  and  eUnds  it  on  the  tarpaulin,  on  Us 
■abut:  the  tirst  man  pours  the  good  powder  into  a  barrel,  the  caked  powder  into 
another,  turns  the  bag  wrong  side  out,  and  cleans  it.  The  strapped  shot  are  uken 
to  the  door  of  the  laboratory,  where  the  shot  which  still  require  cleaning  are  sep- 
arated from  their  sabois  and  immersed  in  the  tub  of  water:  after  standing  some  time, 
they  are  washed  and  cleaned.  The  others  remain  strapped.  The  serviceable, 
reparable,  aad  unserviceable  cartridge-bags  are  se[.arated  from  each  other;  the  U«t 
are  immersed  in  water,  and  used  for  rags.  The  pieces  of  twine  are  tied  up  in  bundle. 
The  shells  are  put  aside  to  be  unloaded  and  cleaned  in  like  manner. 

The  breaking  up  of  fixed  ammunition  requires  many  precautions,  and  should  neT«r 
be  done  in  the  magatine,  bot  m  much  as  possible  in  the  open  air.  Never  have  hot 
little  powder  and  a  few  cartridges  in  the  shop  at  one  time. 


ORNAMENTAL   FIREWORKS.  303 

Canisters. — Turn  up  the  slit  ends  of  the  canisters,  by  means  of  a  small  chisel; 
take  off  the  cover,  and  pull  out  the  balls  and  saw-dust  into  a  bo.\  by  means  of  a  hook; 
take  out  the  bottom  plate,  and  straighten  the  cylinder  with  a  mallet  on  an  anvil. 

PoRT-FiitES. — Split  the  paper:  take  out  the  composition,  and  pulverize  it  by 
rolling  for  two  hours.  It  may  be  made  to  burn  more  or  less  quickly  by  adding 
mealed  powder  or  sulphur. 

Unloading  Shells. 

This  is  necessary  in  order  to  save  room  in  the  storehouses,  and  to  prevent  acci- 
dents and  the  deterioration  of  the  powder.  It  should  be  performed  with  great  care, 
and  at  a  distance  from  the  magazines,  storehouses,  or  dwelling-houses,  employing 
no  more  men  than  are  absolutely  necessary. 

Separate  the  workmen  from  each  other;  jilace  them  near  a  ditch  or  deep  hole,  into 
which  they  may  threw  a  shell,  should  it  take  fire,  and  thus  shelter  the  men  from  the 
fragments. 

Remove  the  powder  frequently  as  it  is  taken  from  the  projectiles. 

Workmen. — 1  artificer;  1  helper. 

Implements. —  1  fuzc-wrruch  ;  awh;  a  coil  o/  rope,  or  a  block,  to  place  the  shell 
on  ;  1  brace,  with  bits  of  the  size  of  the  bore  of  the  fuzes  ;  1  copper  chinel;  1  wooden 
drift ;  1  mallet ;  1  copper  hook,  and  rncis,  to  get  out  the  powder  and  clean  the  interior 
of  the  shell;  1  Icnife ;  a  tub  and  a  basket  for  the  powder  and  fuzes:  a  tarpaulin  ;  a 
bucket  of  water. 

For  large  shelh,  in  addition  to  the  above:  I  fiizc-e.rtractor,  for  mortar  shells ;  a 
pair  of  shell-hooks  and  a  handspike  ;  2  trestles  and  &  frame,  to  rest  the  shells  on  after 
extracting  the  fuze,  for  the  purpose  of  emptying  the  shells  over  the  tub. 

The  helper  places  the  shell  on  the  coil  of  rope,  and  holds  it  firmly  in  both  hands : 
the  artificer  unscrews  the  fuze  with  the  fuze-wrench.  If  the  shell  have  a  paper 
fuze,  the  artificer  thrusts  the  sharp  point  of  the  awl  between  the  fuze  and  the  plugs, 
and  pries  the  fuze  out;  a  second  awl  may  be  used  opposite  the  first;  or  cut  out  the 
composition  ..3  or  .4  inch  with  a  knife,  and  screw  into  the  pivper  case  a  screw  fitting 
it  closely ;  draw  out  the  fuze  by  means  of  the  screw. 

If  it  be  a  mortar  shell,  bore  out  the  composition  with  a  brace  and  bit,  keeping 
the  composition  constantly  wet  with  water  ;  drive  in  the  bore  of  the  fuze  a  plug  of 
hard  wood  ;  screw  in  the  fuze-extractor  and  draw  the  fuze. 

ORNAMENTAL  FIREWORKS. 

Ijances. 

Lances  are  small  paper  cases,  .2  to  .4  inch  diameter,  filled  with  one  or  more  com- 
positions, each  burning  with  a  fiaine  of  a  particular  color.  They  are  used  to  mark 
the  outlines  of  figures,  and  are  attached  to  light  frames  of  wood,  or  sticks  of 
bamboo. 

To   MAKE  THE  CASES. — Cut  the  paper  into  rectangles,  of  a  length  equal  to  the 


o04  ORDNANCB    MANUAL. 

required  length  of  the  case,  and  of  such  width  us  to  mukc  the  case  throe  thick- 
nesses of  No.  7  |ia|icr.  The  leu;;th  of  the  case  is  poncrally  ahout  t(;n  times  its 
exterior  <liaiiu'ti-r,  <ii'pi'iHliup  on  the  composition  with  wliich  it  is  to  be  fiUud.  and 
the  time  it  is  rcMjuircd  to  burn. 

Paste  the  rectangle,  and  roll  it  on  an  iron  former  with  tlic  liuml.  When  the  cases 
are  dry.  cut  them  to  their  projtcr  length. 

To  iiiiivK  TUB  LANCK. — Place  the  cases  in  holes  bored  in  a  block  of  liar<l  wood, 
the  holes  .02  inch  larger  than  the  case,  and  their  depth  .26  inch  less  than  the  length 
of  the  cHsc. 

Drive  in  the  bottom  of  each  case  a  ladleful  of  clnv.  Insert  in  the  top  of  the 
case  a  small  funnel;  pass  the  drift  through  the  funnel  into  flio  rase:  fill  the  funnel 
with  composition  ;  raise  the  drift  I  inch  above  the  to))  of  the  cast;  press  it  to  the 
bottom,  and  give  it  three  light  blows  with  a  rocket-drift ;  coctinuo  in  the  same 
way,  raising  the  drift  above  the  top  of  the  case  between  carh  rollry,  until  the  caM 
is  filled  to  .25  inch  of  the  t«p. 

Prime  the  lance  with  mealed  pi'wd»r  moistened  with  gummed  water,  and  dip  the 
end  while  moist  in  rifle  powder. 

When  the  cose  is  to  be  filled  with  two  different  rompusilions,  drive  the  case  with 
the  first  composition  till  it  is  about  .2  inch  above  the  rci{uired  height;  remove  the 
Rurplus  (o  the  exact  height  with  a  gauge,  and  proceed  with  the  second  composition 
as  with  the  first. 

To  FASTKN  THE  LANCKS  TO  THE  KRAMB. — Hore  bolcs  .02  inch  Inrger  than  the 
lances,  and  .6  inch  deep,  from  2  to  4  inches  apart,  according  to  the  size  of  lance. 
The  holes  should  be  bored  so  that  the  lance  shall  bo  horizontal  when  the  frame  is 
in  position.  Dip  the  end  of  the  lance  in  glue,  and  ]iress  it  firmly  in  the  bole, 
arranging  the  lauces  parallel  to  each  other.  Or  they  may  be  fastened  to  the  frame 
by  means  of  sharp  nails  or  tacks  driven  into  the  frame  and  projecting  about  .4  inch. 
The  end  of  the  lance  is  pierced  with  an  awl,  di]>ped  in  glue  and  thrust  on  the  point 
of  the  nail,  arranging  them  {>erpeudicular  to  the  frame. 

Sun-Ciises. 

• 

Sun-cases  arc  strong  cases  made  like  those  for  rockets,  and  filled  with  ft  eonip»> 
sition  which  burns  more  slowly  than  rocket  composition.  They  are  attached  to 
wooden  frames,  to  give  long  rays  of  sparkling  light.  The  choke  is  sometimes 
made  by  driving  clay  in  the  end  of  the  case,  and  boring  a  hole  through  it  for  the 
escape  of  the  flame ;  or  the  clay  is  driven  on  a  short  nipple,  forming  the  choke. 

Sun-coses  are  generally  ma<le  from  .75  inch  to  1.6  inch  interior  diameter;  their 
exterior  diameter  about  double  that  of  the  interior.  The  length  of  the  ease  may 
Tary  according  to  the  time  they  are  required  to  bum. 

The  diameter  of  the  choke  is  about  i  the  interior  diameter. 

To  MAKE  TUB  CASES. — The  cascs  are  made  like  rocket-cases. 

To  DRIVE  THE  CASE. — Set  the  case  on  the  nipple  and  place  it  in  a  wooden  moald; 


ROCKETS.  305 

pour  in  a  ladlcful  of  compoeition,  and  give  it  tea  blows  with  the  mallet;  continue 
in  the  same  way  till  the  case  is  filled  to  the  required  height:  put  in  a  charge  of 
rifle  powder,  and  over  it  drive  a  ladleful  of  clay. 

When  the  cases  are  filled,  prime  them  by  inserting  in  the  choke  a  strand  of 
quick-match,  doubled  in  the  middle  and  secured  by  driving  a  little  composition  on 
it  with  a  lance-drift. 

Paste  on  each  end  of  the  case  a  strip  of  paper  5  inches  wide,  projectino'  3  inches 
over  the  end  of  the  ease  and  forming  an  envelope  to  enclose  the  leaders. 

Sun-cases  are  fastened  to  the  frames  in  the  plane  of  the  frame,  by  means  of  iron 
wire,  or  with  strong  twiue. 

Lights. 

Lights  are  made  by  pressing  lance  or  similar  composition  in  shallow  vessels,  or 
in  cases  of  large  diameter.  The  b'urning  surface  being  large,  the  light  attains  a 
great  intensity. 

Shallow  earthen,  wooden,  or  metal  vases,  or  paper  cases,  are  used.  The  vase  or 
case  is  filled  with  dry  composition,  slighty  pressed  in  ;  or  composition  moistened 
with  gummed  water  may  be  used  and  pressed  in  the  case  more  compactly.  It  is 
primed  by  powdering  the  surface  first  with  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  the  compo- 
sition and  mealed  powder,  and  then  with  powder  alone.  Cover  the  top  over  with 
paper,  pasted  on  the  sides  of  the  case.  Through  the  centre  of  the  cover  pass  sev- 
eral strands  of  quick-match,  spreading  them  over  the  surface  and  uniting  them  on 
the  exterior  in  a  single  strand. 

When  the  light  is  made  with  dry  composition,  the  case  must  be  placed  in  a  ver- 
tical position.  It  may  be  placed  horizontally  if  moistened  composition  be  used 
and  firmly  packed. 

Torch-lirjhts  for  funeral  ceremonies  are  made  by  impregnating  large  strands  of 
cotton  with  a  thin  alcoholic  pap,  the  whole  arranged  in  vases  like  an  oil  lamp,  the 
pap  replacing  the  oil. 

Petards. 

Petards  are  small  paper  cases  filled  with  powder.  One  end  is  entirely  closed, 
and  the  other  has  only  a  small  hole  left  for  a  piece  of  quick-match,  to  communicate 
fire  to  the  powder.  Petards  are  placed  at  the  bottom  of  lances  ;  they  are  also  used 
to  imitate  the  fire  of  musketry. 

Rockets. 

Rockets  are  made  and  driven  as  described  for  signal  rockets  (see  page  293), 
except  that  diflferent  compositions  are  used,  giving  a  more  brilliant  train  of  fire. 

Rockets  may  be  made  of  all  sizes  :  their  general  dimensions  may  be  deduced 
from  those  given. 

Generally,  in  proportion  as  the  size  of  the  rocket  is  increased,  the  thickness  of 
the  case  must  be  increased,  and  the  bore  of  the  rocket  diminished,  or  the  qujckness 
of  the  composition,  or  both  of  them. 
20 


806  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

The  (itifk  should  he  from  cipht  to  nine  titncn  the  lonjfth  of  the  cn«c.  iim<1  of  laoh 
thickncM  an  Ut  tlimw  the  centre  of  prnvitv  al»itit  1.26  inch  from  the  ond  of  the 
«M«. 

Tourbillon. 

The  tuirbillon  i«  a  paper  eimo  filled  with  composition,  with  the  hole*  for  tb« 
escape  of  the  i^h-r  ho  dipponed  as  to  cau.«c  tlio  ca«o  to  rise  rcrtically  in  the  air  at  the 
■amo  time  thnt  it  revolves  horizontally  around  its  mid<llc  point.  It  hax  light  winga 
attached  tu  it,  to  direct  it«  mutioq. 

Shells. 

Shells  arc  made  of  lij^ht  wood  or  paper,  and  filled  with  ornaments  of  diflereat 
kinds.  They  are  thrown  nearly  vertionlly  from  a  mortar,  and,  when  at  their 
highest  point,  explode  and  throw  out  their  urn)imenti<,  set  on  Ore  by  the  bursting 
charge. 

To  MAKR  TUB  KHRLL. — Turn  in  a  lathe,  from  well  seasoned  poplar  or  pine,  two 
bemi^pheres  of  the  sire  and  thickness  re<|uired.  leaving  a  rabbet  to  unite  the  two. 
Cover  the  slull  thun  formed  with  len«  chaped  pieceK  of  No.  2  paper,  pasted  on 
•mootlily,  two  ..r  three  thicknei^ses  :  or  form  the  shell  on  a  ball  the  sixe  of  the  earlty 
of  the  shell,  by  paoting  on  it  strips  of  pajier  of  lens  sha[>e  until  it  is  .2  inch  tbiek. 
Cot  the  shell  into  two  e<(ual  parts  and  take  out  the  eore  ;  place  ihr  two  halvw 
together,  and  continue  to  parte  on  pieces  of  paper,  permittinit  them  to  dry  perfectly, 
until  the  shell  is  of  the  required  thickness.  This  inMlc  requires  much  lime,  aa  IIm 
■bells  dry  slowly,  and  each  successive  layer  mut>l  be  thoroughly  dry  before  olb«r 
pieces  are  |iasicd  on. 

To  CIIAHOK  THK  SHELL. — Introduce  the  staro,  scri>enl»,  ete.,  through  the  AiM« 
hole,  and  then  the  bursting  charge ;  cover  the  fuse  where  it  cornea  iu  contact  with 
the  shell  witL  glue,  and  drive  it  in  place. 

To  insure  the  fute  taking  fire,  tic  arouml  the  shell  two  |>iec«s  of  (|uiek-ou(ah, 
crossing  over  the  fuxc. 

Cover  the  fure  with  several  strips  of  pai)er  pasted  to  th«  shell  at  their  ends. 
These  are  removetl  before  the  shell  is  fired. 

Stars. 

The  stars  for  shells  are  made  as  described  pa^^e  296.  Those  made  of  composition 
which  burn  with  difficulty  mu^t  have  a  hole  in  their  axes,  like  those  uaed  for  Roman 
oandles. 

Wheel -Cases. 

Wheel-caaes  are  made  and  driven  like  sun-cases.  They  are  used  to  give  •  rotary 
motion  to  pieces  mounted  on  an  axis,  and  to  produce  at  the  same  time  a  brilliant 
fire.  They  are  attached  to  the  end  of  the  spoke  of  the  wheel  which  they  are  to  lurn 
hj  means  of  iron  wire,  or  strong  twine,  and  they  are  inclined  to  the  spoke  from  2U^ 
to  30°  to  give  a  larger  circle  of  fire. 


PREPARATION  OF  COLORED  FIRES.  307 

Boman  CmuJIes. 

The  Koman  candle  is  a  long  and  strong  tube  charged  with  stars,  which  are  thrown 
out  successively  by  a  charge  of  powder  placed  under  each  star. 

The  ends  of  gun  barrels,  20  inches  long,  are  used  for  cases.  When  pajier  cases 
are  used,  make  them  about  .65  to  .7  interior  diameter  and  1  inch  exterior  diameter: 
roll  them  like  port-fire  cases. 

Three  drifts,  of  different  lengths,  are  used;  they  are  made  of  hickory'  or  other 
hard  wood,  with  brass  tips  on  the  lower  ends. 

To  CHARGE  THE  CASE. — Put  in  the  case  a  ladlcful  of  clay,  and  drive  it  w^ith  ten 
blows  of  the  mallet;  then  a  ladleful  of  composition,  which  is  driven  in  the  same 
way;  next  a  charger  of  powder  and  a  star,  which  iy  gently  pressed  down;  then 
another  ladleful  of  composition,  a  second  charger  of  powder,  and  another  star — 
driving  the  composition  and  pressing  down  the  star  gently;  continue  until  the  ten 
stars  arc  in,  and  add  a  half  ladleful  of  composition. 

Prime  the  candle  with  a  strand  of  quick-match  6  inches  long,  held  in  place 
against  the  side  of  the  case  b3'  a  little  composition  driven  in  on  its  ends.  Cover 
the  end  of  the  candle  with  a  strip  of  paper  pasted  on. 

Roman  candles  are  inserted  in  holes  bored  in  frames,  or  tied  with  wire  or  twine 
in  the  direction  in  which  they  are  to  throw  their  stars.  The  stars  used  for  Roman 
candles  have  a  hole  through  their  axes,  communicating  the  fire  to  the  charge  below, 
which  throws  it  out. 

Leaders. 

Leaders  are  long  paper  tubes  of  small  diameter,  enclosing  a  strand  of  quick- 
match.     They  are  used  to  communicate  fire  rapidly  from  one  point  to  another. 

The  velocity  of  combustion  is  from  1  to  2  yards  per  second,  depending  upon  the 
size  of  the  tube,  being  more  rapid  as  the  tube  is  smaller. 

Leaders  are  made  by  rolling  a  strip  of  thin  paper,  2.5  inches  wide,  as  obliquely 
as  possible,  on  a  ramrod:  or  cut  the  paper  into  trapezoids,  4  inches  wide  at  one 
base  and  21  at  the  other:  paste  the  edges  of  the  strips  .25  inch,  and  roll  them  on  a 
ramrod  so  that  one  end  shall  be  enlarged,  funnel-shape.  When  dry,  pass  a  strand 
of  quick-match  through,  and  let  it  project  about  an  inch  at  each  end. 

To  unite  them  into  a  long  line,  insert  the  end  of  one  into  another  a  distance  of 
.75  inch,  and  tie  them  with  a  thread. 

If  the  line  be  long,  first  stretch  a  piece  of  twine,  and  attach  the  leader  to  it 
every  few  feet. 

Preparation  of  Colored  Fires. 

The  materials  for  colored  fires  should  be  as  pure  a,s  can  be  obtained :  those  which 
crystallize  should  be  procured  in  the  crystalline  state.  They  should  be  generally 
first  dried,  ground  fine,  weighed  out  and  mixed.  The  composition  is  then  moist- 
ened and  pressed  into  shape.  Some  of  the  materials,  such  as  the  flowers  of  sulphur 
and  lampblack,  ought  to  be  first  well  washed  in  warm  water.  Antimony,  glass  and 
copper  filings  ought,  as  well  as  other  materials,  to  be  passed  through  sieve  No.  1. 


809'  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

DnriMO. — All  materials  fIiouM  he  perfectly  dry.  Those  which  contain  water  of 
crystiilliiafmn,  b."  the  iiitriile  of  Imrvfn.  iiilr.ite  of  strontia,  and  sulphate  of  copper 
■hoiiM  have  it  <lrivcn  off.  For  thi.'  purposo,  place  the  suit  in  a  hrouil,  dhallow  vesael 
ill  a  waler-hiilh  or  on  a  moderate  Cro  and  stir  it  till  it  bo  perfectly  dry,  takinj;  it  off 
the  fire  gome  minutcD  before. 

An  the  tiiili>hntc  of  copper  is  easily'  ilccomposed  in  this  operation,  and  as  the  sul- 
phuric aci<l  set  free  mi^^ht  occasion  a  spontaneous  explosion  when  the  sulphate  of 
copper  was  liroiight  in  contact  with  the  chlorates,  two  parts  of  li(|uid  ammonia  arc 
(lourtil  by  de;;rcc8  on  the  sulphate  of  copper  powdered  and  yet  hot.  (The  ain> 
uioiiia  iiculraliics  the  acid,  and,  instead  of  injuring  the  color,  it  heigliteoa  it.  The 
same  proccus  should  be  adopted  with  other  decomposable  metallic  salts.)  A  thick 
li>|iiid  of  an  indigo  blue  color  is  obtained:  place  it  od  the  fire,  and  warm  it  gentlj 
until  it  becomes  a  thick  pa^te:  then,  leaving  only  a  few  coals  under  it,  stir  it  with  k 
spatula  and  crush  it  into  a  powder. 

GiiiNDiN'O. — The  materials  are  ground  in  a  mortar  with  a  pestle,  or  on  a  lier* 
with  copper  balls  0.4  inch  in  diameter,  of  equal  weight  with  the  composition  to  b« 
ground.     All  the  utensils  shi>uld  be  kept  perfectly  clean. 

To  ])ulverize  antimony,  melt  it  and  pour  it  into  a  cast-iron  mortar  preriuuily 
warmed:  when  the  metal  is  on  the  point  of  congealing,  stir  it  briskly  with  the 
]iest]o:  it  is  thu!<  reduced  to  fine  grains,  which  are  then  pulvcriicd  with  a  pestle. 
Zinc  aud  other  similar  metals  arc  treated  in  the  same  way. 

To  obtain  shidlac  in  the  slate  of  a  fine  powder,  it  is  first  broken  into  pieces  and 
melted  with  its  weiglit  of  saltpetre  The  mass  is  then  ground  as  usual,  and  the 
powiler  thus  obtaiiie<l  is  washed  in  pure  water  till  all  the  saltj>ctre  is  removed. 

The  resins  and  other  substance."  insoluble  in  water  and  difficult  to  pulverize  In 
their  pure  state  are  treated  in  the  same  manner. 

All  materials  when  pulvcriicd  should  be  passctl  through  hair  sieve  No.  1.  They 
ought,  if  possible,  to  be  sifted  when  warm,  and  placed  away  immediately  in  well 
stopped  bottles  to  preserve  them  from  moisture. 

The  chlorates  should  be  pulverized  in  a  marble  mortar  with  a  hard  wood  pestle. 
The  mortar,  pestle  and  sieve  should  be  used  only  for  a  single  chlorate,  and  the 
whole  operation  be  performed  in  a  jdnce  apart,  to  avoid  accidents.  The  chlorate 
can  be  ground  and  manipulated  by  itself  without  danger;  but  when  it  is  mixed 
with  sulphur,  charcoal,  etc..  it  explodes  very  readily. 

Wki«bin6. — Each  material  should  bo  weighed  accurately  by  itself,  according  to 
the  proportions  laid  down  in  the  table. 

Mixing. — The  materials  after  being  weighed  out  are  poured  on  a  sheet  of  paste- 
board and  mixed  as  well  as  possible  with  the  hand:  they  are  then  passed  three 
times  through  sieve  No.  2,  keeping  the  sieve  stationary,  and  stirring  the  materiala 
with  the  hand. 

If  a  chlorate  enter  into  the  composition,  begin  by  mixing  all  the  materials,  on  a 
pasteboard,  except  the  sulphur,  charcoal,  lampblack,  sugar,  tallow  aud  shellac 
Whou  they  are  well  mixed,  add  the  combustible  materials  separately,  mix 
thoroughly,  and  theu  add  the  chlorate.' 


SIEVES.  309 

Pass  the  composition  three  times  through  sieve  No.  2,  using  a  feather  for  the 
purpose. 

All  these  manipulations  with  compositions  into  which  a  chlorate  enters  should  be 
pcrformetl  in  a  place  aside,  and  with  a  small  quantity  at  a  time. 

Compositions  thus  prepared  should  be  preserved  in  well  stopped  bottles,  carefully 
labelled.  Those  containing  chlorates  should  be  placed  away  from  the  rest  and 
apart  from  each  other. 

Dampening. — Compositions  are  dampened  by  pouring  the  pure  or  gummed  liquid 
on  them,  a  little  at  a  time,  and  mixing  it  well  with  the  hand  or  a  wooden  knife. 
Compositions  should  not  be  dampened  until  just  before  they  are  to  be  moulded. 

Moulding. — All  compositions  may  be  firmlj^  comjiressed.  provided  care  be  taken 
to  avoid  friction  and  blows  with  those  containing  chlorates. 

However  great  the  care  taken  in  the  choice  of  materials,  their  proportions  and 
manipulations,  it  is  difficult  always  to  get  uniform  results.  It  is  necessary,  there- 
fore, to  try  the  mixtures  and  modify  the  proportions  as  may  be  required. 

In  every  composition  there  are  certain  substances  which  are  used  to  furnish 
oxygen  for  the  consumption  of  the  rest :  the  nitrates  and  chlorates  are  such.  There 
are  other  substances,  as  sulphur,  charcoal  and  vegetable  matters,  which  are  burned ; 
and  others  which  are  only  used  to  give  c(jlor  to  the  flame,  as  antimony,  lead,  cop- 
per, strontia,  etc. 

The  same  substance  may  furnish  oxygen  and  color  the  flame  at  the  same  time. 
Certain  materials  are  used  onlj'  to  heighten  the  color — as  the  protochloride  of  mer- 
cury and  the  hydrochlorate  of  ammonia :  the  action  of  the  latter  is  weaker  than 
that  of  the  former. 

When  a  composition  burns  too  slowly,  there  is  an  excess  of  coloring  matter  or  of 
that  which  is  to  be  burned,  or  some  other  substanqe  (as  water,  for  example) — very 
rarely  of  that  which  furnishes  oxygen.  When  the  composition  burns  too  fast,  it  is 
necessary  to  add  coloring  matter,  or  such  substances  as  sugar,  rosin  or  tallow, 
which  operate  by  separating  the  substances  supplying  the  oxygen  from  those  which 
are  burned,  and  at  the  same  time  keeping  up  the  combustion. 

Generally,  the  quicker  the  combustion  the  more  will  the  flame  approach  to  white- 
ness, whatever  may  be  the  coloring  principle,  and  the  slower  the  combustion  the 
more  certainty  there  will  be  of  obtaining  the  desired  color. 

Sieves. 

Sieves  are  made  of  brass  wire,  hair  or  silk,  and  may  be  square  or  round  in  shape. 

I^No    1    \^^  meshes  in   1    inch,   or  2,500  in  a  square  inch, 
I        ■    ■  I      a  single  hair  in  one  direction,  2  in  the  other. 
Hair  sieves  I  No.  2    I  ^^  incsbes  in   1    inch,  or  625  in   a  square  inch,  2 

'"•"  -j        •  "•  I      hairs  side  by  side  in  each  direction, 

mixing  compositions.      ^^^^   ^    |  12.5  meshes  in   1  inch,  or  156  in  1  square  inch,  3 
[      hairs  side  by  side  in  each  direction. 
_  No.  4.      180  meshes  in  a  square  inch,  brass  wire. 
The  silk  sieve  is  made  like  No.  1,  and  often  replaces  it.    Brass  sieves  ought  to  bo 
used  only  for  dry  materials. 


rm 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Dimensions  and  Weights  of  Paper  or  Pojilar  Shells. 


ORKAIUKTS. 

Tliick- 

Wciglit  of 

WelKht  of 

ueMS  uf  1 

Cliargu, 

Weight  of 

Number  of 

1 

K 
B 

i 
I 

■ 

J. 

1 

=             1    _.   1 

S 

t 

i 

1 

1 

i 

1 

e 
>•* 

"o 

c 
1 

1 

0 

St 

1 

i 

1 

1 

0 

0 
S 

K 
t 

8 

la. 

In. 

In. 

lta.M. 

lbt.OB. 

(H. 

Ob. 

In. 

See. 

0». 

Or. 

Or. 

k,* 

.5 

.92  1     .105 

2.10 

3.5 

A 

1.4 

3. 

.5 

40 

1   210' 1     60 

170 

32 

14 

A 

A 

Al     1.10 

7.8 

5. 

.5 

1.4 

3. 

.6 

40 

■•!i"  :  !*» 

nmi 

44)     00 

10 

U 

.1      •a:1!> 

11.14 

5. 

1. 

1.4 

3.       .5 

40 

-Jio  '  nn 

SiW 

zn  130 

u. 

1.35 

1.5     14.14 

S6. 

12. 

2. 

1^^ 

3.  I     .5 

40 

1  210,1  BOO  3400 

7<W|4ao 

Dimensions  for  Sun  and  Wheel- Cases. 


WHUIL-CAUa. 


Interior  diameter in. 

p  (  Exterii>r  diameter in. 

twe....  I  Luugth in. 

r  _,.         ,       (  at  bottom. .  .in. 
«,   .    .,       1  Diameter  \    ,  ,  ^  :_ 

Spindle  . -(  (  ut  tup in. 

(  Length in. 


0.75        1.0 

1.6  !    0.76 

1.0 

1.2 

1.6 

2.0    1  1.20 

1.6 

11. 

10.60 

12.5  |l  8.75 

8.75 

.28 

.55 

.65 1     .28 

.65 

.18 

.38 

.40       .18 
.80j      .86 

.38 

.36 

.75 

.76 

Hate  of  Burning  of  Compositions. 


i.i 


2.0 

8.76 
.65 
.40 
.80 


WHEEL-mU. 


BTAinnXO  PIEM. 


DIMKNSIOXt. 


Com- 


L«ngtb  of  case in.'    8.75 

Interior  diameter in.i       .75 

Weight  of  composition oz.^     3.5 

Time  of  burning,  per  in sec.    17. 


White.    Chinece.  ;     Sun. 


8.75  I    8.76 

.75  ;       .76 

3.5  4. 

17.  21. 


11. 


.75 


5. 
22. 


Star. 


.T6 


4. 

20. 


Romaa 


19. 


.76 


6. 

45. 


COMPOSITIONS   FOR   FIREWORKS. 


311 


Rate  of  Burning  of  Compositions — Continued. 


»■ 

i 

o 

o 

JS 

3 

^ 

5 

>H 

l^ 


Leiipth  of  case in. 

Interior  diameter...  in. 

Weight  of  coinposltion gr. 

Time  of  burning sec. 


4.       4. 
.3'2     .32 


5. 
.32 
150 
90 


4. 

..32 
150 

90 


4.      1 3. 

.32  II. 

160     547 

90  !  eo 


3.  3. 

1.  1. 

546  545 
45      65 


.75 
250 
60 


Compositions  for  Fireworks. 


The partt  are,  by  weight: 

White. — 16  nitre:  8  sulphur:  4  mealed  powder. 
Yellov}. — 1  charcoal;  1  sulphur:  fi  nitrate  of  soda. 
Red. — 5  ehlor.  of  pota.ssa  :  20  nit.  of  strontia;  4  gum  dainmar. 
Stars  ..  \  Blue. — 8  chlor.  of  potassa;  4  sulph.  of  copper:  4  Rinn  dammar. 

Green. — 96  chlorate  of  potaesa;   192  nitrate  of  baryta;  64  sulphur;    8 

lampblack. 
Fivc-pointrd — 7  sulphur:  10  mealed  powder. 
l'  White. — 26  nitre;  9  sulphur:  5  raealeil  powder. 
Yellow. — 16  nit.  of  soda;  4  sulph.;  4  mealed  powder;  2  lampblack. 
Lances.  -{  Jted.—^O  nit.  of  strontia;  16  nitre;  10  sulph.:  7i  mealed  powder. 
I  Blue. — 8  nitre:  2  sulphur;  4  sulphate  of  copper. 
[  Oreen. — 96  nitre;  64  sulph.;  8  lampblack  :  192  nitr.ito  of  barj'ta. 
White. — 16  nitre;  8  sulphur;  4  mealed  powder. 
Yellow. — 2  nitre;  4  sulphur;  20  nitrate  of  soda;  1  lampblack. 
Lights  .  l  ^^'^' — ^  °itre:  6  sulphur:  20  nitrate  of  strontia;  1  lampl)lack. 
■   '  '  Blue. — 8  nitre;  2  sulphur;  4  sulphate  of  copper. 

Gieeu. — 24  nitre;  16  sulph.:  48  nitrate  of  baryta:  1  lampblack. 
Bencjal. — 2  antimony;  4  suljdi.:  4  mealed  powder;   16  nit.  of  soda. 
(Commo)i. — 6  nitre;   1  sulphur;   16  mealed  powder ;  6  charcoal. 
Wiii;i;i,-       Ih-iUitiut. — 1  nitre  :  1  sul]ihur:   16  mealed  powder;  7  steel  filings. 
FIRES.    "1  Chinese. — 1  nitre:  1  sulph.;   16  mealed  powder;  7  cast-iron  filings. 
[  White. — 6  nitre;  7  sulphur;  16  mealed  powder. 
Sun-fires — Chinene. — 1  nitre;  1  sulphur:  16  mealed  powder;  7  cast-iron  filings. 
Streamers.' — 2  nitre;  1  sulphur;  16  mealed  powder;  4  charcoal. 
Serpents. — 2  charcoal;  16  mealed  powder. 

Roman  Candles.— 6  nitre;  2  sulphur:  16  mealed  powder:  6  charcoal. 
Gold  Rain. — 16  nitre;  10  sulphur;  4  mealed  powder;  3  lampblack;  1   flowers  of 
zinc;  1  gum  arabic. 
The  nitrate  of  soda  may  be  replaced  by  the  bicarbonate  of  soda  or  the  oxalate  of 
soda.     The  sulphate  of  copper  is  ammoniated. 


812 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Tools  and  Imphtnrnts. 

Tho  following  list  of  laboratory  tools  and  implements  shows  (he  kinds  B\^d  pro- 
portions which  may  be  required  for  a  large  laboratory  and  for  a  park  of  artillery: 


Lubnni- 
tory. 


Awli.bmd 

Adco,  copper,  weifrhing  5  lbs 

Bench,  for  driiwin^'  llie  loads  of  shells 

Bench- flake 

Biek-iron 

Bill-hook 

I  for  driving  fu7.es  of  different  oaliliren  •• 
1  for  driving  signal  rockets  and  port-fires 

'  1  for  piiucheii 

I  for  cult ing  on 

Bottles,  with  groun<l  glass  stoppers 

Boxes,  for  12  workmen  making  cartri<lgcs — 3  to  ea<-b.. 

-,      ,  (  Wooden,  various  bires 

"°*"' learthcn,  glared,  large 

Braces  and  bits 

Brubhus,  of  various  kin<ls 

Buckets 


Blocks 


t 

•! 

I 
1 


Callipers,  various  sizes  . 
(  for  fu7.e.> 


20 
4 

i 

1 

4 

S« 
IS 

6 
2 

18 
« 
3 
10 
2 
ft 
4 
ft 
3 
3 
3 
2 
2 
1 
ft 
3 
8 

Dredging  boxes •         8 

of  iron,  pointed  with  copper  or  brass,  for  driring 

port -fires.  2 

for  driving  fuies  for  13-inch  ami  10-inch  shells  ;  long 

I  and  short |     24 

Drifts -[  for  driving  fuies  for  8-ineh  shells  and  bowitters;  long 

and  short 24 

for  driving  signal  rockets,  sets  for  1-inch 1 

"  '•  .75-incb 3 

[for  driring  serpents,  iron ft 


Chargers,         I  for  jiort-fires 

copjier.  •  •  •  1  for  signal  rockets 

[  for  cartridges  for  small  arms  (revolving). 

<  brass,  for  unloading  sh.'lls 

Chisels J.  cold 

(  joiners' 

f,  I  common 

Compasses  ..  { 

*  I  spring 

Coopers'  drivers,  copper  and  wood 

Crowbar 

Cutting  boards 

Cylinders  for  gauging  balls 

Dippe 


TOOLS    AND    IMPLEMENTS.  313 

Tools  and  Implements. — Continued. 


Laljora-i 
tory. 


Drills,  assorted 

f  half-round 


Files. 


saw 

rat -tail 

,  large 

of  iron  or  wood  for  port-fire  ca.«cs 

for  rocket-cases — sets  for  each  calibre 

for  serpents 

for  leaders 

for  small   arm   cartridges,  of  each  calibre,  1  to  each 
Formers  . .  -i      workman 

for  cylinders  and  caps,  for  each  calibre 

for  pot  for  rockets,  "  "       

for  cutting  pots  on,  "  "       

for  cones  for  rockets,  "  "       

for  wads,  "  "       

Fork,  iron,  for  dipj)ing  pitched  fascines 

Funnels,  of  copper  and  tin,  various  kinds ■ 

Fuze-cutters 

Fuze-setters 

Fuze-extractors 

steel,  for  shot  and  shells,  for  each  calibre 

double,  for  grape  and  canister,    "         " 

"       for  cartridge  formers,      "         "      

Gauges  "•  \  of  sheet-iron,  for  sabots,  "         "      

I  "     for  canister  bottoms,    "         "      

I  "     for  canisters,  "         "      

[  of  copper  or  wood,  for  cannon  cartridges 

Grimlets ■ 

Gimlets,  for  priming  rockets 

Glue  pot  and  brush 

Gunners'  callipers 

Gunners'  pincers 

Hammers.  | '■■""•  1"^"^'  ^^^  strapping  shot,  etc 

I  copper 

Hand-barrows,  with  rope  bottoms,  for  powder  barrels 

Ilateliet 

Hooks  for  iHipacking  ammunition-boxes 

Implements  for  making  paper  fuzes — sets 

'  iron,  for  melting  lead 

iron,  for  rock-fire,  etc 

iron,  for  pitch 

copper,  for  paste 

for  cutting  paper,  large  and  small 

block 


Kettles 


Knives 


20 


314 


ORDXANCK    MANUAL. 


Tools  and  Implements — Continued. 


Labora- 
tory. 


f  iron,  for  lead,  pitch,  etc. 

I 


Mallets . 


Measuroo. 


Muul.Ii. 


Planes 

Pliers,  flat,  for  twistinK  wire 

Plugs,  i>(Uiiteil,  for  londiDg  gpliorical-case 

Pre?.e.  for  paper  and  pactoboard 

Profilos,  of  sheot-iron,  for  sabots — for  each  calibre. 
Punches 


C  for  piercing  shot  straps 
Punches  . .  •  centre 


(  for  fu7.c-faps,  for  13,  10,  and  8-iuch — 2  each 

Rasps,  for  wood 

Reels,  or  frames,  for  quick-match 

Rocket-stand 

Rolling-boards,  for  port-fire  cases,  etc 


T,    ,  <  carpenters 

Kuies •  .j.^^_  for  cuttins  h\ 


Sandstones,  for  sharpening  knives 

Saws    

Scale,  of  1  foot  (diagonal),  divided  into  inches  and  lOOths. 


Ladlca.  •  •  •  ■,  <.         i.     .         , 

j  copper,  f<»r  saltpetre,  etc. 

LanlcrnH 

Letter  punches  (utencils) — set 

C  for  drivint;  fuzes  and  port-fires 

^.  for  driving  rockets 

(  carpenters' 

(  for  powder,  from  8  pounds  to  4  ounces. 

I  gallon,  (|uart,  pint,  half  pint,  and  gill- 
Mori  ar  and  p<-stle,  bronto 

Mortar,  marble,  with  )>estlc  of  hard  wood 

I  fur  balls  and  buckshot — sets 

I  for  inccmiiary-balls,  different  calibres. 

I  brass,  for  jiort-fires 

I  for  rockets,  of  each  calibre 

Mullers,  Wooden 

Needles,  tif  various  kinds '      1  ' 

„.  (  for  cutting  wire 

Nippers   •.•'-.      ,   •        •       I    II 

' '  I  uir  trimming  balls 

Palms,  for  sewing  canvas 

Paste  brushes • 

I  for  cartridge  papers,  for  small  arms • 

„  I  tin,  of  each  kind  and  calibre,  for  paper  cartridges  .. 

f  attorns..  ..  ..  .,  for  flannel  cartridges. , 

[  "  "  ''  for  canisters 

Pans,  co]))ier,  various  sites 

Pitchers,  stone 


TOOLS   AND    IMPLEMENTS. 

Tools  and  Implements — Continued. 


815 


Shovels 

Skimmer,  copper,  for  ."altpetre 

Soldering  furnaces  aud  irons 

Socks,  pairs 

(  steel,  for  saltpetre,  etc 

Spatulas  ....  i  for  rock-fire 

(  for  packing  ammunition-boxes 

Spoke-shave  

Sponges  

Spools,  for  twine 

Squares  ....  j  ^^oo-^cn 


Stamps  for  flannel  cartridges— for  each  calibre. 

Tar[)nulins • 

Thimbles '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'. 

Tinners'  creaser 

Tinners'  shears .,'.'.', 

Trestles,  pairs ....    


Tub.s 


Trivets,  iron 

for  the  demolition  of  cartridges  for  small  arms 
common 

_,    .  ,.  ,   *^°''  "inking  slow-match,  etc.  (casks  sawed  in  t 

Twisting  machine,  fur  slow-match,  etc 

Watering  pots 

Weights— sets  for  each  balance  or  pair  of 'scales.' .' '. ........ 

Whetstones 


Wrenches . 
Yard-stick 


screw, 
fuze . . 


Labora- 
tory. 


Scales,  copper,  large,  small  and  medium 5 

Scissors  and  shears,  of  different  sizes '" 

Scoops,  copper,  for  taking  up  materials \ 

Screw-drivers * " 

Scril)crs 

Shell-hooks _ * 

Shell-plug  screws ' 

Sieves f  hair,  Nos.  1,  2,  ?,,  and  4,  with  frames 

I  bolting-cloth 

Screens,  for  demolition  of  cartridges  for  small  arms .'.'.'.' 


GO 


Park. 


2 
12 
4 
2 
2 

2 
4 
2 


310  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


C  H  A  r  T  K  R      E  L  E  ^'  F.  N  T  II 


EQUIPMENT  OF  BATTERIES  FOR  FIFLD,  SIEGE,  AND 
GAlUtlSON  SERVICE. 


EQUIPMENT  OF  FIELD  BATTERIES. 

Interior  Arrangement  of  Ammunition-Chests  for  Field  Guns  and 
Howitzers.     (Plato  IS.) 

The  princi]inl  ilivisiun;  of  a  cbost  are  designated  as  the  riyht  An// and  the  lr/(  half, 
to  a  person  facing;  the  fnmt  of  the  chest. 

The  Finnlier  dirisions  in  each  half,  ])erpcailiculnr  to  the  fiidcs,  arc  deiignntod  >■ 
fint,  tecuiitt,  third,  etc.,  from  the  principal  partition,  each  wnj;  the  dirisiuni  parallel 
to  the  pides  arc  desijtnatcd  a*  the  /"roll^  mi<ldh-,  and  renr  iliritioni. 

The  kind  of  atnniiinition  contained  in  the  ^mall  divisions  is  marked  on  the  tnsido 
of  the  cover,  over  each  division. 

Ammunition-Cliest  for  the  G-pounder  Gun.  ^ifi^ 

Eiffht  i>nrtiii'<>iiM  (pojilar).  four  in  each  half,  perpendicular  to  the  »iide?  of  the  clieii. 
The  partitions  are  supported  by  tiro  $lrip*  of  wood  at  each  end,  forming  a  jcroore  in 
which  the  partition  slides:  each  strip  is  fastened  to  the  side  of  the  chest  witii  /tfur 
copper  H»n7«,  3-penny,  1.13-inch. 

In  the  first  fi^ur  divisions  of  the  right  half  are  lim  lohter*,  to  each  division,  for 
spherical-case  shot — one  fastened  to  the  principal  partition  by  3  icreirt  No.  14,  the 
others  fastened  to  the  movable  partitions  each  by  3  tcreirt. 

Onf  trny  for  holdinj:  e»iuipments,  rests  on  the  partitions  in  the  left  half  of  the  chest. 
The  tray  has  ttco  tiiict.  tiro  tmh,  and  one  bottom  (poplar  or  white  pine).  The  side* 
and  ends  are  dovetailed  together  and  fastened  by  12  miih ;  the  bottom  is  fastened  to 
the  ends  and  sides  by  14  lira»i  screic*  No.  12.  Three  finger-boles  are  bored  in  the 
inside  of  the  ends,  to  lift  the  tray  by :  and  a  hole  is  bored  through  the  middle  of  the 
bottom,  to  let  the  air  enter  when  the  tray  is  lifted  out. 


AMMUNITION-CHESTS.  317 

Ammunition- Chest  for  the  Vl-pounder  Gun. 

Six  pnrfitioiis,  three  in  each  half,  perpendicular  to  the  sides  of  the  chest,  supported 
as  in  the  6-pounder  chest. 

Four  bolsters,  for  spherical-case  shot — one  of  them  fastened  to  the  priucipal  parti- 
tion with  .3  screws  No.  14,  two  fastened  to  the  first  partition  in  the  right  half  with 

3  screws  No.  14,  and  one  to  the  left  side  of  the  second  partition,  right  half,  with  3 
screws  No.  14. 

The  second  and  third  jiartitions  in  the  right  half  arc  made  higher  than  the  others, 
to  suit  the  height  of  the  canisters  fixed. 

One  tray,  for  equipments,  in  the  left  half — made  like  that  for  the  6-pdr.  chest. 

For  the  (jiui  of  model  1857,  there  arc  8  bolsters  for  shells  and  spherical-case  shot, 
fastened  as  above.  '^ 

Ammunition- Chest  for  the  Vl-pounder  Howitzer. 

Six  partitions,  three  in  each  half,  supported  like  those  of  the  6-pdr.  chests. 

Twenty-one  bolsters  for  the  lower  tier  of  shells  and  spherical-case  shot.  They  are 
cupped  out  to  receive  the  balls,  and  have  holes  bored  through  the  bottom  for  the 
fuzes  to  lie  in.  They  are  placed  in  the  bottom  of  the  chest,  three  in  each  division, 
except  the  first  division  in  the  right  half;  they  are  fastened  to  the  bottom  each  by 

4  sprigs. 

Twenty-eight  props,  for  the  upper  tier  of  shells  and  spherical-case.  Four  of  the 
props  are  placed  in  each  division,  except  the  first  one  in  the  right  half.  Two  of 
them  are  fastened  to  each  end  of  the  chest,  two  to  the  left  side  of  the  priucipal 
partition,  aud  two  to  the  right  side  of  the  first  partition  in  the  right  half,  each  by  6 
copper  nails,  3-penny. 

The  rest  of  the  props  are  fastened  in  pairs  to  the  movable  partitions  each  by  6 
copper  nails,  3-peuuy. 

Six  pro2)s  for  canisters  (oak),  in  the  first  division  of  the  right  half;  three  fastened 
to  the  principal  partition,  three  to  the  movable  partition,  each  with  3  screws  No.  14. 

-     Amniunition-Chest  for  the  'Z-k-poumkr  Howitzer. 

Eight  linings,  two  in  each  of  the  front  and  rear  divisions,  fastened  to  the  endi  of 
the  chest  and  to  the  principal  partition  each  \)y  6  copper  nails,  3-penny. 

Four  long  partitions,  two  in  each  half,  parallel  to  the  sides  of  the  chest;  they  are 
supported  by  the  end  linings  and  by  two  npriyht  strips,  fa&tcued  to  the  ends  and 
principal  partition  each  by  4  copper  nails,  3-penny. 

Two  short  partitions  for  canisters,  in  the  rear  division  of  the  right  half;  each  of 
them  is  supported  by  4  strips,  fastened  to  the  back  of  the  chest  and  to  the  long 
partition  each  by  3  copper  nails,  3-penny. 

Seven  short  jjartitions,  for  shells  and  spherical-case  shot;  two  in  each  of  the  front 
divisions,  two  in  the  rear  division  of  the  left  half,  and  oue  in  the  middle  division  of 


318  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

the  loft  half.  These  partitions  slide  into  grooves  made  each  by  two  uprirjht  utrip*, 
which  arc  fastened  t<i  tlic  sides  and  to  the  Ion;;  jmrtitions  each  by  4  cupper  uaili, 
3-pcnny;  each  purtition  is  formed  of  two  pieces,  which  slip  into  the  grooves,  ono 
over  the  other. 

Thtity-thrcr  holntm  for  shells  and  8]dierical-case.  Seven  of  thcni  arc  fa.-'tcncd,  at 
the  bottom  of  the  chest,  to  the  end  linings  of  the  two  front  divisions  and  the  left  rear 
division,  and  to  the  principal  psirtitiou  in  the  right  middle  division,  each  by  2  ncreir* 
No.  14.  Twenty-four  of  the  bolsters  are  fastened  in  pairs  on  each  side  of  the  short 
partitions  of  the  two  front  divisions  and  the  left  rear  divisions;  twelve  to  the  lower 
half  and  twelve  to  the  upper  half  of  the  i)arlitions;  each  pair  fastened  by  3  •'•r«if» 
No.  14,  which  pass  through  the  bolsters  and  the  partition.  Two  bolsters  arc  fastened 
U>  the  left  side  of  the  middle  partition  iu  the  right  half,  one  to  the  lower  and  one  to 
the  upper  part  of  the  partition,  each  by  2  »crc<r*  No.  14. 

Ammunition- Chest  for  the  Zl-poxindtr  Howitzer. 

Six  lourj  pnrtitiiin*,  three  in  each  half — one  parallel  to  the  ends  and  two  parallel 
to  the  sides  of  the  chest ;  each  partition  is  supported  by  4  itript  fastened  to  the  sidoi 
and  ends  of  the  chest,  or  to  the  other  partitions,  each  by  5  <^(>pptr  nnil*,  .'{-penny. 

Four  thort  partition*,  one  in  the  front  and  rear  division  of  each  half,  made  in  two 
pieces,  and  fastened  in  the  same  manner  as  those  of  the  24-poundcr  howitzer  chest. 

Ticinty-onc  buUtert  for  shells  and  spherical-case.  Seven  of  them  are  futcned,  ftt 
the  bottom  of  the  chest,  to  the  ends  and  cross  partitions  each  by  2  trreir*  No.  14. 
Twelve  bolsters  are  fastt-ned  iu  pairs,  us  in  the  24-pouudLT  howitzer  cheit,  to  the 
short  partitions  in  the  left  half,  and  iu  the  rear  division  of  the  right  half.  Two 
bolsters  are  fastened,  in  like  mnnner,  on  the  right  side  of  the  short  partition  iu  the 
right  front  division. 

A)nmunition-Chcst  for  the  Mountain  Jlouitzer. 

Eight  lony  elentt,  for  supporting  the  ammunition  :  they  are  glued  to  the  side*, 
opposite  to  each  other,  and  fastened  by  32  copper  tiallt,  3-pcnny.  Kitjht  short  cleat; 
fastened  to  the  sides  by  8  tcrcim  No.  14,  and  16  copper  iiaih,  3-penny. 

Ammunition-Chest  for  the  Prairie  Carriage. 

* 

The  same  as  for  the  mountain  howitzer. 


AMMUNITION   CARRIED    IN    EACH    CHEST.  319 

Ammunition  carried  in  each  Chest. 


No.      Weight. 


FOR    6-POUNDEB-GUN. 

Shot,  fixed 

Sphcrical-casc,  fixed 

Canisters,  fixed^ 

Spare  eartridcjes,  1.}  lb 

Friction  primers <  . . 

Slow-mateli .yard. 

Port-fires 

Total  number  of  rounds. ..... 

FOU  12-POUNDEH  GDN. 

Shot,  fixed 

Spherical-case,  fixed 

Canisters,  fixed 

Spare  cartridjrcs,  2^  lbs 

Friction  primers 

Slow-match yard. 

Port-fires 

Total  number  of  rounds 

FOR  12-pnn.  GUN  (1857). 

Shot,  fixed 

Spherical-case 

Shells. ._. 

Canisters 

Sparc  cartrid^^es,  2.5  lbs 

Friction   primers 

Slow-match 3'ard. 

Port-fires .' 

Total  number  of  rounds 

FOR  12-PDR.  HOWITZER. 

Shells,  fixed 

Spherical-case,  fixed 

Canisters,  fixed 

Friction  primers 

Slow-match yards. 

Port-fires ."..... 

Total  number  of  rounds 


25 

190. 

20 

140. 

5 

42. 

2 

2.6 

76 

.97 

2 

.38 
.57 

2 

50 

376.52 

20 


Lbs. 


308. 


8 

117.6 

4 

G7.64 

2 

5.12 

48 

.62 

1.5 

.28) 

2 

.57  J 

32 

499.83 

12 

184.8 

12 

176.4 

4 

48.68 

4 

67.64 

2 

6.12 

48 

.62 

1.5 

.28) 
.67J 

3 

V> 

484.11 

157.5 

273. 
47.4 
.75 

.38 
.57 

479.6 


In  the  left  half. 

In  the  1st  four  divisions  of  right  half. 

In  5th  division,  right  half. 

On  the  spherical-case. 

In  a  tin  box,  in  the  tray. 

On  the  ammunition  in  right  half. 


In   left  half,  and   in  4th  division  of 

right  half. 
In  1st  and  2d  divisions,  right  half. 
In  3d  division,  right  half. 
On  the  spherical-case. 
In  a  tin  box,  in  the  tray. 

On  the  ammunition  in  right  half. 


In  1st,  2d,  and  3d  divisions,  left  half. 
In    1st,    2d,  and    3d  divisions,    right 

half. 
In  4th  division,  right  half. 
In  4th  division,  left  half. 
On  the  shells. 
In  a  tin  box,  in  the  tray. 

On  the  ammunition  in  right  lialf. 


In    2d,   3d   and    4th    divisions,   right 

half. 
In  left  half. 

In  1st  division,  right  half. 
In  a  tin  box  on  the  canisters. 

On  the  canisters. 


320  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Arnmunition  carried  in  each  Chest — Continued. 


No.     Weight. 


FOR  24-PDR.  HOWITZER. 

Sbcllx.  8trn|ipi-(l 

Spherical -ca«L',  strapped  .... 

Canigtcrs ■ 

Ismail  charge  . . . 
Largo  charge... 

Friction  primers ■ 

Slow-matcii yard 

I'ort-liresi 

Tolnl  iniinl.cTdf  ruuuds 


POR  32-PnR.  HOWITZER. 

ShelU,  !-trapped ■ 

Spherical-case,  strapped  ....^ 

Canister 

p        .  .     _      (  Small  charge  . . . 
^     ■  (  Larjfc  charge  . . . 

Friction  primers 

Slow-wntcli yard 

Port-liro> !.... 

Total  number  of  ruuuds 


FOR   MOl'NTAIS   HOWITZER. 

Shells,  tixed 

Spherical-case,  fixed 

Canisters,  fixed 

Friction  primers 

Slow-match yard, 

Port-fires 

Total  number  of  rounds 


12 


Lbs. 


225. 
2U. 


63.75 
53.82 


5.40 
.44 


.19| 
.671 


564.69 


196.80 
216.00 

28.50 

46.50  ) 

3.88  I 

.28 

.09  1 

.28  I 


492.33 


9.9 

75.6 
11.8 
.15 
.09 

.28 


In  left  half. 

In  front  and  middle  dirisioni  of  right 

half.  * 

In  rear  divisions  of  right  half. 
12  in  mi(fdlo   division,  left  half;  9  in 

miildle   division,   right  half:   2  on 

the  canisters. 
On  canisters. 
In  a  tin  bi>x  on  the  canisters. 

On  the  canisters. 


Front  and  rear  divisions  of  left  half. 
Kcar  divisions  and  right  front  divi- 

sion  of  right  half. 
Left  front  divisii^u,  right  half. 

I  St  division  in  each  half. 

In  a  tin  box  in  the  middle  dirision. 

In  the  midille  division. 


97.82 


In  left  end. 

In  middle. 

In  right  end. 

In  water-proof  paper. 


For  pkaikie  howitzer. — The  same  as  for  the  mountain  howitzer. 


IMPLEMENTS    AND    EQUIPMENTS.  321 

Implements  and  Equipments  for  Field  Carriages^ 


FOR  A  GUN  OR  HOWITZER- 
CARRIAGE. 


Sponges  and  rammers 

Sponge  covers 

Worm  and  staff 

Handspikes 

Sponge  bucket 

Prolonge 

Vent  cover 

Tar  bucket 

Water  bucket  (leather) 

Gunners'  haversacks 

Tube-pouch 

Vent-punch 

Gunners'  pincers 

Tow-hook  

Hausse 

Thumb-stalls 

Priming-wire 

Lanyard  for  friction  primers 

Gunners'  gimlet 

Fuze-cutter 

Tarpaulin,  largo , 


FOR    A    CAISSON. 


Felling  axe 

Shovel,  long  handle 

Pickaxe 

Spare  handspike  . . . 

Sparc  pole 

Spare  wheel 

Tow-hooks , 


Tar  bucket 

Watering  bucket  (leather). 
Tarpau  liu,  large 


No.      Weight. 


On  the  gun-carriage. 

On  the  gun. 
I  On  the  limber. 


In  the  implement  trays,  or  in  other 
vacant  spaces  in  the  ammunitioD- 
chest. 


In  the  tube-pouch. 

In  the  tube-pouch. 
Strapped  on  the  ammunition-chest. 


In  the  places  provided  for  them  on 
I       the  caisson  body. 


One  in  the  limber-chest,  and  one  in 
caisson-chest. 

\  On  the  limber. 

Strapped  on  the  limber-chest. 


21 


322 


OEDNANCE    MANUAL. 


ImplcmmlR  and  Equipments  for  Prairir  Carri'Tiex. 


Weight. 


Sponf^rrw  And  rammers 2 

Bpon^i-  ciiviTr ,  2 

Haiulfpiki' 1 

Vent  rover I  1 

IlavT^iirk    I  1 

Tulir  |.(Hi.li 2 

Prim inj;  wire I  1 

TbumliKiullo i  2 

tiunnerx' );imlut !  1 

Lanyiiril  for  frirtion  primers.  I  2 

Fufp-riiltor I 

GutUHTH'  |iin<-i<ri> 1 

Tsrpiiiilin.  rt  X  1"  fo«'t 1 

Water  l.ii.-k.t 1 

Prulon^o 1 

T&r  bucket i  1 


ion 


the  cftrriaRO. 


On  the  K""- 

In  ammunition-chests. 


In  the  lube-pouch. 


In  tool-ohect  A. 

On  tlie  ammunition-che«U 

On  tlic  limber. 

On  the  );un-rarriage. 

On  ihe  limber. 


Implements  and  Equipments  for  the  Mountain  Howitzer-Carriage. 


No. 


Weight. 


Handspike 

SpoufTC  and  rammer 

Bponpe  cover 

Vent   ooviT 

Haver.-iuk 

Tube-jiouch 

Priming-wire 

Gunners'  gimlet 

LanvHrd  for  friction  primers. 

Fuzc-<Mittt'r 

Gunners'  pincers 

Tarpaulin,  5  X  &  feet 


Lbs. 
5.0 
3.0 
.11 
0.18 
1.86 
1.80 
0.08 
0.08 
0.2 
0.2 
0.85 
5.25 


r  On  the  carriage. 

On  the  sponge. 
On  the  gun. 

)  Ou  the  pack  with  the  ommunitioD- 

I       chests. 

In  the  tube-poach. 

In  ammunition-chest. 
In  tool-chest  A. 

On   the    pack    with  the  ammunition- 
chest. 


FOUOE    FOR    A    FIELD    BATTERY. 


^ 


EQUIPMENT  OF  TRAVELLING  FOIIGKS  AND  BATTERY-WAGONS. 

One  forge  and  one  battery-wagon  accompany  each  field  battery.  They  are  fur- 
nished with  the  tools  and  materials  required  for  shoeing  horses  and  for  ordinary 
repairs  and  preservation  of  carriages  and  harness. 

Other  forges  and  battery-wagons,  equipped  for  the  general  service  of  the  army, 
accompany  the  field  park  which  contains  the  general  supplies  of  ordnance  stores. 
The  forge  for  the  field  battery  is  designated  by  the  letter  A. 
The  forg*  for  the  field  park  "  "  "     B. 

The  hattery-Mugon  for  the  field  battery    "  "  "     C. 

The  battcry-tcagon  for  the  field  2)ark        "  "  "     D. 

EQUIPMENT  OF  A  FORGE  FOR  A  FIELD  BATTERY. 

Limber-Chest. 

The  chest  is  marked  Forge  A.  The  stores  and  tools  are  carried  in  6  boxes  and  1 
oil  can. 

Interior  arrangement.  —  2  copper  clamjiK  for  iron  square,  fastened  on  the 
inside  of  the  cover  by  11  screici. 

Boxes  for  tool*  and  stores  (white  pine,  .75  inch  thick).  The  sides  and  ends 
are  dovetailed  together  and  fastened  by  8-penny  naif":  the  covers  are  made  with 
clamps  on  the  ends,  and  are  loose:  they  have  2-inch  holes  bored  in  each  end  to  lift 
them  by.  Two  handles  of  leather,  doubled,  are  nailed  on  the  inside  of  the  ends  of 
the  boxes,  so  as  not  to  interfere  with  the  covers. 

The  boxes  are  marked,  respectively,  A  Nos.  1,  2,  .3,  4,  5. 

Exterior  Dimensions  of  the  Boxes. 


DIMENSIONS. 

A  Nos.  1,  3,  6. 

A  No.  2. 

A  No.  4. 

A  No.  6. 

Shoeing  Box 

Length in. 

Width in. 

Depth in. 

Weight lbs. 

17.8 
13.25 
7.5 
8.25 

17.8 
13.25 
7.5 
9.75 

23.5 

8. 

6.5 

8. 

39.8 
9.8 
6.5 

14.6 

16.5 

8. 

6.6 

4.7 

Nos.  2  and  4  have  each  a  partition;  No.  2  at  4.5  inches  from  one  end,  and  No.  4 
at  6.25  inches. 

One  oil  can,  made  of  tin,  to  hold  one  quart :  it  has  a  neck  for  a  cork  near  one 
corner.     It  is  marked  A,  Sperm  oil. 

Dimensions  of  can. — Length,  5  inches;  width,  5  inches;  height,  4  inches;  diame- 
ter of  neck,  1  inch;  height  of  neck,  0.5  inch;  weight  of  can,  0.9  lb. 


d24  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Contents  of  the  Limber-Chest  of  Forge  A. 


»•  TwU  »iid  .Sl<.rc-».  N<i.   Weight  SinitliH' T-xiU  and  Storet.  No.  Wolnht 


Box  A  I,  containing: 

lIorscHhuci  Not*.  'J  und  3. .  •  • 

Box   A  2.  0'>ntainin({: 

Ilori<c(<li(>e  nnilit  No«.  U  and  3 
WanhcTH  Hiid  nul8  No.  2.... 
Wa!iburi<  und  nutx  No.  3  . . . . 
WavtuTs  and  nut«  Nn.  4  . . . . 

NailK  N...  1  C 

Nails  No.  2  C 

Tire  boltH 

Key*    for  ammunition-choBt« 

Linch-  washers 

LinclipiiiH 

(MlHill^  NiiN.  1  and  2 ft. 

Colddhul  .S'-linkx,  Nu.  3 

Coltinlnil  .S'-link«.  No.  5 

Total  coutuini'd  in  \i«\  A  2.. 

Hox    A  .^,  rutilttininf;  : 

llorsciilioe!*  Nox.  2  and  '.i  . . . . 

Box  A  4.  oontaiiiin'; 

Hand  culd-cbiKols 

Uardie 

Kilos,  n.-ssortcd,   with   handles 

Buttress   

Hand    jmni'lics,    round    and 

square  

Screw-wrench 

Hand  ccrcw-driver 

Hand  vice      

Smiths'  i-iUlii>ers pair 

Taps I  Nos.  1 

Dies,  pairs  )   .'{  an 
Wood  screws,  I 


)  Nos.  1.2.  ( 

j   ;i  and  4.   I 


1-in.  No.  14  ) 


gros 


Quart  can  of  sperm  oil. 


Total  contained  in  Box  A  4 


»0 


yo 


Lbs. 


,25 


Box  A  5,  containing:. 

iFirc-shovel 

|P..kcr 

Split  hrociin 

llitiid  hiiuinuT 

Riveting  haninicr 

Nailing  huniinor 

Slod^^c  hntuincr • 

Chi.-'els  fur  hoi  iron 

C'liisois  fnr  ciild  ircn  . .  •  • 

•Smiths'  ton^s 

Fiirc-iiuncli 


01. Ill 


8.26 
100. 


FulKr 

Nail-claw 

Round  piin<-h 

Tap- wrench  

Dic-8t<ick 

Nave-bands,  cK-vclopcd 

Tirc-bamts,  developed 

Total  contained  in  Box  A  6.. 


28.52 


iSboeini;  box.  containing:. ... 

Shoeing   huuuier i 

Pincers P^i*' 

Rasps  (12  inches) ' 

Shoeing  knife 

iToe-knife i 

Pritchel ( 

Nail-punch 

Clinching  iron I 

Oil-stone 

Leather  aprons j 

Total  contained    in   sboeing- 
I     box 

Iron  square,  in  clamps  on  the< 

t     inside  of  cover ' 

jPadlock,  OD  chest 

Tow.  used  in  packing 

Tar  bucket,  on   its  hook... 

'  Total 


Lbs. 

14.5 
.3.05 
1.90 
1.25 
.■U50 
1.05 
l.KO 

10.50 
.H.OtI 
3.00 

15.00 
1.00 
1.00 
2.40 
5.00 

Mo 
3.75 
«.2:. 
11.75 
2.75 

HO. OS 

4.7 
0.8S 


3.00 


12.75 

2.00 
0.50 
5.00 
7.00 

480738 


Boxes  Nos.  1,  2  and  3  are  placed  in  the  bottom  of  the  cbest:  No.  1  »f»iast  the 
left  hand;  No.  2  in  the  middle. 

No.  4  is  placed  on  top  of  Nos.  1  and  2.  again.^t  the  left  end  and  the  back  of  the 
ehoat ;   the  division  for  the  oil  can  on  the  left  hand. 


BATTERY    AVAGON    FOR    A    FIELD    BATTERY. 


325 


No.  5  is  placed  on  top  of  Nos.  1,  2  and  3.  against  the  front  of  the  chest. 

The  shoeing  box  is  placed  on  No.  3,  against  the  right  end  and  the  back  of  the 
chest. 

The  tools  and  stores  in  all  the  boxes,  and  in  the  forges  and  hattcry-wagons,  are 
securely  packed  with  tow. 

Contents  of  Forge  Body  A. 


TOOLS  AND  8T0RI8. 


No. 


Weight. 


Square  iron,  ^  in.  and  f  inch '. . . , 

Flat  iron,  1.}  in.  X  S  in.,  1  in.  X  4  in.,  and' 

U  in.  X  4  in 

Hound  iron,  g  in , 

Cast-steel,  I  in.  square , 

English  blister-steel : . . . , 

Box  A  6,  containing  : '.... 

Horseshoes 100 

Water  bucket,  wood i     1 

Anvil !     1 

Vice 1 


Watering  bucket,  leather. 

Bituminous  coal 

Coal  shovel 

Padlock 

Tow 


Total,  exclusive  of  vice 


Lbs. 
100.00 

50.00 

60.00 

5.00 

5.00 

8.25 

108.25 

10.00 

100.00 

29.00 

8.00 
250.00 
4.75 
0.50 
2.00 

693.50 


In  the  iron  room. 
The  bars  not  more 
than  3  feet  long; 
the  s(|uare  iron  in 
2  bundles. 


In  the  iron  room. 

On  its  hook. 

On  the  fireplace. 

Fixed  on  the  stock  of  the 

carriage. 
On  the  vice. 

[  In  the  coal-box. 

On  coal-box. 


To  put  the  box  in  the  iron  room  or  take  it  out,  loosen  the  thumb-nuts  and  raise 
the  rear  of  the  bellows  an  inch. 

EQUIPMENT  OF  A  BATTERY-WAGON  FOR  A  FIELD  BATTERY. 

The  battery-wagon  for  a  field  battery  is  designated  by  the  letter  C. 


lAmber- Chest. 

The  chest  is  marked  on  the  front  side  Battery-wagon  C 

The  tools  and  stores  are  carried  in  4  boxes  and  1  oil  can. 

Interior  arrangement.— 4  li-ackett,  fastened  to  the  inside  of  the  cover  by  10 
»cretos. 

Boxes  for  tools  and  stores  (white  pine,  0.75  inch  thick).  The  sides  and  ends 
are  dovetailed  together  and  fastened  by  8-penny  nails;  the  covers  are  loose,  like 
those  of  the  limber-chest  of  Forgo  A,  as  are  also  the  handles. 

The  boxes  are  marked,  respectively,  C  Nos.  1,  2,  3  and  4. 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 
Exterior  Dimeniiont  of  the  BoxM, 


C  No.  1.  C  No.  2.  C  No.  3.  C  No.  4. 


R«inarlM. 


LciikIIi in. 

Widll in. 

Depth    in. 

Weight lbs. 


17.8 

26.5 

39.8 

39.8 

13.25 

17.8 

9.8 

8.0 

7.5 

7.5 

6.25 

6.25 

8.25 

17.5 

12.5 

11.0 

The  covers  of  Nos.  1  and  2 
are  .75  inch  thick,  and 
thoRO  of  3  and  4  are  .5 
inch  thick. 


Vo.  S  has  a  partition,  at  5.25  inches  from  one  end,  for  the  oil  can. 

No.  4  has  two  partitions  perpendicular  to  the  fides,  making  three  divisions, 
raipectirely,  15.8  inches,  10  inches,  and  11  inches  lonj;. 

The  oil  can  is  like  that  for  the  limber-chest  '>r  Forfje  A,  and  is  marked  C, 
Spkhm  oil. 


Contents  of  Limber-Chest  for  Battery-  Watjon 


C. 


TOOLS  AHV  ITOBSS. 


No.    Weight 


CAnniAOE  MAKKnS    TOOLS. 

Iland-satvs,  *)  ■      ■  ■        r 

_  (on    inside    of 

Tenon-saw    > 

,,  ,  .     ,       I         cover. 

Box  C  1,  containin)^ : 

Jack  plane  

Smoothing  plane 

Brace,  with  24  bits 

Spoke-shave 

Gauf^ 

Plane-irons 

Saw-set 

Rule  (2  feet) 

G  imlets 

Compasses pair 

Chalk-line 

Brad-awls 

Scriber 

Saw-files  (44-in.) 

Wood-files  (lO-in.) 

Wood-rasp  (10-in.) 

Tryinii-sijuare  (S-in.) 

Hand  screw-driver 

Box  C  2,  containing : 

Oil-stone 


{   Lbs. 
2  I  4.00 


1  ,   1.50 


TOOU  An  BIOKIi. 


Mtt.  Weight 


17.20 


CARRIAGE  makers'    TOOLS. 


■Couli 


,J. 


Box  C  2 

Broadaxe  

Hand-axe  

Claw-hatchet 

Clnw-hamuier 

Pincers  (small) pair 

Table-vice 

Framing  chisels     (1-in.    and 

2-in.) 

Firmer-chisels  (j-in.  and  1)- 

in.) 

Framing  gouges    (1-in.    and 

14-in.) 

Augers    and    handles    (i-in., 

|-in.  and  j-in 

Screws-wrench 


Box  C  3,  containing:  . . . 

Felling  axe  )      ...   ,        ., 
.  J       "  I  with  handles 

.Adze j 

Frame-saw 


{Quart  can  of  sperm  oil. 


SADDLERS   TOOLS  AND  STORES. 


Mallet 
iClamp 


Lbs. 

6.00 
5.00 
2.00 
I.&O 
1. 00 
8.80 

3.00 

1.00 

2.00 

2.35 
2.42 

32.23 

12.0 
0.00 
S.M 
4.00 

2.70 


WAGON    BODY   C.  32T 

Contents  of  Limber- Chest  for  Battery- Wagon  C— Continued. 


TOOLS  AND   STORES. 


.pair 


Box  C  4,  containing 

Hammer 

Shoe-knife 

Half-round  knife 

Shears   

Sandstone 

Rule  (2  feet) 

Needles 

Awls  and  handles 

Punches   

Pincers pair 

Pliers pair 

Claw-tool   

Greaser 

Thimbles 

Strap-awl 

Beeswax lbs. 


TOOLS  ASD  STORES. 


No.  Weight 


'Black  wax lbs. 

Bristles oz. 

Shoe  thread lbs. 

Patent  thread lbs. 

IBuckies    (assorted,   .75-in.   to 

1     1.5-in) doz. 

Tncks M. 

Ounners'  callipers 

Shoe-knives 

Scissors pairs 


Padlock,  on  the  chest.. 
Tar  bucket,  on  its  hook 
Tow,  for  packing 


Total 


Lbs. 
3.00 
0.50 
5.00 
2.00 

1.00 

0.75 
0.50 
0.18 
0.20 

20.66 
0.50 
7.00 
7.00 

1162.59 


Boxes  Nos.  1  and  2  occupy  the  bottom  of  the  chest;  No.  1  against  the  left  end. 
Nos.  3  and  4  are  placed  on  top  of  Nos.  1  and  2  :  No.  3  against  the  rear  of  the 
chest. 

Wagon  Body  C. 

The  large  stores  are  piled  loosely  in  the  body  and  in  the  till  ;  the  small  store* 
and  tools  are  packed  in  five  boxen. 

Interior  arrangement.— A  till,  9  inches  wide  and  <l.5  inches  deep,  as  described 
page  45. 

An  fi.vc  rack  extends  along  the  whole  length  of  the  body,  on  the  left  side,  11 
inches  from  the  bottom  :  it  is  2  inches  deep  and  1.5  inch  wide,  and  is  fastened  to 
the  side  by  the  middle  rivets  of  the  side  studs,  and  by  5  wood-sn-ews.  The  rack  has 
notches,  to  hold  .3  axes,  3  hatchets,  and  3  blll-hool-H. 


Exterior  Dimensions  of  the  Boxes. 


Length    .•...  in 

Width  ..!.'. in. 

Depth    [j,,; 

Weight lbs. 


C  Nos.  5  &  6. 


C  No.  7. 


C  No.  8. 


Candle  Box. 


23. 
18.5 
11.25 
17.5 


23.5 

20.25 

14. 

28. 


1.3. 
13. 

5. 

6. 


11. 

0.5 
,5.5 
2.85 


328 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


No8.  1  and  8  hare  no  cover ;  No.  7  has  a  loose  cover ;  No.  8  is  divided  into  4 
equal  parts:  No.  8  and  camlle  box  arc  of  white  pine.  fl.fi25  inch  thick,  with  cover 
hinf^es  and  locks;   Nos.  5  and  fi  are  of  hard  wood.  0.7o  inch  thick. 

The  boxes  arc  marked,  res])ectivcly,  C  N<(s.  5,  6,  7,  8,  luid  candle  box  C. 

Dtmenaioiit  of  Cana  and  Keg*. 


Capacity 

Diameter in. 

Diauielcrof  the  bilge. . .  .in. 

Hoif^hl in. 

Weight  lbs. 


2  gal. 

8. 

11.5 
2.2 


NeatVfoot    Turpentine         Olive         i,i-..v  i>.i.>       o  ir-_ 
Oil.         ALiiUeodOil       Paint.        B>*ck  Paint.      2  Keg*. 


1  gal. 


10. 
1.37 


25  lbs. 
9.75 


10.25 
3. 


5  lbs. 
7. 


8.5 
1.5 


60lbi. 

».7i 
10.6 
12.6 

5. 


The  first  two  cutis  have  nxindetl  tops  and  nocks  for  curks;  the  other  two  hare 
flat  tops,  und  the  opening  covered  by  a  piece  of  tin  s<ddered  on. 

There  are  urmi  cans — iiru  marked  C,  Nkat's-foot  Oil  :  <iur  marked  r,  Linsekd 
Oil.;  viie  marked  (',  TriU'KNTiSK:  tico  marked  (',  Oi.ivk  Pai.^it  ;  «m«  marked  C, 
Black  Pai.nt. 

Contents  of  Wmjon  Body  C 


TOOLS  AXB  STOEU. 


No   Weight 


TOOLS  AlTD  8T0KU. 


No.  Weight 


Box  C  5,    containing  in    5! 

cans  : i   .  . 

Linseed  oil    gal.     1 

Spirits   turpentine gi^l.     1 

Olive  paint    lbs.  50 

Black  paint lbs.,   5 


Total  in  Box  C  5  , 


Box  C  7,  containing   in   2 

cans  and  2  kegs 

Neat's-foot  oil    gals- 

Grease    lbs. 


Box  C  8,  containing: 

Nails    (4.  6,  S.   and    10   pen- 
ny)   lbs. 

Felling  axes,  in  axe  rack. .  •  • 


Lbs. 

17.5 
9.17 
8.77 

56. 
6.5 


80.44 


28. 

32.80 

60. 


92.80 
6. 


'flaw-hatchet,  ]  .  .    f 

II       1  I  11  •  'n  axe  rack  < 

Hand-bills,      j  ( 


Box   C   6,  containing:  .. 

Paint  brushes 12 

iSperm  or  wax  candles. ..  .lbs. I  5 

'Rammer-beads    4 

Sponge-heads ;  4 

Sponges    12 

Priming-wires 3 

Gunners'  gimlets    3 

Lanj'ards  for  friction  jirimers  4 

Cannon  s])ikes 6 

Dark-lanterns 3 

Common  lanterns.    4 

Total  in  Box  C  6 I  .. 


LlM. 

2. 

4. 


17.5 
3.00 
7.85 
2.90 
.{.20 
3.00 
0.24 
0,24 
0.40 
0.30 
3.00 
4.60 


28.73 


CONTENTS    OF    WAGON    BODY    C. 


329 


Contents  of  Wagon  Body  C — Continued. 


TOOLS  AND  STORES. 


Weight. 


Rcinarks. 


Caisson-stock 


Splinter-bar 

Rammers  ami  sponges. 
SpolvBS 


Fellies 

Grindstone  14  in.X4  in. 
Arbor  and  crank  for  <lo. 
Screw  jacks 


Wheel-traces 

Leadini^-traces 

Collars 

Girths 

Whips 

Bridles 

Hal  ters 

Halter-chains 

Ilame-straps 

Spare  nose-baj;s 

Sash-cord pieces 

Slow-match yards 

Elevating-screw 

Pole-yoke 

Harness  leather side 

Bridle  leather sides 

Prolonge 

Scythes 

Scythe-stones 

Spades  

Pickaxes  and  h.andles 

Corn-sacks 

Tarpaulins,  5  feet  square. . . 
Reaping  hooks 


Scythe  snaths 

Spare     stock    for    battery- 
wagon  

Padlock 

Watering  bucket 

Forage  

Boxes 

Tow   


Total 


Lbs. 
35. 

1.5. 

n. 

72. 


160. 

50. 

6. 

75. 

47. 
57. 
27. 
11. 

8. 
IS. 
21. 
15. 

4. 

i;i. 

10. 

0. 
15. 
12. 
25. 
22. 
12. 

9. 

6. 
.30. 
U. 
20. 
IS. 


.85 


12. 

90. 
0. 

8. 


69. 
24. 


1292.57 


Under  the  till,  against  the  side  and  rear 
of  the  wagiin. 

On  the  caisson-stock,  against  rear  end. 
On  the  bottom:  piled  lengthwise  against 

the  front  end. 
On  the  spokes,  crosswise. 
)  On   the  fellies,* against  the  left  side  of 
I      the  wagou. 
On  the  fellies,  against  the  front  and  the 

till. 
1 

In  a  pile  occnpying  ."^O  inches  at  the 

rear  cn<l  of  the  wagon,  between  the 

j-      left  side  and  tlie  caisson-stock,  and 

up  to  the  top  of  the  till;   the  collar* 

piled  on  each  other,  from  the  bottom. 

J 

[  On  the  harness. 

On  box  No.  7,  to  the  left  of  No.  8. 
On  the  pile  of  harness. 

Under  the  till,  in  front  of  the  pile  of 
j       harness,  against  the  caisson-stock. 
On  box  No.  7,  in  front  of  No.  8. 
In  the  till,  againsi  the  front  end. 
In  the  curve  of  the  scythes. 
In  the  till  ;   the  bits  against  rear  end. 
Between  the  spade  handles. 
On  the  scythes. 

On  the  corn-sacks,  against  front  end. 
Fastened  to  the  ridge-pole  with  a  wooden 

clamp  and  a  leather  strap. 
Fastened     to    the    ridge-polo    with    two 

leather  straps  and  buckles. 
In  the  spare  stock-stirrup. 

Tied  to  the  forage  rack. 
In  the  forage  rack. 


Exclusive  of  forage. 


ORDNANCK    MANUAL. 


Box  C  Xo.  5  is  placed  on  the  bottom  of  the  wagon,  next  to  the  pile  of  harness  which 
occupies  the  rear  i)art  of  the  body.  Box  No.  6  is  on  top  of  No.  5;  No.  7  on  the 
boltoni  iif  the  wagon,  in  front  of  No.  5  ;  No.  8  on  top  of  No.  7.  The  candle  box  in 
No.  0. 

EQUIPMENT  OF  A  FORCiE  FOR  THE  FIEhl)  PARK. 
Limber-Chest. 

The  Chost  is  marked  Forok  B. 

The  stores  and  tools  uru  packcil  in  5  hoxei  and  1  oil  <<tn. 

iNTKUion  ARiiANUKHKNT. — 3  copper  clmiipi  for  iron  sqii.irc,  factoncd  on  the  inside 
of  the  cover  by  1 1  nerrxm. 

BdXi-s  roll  TOOLS  AND  STOKKS. — Made  like  those  for  Forgo  A. 

Exterior  Bimentiont. 


DIMINSIONS. 

Box   B   Nos.  1. 
5,6. 

Box  B  No.  2. 

B..X  B  No.  3. 

Box  B  No.  4. 

ShoeinK  BuZ  B. 

Length .  ..in. 

Width in. 

Depth  . . .  .in. 
Weight.. lbs. 

17.8 
13.25 
7.5 
8.25 

26.5 

17.8 

7.5 

17.5 

23.5 

8. 

6.5 

8. 

39.8 
9.8 
6.5 

14.5 

16. ft 

8. 

6.5 

4.7 

No.  3  has  a  partition  for  oil  can,  •'j.°2()  inches  from  one  end. 
The  boxes  are  marked,  respectively,  B  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  and  4. 

The  oil  can  is  like  that  for  Forge  A. 


Contents  of  Limber- Chest  of  Forge  B. 


TOOLS  AND  STORES. 


No.  Weight 


TOOLS  AND  STORES. 


No.   Weight 


Box  B  1.  containing: 

Nuts  and  washers  No.  5 

Nuts  and  washers  No.  4 

Nuta  and  washers  No.  3 

Nu's  and  washers  No.  2 

Nails.  Nos.  1  and  2,  C lbs 

Tire-bolts 

Rivets  for  amm'n-chests. .  .lb 

Washers   Nos.  3  and   4 

Keys  for  ammunition-chests. 
Pole-prop  socket  and  ferrule 

Linch-wnshcrs 

Shoulder-washers 


Lbs. 
8.25 
5.00 
;-{.22 
3.20 


.88 

.00 

.00 

.00 

.50 

1.80 

1.30 

7.00 

7.00 


I     Box  B  1 — continued. 

Linchpins '  12 

Chain  No.  2 feet  2 

Pintle-hook j  1 

Cap-square I  1 

Tire  bands  (clips)  developed. '  2 

!          Total  in  Box  B  1 .. 


Lbi. 

8.00 
0.75 
20.00 
5.O0 
2.75 


'83.40 


j     Box  B  2.  containing: iI7.5 

Heading  tools,  for  bolls 2  J12.00 

Heading  tool,  for  nails ]   I   4.00 

Tire-punches,  w.  handles....'     2  I  3.00 


CONTENTS    OF    LIMBER-CHEST,  FORGE    B. 


331 


Contents  of  Limber-Chest  of  Forge  B — Continued. 


TOOLS  AND  STORES.  No.    Weight  TOOLS  AND  STORES.  No.    Weight 


Box   B   2 — continued. 
Round  punrh,  w.  handles  . 
Square  puneh,  " 

Square  hand-punch 

Round  hand-punch 

Centrc-punoh 

Koy-liunch 

Set-hammer,  flat 

Set-hammer,  half-round.. . 

Chisels  for  hot  iron 

Chisels  for  eold  iron 

Hand  cold-chisels 

Smiths'  tongs 

Nail-claw 

Tire-circle 

Bevel-vice 

Hardie    

Fuller 

Iland-axo 

Total  in  box  B  2 

Box  B  ?t,  containing:... 
Screws,  1-in.,  No.  14  —  gross 

Small  hand-vice 

Hand  screw-driver 

5tP;}i,S,i,«,l,andlin. 

Gimlets,  assorted 

Small  punches 

Spring  compasses pair 

Files,  assorted,  w.  handles 

Iron  wire-guage 

Scrihing-awl 

Callipers pair 

Bevel 

Trying-square 

Scriber 

Buttress 

Quart  can  of  sperm  oil. 

Total  in  box  B  3  . . 


Lbs. 

2.10 

2.10 

1.00 

1.00 

0.,50 

1.00 

2.85 

3.00 

4.50 

3.00 

2.00 

15.00  : 

5.00  i 

1.35 

1.75 

0.75 

2.40 

5.00 

73.30 

8. 

1 

2.10  i 

1 

1.00 

1 

0.32  , 

6 

2.85  , 

0 

2.75 

12 

0.95 

3 

0.75 

1 

0.15 

12 

10.00 

1 

0.25 

1 

0.15 

1 

0.40 

1 

0.35 

1 

0.60 

1 

0.15 

1 

1.50 

1 

2.70 

26.97 

Box  B  4,  containing:. 
Nave-bands,  developed  . 

Hand  hammer 

Riveting  hammer 

Nailing  hammer 

Sledge 

Fore-]mnch 

Creaser 

Screw-wrench 

Smiths"  shovel 

Smiths'  poker 

Split  broom 

Tap-wrench,  with  4  holes 

Die-stock 

Tracing  point 

Augers,  j-in.  and  1-in.. 

Framing  chisel 

Felling  axe 


Total  in  box  B  4 

Shoeing  box,  containing:, 

Shoeing  hammer 

Shoeing  pincers 

Shoeing  rasps 

Pritchel    

Nail-punch 

Toe-knife 

Clinching  iron • 

Shoeing  knife 

Leather  aprons  

Oil-stone 


Total  in  shoeing  box  . . . 

Iron  square,  on  inside  cover, 

Padlock,  on  chest 

Tar-bucket,  on  its  hook . . . . . 
Tow 


Total 


Lbs. 

14.5 

11.75 
3.50 
1.05 
1.80 

10.50 
1.00 
1.00 
2.42 
3.05 
1.90 
1.25 
3.75 
6.25 
0.15 
2.50 
1.50 
6.00 


59.37 

4.7 

0.82 

2.00 

2.15 

0.85 

0.80 

0.30 

1.00 

0.33 

3.00 

1.60 


12.75 

2.00 

0.5 

7.00 

14.00 


332.24 


Boxes  Nos.  1  and  2  occupy  the  bottom  of  the  limber-cheat;  No.  1  against  the 
left  end. 

No.  3  is  placed  on  top  of  Nos.  1  and  2,  against  the  left  cud  and  the  back  of  the 
chest. 


8^ 


ORDXANCK    MANUAL. 


No.  4  on  top  of  Nos.  1  and  2,  aj^ainst  the  front  of  the  chest. 

The  tihocing  box.  on  No.  2.  against  the  right  end  and  the  back  of  the  chest. 


Contents  of  Forge  Body  B. 


VOOU  AKD  SrORU. 


No.     WeiKht. 


8quftr«  iron  (i  to  1   in.) 

rut  iron    (IJX»,    IXi,    lix2-10, 
IJXl   in.) 

Round  iron  (fl-in.) 

Cant  Htr.'l 

Enijliish  bii^tori-d  ntccl 


Boxew  K  5  and  B  A.  containing  :. 

norocHlioeii  No8.  2  and  'A 

ll<ir(<o!<hor  nails  N(>«>.  2  and  3  .. . . . 

Water  bucket 

Watering  bucket  (leather) 

Anvil 

Vice 

BitaminoiK)  coal < 

Coal  shovel 

Padlock  

Tow 


Total. 


Lbs. 
100. 

50. 

60. 

10. 

6. 

16.5 
200. 

20. 

10. 

8. 

100. 

250. 
4.75 
0.50 
3. 


In  the  iron  room.  Bars  not 
more  thon  three  feet  long. 
B<(uarc  iron   in  two  bundles. 


}'" 


the  iron  room. 


827.75 


On  itj4  hook. 

On  the  vi(M>. 

On  the  fireplaoo. 

On  the  stock  of  the  forg*. 

[  In  the  coal-box. 

On  coal-box. 

Exclusive  of  vice. 


To  put  the  boxes  5  and  6  in  place,  loosen  the  thumb-nuts  and  raise  the  rear  of  the 
bellows  one  inch. 


EQrir.MENT  OF  A  BATTERY-WAGON  FOR  THE  FIELD  PARK. 

Limber-Chest. 

The  chest  is  marked  Battery-wagon  D. 

The  stores  arc  packed  with  tow  in  the  bottom  of  the  chest,  and  in  2  hoxc*  aud  1 
oil  can. 

Interior  arrangement. — 2  chats  of  oak  for  the  boxes,  Alh  inch  wide  and  0.75 
inch  thick,  are  fastened  to  the  ends  of  the  chest  by  8  tcreici,  No.  14.  1.5  inch  ;  the 
upper  edges  of  the  cleats  7.5  inches  from  the  bottom  of  the  chest. 

5  irotu/rii  clamjjt  for  saw.^,  fastened  to  the  inside  of  the  chest  cover  by   12  •crew*. 

2  6rn«t  elampt  for  webs  of  frame-saw,  fastened  to  the  inside  of  the  oorer  by  12 
nails. 


LIiyjBER-CHEST    FOR   BATTERY    WAGON    D.  333 

Ejclerior  Vimeasiong  of  Boxes. 


D  No.  1. 


D  No.  2. 


Remarks. 


Length in. 

WiJth in. 

Depth in. 

AVeight lbs. 


39.8 
8.0 
6.25 

11.0 


39.8 
9.8 
6.25 

13.0 


No.  1  has  2  partitions.  5.25  inches  from  one 
end  and  7.5  inches  from  the  other. 

No.  2  lias  2  partitions.  14  inclies  from  one 
end  and  11.8  inches  from  the  other. 

Made  like  the  boxes  for  Forge  A. 


The  boxes  are  marked,  respectively,  D  Nos.  1  and  2. 

One  0(7  can,  like  that  for  the  limber-chest  of  Forge  A,  marked  T>,  Sperm  oil. 

Contents  of  Limber- Chest  for  Battery-Wagon  D. 


TOOLS   AND  STORES. 


No.    Weight 


TOOLS  AND  STORES. 


No. 


Weight 


CAHRIAGK  MAKERS     TOOLS. 

(Packed  in  the  bottom  of  the 
chest  with  tow.) 


Bench-planes 

Wood-clamps 

Oil-stones 

Broadaxe 

Hand-axe 

Felling  axe. ....... 

Hand-hammer 

Claw-hatchet 

Adze    

Table-vice 

Holdfast 

Framing  chisels. . . . 

Firmer-chisels 

Gouges    

Frame-saw 

Screw-wrenches  .... 
Augers  and  handles 

Claw-hammers 

Saddlers'  mallet. . .. 
Saddlers'  clam 


Lbs. 

4 

16.00 

2 

12. 

Box  D  1,  containing:.... 

Brace  and  21  bits 

Pincers,  small pair 

Callipers pair 


5.35 
6. 

1.50 
2. 

8.30 
3.80 
10.5 


4.50 

4.84 

4.70 

3.00 

1. 

5.00 


106.24 

11.09 
4.35 
1. 
0.40 


Box  D  1. —  Continued. 

Spoke-shaves  

(xauges 

Plane-irons 

ISaw-sct 

Trying  square 

Bevel 


Rule  (2-feet) 

Gimlets 

Compasses pair 

Chalk-line 

Brad-awls 

Seriber 

Taper-files  (4i-in.) 

Wood  files 

Wood  rasps 

Compass-saw 

Harness  buckles gross 

Tacks M. 

Quart  call  sperm  oil 


Total  in  Box  D  1. 


saddlers'  tools    k.    STORES 

Box  2,  containing  : 

Hammer .  •  • 

Shoe-knives  

Half-round  knife 

Shears pair 

Sandstones 


Lbs. 
0.60 
0.60 
3.15 
0.25 
0.60 
0..35 
0.14 
0.95 
0.18 
0.10 
0.17 
0.15 
0.87 
3.. 36 
0.80 
0.30 
4. 

2.50 
2.70 


27.52 


13. 
0.65 
0.54 
0.28 
0.47 
4.62 


834  ORPNANCE    MANUAL. 

Contents  of  Limber-Chest  for  Battery-Wagon  D — Continued. 


TOOLS  AND   RTOKU.  No.     Weight  TOOLS  AMD  STORKS.  No.      Weight 


Box  D  2. — Continued, 

RhIp  (2-fcct) 

Nci-dloH,  aFHorted 

( 'oil Hr  need IcH 

A  wli<    

Awl  llUlldll'H 

Punches,  aj<8orted 

I'inrers pairs 

Pliers [luire 

Claw-loolx 

('reii8eri< 

Slrni)-awl!' 

Gaufrc-knil'c 

Ci>in|iHsseH ]iair 

Thimbles 

Bristles 


1 
600 
a 
36 
6 
6 
3 
6 
3 
3 
3 
1 
1 
6 


Lbs. 
0.14 
0.50 
0.05 
2.25 
0.60 
0.66 
2.25 
1.32 
0.36 
0.45 
0.03 
0.80 
0.18 
0.09 
1. 


Box  D  2. —  C'oHliitued. 

Beeswax  

|Black  wax 

'Patent  thread 


Total  in  Box  1)  2 

Iland-sawj:,    1    in  wooden    ( 
Tenon-nuws,  j        clamp        ( 
Webs   or    bladei*   for   frame- 
saw, in  brass  clamps 

Padlock,  on  chest 

Tar  bucket,  on  iih  hook  . . . . 
Tow 


Total 


Lba. 
3. 
6. 

b. 


30.24 

4. 

3. 

0.75 
0.60 
7. 
5.26 


208. &0 


Boxes  Nos.  1  and  2  rest  on  the  cleats  ;  No.  1  against  the  back  «f  the  chest. 

Wagon  Body  D. 

The  large  stores  are  packed  loosely  in  the  body  and  in  the  till  :  the  small  stores 
and  tools  arc  packed  in  9  bojret,  8  tin  cans,  and  2  kc(/i. 

IxTERiOii  ARRANOEMENT. — A  till  and  aj-e  rack  a."  in  Battery-wagon  C. 

2  wooden  button*  for  rummer-staves,  fastened  to  the  ridge-pole  by  2  (ereicff. 

1  wooden  clomp  for  reaping-hook,  fastened  to  the  ridge-pole. 

2  wooden  clnmpii  for  saws. 

1  iron  gtapic  and  leather  strap  fur  reaping  hooks,  passing  through  the  ridge-pole. 

Exterior  Dimen»ion»  of  the  Boxet. 


SIMENSIONS. 


^amTs'  '   ^  ^°-  *■   °  ^"-  ^-   ^  ^°"  '•   ^  ^°-  *•   ^  **"  »•  D  N«-  W-  ^j^i"* 


Length  ..... 

Width in. 

Depth in 

Weight lbs 


23.5 

27.5 

19.5 

31.5 

12.5 

13. 

14.5 

20.25 

23.5 

19.5 

19.5 

8.5 

13. 

«. 

14. 

14. 

10.5 

8. 

7.5 

5. 

5.5 

28. 

34. 

21. 

26. 

4. 

6. 

3.5 

16.5 
8. 
•.6 
4.7 


Nos.  3,  4,  5,  6,  and  7  are  of  hard  wood,  .075  inch  thick,  with  hinged  covers  and 
hooks. 

Nos.  8,  9,  and  10  are  of  white  pine,  .625  inch  thick,  with  hinijes  and  hooks.  Xo. 
9  is  divided  into  4  parts. 


CONTENTS    OF    WAGON    BODY    D. 


335 


The  boxes  are  marked,  respectively,  D  Nos.  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8   9   10. 

The  shoeing  box  is  marked  D. 

Eiijht  tin  cans:  two,  of  the  capacity  of  two  c/alions,  for  neat's-foot  oil  and  lin- 
seed oil;  t"hree,  of  one  gallon,  for  the  same  oils  and  for  turpentine;  two,  for 
twentii-jive  pounds  each  of  olive  paint  ;  and  one,  for  fee  pounds  of  black  paint. 
They  are  made  like  those  of  the  same  capacity  for  Battery-wagon  C. 

Two  kegs,  for  grease  ;  like  those  in  Battery-wagon  C. 

Contents  of  Wagon  Body  D. 


TOOLS  AND  STORES. 


Gun-carriage  stock  (ironed). 


Caisson-stocks  (not  ironcdj 


Splinter-bars . 


Tire-bolts,  nuts  and  washers  . 
Axle-trees,  6-pounders 


Half- tires . 


Bar-iron  . 
Steel  ... 


Wheel-traces 

Leading-traces 

Trace-chains,  staples  and  rivets, 

Collars 

Girths 

Whips 

Hamc-straps 

Bridles [\\ 

Halters 

Halter-chains 


No.     Weight. 


Pole-yokes 3 


Lbs. 
165.00 

70.00 

30.00 

11.75 
234.00 

140.00 


200.00 
50.00 


37.00 


10 

47.5 

10 

57.5 

20 

26.00 

6 

27.50 

16 

11.00 

16 

8.00 

25 

4.50 

fi 

18.00 

6 

21.00 

12 

J5.50 

On  the  bottom  of  the  wagon, 
against  the  right  side,  rest- 
ing on  two  blocks,  to  clear 
the  rammer-stop;  the  lu- 
nette to  the  rear. 

Against  the  left  side  and  rear 
of  the  wagon;  one  on  the 
other,  the  lunette  ends  in 
front. 

On  the  bottom,  lying  on  each 
other  against  the  caisson- 
stocks  and  the  rear  of  the 
wagon. 

On  the  bottota  against  the 
front  and  right  side. 

On  the  bottom,  against  the 
gun-carriage  stock  and  the 
front  end. 

Between  the  axle-trees  and 
the  splinter-bars. 

(In  5  bundles,  not  more  than 
3  feet  long ;  on  the  half- 
tires,  against  the  front  of 
the  wagon. 
On  the  bar-iron,  toward  the 
front. 

1 
Piled  on  the  bottom  of  the 
wagon,  against  the  gun- 
carriage  stock  and  the 
till,  and  on  the  caisson- 
stocks  and  splinter-bars; 
occupying  about  31  in. 
in  length  of  the  rear  part 
of  the  wagon. 


886 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Contents  of  Wagon  Body  D — Continued. 


TOOLS  AND  STORES. 


No.     Weight. 


HarncRf  leather sides 

Bridle  leiUlicT *' 


Rope,  2J-in 


NoBe-bft(t8 

Sli>w  mulch yards 

Scn.'w  jacks 

Elcvatin;j;-screw!* 

DraK-r()))es 

Grindstoiio  and  arbor 

Felliiij;  axes 

Hand -bills 

TarpaiiliuH,  6  feel  square 


Marline. .  . . 
Sheep-skin.* 
Spades  . .  . . 


Piek-axes,  without  bandies 

Uaodles  fur  do 

Sash-cord pieces 

Drill-how 

liarrul  wiper  and  scraper 

Shoe  thread 


Dark-lnntcrns  . . . . 
Common  lanterns. 


Rammer-heads 
Sponges  

Paiat  brushes  . 


Rammer-staves,  12-poundcr. 


Reaping  hooks 


Lbs. 

75.00 
22.00 

3Q.00 


13.50 
0.60 
75.00 
31.50 
.S3. 00 
56.60 
18.00 
6.00 
18. 
18. 

10. 
12. 
30. 


14.50 
5. 

40. 
0.45 
2.5 

10. 

3. 
4.60 

4.40 
3. 

3. 
13.5 


5.75 


Trimmed    and     rolled    np 
tight  :  on    the  axle-trees 
and  tire?,  in  front  of  the 
pile  of  liariic!<i<. 
IBotwcen    the    front    ends    of 

the  cHi.oHun-st^cks  and  the 

bar-iron. 

[  On  the  pile  of  harness. 

[  On  the  slow-match. 

Coiled  on  the  screw  jacks. 
On  the  drag-ropes. 

[  In  the  axe  rack. 

On  the  gun-carriage  stock. 

Between  the    till   and   boxea 

I     Nos.  3,  4  and  5. 

;0n  box  Xo.  3. 

On  boxes  Nos.  4  and  5. 

'In    the  till,   on  each    other; 

I     the   bits   against  the  back 

I     of  the  wagon. 

I  In    the    till,    between    the 
I       spade  handles. 

I  In   the    till,   lying  on   the 
I      bottom. 

In  the   till,  in  front  of  box 
No.  10. 

In  the  left  side  of  the  till, 
between  the  shoe  thread 
and  the  front  end. 
In  the  till,  between  the 
lanterns  and  the  side  of 
the  wagon. 
On  box  No.  10,  and  by  the 

side  of  it. 
In  the  wagon  cover :  three  on 
each  side  of  the  ridge-pole, 
secured    by     two    wooden 
\\     buttons. 

I  [Fastened    to    the   ridge-pole 
'     by    a    wooden    damp   and 

II  leather  strap. 


CONTENTS    OF    WAGON    BODY    D. 

Contents  of  Wagon  Body  X>— Continued. 


337 


TOOLS  AND  STORES. 


No. 


Weight. 


Cross-cut  saw  1      ...       .  ,       ,,      f 
Pit  saw without  handles 


Handles  for  do..... 

Sparo  stock  for  battery-wagon. . .' ,    i 


Padlo 
Watcriii 
Tow . . . 


bucket. 


Lbs. 


9. 
1.5 


3. 
90. 

0.5 

8. 
26.50 


f  In  the  wagon  cover  laid  on 
each  other,  and  fastened 
by  two  wooden  clamps; 
the  teeth   of  the   cross- 

■i  cut  saw  against  the 
right  cover-rail;  the  han- 
dle end  of  the  pit  saw 
against  the  rear  board 
of  the  cover. 

On  the  .spade  handles. 

On  its  hook. 


Contents  of  Wagon  Body  X>-Continue(l. 


Box  D  .S,  containing  3  cans 

and  2  kegs 

Neat's-foot  oil gals 

Grea.sc 

Spirits  turpentine gals 

Bo.x  D  4,  containing:... 

LABORATOUV  TOOLS. 


Copper  adze,  with  handle. 

Wooden  bowls 

BencLi-lirushes 

Calliiiers. .  . 

Dredginj,^  bo  _     

Rocket  mould,  )  .     ,  .     , 
Set  of  formers,  I  ^'•'"  V'""'" 
Set  of  drifts,     J    rockets. 
Forms  for  cylinders  and  caps, 

each   calibre get 

Copper   funnels .". . 

Shot  and  sliell  gauges set 

(Timk'ts 

Copper  hammer 

Paste  kettle 


•  pair 


28. 

25.00 

60.00 


i.77 


.34-. 


1 

3.00 

4 

6.00 

2 

0.90 

0.40 

1.00 

5.00 

21.60 

1.75 

1 

7.50 

4 

4.00 

1 

15.00 

3 

0.25 

1 

1.80 

1 

9.00 

Box  D  4.— Continued. 

Lead  ladle  

Stencil     cutters,     for     letters 

and  figures f,(.t 

jBo.\  for  do. . .  , \  ^ 

{Mallets '.'..'!..!! 

jPowder  measures,  4  oz.,  8  oz  ' 

1  lb.,  and  2  lbs .' 

iBrass  mortar  and  pestle.... 
jMoulds  for  musket  and  rifle 

balls  and  buckshot set 

Wooden  mullers 

Needles 

IPaste  brushes 

I  Copper  pans,  10  or  12  in.*, 
Rule  (2-feet),  not  folded  . 

Sandstones  

Spring  balance,  30  lbs  ... ! 

Scissors 

Copper  scoop,  large 

"  small 

Hair  sieve 

Hand  screw-drivers.  large. 
Spatula 


1 
1 

4 

4 
1 

1 

2 
50 

3 

3 

1 

2 

1 
12 

1 


Lbs. 
2.00 

18.00 
6.00 
4.00 

2.00 
6.00 

23.00 
4.00 
0.04 
1.25 
5.00 
0.15. 
3.00) 
5.00 
1.50 
2.00 
1.50 
0.80 
2.00 
0.30' 


338 


ORnXANTK    MANUAL. 


Contentii  of  Wagon  Body  B — Continued. 


TOOL*  AND  8TOKEM. 


No.  Weight 


TOOLS  kxro  sroKiB. 


No. 


Vel|^ 


Uox  D  4.— Continued. 

ThimMi'* 

(^unnt•r^'  cMlliiwr* 

Priming  wirt-s 

Ciunncre'  giinlcli 

Ouon»T»'  jpinciTS 

TinnfiH'  furn»oc 


Total  in  box  I>  4. 


Box  D  7,  containing:.... 
HaviTiinrks 

Tlllll-I'OlKlx'l' 

Thuinl'i'lalli' 

Linen  cauva!! yardf 


Box  R  R.  containing:. 
Sperm  or  wiix  cainllcs  . . 

Box  D  9.  containing:. 
Nails.  6d.  to  lOd 


Shoeing  box,  containing  :. 
Shoeing  tools set 

Box  D  .'>,  with  b  can.s 

Linseed  nil gals 

Olive  jiaiiit 

Black  paint 


Box  D  6.  containing:.... 

AnMORKRs'  TOOLS. 

Wire  awls 

Band-s^'t 

Drill-l'racc 

Hand-brace 

Centre-bits 

Hand-brusbe? 

Bench-brush • 

Callipers pair 

Centre-punch 

Cold-chisels 

Stockerc'  chisels 

Stockers"  gouges • . 

Compasses pair 


Lbs.  I 

0.09; 

0.50 
0.50| 
0.501 
2.65 
9.00; 


Box  D  6. — Continued. 

Spring-clamps 

Wood-clamps 

Drill-stock 

Drills,  assorted 

Die-stock ' 

Dies 


.t0i.\ 


26.0 

22.32 

7.60' 

0.04' 

7.50| 

4. 

10. 

8. 
20. 

4.7 
12.75 

25. 

26.5 

50. 

5. 

21. 


3 

0.25 

1 

0.50 

1 

2.60 

1 

2.50 

6 

0.40 

2 

0.60 

1 

0.50 

1 

0..30 

1 

0.50 

ff 

6.75 

« 

2.00 

6 

1.60 

1 

0.18 

Files,   assorted ' 

File  hamlles | 

Glue  pot I 

Spring  bonks 

Bcnch-lianiniers 

Drawiiig-kuife 

Nippers pairs  i 

Pliers pairfl 

Reamers,  assorted : 

Sp^ing-eompa»se^ P*''' 

Rifler 

Bench-stake 

!Hack-saw  frame 

IHock-saw  blades 

Armorer.-'   punches 

Screw-drivers,  brace 

jRule.  2-fcet 

JArmorerg'  tongs 

JScrew-taps set 

jBreechiiig  vice 

Hand-vices 

!Bcvcl-vice8 

Breeching  wrench 

Tap  wrench 

'straight-edge 

Bayonet  mandrel 

Soldering  irons 

Screw-wrench 

Oil-cans,  small 

Tinners'  shears pair 

Brass  scale,  1  foot 


2 

2 

1 

6 

1 

1 
72 
12  i 

1 

3 

i 

1 

3 

3 
12 


'     Box  D  10,  containing  : 
Quiek-match 


Total   weight 


Lbi. 

3.00 
3.00 
U.45 
0.25 
0.76 
0.25 
21.50 
1.5 
2.15 
0.63 
5.25 
1.25 
0.90 
0.90 
1.40 
U.21 
0.25 
6.50 
1. 
1. 

0.38 
0.75 
0.15 
2.&« 
O.M 
7. 
S. 

1.75 
1.80 
1.20 
0.57 
2.50 
3.50 
2.42 
0.22 
1.M 
•  .SO 

100.92 

3.5 
2.0 


25.83 


FORGE-CHEST.  339 

Boxes  D  3  and  4  are  placed  on  the  caisson-stucks  and  the  rolls  of  leather.  No.  3 
against  the  front  of  the  pile  of  harness. 

Box  D  5  is  placed  on  the  pole-yokes  and  rope,  between  No.  4  and  the  front  of  the 
wagon. 

Box  D  6  is  placed  on  top  of  No.  5,  against  the  front  of  the  wagon. 

Box  D  7  is  placed  on  top  of  No.  4.  and  against  No.  6. 

Box  D  8  on  top  of  No.  3 ;  box  D  9  on  No.  3  and  on  the  till ;  the  shoeing  box  on 
No.  3 ;  box  D  10  in  the  left  side  of  the  till,  in  front  of  the  spade  handles. 

The  boxes  are  put  in  after  the  grindstone  and  tarpaulins. 

FORGE  FOR  THE  MOUNTAIN  HOWITZER. 

Two  chests,  designated  ih^  forge-chest  and  the  smithn'  tool-chest,  contain  the  forge 
and  the  necessary  tools  for  shoeing  horses  and  making  repairs. 

The  chests  are  carried  on  the  sides  of  the  pack-saddles,  fastened  by  means  of  the 
lashing-chain. 

The  coal-sack,  containing  the  charcoal,  is  fastened  to  the  arc  by  the  handles. 

Forge- Chest. 

The  different  articles  are  packed  in  this  chest  in  racks,  or  held  fast  by  cleats. 
The  legs  of  the  frame  are  first  folded  up  close  to  the  frame,  and  the  back  of  the  fire- 
place is  turned  down  on  the  hearth  and  fastened  by  its  catch.  The  handle  is 
detached  from  the  bellows,  which  is  closed  and  fastened  by  the  connecting  rod. 

Interior  arrangement. — AVood. — 1  comer  piece,  fastened  to  the  left  end,  at  the 
back,  by  4  copj^er  tacks  ;  1  cleat  for  bellows,  fastened  to  the  bottom  by  2  screws  No. 
14,  l-i-inch;  it  has  a  hole  in  its  top  surface  to  receive  the  journal;  1  support  for 
nuzzle  of  belloivs,  framed  and  fastened  to  the  bottom  of  the  chest  by  2  screws  No.  14, 
IJ-inch  ;  1  cleat  for  bellows  handle,  fastened  to  the  front  side,  toward  the  right,  by  2 
screws  No.  14,  IJ-inch;  1  clamp  for  bellows  has  a  hole  for  upper  journal  of  bellows, 
goes  over  and  across  the  bellows,  and  is  hold  by  the  staple-plates;  1  clamp  for 
frame. 

Iron. — 1  strap-staple,  driven  through  the  nozzle-support  for  the  right  side  and 
clenched;  1  bracket  for  wrench,  fastened  to  the  right  end  by  2  screws  No.  9,  .625- 
inch  ;  2  staple-plates,  fastened  opposite  each  other,  one  on  the  front  side  and  the 
other  on  the  back,  by  4  «c)-e!o«  No.  9,  .625-inch;  1  staple-plate,  fastened  to  the  back 
by  2  screws  No.  9,  .625-inch;  2  clamp-plates,  fastened  to  the  clamps  by  4  screws  No. 
9,  .625-inch. 

Leather. — 1  nozzle-strap  16  inches  long;  1  buckle  No.  6 ;  2  straps  40  inches  long; 
2  buckles  No.  8. 


340 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Contents  of  Forge- Chest. 


Too&a  kn  ■roKU. 


Nu.     Weight. 


WHIBI  rtAOKD. 


Fireplace  and   frainc,   folded   np 
Bellows,  olo^cil 


BollowR   hiiniJIr 

Wrciicli  f.ir  iiul>  Ni>i<.  1  anii-1... 
1  hMnil-huinrner  with  bamlle  . . . . 
)  rivoiing     "  "  "  . . 

1  fore- punch  and  creaacr  on  aame 

hnn.ile 

BagH  of  horaosboe  nailn I    2 


On  it.<<  nide,  the  bnttnm  afcainst  the 
bacic  of  tho  rbi-Hl. 

The  right  journal  in  tho  hole  io 
the  ili'uf  on  tin-  liiittnin.  ibo  left 
in  thnt  in  the  rliiinp  :  the  no«le 
fantcned  to  its  support  by  the 
strap. 

On  its  dent. 

In  its  brarld-L 

Placed  uprii:!il  ni:ir  tin-  »rpiieb. 


Parked  with  tow  in  the  fpa«c  to  the 
ri^ht  of  the  bellows. 


Weight  of  forge-eheat  with  eleats  and  clamps.  45. 

"  "  tools  and  stores I}8.4 

"  **   forgc-ehest,  packed 113.40 

tSmiths'  Tool-Chest. 


lbs. 


i 


The  stores  arc  secured  by  cleatu  or  brackets. 

Intkuiok  ARnA.NGKMKNT. — WooD. — 1  uiivil-rciit,  with  a  mortise  for  the  head  of  the 
anvil,  fastened  to  the  bottom  of  the  chest  by  '■i  tcieici  No.  14,  1.76-ineh;  1  trianjular 
eUiti,  fastened  in  the  left  front  corner  by  '2  tcretei  No.  14,  l.^-O-iucb;  1  rice-cUal, 
fastened  to  the  front  side  by  "2  tcreiei  No.  14,  1.75-inch;  'i  rarki  {ur poker  and ihovel, 
1  button  on  upper  cleat,  faiileDcd  to  the  back  by  4  tcreici  No.  14, 1.5-ioch  ;  '■i  iiuJc*  for 
rasp,  fusteued  to  the  back  by  4  $creic>  No.  14,  l.'25-iuch;  '2  dealt  for  tue-knif«, 
fastened  to  the  back  by  4  tcretct  No.  9,  .'ii-i-inch  ;  1  cleat  for  tongs,  fastened  to  the 
left  end  by  2  icrewt  No.  14,  l.'25-inch;  2  ileati  for  files,  and  1  buUun  on  right  cleat, 
fastened  on  the  inside  of  cover  by  4  $crewi  No.  14,  l-incb;  1  mocabU  cUat,  hollowed 
out  to  fit  the  anvil-bloek  and  bucket  :  1  »tud. 

Iro.n. —  I  itrap-tlapU,  fastened  to  the  bottom  by  2  n'teu,  .2.0- inch  ;  3  brackets, 
fastened  to  the  front  side  by  6  tcreici  No.  S,  .5-ineh  ;  2  hook*  driven  into  the  upp«r 
cleat  for  poker. 

Lkathbr. — 1  $trap  28  inches  long;  1  buckle  No.  5. 


CARRIAGE    MAKERS     TOOLS   AND    STORES. 


341 


Contents  of  Smiths'  Tool-Chest. 


TOOLS  AND  STORES. 


Weight. 


WHERE   PLACED. 


Anvil  and  block 

Water  bucket  (iron) 

Pair  shoeing  pincers 

Vice   

Nailing  hammer 

Shoeing      '•  

Splitting  chisel 

Tongs pair 

Pritchel 

Hardie 

Clenching  iron 

Shoeing  knife 

Poker  

Shovel 

Rake 

Nail-punch 

Buttress 

Toe-knife 

Rasp 

Square  file 

Flat  file 

Half-round  file 

Bags  horseshoe  nails 


Lbs. 
38.5 

1.S76 

2.656 

1.6 
.875 
.8125 

1.6875 
.718 
.406 
.9375 
.406 


t3 


.68 

.5.31 

.064 

1.469 

.60 
1.5 

.719 
1.031 

.8126 
10. 


The  head  in  the  mortise  of  the  rest,  the 
block  secured  by  the  strap  and  buckle. 

On  the  movable  cleat  resting  on  the 
anvil-block. 

In  its  cleat  on  the  front  with  the  vice. 

In  its  cleat. 

In  brackets  on  front. 


In  triangular  cleat  in  the  corner. 

In  rack  on  the  left  end. 

In  rack  on  the  left. 

In  rack  on  the  left  end. 

In  two  wooden  racks  on   the  back  of 
the  chest. 

On  two  hooks  in  the  poker  rack,  held 

by  a  button. 
In  its  cleats  on  the  back  of  the  chest. 
I  In  two  racks  on  the  back  of  the  chest, 
J       near  the  left  end. 
)  In  two  cleats  on  the  inside  cf  cover, 
)      held  by  a  button. 
One  on  the  bottom  at  the  left  end,  the 
other  in  the  bucket. 


Weight  of  the  chest  with  cleats  and  racks. .   44.       lbs. 

"  "       tools  and  stores 72.875" 

"  "       chest  packed 116.875" 


Carriage  Makers'  Tools  and  Stores. 

The  tools  and  stores  for  the  use  of  carriage  makers,  in  repairing  the  carriages 
and  equipments,  are  packed  in  two  chests,  which  are  like  those  for  the  ammunition, 
but  without  the  interior  divisions. 

The  hasp  and  hasp-staples  are  like  those  of  the  forge-chest. 

The  two  chests  are  designated  by  the  letters  A  and  B. 


342 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Contents  of  Carriage  Makers'  Tool-Chests. 


No.  Weight 


Chest  A. 


No.    Weight 


Claw-hatchet 

Nailing  batcbct 

Firinur-chiHclH,  )  and  }  in. 

Trjin^  nquaro 

Bevel 


Au^vrH.  \  and  i  iii.i  and  ona 

bundle 

Kivi-ting  bauinicr 

Hand-Kiiw 

Jack  plane 

Screw-driver 

Rule   (2-reet) 

UimletB 

Hand-saw  files 


Lbs. 

1 

2.125 

1 

1.76 

2 

.594 

1 

.422 

1 

.375 

2 

1..375 

1 

1.5 

1 

2.0 

1 

4.25 

1 

.375 

1 

.156 

3 

.1875 

2 

.125 

j  Wood-files,  12-incb 

'Sickles 

iGunners'  fi^jmlet 

jPriming-wirc 

Gunners'  pinccrii 

Fuze-cutler 

IPapcrs  of  sprigs,  1-inch  and 

I     IJ-incb 

Papers   of    tacks,    8  oc.  and 

I     12   o-t 

iWood-screws,  }  inch,  No.  9.. 
iLbs.  sash-curd 


Weight  of  chest 21.     lbs. 

"  tools  and  stores,  24.96  " 

"  chest  packed...   46.96  " 


Cbmt  B. 


No.  Weight 


No.   Weight 


Hand-axe 

Claw-batchct 

Nailing  hatchet 

Firmer-chisels 

Firmer-gouge 

Pair  compasses 

Trying  snuare,  6  inches 

Scriber 

Riveting  hammer 

Mallet 

Gimlets 

Screw-driver 

Wood-rasp 

Oil-stone 


Lbs. 
3.25 
2.125 
1.75 
0.594 
0.25 
0.25 
0.422 
0.125 
1.5 
2.25 
0.1876 
0.375 
0.5 
1.812 


Brad-awls S 

.Sickles I     2 

(lunncrs' Gimlet '     1 

|Priming-wire 1 

I  Papers  tacks,  8  and  12  oz.. .'     2 

I  Lb.  twine i 

iLeather  thongs 25 

i Wood-screws,  IJ  and   1   inch, 

I     No.  14 j  3« 

Wood-screws,  li  and  2  inch,' 

I     No.16 12 

Nuts    No.   1  ;     2.    No.   2 ;    6, 

No.   4 12 

Washers  No.  1 12 


Weight  of  chest 21.      lbs. 

"  tools 22.083  " 

"  chest  packed...   45.        " 

The  sickles  are  fastened  to  the  front  and  back  of  the  chests  (inside)  by  small 
cleats  at  the  necks  and  points.  The  other  articles  are  securely  packed  in  tow,  the 
edges  of  the  cutting  tools  being  carefully  wrapped  up  to  prevent  injury. 


GUN-CARUTAGES   AND   CAISSONS. 


343 


WEIGHTS  OF  GUN-CARRIAGES  AND  CAISSONS  EQUIPPED  FOR  FIELD 

SERVICE. 


DESIGNATION. 


GrN-CARRIARE. 

Gun 

(xun-carriage,  without  wheels 

Two  wheel)! 

Limber  body,  without  wheels' 

Two  wheels 

Ammunition-che8t.  with  interior  divisions. 

Ammunition,  packed 

Large  tarpaulin 

Other  implements  and  equipments 

Total  weigh  t 

Number  of  rounds  of  ammunition  on  each 
limber 


Body,  without  wheels 

Two  wheels 

Two  ammunition-chests 

Ammunition,  packed  in  do 

Limber  body,  without  wheels 

,  Two  wheels 

Ammunition-chest 

Ammunition,  packed  in  do 

Large  tarpaulin 

Other  implements  and  spare  parts. 


Total  weight 3,509 


Number  of  rounds  of  ammunition  on  each 
caisson  and  its  limber 


6-pdr.      12-pdr. 


FOR   HOWITZERS. 


13-pdr.  24-pdr.  32-pdr. 


Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

884 

1,757 

1   788 

1,318 

540 

783 

1   540 

736 

360 

392 

360 

392 

335 

335 

1   336 

335 

360 

360 

<       360 

360 

185 

182 

!   206 

198 

.395 

497 

465 

541 

36 

36 

36 

36 

83 

86 

83 

86 

3,178 

4,428 

3,173 

4,002 

50 

32 

39 

23 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

432 

432 

432 

432 

360 

360 

360 

360 

370 

364 

412 

396 

790 

994 

!  no 

1,082 

33.i 

335 

;i35 

335 

360 

.3^0 

360 

360 

185 

182 

206 

198 

.395 

497 

465 

541 

36 

36 

36 

36 

246 

246 

1   246 

246 

3,509 

3,806 

3,782 

3,986 

150 

96 

117 

69 

Lbs. 

1,890 
783 
392 
335 
.360 
192 
470 
36 
86 

4,544 


15 


Lbs. 

432 
360 
384 
940 
3.35 
360 
192 
470 
36 
246 

3,755 


45 


»44* 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Weights  of  Forges  and  Battery-wagons  equipped  for  Field  Service. 


DBSIOIIATION. 


Fur  the 
Battery. 


Vur  the 
Park. 


FORGE. 

Body  complete,  without  wheels  .  .  .  . 

Two  wheels 

Anvil  ami  water  buckets 

8torc8  in  iron  room 

Stores  in  coal-liox 

Limber  body,  without  wheels 

Two  whcils 

Limber-<'heRt.  empty 

SlorcB  and  tools  on  tho  limber 


Total  weight. 


B  »TTKRY-WAflON. 

Body  complete,  without  wheelii 

Two  wheels 

Stores  in  wagon  body j     1,289 

Limlicr  body,  without  wheel? '        •^■'55 

Two  wheels I        360 

Limber-chest,  empty 15K 

Stores  and  tools  on  the  limber 


Total  weight  (exclusive  of  forape) )     3,574 


Bill  of  Boards  for  Interior  of  Am  munition- Chests. 


DESIGNATION. 


a  K 


6.    * 


Cic 


?^ 


DIMSNSIO.N!!  (^ rough).  I     q     . 

,    ee  >» 

Thick-       =,5 


Length.|  Width.  I  "^1;^; 


Partitions 

C  bottom 

Tray  .   <  sides 

(_  ends 

Partitions j 

(  bottom 

Tray.   I  sides 

( ends  

Partitions 

Bolsters  for  lower  tier 

I'rops  for  upper  tier 

Bolsters  for  canisters 

Partitions < 

Linings 

Partitions j 


In. 

168 
22 
22 
20 
84 
42 
22 
22 
20 

120 
54 
90 
8 
96 
13 
96 
54 

108 
60 


In. 
11. 
20. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
14. 
20. 

7.5 

9. 
15.5 
10. 
12. 
10. 
15.5 
10.5 

8.25 
15.5 

16. 
8.5 


In. 

0.625 

0.75 

0.75 

1. 

0.75 

0.75 

0.75 

0.85 

1. 

0. 


2.        , 

17.50 

7.5 

1.5 

1.87 

0.75 

7.75 

0.94 

1. 

5.5 

5.81 

\ , 

12. 

*•         i 

3.54 

Veet. 

8.02   Poplar. 

2.29    )  Poplar, 

1.15     \'>r  white 

1.53    j  pine. 

5.25  I  Poplar. 

3.06 

2.20    ]  Poplar, 

0.86     \oT  white 

1.25  I  J  pine. 

9.69  : Poplar. 


Oak. 
Poplar. 


Poplar. 


FIELD    TRAIN.  345 

FIELD  TRAIN. 
Ordnance. 

The  proportion  of  artillery  to  other  troops  varies  generally  between  the  limits  of 
1  and  ;^  pieces  to  1,000  men,  aceording  to  the  force  of  the  array,  the  character  of  the 
troops  of  which  it  is  composed,  the  force  and  character  of  the  enemy,  the  nature  of 
the  country  which  is  to  he  the  theatre  of  war,  and  the  character  and  objects  of  the 
war. 

Similar  considerations  must  regulate  the  selection  of  the  kinds  of  ordnance  and 
the  proportions  of  the  different  kinds  in  the  train. 

The  following  principles  may  be  observed  in  ordinary  cases: 

^  n  r      1  •  1.  f  i  arc  r2-pdrs. 

(  s  guns,  of  which  lax      c      i 

2  pieces  to  1,000  men.  ^  **    ,    ,,,^,-       „„     , 

1  i   howitzers,  of  which  1 1         f;^"''*  '^-  "'  ^^-pdrs. 
(  }    '•   12-pdrs. 

Distributed  as  follows: 

For  the  lufunlry. —  I  piece  to  1,000  men:  6-pdr.  guns  and  12-pdr.  howitzers,  in 
batteries  of  foot  artillery. 

For  the  Caralry. — 2  pieces  to  1,000  men;  6-pdr.  guns  and  12-pdr.  howitzers,  in 
batteries  of  horse  artillery. 

For  the  apcciiil  and  (jcncral piirhn  «f  reserve — 

fi  in  ri-pdr.  batteries  1    ,  -,     .       ..,, 
1  piece  to  1,000  men.     \  '■     G-j.dr.       "  }  "^  '^°°*  artillery. 

(  J  *•     6-pdr.  batteries  of  horse  artillery. 

Ammunition  for  Cannon. 

200  rounds  to  each  piece,  both  of  the  reserves  and  of  the  active  batteries. 

The  ammunition  which  cannot  be  carried  in  the  caissons  attached  to  the  pieces 
will  be  kept  in  bo.\es  with  the  reserves. 

Additional  supplies  of  ordnance  and  ordnance  stores  are  placed  in  convenient 
depots,  according  to  circumstances. 

Ammunition  for  Small  Arms. 

100  rounds  to  e.ach  man ;  of  which,  for  the  musket,  40  rounds  are  in  the  c.artridge- 
bo.K,  60  in  the  parks  of  reserve.     In  the  same  proportion  for  other  small  arms. 
Percussion-caps  in  the  proportion  of  12  caps  to  10  cartridges. 


34G  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Composition  of  a  Battery  on  the  War  Establishment. 


KIND  or   BATTBRT. 


fi  f  12-pouDder8,  mounted. 

]    6-j)iiunilcrs,         " 

,,  I  2t-ii>)unJer«,  " 

JlownzKiis  .      ,o  1  1, 

(  1  2-|pi)un(iLTS,  " 


Total  number  of  pieces. 

Caissons...  (J"^^""^; 

(  for  howitzers  . . . 


Travf.llimo  rOROK 
Batteuy-wacon  .. . 


Whole  number  of  carriages  with  a  battery. 


rSbot 

For  4  guns ■;  Spiicrioal-casc. 

(  Canisters 


Ammunition. 


r  Shells 

For  2  howitzers..  J.  Spherical-case 
(  Canisters  . . . . 


Total  number  of  roands  with  a  battcrr. 


T^  f  6  to  each  carna<'e 

DrAVGHT  HOUSES.  ...  ■^  cj  ,  "     .        ... 

I  Spare  horses,  oue-twelfil 


Total. 


12-pdr. 


6-pdr. 


12 


20 


448 

.358 

UO 


14 


130 


400 

320 

80 


• 

806 

800 

168 

120 

112 

1«0 

42 

32 

• 

322 

312 

1,218 

1,113 

120 

84 

10 

91 


Note. — For  two  .32-pdr.  howitzer-carriages  and  4  j  ^  ,      .  *  *. „. 

caissons,  the  number  of  rounds  of  ammunition  is  J  ^''    .  .       '  **    ,  . 

'                                                                            (^  Canisters 14 

Total 210 

Harness,  corresponding  to  the  number  of  horses  to  the  carriages. 


THE    FIELD    PARK.  347 

Battery  of  Mountain  Hoirltzcrs. 

Howitzers 6 

Gun-carriages 7 

Ammunition-chests 36  (48  rounds  for  each  howitzer.) 

Forge  and  tools,  in  2  chests 1 

Set  of  carriage  makers'  tools,  in  2  chests 1 

Pack-saddles  and  harness 3."? 

Horses  or  mules 33 

Such  additional  supplies  of  the  above  kinds  as  may  be  thought  necessary  will  be 
carried  with  the  park  of  ^reserve,  together  with  the  necessary  ammunition  for 
infantry,  in  jiacks. 

A  mountain  howitzer  ammunition-chest  will  carry  about  700  musket  ball 
cartridges. 

Rocket  Battery. 

No  regular  organization  of  a  rocket  battery  has  been  arranged. 
The  nature  and  number  of  rockets,  and  of  carriages  or  conductors,  will  be  deter- 
mined by  the  character  of  the  service  for  which  they  may  be  required. 

The  Field  Park. 

The  spare  carriages,  reserved  supplies  of  ammunition,  tools  and  materials  for 
extensive  repairs,  and  for  making  up  ammunition,  for  the  service  of  an  army 
in  the  field,  form  the  Field  Park,  to  which  should  be  attached  also  the  batteries  of 
reserve. 

The  quantities  of  these  supplies  must  depend  in  a  great  measure  on  the  particular 
circumstances  of  the  campaign. 

The  ammunition  required  for  artillery  and  small  arms  (according  to  the  propor- 
tions above  stated),  in  addition  to  what  can  be  carried  by  the  batteries  and  the 
troops,  will  be  carried  with  the  park,  in  caissons  or  in  store-wagons. 

The  following  carriages  and  stores,  in  due  proportion,  according  to  circumstances, 
will  also  form  parts  of  the  field  park,  viz  : 

Spare  gutt-cnrriagea,  1  to  each  field  battery. 

TraveUinq  Forqex,  B.  1  ^  r         l 

•'  (  ^"^^  '''■  niore  of  each. 

Batterij-ioaijonn.  D.        ) 

Spare  spokes,  .')0  to  each  battery.    "| 

Spare  felliei,,  20  tO  each  battery.     1. 1„  store-wagons. 

Spare  harnesa I  t    l  I 

^  ^  In  bo.xes.  J 

Horne/ihoes  and  nails. .  ) 

Gunpowder.  i     Friction  primers  for  cannon. 

Saltpetre. 


Sulphur. 
Charcoal. 
Laboratory  paper. 
Percussion-caps  for  small  arms. 


Stufi"  for  cartridge-bags. 
Woollen  yarn. 
Cotton  yarn. 
Glue. 


OHIiNANrK     MAM'Ar.. 

SIECJE  TRAIN. 
The  imtnluT   and   kind  of  cannon    for  a   nicpe  train   muft   l>c   ilctrnnincd  by   th* 
cirruin'<tan''OB  of  each  cane;  bnt  the  foUowiii;;  giMieral  principles  may  l>c  obwjrrcd 
in  aiitigning  tbe  proportion  of  diflvrcnt  kindx  and  culibre>.  and  (bi-  rt-lutive  <|UBntiij 
of  other  luppliei,  for  a  train  uf  100  picccn  of  ordnance. 

Cannon. 

g, (  24-pdr about  onr-balf  of  tbe  whole  number it 

(  18-pdr.  or  12-pdr "     one-tenth                                        10 

lIowiTEKRii,  8-ia.  ficKC "     one-fourth                                      2A 

M(  10-in.  ^ii'Kc "     onf-eii;lilh                 "                        IS 

(    8-in.  ricfce "     3 

CoEiioHN  MoKT ARN,  in  addition   to  the  100  piece* 4 

Wai.i.  imk<kii «Q 

Gun-Corridijes. 

For  24-pdr.  pun*  and  S-in.  howilcerr,  one-fifth  hpurc VO 

For  18-pdr.  and  12-pdr.  Run» one- fifth  »parc IS 

For  10- in.  inortari one-^ixth  rpare 21 

For  8- in.  in<<rtar» 4 

Othrr  Ciirriaijes. 

itiirtnr-vtigoni. — 1  for  each  10-in.  mortar  and  bed,  and  for  thrr«  H-in.  mortari 

and  bi.>d» IS 

WagoHt,   for  tranpporling  implements,  intrenching  and  mlnert'  tonii,  labora- 
tory toolii  and  utenniU,  and  oih<?r  stores — each  loaded   with  about   3,700 

lbs.,  sar 140 

Cari§  (carryinj;  ball*,  etc.  on  the  march) 69 

l\irk  //ri/rrrjr-f'if/oNir,  fully  «>qaipped S8 

Part  Korijrt,  fully  eiplippcd 8 

Sli*i<f-rnrl»,  lar;,'c 5 

Siiitg-carit,  band 4 

Draught  Horses. 

For  each  pun  anil  howitr.er,  with  itf  carriage 8 

"  Spare  pun-carriape 6 

"  Mortar-wapuii 8 

••  Balterywapon • 

'•  Forpe • 

Cart 2 

••  Sling-cart,  large 2 

Spare  hones 1-IOtb. 

Tot*!,  about l^VOObonM. 


PROJECTILES    AND    AMMUNITION. 


349 


Projectiles  and  Ammunition 

Round  shot . 


(800  to  each  24-pdr 

(  1,000  to  each  18  and  12-pdr. 


40,000 

For  GoNg ■(                            *  i,"uu  to  eacQ  is  and  la-pdr 10,000 

j   Grape  and  eanisters  strapped.  20  rounds  to  each  piece  .  1,200 

^  Spherical-case  strapped,  20  rounds  to  each  piece 1,200 

f  Shells,  800  to  each  8-inch  howit/.cr 20,000 

For  Howitzkrs.  /    Canisters  iHrapped,  5  to  each 125 

v  Sphcrical-f-a'c  strapped.  20  to  each 500 

t  600  shells  to  each  10  inch  7,200 

For  Mortars...  <    SOO     "             "     S-inch 2,400 

'^  200     "              "      Coehorii    1,200 

Gunpowder,  in  barrels.    lbs.   500,000 

Computing  for  each  24-pounder  round  shot,  one-third  the  weight  of  shot. 

18  and  12-pdr.      "  one-fourth  "  " 

grape,  canister,    and    spbcrical-casc,   one-sixth   the   weight  of 

shot. 

round  of  howit/.er  ammunition.  5  lbs. ") 

,„  .     ,           ^  »    ,,    (    including  charge  of 

"  1.0-inch  mortar <     "    >  "  ° 

,,           o  •     L          .  .,    ..    ^        shell. 

"  8-inch  mortar .{    "    ) 

"  C.ieh'trn i     " 

Cartridge-hagf,  1  for  each  round. 

Cartridge  piper,  bundles 200 

Wads — hay  wads,  made  in  the  field. 

Slow-match jj)g_         590 

Port-fires 200 

Faxes,  i  more  than  tlie  number  of  shells 35.000 

Wooden  bottoms  and  tubs,  for  firing  small  shells 1  200 

Friction  primers,  for  guns  and  h  )  withers,  1^  ti  each  round. 

Cartridges  for  wall  }ji.eces,  500  rounds  to  each. 

Cartridges,  powder,  percus-iion-caps  and  lead,  for  small  arms,  according  to  the  force 

of  the  army. 

Most  of  the  ammunition  is  transported  by  hired  wagons. 


350 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Implements  and  Equipments. 


ron  EACH  GLN. 


2  Sponges — I  spare. 
2  KiimiiiurK — 1     " 
1  Worm  to  4  pieces. 
1  La.llc 
8  Ilanii^pikes — 2  mpare. 

1  Piiss-box. 

2  Tulic-poiichcti. 
1  Ounnfm'  perpendicular  tu  10  pieces. 

1  Vciit-pinirh  to  3  pieces. 

2  Tliiiinl'Dtnllx. 
2  I'rimiu^j-wires — 1  spare. 
1  UuDDcrs'  gimlet. 

FOR  KACH  HOWITZER  ANP  MORTAR. 


1  Breech  sight. 
1  Vent  cover. 
1  Water  bucket. 
1  Brooui. 

1  Toinpion. 

2  Chocks. 

2  Lanyarils  for  friction  primeri. 
1  Piece  of  chalk. 
1  Wrench  to  fi  pieces. 
1  Short  roller. 
1  Triice-rofie. 


IMrUMUtTS. 


Sponges  and  rammers 2 — 1  spare 

Hnuilii)iikes  (2  fchod,  for  mortar) '  7 — 2  spare 

liaversHcks f  •  •  •  I 

Tube-pouches \  2 

Thumbstiill 1 


I'rirain);  wires 2 — 1  spare 

Vent-punch — to  3  pieces 

Gunners'  gimlet 

(Junners"  perpendicular — to  6  pieces 

Quadrants 

FuT.e-scttcrs 

Fur.e-mallets 

Baskets 

Chocks  for  wheels 

Maul   

Loading  tungs 

Tompious 

Vent  cover 

Water  bucket 

Broom 


I 

I 

1 

1 
1  Sparc 
-I  spare 

1 

2 


2 — 1  spare 
1 


2 — 1  spare 
2 — I  spar* 


Breech  sight 

Lanyards  for  friction  primers. 

Plummets   

Pointing-stakes 

Pointing-cord 

Quoins 

Shell-hooks 

Scrapers   

Spatulas. 


2 — 1  spare 


Gunners"  sleeves  (pair) 

Grommet  wad 

Wipers  of  tow  linen 

Chalk 

Hammer-wrench — to  6  pieces 


MACHINES   AND   ROPES.  351 

Scales  and  weightr,  or  a  spring  balance,  funnel,  set  of  powder  measures  of  3 
sizes,  and  fuze-extractor  to  each  Vjattery  magazine. 

The  nuniher  of  implements  must  be  proportioned  to  the  whole  number  of  gun- 
carriages,  including  the  spare  carriages. 

One  tar  bucket  to  each  travelling  carriage. 

Platforms. 

For  guns  and  howitzers 1-lOth  spare. 

For  mortars 1  -8th        " 

Embrasure  Shutters. 

For  half  the  number  of  guns  and  howitzers. 

Spare  Parts  of  Carriages. 

Proportion  to  the  number  of  parts  in  the  carriages  : 

Pintles  for  siege  carriages l-30th. 

Nuts  and  washers,  assorted 1-lOth. 

Linchpins l-5th. 

Axle-trees l-20th. 

Wheels 1-1 5th. 

Shoulder 1  -20th. 


Axle-washers 

Liuch 1  -lOth. 

Cap-squares l-15th. 

Poles,  one-half  ironed l-4th. 

Elevating-screws l-8th. 

Leading-bars,  one-half  ironed l-8th. 

Spare  parts  of  field  carriages,  as  for  field  batteries. 

Timber  and  other  Materials  for  llepairs. 

Proportion  to  the  number  of  parts  that  enter  into  the  construction  of  the  car- 
riages : 

Axle  bodies  for  siege  carriages,  l-fjOth;  B'oech-bolsters,  l-20th;  Cheeks,  l-30th; 
Fellies.  l-50th;  Spokes,  l-30th;  Fork-saddles,  l-30th  ;  Poles,  l-20th;  Hounds, 
l-20th;  Splinter-bars,  l-20th;  Leading-bars,  1-lOth ;  Square  timber  of  various 
scantling — Plank — Wooden  parts  of  mortar-wagons;    of  each,  l-20th. 

Bar-iron,  assorted,  80  lbs.  to  a  piece,  8,000  lbs.  ;  Steel,  5  lbs.  to  a  piece,  500  lbs.  ; 
Sheet-iron,  50  sheets;  Iron  wire,  400  lbs.;  Tin,  225  sheets;  Nails,  assorted,  300 
lbs. ;  Screws,  assorted,  5  gross. 

Machines  and  Ropes. 

7  Gins,  with  tackle,  complete;  10  Lever  Jacks;  14  Screw  Jacks;  5  Lifting 
Jacks ;  20  Wheelbarrows,  l-5th  for  shells  ;  7  Hand-barrows  j  Balances,  for  weighing  ; 


352 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


10  Spare  gin-fall «  ;  75  Double  prolonged;  75  Single  prolonges  ;/ Drag-ropes,  200; 
2J-ineb  rope,  C>(\0  fathoms;  Men's  harness,  SO;  Small  ropes,  200  lbs.;  Twine,  of 
various  sizes,  50  lbs. 

Tools. 

Sets  of  carria(;e  makers'  and  blacksmiths'  tools — Pioneers'  tools,  for  the  artillerj 
alone,  40  t<t  a  piece,  say  4,000;  of  which  1,600  spades,  270  shovels,  2,00il  mattocks, 
130  picks— Spare  tool  handles,  one-half. 

Axes,  .'t  to  a  piece,  ."iOO;  Bill-hooks,  2  to  a  piece,  200;  Saw.«,  various  kinds,  100; 
10-foot  rods,  2-foot  rules,  masons'  levels,  50  of  each;  Mauls,  '^00;  Scythes,  8; 
Miners'  tooln  ;   BaKkets. 

Laboratory  Tools  and  uMatcrials. 

2  Sets  of  Laboratory  tools.     (See  page  312.) 
Nitre,  pulvcrited I,.')00  lbs 


Sulphur,  pulverized 100  '• 

Cbarooal,  pulverized lUO  " 

Sulphur,  roll 100  " 

Pitch ..  150  " 

Rosin 150  " 

Beeswax 50  " 

Camphor 20  " 

Spirits   turpentine 10  gals. 

Sperm  oil 30  '• 

Linseed  oil 2  " 

Tow — Tarred  links — Rock-fire,  etc. 


Ibf. 


Twine 50 

Tarred  ropf-yurn 200     " 

Cop]ier  wire 1  ((     " 

Brass  wire 10     " 

Cotton  yarn 25     " 

Glue 10     " 

Wrapping  paper 10  reams. 

Tar 2  barrels. 

Mealed  powder 300  lbs. 

Quick-match    150     " 

Torches 100     " 

Coal-tar    1   barrel. 


Implements  for  Firing  Hot  Shot. 

4  Sets.     (See  Chapter  XIIL) 

Instruments  and  Books. 

2  Theodolites,  or  other  instruments  for  measurinj:  angles:  2  Levels  and  staret^S 
Compa.'-ses;  4  Surveying  chains;  Diagonal  scales:  Cases  of  mathematical  instm- 
meuts:   Spy-glasses:   Thermometer;    Barometer. 

liookf. — Ordnance  Manual:  Artillery  for  the  land  service;  Tables  of  firing; 
Logarithmic  t-ables  ;   Drawing  paper. 

Miscellaneous  Supplies. 

Smiths'  coal,  "20  tons;  Grease,  2,000  lbs.,  in  50-lb.  kegs  ;  Sandbags,  -500  to  each 
piece  of  ordnance;  Chevaux-de-frise ;  Scaling  ladders:  Rampart  grat4.-s.  50;  Tar- 
paulins, various  sizes,  100;  2  Grindstones;  Lanterns,  lUO;  Sperm  candles,  150  lbs.; 
Lamplighters'  torches  ;  Canvas;  Friction  matches,  in  small  tin  cases. 


ARMAMENT   OF    FORTIFICATIONS. 


353 


ARMAMENT   OF   FORTIFICATIONS. 

The  kind  and  number  of  pieces  of  ordnance  required  for  the  armament  of  each  of 
the  fortitication.s  are  prescribed  by  the  War  Department,  according  to  the  char- 
acter and  extent  of  each  work. 

The  carriages,  ammunition,  implements,  equipments,  and  other  supjilies,  for  a 
fort  placed  on  the  war  establishment,  may  be  proportioned  to  the  number  of  pieces 
on  the  following  general  principles,  the  application  of  which  must,  however,  be  reg- 
ulated by  the  importance  of  the  position  and  by  the  peculiar  circumstances  of  each 
case : 


For  a  front  of  attack 


For  other  land 
fronts  and  for 
sea-coast  bat- 
teries. 


Gun-car- 
riages. 


f  Casemate 

I  Barbette 

Siege 

Field 

Mortar-beds  . . . 
Trench-carts     for     advanced 

works 

Sling-carts 

Tumbrils  or  hand-carts 

Caissons 


Forges,     travelling     (besides 
permanent  forges) 


AMMUNITION. 

For  each  10-in.  columbiad  .. 

For  each  gun  and  sea-coast 
howitzer  and  8-inch  co- 
lumbiad   

For  each  24-pdr.  howitzer... 

For  each  siege  howitzer 

For  each  10-in.  mortar 

For  each  mortar 

For  each  8-in.  mortar  and 
Coehorn   


l-6th  . 
1  -.3d  . . 
l-3d.. 

l-M  .. 
l-4th  . 


1  to  20  pieces. 
1  to  25  pieces. 
1  to  20  pieces. 
I  to  each  field- 
piece. 

1  to  30  pieces  of 
all  kinds. 

400  rounds. 


800  rounds. 
100       "       . 
600       " 
400       " 


600  rounds. 


,.1-lOth 
,.l-20th 
.1-lOth, 

.1-lOth! 


1  to  25  pieces. 
1  to  20  pieces. 


250  rounds.. 
100       " 
200       "       .. 

200       " 


More    than    the 
number   of 
pieces. 


1-20 

1-2 

1-20 


Grape  and 
canister. 


Rampart  grenades,  .300  to  a  front  of  attack. 

For  each  piece  of  artillery  of  a  field  battery  for  sorties,  200  rounds. 
Gunpowder. — The  quantity  of  cannon  powder  may  be  calculated  on  the  following 
principles : 

For  each  charge  of  a  gun — J  of  the  weight  of  the  shot. 
"  "  10-inch  columbiad,  15  lbs. 

"  "  8-inch  "  10     " 

23 


354 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Including  the  charge  of  the 
(bull. 


For  cBoh  charjfc  of  a  24-p(lr.  howitzer,  2  lbs 

"  "  fS-inch  piego  bowit/.er,     4    " 

"  "  Ifl-inoh  sea-coast   "       12  " 

"  "  8-inch  "  "         8   " 

"  "  10-inch  mortar,  light,     7   " 

"  "  10  inch       "       heavy,  15    " 

"  "  8-inch         "  3   " 

"  "  13-inch       "  30    " 

"  "  Coehorn      "  i    " 

To  ryiHTc  :    for  mining,  fireworksi,  and  waste,  1-10  of  the  whole,  including  a  pro 
portion  (if  mcaU-il  i)Owdi!r  and  its  components,  pulvcriicd. 
Fuze*  A  more  than  the  numln'r  of  shcllii. 
Slotr-mnleh,  4  lbs.  to  a  piece. 
Cannon  cartridge  paper,  I  shoot  to  a  round. 
Sah„l$. 

Woodru  hoiiomt  for  mortars  firing  grenades. 
Porl-jiret,  1  to  200  rounds. 
Friction  primrrt,  li  the  number  of  rounds. 

Small  Arms. 


More  than  the  numWr  of  troops  of  the 
several  kinds  supposed  t<>  hi-  fully 
armed  and  equipped. 


Muskets 1-3 

Pistols 1-8 

Artillery  and  infantry  swords 1-25 

Cavalry  subroc 1-5 

Wall-pieces — 50  to  a  front  of  attack,  or  a  front  exposed  to  escalade. 

^riimi(Mifi..n. — Musket  cartridges,  for  each  man 400 

Musketoon,  pistol,  and  rifle  cartridges 100  ) 

Cartridges  for  each  wall-piece 400 

Spare  puwder  for  small  arms,  l-25th  of  the  whole  quantity  required  for  the  car- 
tridges.    Cartridge  paper  in  proportion. 

Percussion  caps,  in   addition  to  those  packed  with  the  cartridges,  J  the  number 
of  rounds. 

Implements  and  Equipments. 

FOR    EACH    GUN. 


2  Rammers — 1  spare. 
2  Spiiuges — 1       " 

}  ^^'^^^P^-  I  to  6  pieces. 
1    Ladle,  J  ^ 

1  (lunners'  perpendicular  to  6  pieces. 

1  Pass-box. 

1  Bud^e-barrel. 

2  Tube-pouches. 

2  Thumbstalls — 1  spare. 
2  Priming-wires — 1  spare. 


1  Gunners'  gimlet. 

1  Vent-jiunch,  to  3  pieces. 

1  Breech  sight. 

1  Vent  cover. 

2  Lanyards  for  friction  primers. 
1  Water  bucket. 

1  Tompion. 

1  Chalk-line  and  chalk. 

I  Broom. 

1  Wrench  to  6  pieoat. 


IMPLEMENTS   AND    EQUIPMENTS. 


3§& 


FOR  EACH  HOWITZEU. 


The  same  as  for  a  gun,  omitting  jBa»«-to.r, 

and  adding : 
1  Haversack. 
1  Fuze-setter. 


1  Fuze-mallet. 

1  Fuze-extractor,  to  6  pieces. 

1  Quadrant. 


FOR    EACH    COLUMBIAD. 


The  same  as  for  a  howitzer,  adding,  for  those  of  model   IS44,  1  Woolen  sponge, 
of  the  diameter  of  the  bore,  to  3  guns. 


FOR    EACH    MORTAR. 


1  Sponge  and  rammer. 
6  Handspikes — 4  shod. 
]  Haversack. 

1  Tube-pouch. 

2  Priming-wires. 

1  Vent-punch,  to  3  pieces. 
1  Gunners'  gimlet. 
1  Quadrant. 

1  Plummet. 

2  Pointing-stakes. 
2  Quoins. 

1  Torapion. 

2  Lanyards  for  friction  primers. 


1  Pair  shell-hooks. 

1  Scraper. 

1  Spatula. 

1  pair  gunners'  sleeves. 

I  Wiper. 

1  Fuze-setter. 

1  Mallet. 

1  Fuze-saw. 

1  P"uze-e.\tractor,  to  6  mortars. 

1  Basket. 

1  Broom. 

J  Tarpaulin. 


FOR   EACH    24-PDR.    HOWITZER    FOR    FLASK    DEFENCE. 


2  Rammers  and  sponges — 1  spare. 
2  Sponge-covers — 1  spare. 

1  Roller-bar. 

2  Manoeuvring-handspikes. 
1  Gunners'  haversack. 

1  Budge-barrel. 

2  Tube-pouches. 

2  Thumbstalls — 1  spare. 
2  Priming-wires — I  spare. 


1  Gunners'  gimlet. 

1  Breech-sight. 

2  Lanyards  for  friction  primers 
1  Water  bucket. 

1  Fuze-cutter. 

1  Vent-punch. 

1  Vent  cover. 

1  Tompion  and  strap. 

1  Broom. 


For  EACH  CASEMATE  CARRIAGE  (woodcD.  including  the  spare  carriages),  2  truck- 
bars  ;  2  chocks ;  1  broom. 

For  EACH  BARBETTE  CARRIAGE  (woodcn ).  2  manwuvring  handspikes :  1  tarpaulin, 
or  other  cover ;  1  platform  and  1  maul ;  if  the  platform  be  not  permanent. 

For  each  iron  carriage,  2  mano-uvring-bars  ,•  2  pinch-bars;  J  manoeuvring- 
handspike ;  2  wrenches  :  1  elevating-bar  for  columbiads. 

For  each  siege  carriage,  4  handspikes;  1  maul;  1  platform. 

For  EACH  conTMBiAD  BARBETTE  CARRIAGE  (wooden),  4  truck-bars ;  2  manoeu- 
vring-bars ;  1  elevating-bar. 


Hi 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Spare  Parts  for  Repair  of  Carriages. 


Proportion  of  tin-  iiiiinbcr  of  »j)are  purU  Ij  thiil  of  similar  jiarti"  wliicU  belong  to 
tbo  farriuK'"' — 

Forkv  for  travcroinjt  wheeli  of  barbette  carriafccs l-20th. 

Pinik'n  for  nioj^o  carria);e  limbers I -•''Oih. 

Pinlk'i"  for  cuwinate  oarriaK''!* '  -'^Oth. 

LinrhpitiH l-)ih. 

/  for  »ic|fc  carriajfcs 1  --0th. 

Axle-tree*     \  for  barbcllo  curriajKCH 1-lOlh. 

l  for  ragumate  carriages 1  -lOlh. 

Rollcri  for  ca«ciuat«  carriagce l-4(Mh. 

Bol»tcr-i>laio»,  for  pinlloc  uol  purmanintlj  fixed I  -lOlh. 

I  for  niejti"  carria({cii l-loth. 
for  barbttti-  upper  carriojKc-g  (iucludinj?  rollorn) l-'JOlli. 
for  caneiii«to                   "          '  -40ih. 

I  for  barbette  chaKsiii l-l'»lh, 

I  for  coocinate  chaHKi* MOib, 

^    ,  ,  I  ..houlder 1.20lb. 

All-washers,  ^  j^^j^ ,  ,^,^ 

Poles,  for  siege  earria^T  liiiilicrf,  niie-biiir  ironeil I  -lib. 

Elcvatiiij;-8cro«T8 1-^th. 

Tongues  (iron)  for  casemate  carriages l-lllth. 

Nuts,  assorted l-llith. 

Timber  and  other  Mutcrials  for  Repairs. 

Checks,  slock.*,  naves,  spukes,  fellies,  for  siege  carriages,  of  each  1-ViOth;  cheeks 
of  mortar-beds.  l-12tb.  Handspikes.  4  to  a  |tiece ;  tool  handles,  \:  sets  of  timber 
for  barbette  carriages,  l-20th;  ditto,  casemate,  1-lOth:  iron,  assorted,  50  lbs.  to  c»ih 
piece;  uails  and  screws,  assorted,  \{.<Q  tu  each  piece:  steel,  1  lb.  to  each  piece;  ihaeW 
iron,  6  square  feet  to  each  piece ;  tin,  5  sheets  to  each  piece :  spare  parts  for  small 
arms,  see  Chapter  VIII. 

Machines.  Ropes,  etc. 

Qins,  casemate  and  rampart,  as  may  be  required,  according  to  the  extent  of  the 
fort;  screw  jacks,  capstans,  lever  jacks,  wheel-barrows.  1  to  each  piece;  band- 
baiTow,  for  shells,  1  to  each  mortar;  sling  hand-barrow,  or  frame  hand-barrow  with 
legs,  1  to  0  guns  and  howitKors  :  platform  balance,  or  scales  and  weight*:  gin-Callj, 
l-.'itb  spare;  double  prolongcs,  2  to  each  gin  ;  drag-ropes,  2^-inch  rope,  small  rope, 
0  lbs.  to  a  piece;  handspikes.  7  feet  long:  skids,  blocks,  rollers. 


MISCELLANEOUS    SCPPLIES.  357 

Tools. 

Sets  of  carriage  makers',  smiths'  and  armorers'  tools;  intrenching  and  miners' 
tools,  saws,  levels,  paviors'  rammers  :  iO-foot  rods  ;  2-foot  rules ;  the  number  of  each 
kind  to  be  regulated  by  the  particular  circumstances  of  each  case. 

Tools  and  Materials  for  Fireworks. 

(See  Chapter  X.) 

Laboratory  tools  and  materials,  according  to  the  extent  and  resources  of  the  fort. 
See  the  pr<>i>ortion  of  those  for  a  siege  train. 

For  each  night  of  a  siege,  or  for  each  ni^ht  on  which  the  guns  will  probably  be 
served,  have  6  tarred  links  to  each  piece  moutitcd  on  the  ramparts  of  a  front  of 
attack,  or  of  a  sea-coast  battery,  and  ."i  fire-balls  for  a  front  of  attack. 

Signal  rockets,  torches,  rock-firc,  etc.,  according  to  circumstances. 

Instruments,  Books  and  Stationery.  v 

According  to  the  character  and  extent  of  the  fort. — See  Siege  Train. 

Miscellaneous  Supplies. 

Timber,  plank,  and  boards;  .wood  for  sabots,  fascines,  gabions,  etc.  Pickets; 
coal,  5  tons  to  a  forge;  grease,  grindstones,  rampart  grates.  2  to  each  piece  on  the 
ramparts;  sand-bags,  for  the  batteries  on  the  front  of  attack;  lantern,  1  to  each 
piece ;  candles,  oil,  fire-engine  and  buckets. 

Field  pieces  forming  a  part  of  the  armament  of  a  fortification  should  be  provided 
with  their  caissons,  ammunition,  etc.,  as  for  service  in  the  field. 


858  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


C  II  A  I'  T  E  R      T  W  E  L  F  T  II 


MECHANICAL  MANCEUVKES. 


The  intrdiliiotioii  tu-ro  of  a  few  of  the  most  common  mcchuiical  mana>uvrei  with 
liuBV.v  f;uii8,  for  mounting  uikI  <lii<mounliiig,  etc.,  it  \a  bclivveil.  will  prove  coDvcnicnt. 
For  full  (liroolioDD  fur  ilu-  iiiuuii'uvrci-  of  heuvj  orduaucc,  »ee  "  llhA\  r  AuTiLLKKr." 

Knots,  (Hill  the  Manner  of  Tying  them.     (Plato  33.) 

Loor. — neiiil  the  r(>]>e  80  aa  to  bring  the  branches  near  to  each  other,  without 
cr<>8f>inK  tlicni. 

IIai.p-hitch. — Beml  the  rope,  crossing  one  branch  over  the  other. 

SiMTLK  KNOT. — Form  a  balf-Litch:  turn  one  end  arouml  the  other,  pMsing  it 
tbroufth  the  half-hit<h  :  close  it  by  drawing  the  two  ends. 

SiMiM  E  URAW-KNoT,  or  Bow-K.NOT. — Form  a  half-hitch;  make  a  loop  with  one  end; 
tarn  this  loop  around  the  other  part,  t^o  as  to  pass  it  in  the  half-hitch;  close  iu 

Gai.i.ry  knot. — Form  a  simple  draw-knot ;  pass  a  lever  in  the  loop,  and  close  it. 

Sgi'ARK  KNOT. — 1«»  Mrthod :  Cfoss  the  ends  of  the  rope,  say,  the  right  end  over 
the  left;  turn  the  left  end  around  the  right  branch  from  above  downward,  and  from 
within  outward  ;  bend  the  left  end.  forming  a  loop  with  it :  turn  the  right  end  around 
the  left,  and  pass  it  in  the  loop  from  below  upward;  close  iL 

id  Mrih<i<i :  Make  a  loop  with  one  end;  pa^s  the  other  end  through  the  loop,  and 
take  a  turn  around  the  two  branches  that  form  the  loop,  beginning  with  the  long 
one;  pass  it  again  through  the  loop,  and  close  it. 

That  the  knot  may  not  slip,  the  two  ends  of  the  rope  should  separate,  one  to  the 
right,  the  other  to  the  left,  but  both  in  front  or  both  behind. 

Draw  st^iARE  knot. — Make  an  onlin.iry  square  knot,  but  with  the  end  passed  in 
the  loop  to  complete  the  knot ;  form  a  second  loop,  and  pass  it  through  the  first ; 
close  it. 

Weavers'  knot. — Form  a  loop  with  one  end ;  pass  the  other  end  through  the 
loop,  and  take  a  turn  around  the  two  branches  forming  the  loop — first  around  the 
long  one — and  pass  it  between  the  loop  and  that  part  already  passed  through  the 
loop ;  close  it. 


KNOTS,  AND   THE    MANNER   OF   TYING    THEM. 


359 


Gkrman  knot.— Form  a  half-bitch  ;  turn  the  free  end  around  the  standing  part; 
cross  the  free  end  on  itself,  and  pass  it  through  the  half-hitch. 

Artificers'  knot,  or  two  half-hitches.— l»r  J/ef/joc/ .•  Make  two  half-hitches 
near  to  each  other,  but  in  contrary  directions ;  that  is,  if  the  free  end  of  one  half- 
hitch  cross  above  that  part  of  the  rope  which  is  between  the  half-hitches,  the  free 
part  of  the  other  half-hitch  must  cross  under,-  place  these  two  half-hitches  one  on 
the  other,  so  that  the  ends  shall  be  on  the  inside;  put  the  half-hitches  over  the  end 
of  the  object  to  which  the  rope  is  to  be  fastened,  and  close  it. 

2d  Method :  To  fasten  a  rope  to  a  picket,  keeping  it  stretched,  take  a  turn  around 
the  picket  with  the  free  end,  and  bring  it  back  under  the  standing  part ;  take  a 
second  turn  above  the  first  with  the  same  end,  passing  the  free  end  between  the  last 
turn  and  the  fixed  part;  close  it  by  drawing  on  the  free  end. 

3d  Method i  Form  a  half-hitch,  with  the  free  end  beneath  ;  place  it  over  the  head 
of  the  picket;  form  a  second  half-hitch,  the  free  end  beneath;  place  it  over  the 
picket,  above  the  first;  close  it. 

Magnus  hitch.— Take  a  turn  around  the  picket  with  the  free  end,  and  bring  it 
back  above  the  standing  part;  take  a  second  turn  with  the  same  end,  and  bring  it 
back  under  the  standing  part:  make  with  this  end  a  half-hitch,  the  free  end 
being  underneath ;  place  this  half-hitch  over  the  picket ;  close  it  by  drawing  on 
the  free  end. 

This  knot  difi'ers  from  the  artificers'  knot,  by  having  three  turns  around  the 
picket,  instead  of  two. 

M00F.ING  knot,  with  half-hitches.— To  fasten  a  rope  to  a  picket  by  half- 
hitches,  take  two  turns  around  the  picket,  and  bring  the  free  end  back  along  the 
standing  part;  take  a  turn  with  the  free  end  around  the  standing  part,  and  pass  it 
through  the  half-bitch  thus  formed;  make  a  second  half-hitch  by  crossing  the  free 
end  aeain  over  the  standing  part,  and  passing  the  free  end  through  the  half-hitch; 
tie  the  end  to  the  standing  part  with  lashing-cord,  if  necessary. 

Rolling  hitch.— To  tie  a  rope  to  another  which  is  stretched,  cross  the  end  of  the 
free  rope  on  the  stretched  one,  and  take  a  turn  around  it  from  above  downward,  and 
bring  back  this  end  in  the  acute  angle  formed  by  the  two  ropes;  take  a  second  turn 
in  the  same  manner;  make  a  half-hitch  with  the  free  end  around  the  stretched  rope, 
and  then  a  second  half-hitch  above  the  turns  already  formed;  tie  the  end  to  the 
rope  with   lashing-cord. 

Anchor  knot.— To  fasten  a  rope  to  a  ring,  pass  the  rope  through  the  ring  twice; 
make  a  half-hitch  around  the  standing  part  and  the  part  forming  the  second  turn ; 
make  a  second  half-hitch  below  the  first ;  tie  the  short  end  to  the  standing  part,  if 
necessary. 

Capstan  knot.— To  fasten  the  gin-fall,  for  instance,  to  the  handles  of  a  gun, 
make  a  half-hitch  by  crossing  the  free  end  on  the  part  coming  from  the  head  of  the 
gin;  pass  the  free  end  through  the  handles  and  through  the  hiiH-hitch  from  beneath 
upward;  pass  the  end  around  the  standing  part,  turning  it  between  the   standing 


860  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

part  and  the  part  leading  to  tht-  handle ;  pass  it  in  the  loop  from  shore  downward; 
draw  it  clo»c. 

CaoW!f.— Take  the  r»\>u  and  form  a  coil  of  the  sire  rcrjuircd.  and  with  the  fr«« 
end  wrap  the  tcveral  vtriindH  forming  the  coil,  and  faften  the  two  end*  lij  a  («|uare 
knot. 

Shout  si-Lirn.— Unlny  wh.iut  one  foot  of  the  endn  of  the  two  rop«g,  A  and  Bt 
that  are  to  lie  Hpliocd;  bring  the  end*  together,  no  that  the  iilran<lii  of  one  rop« 
ihHll  lie  hotwcen  lho»e  of  the  other.  Holding  the  rope  A  in  the  left  hand,  for 
instance,  croM  caeh  utrand  of  thif  rope  over  the  ^trnnd  of  the  other  that  in  to  lt« 
lefU  and  ]>u.r*  earh  utrand  of  the  rope  A,  hy  meant  of  a  marline-npike,  onder  th« 
Mrand  H  to  the  left  of  that  which  it  crossed;  draw  hard  on  ea<>h  utrand  ihos 
tmtii;  do  the  came  thing  with  the  strand*  of  the  rope  B.  To  give  i;reater 
strength  to  the  uplioe,  paas  again  each  strand  over  that  t«  it*  left  aiid  under  the 
one  Id  the  left  of  Uiis  last  :  cut  off  the  projecting  ends.  Thin  splice  will  not  paat 
through   the  throat  of  the  pulley. 

LoNO  RPi.icR. — I'lilay  ahoui  QO  inrhcc  of  each  rope:  bring  them  together  aa  in 
the  short  splice:  unlay  one  of  the  strands  of  A,  and  replace  it  by  the  corresponding 
strand  of  B;  cross  the  end  of  this  last  strand  over  the  replaced  strand,  and  p«W 
them,  each  on  its  own  side,  under  the  adjoining  strands;  replace,  in  same  way.eaeh 
strand  of  one  rope  hy  one  of  the  other,  and  secure  them  two  and  twn,  as  haa  Jut 
been  oxplaine<l,  at  different  places  in  the  splice;  eat  off  the  projecting  ends.  Til* 
long  .-plicc  will  pans  through  the  throat  of  the  pulley. 

To  Slew  a  Gun. 

Chock  the  gun  on  the  side  to  which  it  is  to  be  turned;  pass  a  trannion-looa am 
one  of  the  trunuioun,  run  a  handspike  through  it,  and  turn  the  gun  in  ita  pla«e. 

To  Move  a  Gun  by  Rolling  it. 

Place  a  skid  under  the  middle  of  the  reinforce,  and  another  under  the  middle  of 
the  chase,  and  roll  the  gun  over. 

By  inclining  the  skids  and  cutting  the  muzzle,  it  may  be  mored  in  different 
directions. 

In  rolling  heavy  guns,  it  is  most  convenient  to  use  two  collars  of  wood  or  caat- 
iron,  of  eijual  diameters  (one  on  th»  breech,  the  other  on  the  maztlej,  large  enonrh 
to  allow  the  trunnions  to  tarn  without  striking  the  ground. 

To  Transport  a  Field  Piece  by  means  of  a  Limber. 

Detach  the  jirolonge;  place  the  limber  over  the  jiiece,  so  that  the  pintle-bonk 
shall  be  over  the  handles  (or  over  the  rear  of  the  trunnions),  with  the  brciooh 
toward  the  pole  :  run  a  handnpike  into  the  bore  and  raise  the  chaae;  Usb  the  pioon 
to  the  pintle-hook   with  the  prolonge,  by  passing  the   ring  of  the  prolongc  twioo 


MANOEUVRES    WTTH    GINS. 


sSF 


through  the  handles  (or  around  the  piece  in  rear  of  the  trunnions)  and  over  the 
pintle-hook. 

With  the  loose  end  of  the  prolonp;e.  lash  the  eascahle  to  tbc  fork  of  the  limber. 

The  gun  may  he  placed  on  blocks  at  the  proper  height,  and  then  lashed  to  the 
limber  as  before. 

To  Shift  a  Gun  from  the  Trunnion-holes  to  its  Travelling-bed. 

Limber  up  ;  remove  the  eap-squares  and  chock  the  wheels  fr<vnt  and  rear;  place 
the  short  roller  under  the  reinforce:  att;ich  the  trace-rope  at  its  middle  to  the  cas- 
cable  by  two  balf-hitehcs;  cross  two  handspikes  under  the  one  in  the  bore;  lift  and 
push  at  the  muzzle  and  haul  on  the  rope  until  the  trunnions  arc  over  their  travel- 
ling position  ;  raise  the  chase,  bring  forward  the  roller  to  the  head  of  the  stock,  and 
lower  the  chase  upon  it;  raise  the  chase  again  ;  remove  the  roller,  and  lower  the 
chase  upon  the  stock ;  take  off  the  rope  ;  replace  the  cap-squares ;  insert  the  elevat- 
ing-screw from  below,  and  lash  it. 

With  the  Li/tiiicf-.Jack. —  Place  the  jack  under  the  swell  of  the  muzzle;  raise  the 
chase;  place  a  half  block  on  the  head  of  the  stock;  take  a  second  lift,  and  place 
two  rollers  on  the  stock,  one  just  in  rear  of  the  trunnion,  the  other  under  the  rein- 
force; chock  the  latter  toward  the  muzzle,  and  remove  the  half  blocks:  haul  on 
the  rope  attached  to  the  cascable,  and  bring  the  breech  over  the  bolster;  chock  the 
rear  roller;  place  the  jack  under  the  muzzle,  and  remove  the  rollers. 

To  Shift  a  Gun  from,  its  Trdvelling-bed  to  the  Trunnion-holes. 

Chock  the  wheels  front  and  rear;  remove  the  cap-squares:  raise  the  chase  and 
insert  the  short  roller  under  the  trunnions  ;  attach  the  rope  by  its  middle  to  the 
cascable  ;  bear  down  the  muzzle,  *nd,  as  the  piece  rolls  forward,  guide  the  trun- 
Tiions  into  their  holes  bj'  means  of  the  rope  ;  remove  the  short  roller. 

A  howitzer  is  shifted  to  and  from  its  travelling-bed  by  the  same  means,  except 
that  the  handspike  in  the  bore  is  chocked  above  and  below  for  raising  the  chase, 
the  lower  chock  being  placed  about  18  inches  in  the  bore.  The  vertical  diameter  of 
the  short  roller  should  be  just  forward  of  the  rimbases. 

MANCEUVRES  WITH  GINS. 

Implements. — 2  i/iii-hnndnpikes  ;  1  (jin-fall  for  siege  gin,  4-inch  rope,  90  feet  long; 
1  gill-fall  for  casemate  or  garrison  gin,  5-inch  rope,  120  feet  long;  1  trace-rope,  2,25 
inches  round,  30  feet  long;  2  lashiug-ropes,  12  feet  long;   1  hammer. 

To  Put  the  Field  or  Siege  Gin  together. 

Lay  the  legs  on  the  ground,  outer  sides  down,  in  position  to  receive  the  sheaves, 
braces,  windlass,  and  pry-pole.     Put  these  in  place,  and  key  the  braces. 


362  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


To  Reeve  the  Fall. 

Raiiio  the  pry-pole  ;  run  one  end  of  the  fall  through  the  left  sheave  from  holow : 
\ta,**  it  through  the  pully  which  is  hooked  to  the  miildlo  brace,  and  thence  through 
the  right  sheave,  securing  it  to  the  pully  or  to  the  middle  brace. 

To  Raise  the  Field  Gin. 

Odc  man  places  his  foot  on  the  lower  brace,  holds  the  foet  of  the  gin  in  place,  and 
■toadies  the  pry-polo.     Six  men  seize  the  logs  and  raise  the  gin. 

To  Move  the  Field  Gin  when  Raised. 

Place  four  men  at  the  ends  of  two  handspikes  run  under  the  windlass,  apd  two 
men  nt  the  handles  of  the  pry-pole,  and  move  the  gin.  The  gin  is  lowered  in  ft 
manner  similar  to  that  prescribed  for  raising  it. 

To  Put  a  Casemate  or  Garrison  Gin  together. 

The  legs  or  pry-p<>le  are  laid  on  the  ground  or  acroM  the  gun-carringc,  inner 
■ides  down  and  upper  ends  together,  to  receive  the  clevis  and  bolt.  The  windlus, 
braces,  and  clevis  uud  bolt  aVe  then  put  in  their  proper  places  and  secured.  The 
gin  is  then  raised  by  moving  up  the  legs  and  pry-]iole  toward  each  other. 

To  Reeve  the  Fall  of  a  Casemate  or  Garrison  Gin. 

Fasten  one  end  of  the  trace-rope  to  the  upper  block,  pass  the  other  end  through 
the  clevis,  and  thence  round  the  windlass.  Ilcave  upon  the  windlass,  raii<e  the 
block,  ami  hook  it  iu  the  clevis.     Reeve  the  fall  as  described  for  the  field  gin. 

To  Lower  the  Casemate  or  Garrison  Gin. 

Draw  out  gradually  the  legs  and  pry-pole  until  the  men  can  get  n«Ar  cnongb  to 
the  head  to  support  it.     Lower  it  upon  the  piece  or  upon  the  ground. 

To  Move  the  Casemate  or  Garrison  Gin. 

Lash  the  pry-pole  to  the  upper  brace  to  keep  the  gin  from  spreading.  Four  men 
lay  hold  of  each  leg  and  move  them ;  then  move  the  pry-pole. 

To  Mount  a  Piece  by  means  of  a  Gin. 

Place  the  gin  with  its  pulleys  directly  over  the  trunnions,  and  the  foot  of  the  pry- 
pole  about  thirteen  feet  from  the  lower  brace.  Remove  the  cap-sqaares.  run  a  haad- 
spikc  into  the  bore,  fasten  the  sling  to  it  and  over  the  cascable,  and  hook  the  pulley 


TO    MOUNT    A   GUN    ON    A    CASEMATE   CARRIAGE.  363 

to  it,  just  in  rear  of  the  trunnions.  Steady  the  gun  with  the  handspike  in  the  bore, 
pass  the  running  end  of  the  fall  from  the  outside  under  the  windlass,  and  take  three 
turns  with  it  from  the  right  to  the  left  around  the  left  of  the  windlass,  and  hold  fast 
to  the  end  of  the  rope.  Work  the  windlass  and  raise  the  gun  to  the  required  height. 
Bring  up  the  carriage  until  the  trunnion-holes  are  directly  under  the  trunnions. 
Slack  off  the  fall  slowly,  and  let  the  trunnions  descend  into  their  holes.  Put  on  the 
cap-squares. 

IlE>f  ARK. — The  piece  may  be  slung  with  a  short  piece  of  rope  passed  around  each 
trunnion,  and  the  ends  fastened  together  on  the  top  of  the  piece ;  or  the  trunnion- 
rings  may  be  put  on.  Ilook  the  pulley  to  this  sling,  or  to  the  trunnion-rings,  bear 
down  with  one  or  two  men  on  the  handspikes  in  the  bore  to  balance  the  piece,  and 
raise  it  to  the  proper  height.  Place  a  handspike  in  the  trunnion-holes,  and  a  block 
on  the  stock  to  receive  the  breech.  Lower  the  gun,  the  trunnions  directly  over  the 
trunnion-holes,  until  it  rests  upon  the  handspike.  Remove  the  sling  from  the  trun- 
nions, and  run  the  carriage,  with  the  gun  on  it,  back  until  the  heads  of  the  cheeks 
are  in  rear  of  a  perpendicular  let  fall  from  the  head  of  the  gin.  Pass  the  sling 
around  the  chase,  hook  the  pulley  to  it,  and  work  the  gin  to  relieve  the  weight  on  the 
handspike.  Remove  it,  and  lower  the  trunnions  into  their  places.  Bear  down  the 
muzzle,  and  remove  the  block  from  under  the  breech. 

To  Dismount  a  Piece  by  means  of  a  Gin. 

Place  the  gin  as  for  mounting  the  gun,  remove  the  cap-squares,  put  on  the  sling, 
raise  the  gun  out  of  the  trunnion-holes,  run  out  the  carriage,  and  slack  off  gradually 
to  lower  the  gun  to  the  ground. 

To  Shift  the  Fall. 

Overhaul  the  loose  end  of  the  fall,  and  make  a  double  hitch  with  it  around  the  leg 
of  the  gin  below  the  lower  cross-bar,  passing  the  end  inside  of  the  windlass  and 
braces  to  a  man  mounted  on  the  windlass,  who  makes  with  it  a  rolling  hitch  on  the 
standing  part  of  the  fall  near  the  upper  brace.  Slack  off  until  the  weight  bears  on 
the  end  of  the  fall,  and  slip  the  rope  to  the  other  end  of  the  windlass;  or  the  stand- 
ing part  of  the  fall  may  be  lashed  to  the  leg  above  the  windlass  with  a  small  rope. 

To  Mount  a  Gun  on  a  Casemate  Cdrriage. 

Traverse  the  carriage  to  one  side;  place  the  gun  on  blocks,  or  on  the  truck,  near 
the  middle  of  the  casemate,  the  muzzle  toward  the  embrasure,  and  the  gin  over  the 
gun  and  carriage;  the  latter  on  the  side  of  the  pry-pole.  Sling  the  gun,  and  work 
the  giu  until  the  gun  is  raised  sufficiently  high  to  traverse  the  chassis  under  it;  jdace 
the  carriage  so  that  the  trunnion-holes  come  exactly  under  the  trunnions  ;  lower  the 
gun  into  its  place ;  remove  the  sling,  and  take  away  the  gin. 

To  prevent  the  pavement  from  being  injured  by  the  points,  a  truck-wheel,  or  a 
piece  of  3-inch  plank,  with  a  hole  to  receive  the  point,  is  placed  under  each  foot. 

To  dismount  a  piece,  proceed  in  the  inverse  manner. 


8(>4  ORONANCK    MAMJAL.;yim  }9P 

To   Ldicer  a  Barbette  Carriuje  from  its  Chassis,  the  Piece  beinrj 

Mounted. 

Place  till-  jiicc'c  in  Iditfcry,  tlif  liiiiher  ucpuratoly  in  llio  ])riil<in;;:iti<iD  of  it-  uxis, 
about  Hix  yanlc  (o  the  rear.  Chock  the  rollers:  place  wbeel-chocl;H  iijion  (be  railn, 
near  the  inanti-iivrin^-Hta|)lef«,  to  serve  a8  fuleruin!* ;  cinliar  under  the  Ktuplcs.  luKurt 
a  bnniliipikc  in  (be  bore  to  bear  down  with.  Kais^e  the  trail  and  put  blueks  on  the 
tuii;rue  under  and  perpendicular  to  the  transom  and  axic-fie.  Kaisic  the  rear  of  the 
chaKoiii ;  rcino»"e  the  traverce-wheeli*,  and  lower  the  chassis  upon  the  traverse-circle. 
Form  scafTobU  one  )d>>ck  and  a  half  high  on  each  side  of  (he  carria;;c,  undi  r  au<l 
perpendicular  to  the  rhnKfis,  about  four  inchei'  in  rear  of  the  middle  traoKom,  and 
place  (bo  plajikf  on  them,  their  inner  edges  against  the  rails  of  the  i-han«is,  and  (heir 
front  ends  about  ei^iht  inches  in  front  of  the  scaffolds,  beveled  sides  up.  ]tack  ibe 
limber  upon  the  planks:  raise  the  pide  to  cn<;aj^e  the  pintle  in  the  luiiet(e,  and  (hen 
bear  down  the  pole:  remove  the  blocks  from  under  the  trail,  and  key  the  pintle. 
rtii-Iiiiik  the  wheels,  and  run  (he  piece  carefully  down  the  planks  to  (he  (errepU-in. 

To  Mount  the  Barbette  Carriage  upon  its  Chassis. 

Lower  the  rear  of  the  chassifl  upon  the  traverse-circle,  and  place  the  piece,  lim- 
bered, accuratily  in  the  prolongation  of  the  tongue,  about  six  yards  to  the  rear. 
Place  the  planks  in  position.  Embar  with  two  handspikes  (hrouf^h  the  wheels  near 
the  fire  under  the  front  niano-uvring-bcdts ;  euibar  with  two  handspikes,  in  a  ^inlilar 
Way,  over  the  rear  mnna'uvring-bolts,  and  with  two  more  under  the  wheels:  guide 
the  pidc:  heave  upon  the  handspikes  and  at  the  limber-wheels,  and  buck  the  carriage 
up  the  plunks  into  battery  :  chock  the  wheels  ;  raise  the  trail  and  |)la<-c'a  block  under 
aad  perpendicular  (o  the  transom  and  tixle-tie  :  raise  the  pole  to  disengage  the  pintle 
fromVthe  lunet(c;  remove  the  limber  and  planks;  raise  (be  rear  of  the  chassis; 
replace  the  traverse-wheels  and  prop,  and  remove  the  block  from  under  the  transom 
And  axle-tie. 

To  Grease  the  Hollers  of  a  Barbette  Carriage,  the  piece  being 

Mounted. 

Run  the  piece  from  battery:  place  a  half  block  lengthwiiie  on  the  cha8si.--rail  in 
front,  and  another  in  rear  of  the  roller  to  be  greased,  with  a  wheel-chock  upon 
each  to  serve  as  a  fulcrum.  Embar  on  them  and  under  the  front  and  rear  manoeu- 
▼ring-bolts :  raise  the  roller  from  the  rail:  move  it  about  six  inches;  grease  the 
spindle,  and  return  the  roller  t"b  its  place.     Unbar,  and  put  on  the  wheel. 

To  Grease  the  Forks  of  the  Traverse- WheHs. 

Rai^e  the  rear  of  the  chassis;  remove  the  nuts  of  the  fork-bolts  with  a  wrench  ; 
take  out  the  bolts  and  grease  them. 

Remark. — The  iron  gun-carriages  have  holes  for  oiling  the  truck-wheel,  traverse- 
wheels  and  axle-boxes. 


TO    SLING   A    PIECE    ON    TWO   LIMBERS.  365 

'  To  Sling  a  Gun,  Howitzer,  or  Mortar  on  the  Cart. 

Baok  tlie  cart  over  the  iiiece,  the  pole  toward  the  breech,  and  the  axle-tree 
directly  over  the  trunnions:  chock  the  wheels.  Fasten  the  middle  of  the  prolonge 
to  the  end  of  the  pole,  and  carry  one  end  of  it  to  the  rear  of  the  cart ;  raise  the 
pole  l>y  hand  and  by  means  of  the  prolonge  until  it  is  nearly  vertical,  and  steady  it. 
Lay  the  middle  of  the  slinjr-chain  over  the  piece;  carry  each  end  around  the  trun- 
nions, from  the  rear  to  the  front,  and  hook  them  to  the  axle-hooks,  being  careful  to 
take  uj)  all  the  slack.  Haul  upon  the  prolonge  until  the  end  of  the  pole  can  be 
reached  by  hand ;  sciz.e  and  bear  it  to  the  ground ;  hook  the  caseable-chain  around 
th(k  cascable  in  such  a  manner  that  the  piece  will  swing  level  when  the  pole  is 
horizontal.  Raise  the  pole  until  it  rests  on  the  pole-prop.  By  putting  blocks 
under  the  piece,  and  repeating  the  operation,  the  piece  may  be  raised  higher. 

To  Lower  the  Piece. 

'■  Bear  the  cud  of  the  pole  to  the  ground ;  unhook  the  cascable-chain,  and  allow 
the  pole  to  rise  gently  until  it  is  nearly  vertical.  If  the  piece  do  not  rest  upon  the 
ground,  it  must  be  blocked  up  and  unslung.  The  operation  is  repeated  and  the 
piece  is  lowered  to  the  ground.     Ease  the  pole  down  carefully. 

To  Sling  a  Mortar  Mounted  on  its  Bed. 

Back  the  sling-cart  over  the  mortar,  the  pole  toward  the  breech,  and  the  axle- 
tree  directly  over  tho  trunnions :  raise  the  pole  vertically  ;  pass  the  sling-chain 
around  the  front  manoeuvring-bolts  ;  hook  it  over  the  axle-hooks,  and  haul  down  the 
pole.  Block  up  the  front  of  the  bed ;  take  off  the  sling-chain,  and  pass  it  under 
the  bed  just  in  front  of  the  cap-square  bolts;  bear  the  pole  down  to  the  ground; 
remove  the  blocks  ;  pass  another  sling-chain  around  the  rear  manoeuvring-bolts  and 
over  the  pole,  and  hook  it  iu  such  a  manner  that  the  bed  will  be  level  when  the  pole 
rests  on  the  pole-prop. 

Sea-coast  mortars  and  their  beds  must  be  slung  separately.  The  sling-chain  is 
passed  through  ihe  clevis  of  the  mortar  and  over  the  axle-tree,  and  hooked  around 
the  pole  at  its  junction  with  the  axle,  the  pole  having  been  raised  vertically. 

To  Sling  a-  Piece  on  Two  Limbers  so  that  it  may  be  transported 

with  horses. 

Place  blocks  under  tho  chase  and  reinforce :  remove  the  pole  of  one  of  tho  lim- 
bers, and  run  it  over  the  piece  until  the  pintle  is  over  the  knob  of  the  cascable; 
raise  the  muzzle  and  slip  the  front  block  under  the  trunnions  ;  bear  down  the  muz- 
zle, and  fasten  tho  pintle  to  the  cascable  with  the  chain  or  lashing-rope  ;  bear  down 
the  fork  to  the  piece  and  lash  it  around  tho  reinforce.  Back  the  other  limber  over 
the  neck  of  tho  piece;  raise  the  pole,  and  attach  the  neck  to  the  limber  by  taking 


3G6  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

two  turnf  with  the  prolonge  around  the  pintle,  and  two  turns  over  the  fork  in  front 
of  the  axle-tree.     Raise  the  jiiece  hy  bearing  on  the  1"p1c. 

To  Mount  a  Gun  on  an  Iron  Carriage. 

A  Hiinjtlc  and  expeditious  method  of  mounting  a  gun  upon  an  iron  eatemate 
carriage  ronsi!<tH  in  rnicing  the  gun  upon  two  scaffoldH,  and  asRcmhling  the  chMsU 
and  top  ciirriage  in  portion  under  the  gun. 

Tn  do  (hii>,  place  the  gun  with  its  muzzle  toward  the  eml>rai>urc  and  its  axis  per- 
pendicular to  the  middle  of  the  face  of  the  wall;  raise  the  muzzle  and  the  hrecch 
alternately  by  mean*  of  the  lifting-jack,  8up|n»rting  the  gun  on  two  scaffold*  of 
blocks,  placed  in  front  and  iu  rear  of  the  trunnions :  acsemhle  the  chassis  in 
position;  |il»co  one  cheek  of  the  top  carriage  on  the  chassis-rail,  with  the  trunnion- 
bole  directly  under  the  trunnion,  and  bolt  the  transoms  to  it;  ]ilaco  the  other  chock 
in  ]iositioii,  and  bolt  it  to  the  transoms.  Lower  the  trunnions  into  their  holes,  and 
remove  the  blocks. 

The  lilooks  for  the  scaffolds  should  be  about  three  inches  shorter  than  the  distance 
between  the  rimbasis  of  the  gun,  and  not  less  than  fifteen  inches  wide.  They 
should  be  two  inchch,  four  inches,  and  eight  inches  thick-  Neither  the  muszle  nor 
the  breech  should  lie  raised  more  than  four  inches  by  a  sin;:le  lift.  As  soon  as  the 
gun  hut'  been  raised  high  enough  to  allow  it,  the  chassis  should  bo  put  in  place  and 
assembled.  Cari-  must  be  taken  to  build  the  scaffolds  so  as  not  to  let  them  interfere 
with  the  transoms  iu  assembling  the  carriage. 

To  Dismount  the  Gun. 

Rai^e  the  breech  an<l  build  a  scaffold  under  it,  as  in  mounting  the  gun  ;  raise 
the  muzzle  with  a  jack,  and  build  a  scaffold  under  the  chase;  take  the  cheeks 
apart  and  remove  them ;  lower  the  gun  until  its  under  surface  is  nearly  down  to  the 
chassis;  take  the  chassis  apart,  remoro  it,  and  lower  the  gun  upon  two  blocks. 

To  Mount  or  Dismount  a  lb-inch  Gun. 

Place  the  chassis  on  the  platform,  and  roll  the  gun  on  skids  upon  it,  placing 
the  axis  of  the  gun  in  the  vertical  plane  of  the  axis  of  the  chassis.  Place  u  gin 
over  the  muzzle  and  another  over  the  case-able,  and,  by  means  of  them  and  the 
lifting-jack,  raise  the  muzzle  and  the  breech,  alternately,  supporting  them  upon 
scaffolds.  When  the  gun  has  been  raised  to  the  proper  height,  place  the  cheeks  of 
the  top  carriage  upon  the  chassis-rails,  and  proceed  as  in  mounting  a  smaller  gun. 

To  dismount  a  gun,  proceed  in  the  inverse  manner. 


RANGES. 


367 


Chapter    Thirteenth 


AUTILLEEY  PRACTICE. 


The  plan  of  this  work  does  not  include  the  details  relative  to  the  service  of 
artillery ;  but,  in  the  absence  of  more  full  and  accurate  tables  of  firing,  it  is  thought 
useful  to  give  here  the  mean  results  of  such  trials  of  the  ranges  of  our  ordnance  as 
have  been  made  from  time  to  time  by  the  Ordnance  Department,  together  with  some 
other  practical  information  derived  from  authentic  sources. 

Ranges. 

The  range  of  a  shot  or  shell  is  the  first  graze  of  the  ball  on  horizontal  ground, 
the  piece  being  mounted  on  its  appropriate  carriage. 

The  range  of  a  spherical-case  shot  is  the  distance  at  which  the  shot  bursts  near 
the  ground,  in  the  time  given ;  thus  showing  the  elevation  and  the  length  of  fuze 
required  for  certain  distances. 


KINS  OF  ORDNANCE. 


Powder. 


Ball. 


Eleva- 
tion. 


Range. 


Remarks. 


Lbs.' 

c   / 

Yards. 

6-PDR.  FIELD  GUN. 

1.25 

Shot. 

0 

1 

2 
3 
4 
5 

318 
674 

867 
1138 
1256 
1523 

Time  2  secc 

1.25 

Sph.-case. 

1  0 

600 

nds. 

Shot. 

it 
<< 

1  45 

2  0 

2  45 

3  0 

700 

800 

900 

1000 

"  2J    ' 
"  3     ' 
"  3i    ' 

<;   3|     < 

(( 

3  15 

1100 

"  4 

« 

4 

1200 

u     5 

12-PnR.  FIELD  GUN, 

2.5 

Shot. 

0 

347 

Model  1841. 

a 

1 
1  30 

662 

785 

' 

368 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL, 


Ranges — Continued. 


KIND  or  ORDNANOI. 

Powder. 

Ball. 

filevft- 

tiun. 

Uange. 

Romarka. 

Lbs. 

O        I 

TardB. 

12-IM)H.  KIKI.D   OUM, 

2.& 

Shot 

2 

909 

Mudol  1S41. 

« 

.3 

1269 

Continued. 

« 

4 

1455 

« 

5 

1663 

S.6 

Sph.-case. 

1 

600 

Time,  1}  Reconda. 

« 

1  45 

700 

"     2i         " 

" 

2 

800 

"     21         " 

« 

2  15 

900 

„     3           .« 

« 

2  .30 

1000 

"     31         " 

« 

3 

1100 

"     4           " 

" 

3  30 

1200 
325 

"     4k         " 

12-pnR.  riRi-D  orx, 

2.6 

Shot 

0 

Napoleun. 

it 

1 

620 

« 

2 

875 

« 

3 
4 

12IMI 

i:i2(i 

<i 

5 

1680 

3.5 

Sph.-oase. 

0  30 

300 

Time,  1     aeoond. 

Shot 

1  0 

575 

li  attcouda. 

II 

1  30 

633 

"     21 

u 

2  0 

7.30 

"     3 

« 

3  0 

960 

..     4 

" 

3  30 

1080 

..     4| 

» 

« 

3  45 

1136 

"     b           " 

2.0 

Shell. 

0 

300 

"     OJ 

" 

0  30 

425 

"     IJ 

" 

1 

616 

"     1}         " 

« 

1  30 

700 

"     2i         " 

« 

2  0 

787 

"     21         " 

« 

2  30 

925 

"     3i 

« 

3  0 

1080 

..     4 

« 

3  46 
0 

1300 

"     5 

12-pnR.  FIELD 

1. 

Shell. 

195 

HOWITZER. 

« 

1 

539 

« 

2 
3 

640 

847 

« 

4 

975 

•' 

5 
2  15 

1072 

0.76 

Sph.-ca8e. 

485 

Time,  2  seconda. 

RANGES. 


869 


Ranges — Continued. 


KIND  OF  ORDNANCE. 

Powder. 

Ball. 

Eleva- 
tion. 

Range. 

Remarks. 

12-PDR.  FIELD 

Lbs. 

o     / 

Yards. 

HOWITZKR. 

Continued. 

0.75 

Sph.-case. 

3  15 

715 

Time,  3  seconds. 

<< 

3  45 

0 

1050 

"     4 

12-PDU. MOUNTAIN 

0.5 

Shell. 

170 

. 

HOWITZER. 

« 

1 
2 

300 
392 

" 

2  30 

500 

Time,  2  seconds. 

n 

3 

637 

« 

4 
5 

,  785 
1005 

"    3 

0.5 

Sph.-case. 

0 

150 

« 

2  30 
3 

450 
500 

Time,  2  seconds. 

i< 

4 

700 

"     2i         " 

" 

4  30 

800 

«     3 

24-PDR.  FIELD 

2. 

Shell. 

0 

295 

HOWITZER. 

« 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 

516 

793 

976 

1272 

1322 

2.5 

Sph.-case. 

1  30 

600 

Time,  2    seconds. 

« 

2 

700 

"     2i 

It 

2  30 

800 

u    3j 

« 

2  45 

900 

"    3i 

u 

3  15 

1000 

«     4           II 

« 

3  45 

1100 

"     4i         " 

" 

3  50 

1200 

"    4| 

32-PDR.  FIELD 

2.5 

Shell. 

0 

290 

HOWITZER. 

it 

1 

531 

II 

II 

2 
3 
4 
5 

779 
1029 
1203 
1504 

3.25 

Sph.-case. 

1  30 

600 

Time,  2    seconds. 

" 

2 

700 

"     2i         " 

« 

2  15 

800 

«      3              <r 

" 

2  45 

900 

"     3i         " 

II 

3 

rooo 

"     31         " 

" 

3  35 

1100 

II     4j 

II 

3  45 

1200 

II     4a         " 

24 


'wnL. 


370 


ORDNANCE    MA.NUAL. 


Ranges — Continued. 


SIMD  OF  OBSRAKCK. 

Powder. 

Ball. 

Eleva- 
tion. 

Range. 

Remarks. 

IS-I'DH.  SIKOE    AND 
GAIUtlSON    GTN. 

On  biirbettc  carriage. 

Lbs. 
4.5 

6. 

Shot. 
« 
« 

O         1 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 

Yards. 

641 

950 

1256 

1450 

1692 

24-ri)n.  sikge  and 

0AKU180S     WIN. 

On   hiege   carriage. 

Shot. 

0 

1 

1  30 

2 

3 

4 

5 

412 
842 
953 
1147 
1417 
1666 
1901 

S2-rDR.  8EA-COA8T 
GUN. 

On  barbette  carriage. 

6. 

8. 

Shot. 

1  45 

1 

1   30 

1   35 

2 

3 

4 

5 

900 
713 
800 
900 
IIUO 
1433 
1684 
1922 

42-PDn.  SRA-C0A8T 
GIN. 

On  barbotlo  carriage. 

10.5 

Shot. 

1 
2 

3 
5 

0 
1 
2 
3 

1     4 
!     5 
i   12  30 

775 
1010 
1300 
1600 
1955 

i 

S-IMCH     SIEGE     HOW- 
IT7.KU. 

On  siege  carriage. 

4. 

4. 
6. 

Shell, 
45  lbs. 

<< 

251 
435 

618 

720 

992 

1241 

2280 

; 
1 

8-INCH    SKA-COAST 
HOWITZEK. 

On  barbette  carriage. 

Shell, 
45  Ibe. 

j     1 
2 
3 

1     4 

'     5 
1 

1     2 

405 
652 

875 
1110 
1300    ! 

572     : 

828    l| 

RANGE?. 

Ranges — Continued. 


371 


KIND  OP  ORDNANCE. 

Powder. 

Ball. 

Kleva- 
tiou. 

Range. 

Remarks. 

Lbs. 

O         1 

Yards. 

8-I.\CH  SEA-COAST 

6. 

Shell, 

3 

947 

HOWITZER. 

45  lbs. 

4 

1168 

On  barbette  carriage. 

" 

5 

1463 

Continued. 

■    8. 

" 

1 
2 
3 

4 
5 

646 

909 

1190 

1532 

1800 

lO-INCH    SEA-COAST 

12. 

Shell, 

1 

580 

HOWIT/.EK. 

90  lbs. 

2 

891 

Time,  3  seconds 

Ou  barbette  carriage. 

,, 

3 

3  30 
4 

1185 
1300 
1426 

"      4         " 
"      5J       " 

>< 

5 

1650 

"      6 

8-INCH    COLUMBIAD.* 

10. 

Shell, 

1 

681 

Time,  1.88  seconds. 

50  lbs. 
« 

« 

(I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

1108 
1400 
1649 
1733 
1994 
2061 
2250 
2454 
26;)4 
2718 
290S 
3060 
3123 
3138 

"      3.58 
"      4.30 
"      5.41 
"      6.25 
"      7.56 
"      7.96 
"      9.12 
"    10.16 
"    10.91 
"    11.3 
"    13. 
"    14.08 
"    14.25 
"    16. 

< 

« 

20 
25 
30 

3330 
3474 

3873 

"    18.40 
"    20. 
"    25. 

< 

Shot. 

5 

1697 

"      6.20 

i 

" 

15 

3224 

"    14.19 

' 

lO-INCH  COLUMBIAD.* 

15. 

Shell, 

3 

1068 

Time,  3.20  sec( 

)nds. 

100  lbs. 

5 

8 

10 

12 

20 

1525 
2238 
2720 
2847 
3842 

"      5.64 
"      8-10 
"    10.98 
"    11.73 
•'    18.92 

< 
< 

*  Axis  of  gun  6  feet  above  the  horizontal  plane. 


Jl 


372 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Ranges — Con  tinued. 


KtXD  OP  ORDMAirCI. 

Powder. 

Ball. 

Kleya- 
tion. 

Range.  | 

Remarks. 

LbH. 

Shell, 

o     / 

Yards. 

10-IN.  COHTMBIAD. 

15. 

100  Iba. 

30 

4836 

Time,  27.50  seconds. 

OuntiDued. 

Shot, 

15 

.S2S1 

"     14.32         " 

125  lbs. 

30 

516.3 

"     27.08 

18. 

<< 

0 

394 

Axis   of  (^iin    16    foct 

•< 

1 

752 

above  the  water. 

« 

2 
3 

1002 
1230 

If 

4 

1570 

« 

5 

1S14  1 

« 

6 

2U37 

Shot  ceased  to  ricochet 

" 

8 

2519 

on  wut«r. 

" 

10 

2777 

ti 

15 

3523 

it 

20 
25 
30 
35 

4020 
4304 
4761 
5433 

20, 

" 

3S>  15 

5654 

12. 

Shell, 

1 

800 

100  lbs. 

2 

3 

1012 
1184 

K 

4 
5 

H43 
1604 

18. 

« 

0 
1 
2 
3 

448 

747 

1100 

1239 

« 

4 
5 
6 

8 

1611 
1865 
2209 
2489 

« 

10 

2848 

« 

15 

3200 

" 

20 

38S5 

« 

25 
30 

4150 
4651 

" 

35 
0 

4828 

Time  of  flight,  35  sec. 

15-lH.  COLCMBIAD. 

40. 

Shell, 

273 

302  lbs. 

1 
2 

484 
812 

« 

3 

1136 

« 

4 
5 

1310 
1518 

« 

6 

1760 

" 

7 

1948 

315  Ibe. 

8 

2194 

RANGES. 


373 


Banges — Continued. 


KIJTD  OF  ORDNANCE. 

Powder 

Ball. 

Eleva- 
tion. 

Range. 

Remarks. 

Lbs. 

Shell, 

o 

Yards. 

16-IN.  COLtJMBIAD. 

Continued. 

40. 

315  lbs. 
« 

9 

10 

2236 
2425 

Time,    8.87  seconds. 
"     10.00         " 

12 

2831 

"     12.07         " 

'' 

15 

3078 

"     13.72 

20 

3838 

"     17.82 

t 

" 

25 

4528 

"     22.03         " 

*' 

28 

4821 

"     24.18         " 

.    30 

5018 

"     26.71 

45. 

50. 

25 

4595 

"     23.20         " 

" 

25 

4680 

"     2.3.29 

13-INCH   SEA-COAST 

Shell, 

MORTAR. 

20. 

200  lbs. 

45 

4325 

10-INCH  SEA-COAST 

Shell, 

MORTAR. 

10. 

1. 

1.5 

98  lbs. 

45 

4250 

Time,  36  seconds. 

10-INCH  SIEGE 
MORTAR. 

Shell. 
90  lbs. 

45 
45 

300 
700 

Time,    6.5  seconds. 
"     12        " 

2. 

" 

45 

1000 

"     14         " 

2.5 

" 

45 

1300 

"     16 

3. 

45 

1600 

"     18         " 

3.5 

" 

45 

1800 

"     19         " 

4. 

" 

45 

2100 

"     21 

Lbs.  oz. 

8-INCH  SIEGE 
MORTAR. 

0   10 
13 

Shell, 
46  lbs. 

45 
45 

500 
600 

Time,  10    seconds. 
"     11           " 

1 
1     2 

45 

45 

750 
900 

"    12i 

"     13           " 

1     3 
1     4 

It 

u 

45 

45 

1000 
1100 

"     13i         " 
"     14 

1     6 
Oz. 

'^ 

45 

1200 

"     14} 

o 

Yards. 

24-POUNDER  COE- 

0.5 

Shell, 

45 

25 

nOKN  MORTAR. 

1. 

17  lbs. 

45 

68 

1.5 

" 

45 

104 

1.75 

" 

45 

143 

2. 

ti 

45 

165 

2.75 

" 

45 

260 

4. 

it 

45 

422 

6. 

« 

45 

900 

8. 

45 

1200 

m 


374 


If    \ 


Sr.      » 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


17 


C-)  A|  ^  ^  ^  ^  q  q  ^.  -J  ^    -  ^  ^  ^  CI  7 1  CC  PS 

o  -^  «  ri  <-■    I*    '  t-^  ci  CO  o  cc  r-  x  ol  o  *-*  W  eo 

Mill'  — ^" 


IN  fi  .-<   i'    ■  F-  c^'  n'  r:  -r  •«  «  1^  X  •  »  o  "-  e4 

III' ::-jL 

f  I  I  I  


>  U5  •?;  »c  -r  cc  r:  : 


:^8 

llT''." 

cgc4i-:  j'    'p^e4C0'^<i«i-ccoie  —  S4rj2 


J. 

•s. 

«(> 

r. 

- — r— 

f  I  ■  ^  ^  e«  ci  00  rt  ■*  ^  •♦  "O  lO  rf  •'  »^ 


S|S25??g||33|8S8S588 

cii-I   i'  i"    ■■-<e<»'«>o<Or^«:oid  —  ejn'^ 

SSSfiS— »:xS5x^•»*l■:23J[- 
ci  I—    i'  c    '  i-i  ci  rt  ^  »c  «  I-  X  •  c  — '  Ti  r:  ^ 


«  ej  -*  ^  » I-  •«  • 
:*  <B  ^  —  *  *  '-  - 
n  ©  M  o  I-  e  c  .- 


I    I 


I  I 


''ii^z^n'*^*fi»^^^^*^ 


•o>necix-»  —  xc-»-»-»«x  —  <c?«»3t 
c^  «  C  I-  c^  C  I-  r?  5  t-  -^  ^  X  ».':  rt  ■^  X  •*>  c^ 

,— ■  l'         °  ^  i-^  ;i  Ti  K  r:  -»  .n  o  c  e  1-^  ■-  oe  a 


t-"'    i'  ■  ^  ^'  c«  CO  «-»•.•;  u;  «  I-  «-»  oi  oi  cS 


5-5«=i  —  «  =  !--»  —  x<:— •=»  or;  —  » 

ill'' 

•-   |cc^NTip5^"**c««t-ac«»oo 

- 

■M3lS0<I 


I      o  -)■  ^  ^  c<  c<  c5  r:  ■•  ■*'  .c  «■  c  e  f^  r-^  00  «D  a! 


TO    ESTIMATE   DISTANCES,    APPROXIMATELY. 


375 


f^^ 
^ 


I: 


q 


s      «* 


2S 


S  =* 


O   u 


O  I. 
00    « 


a 

to  CO  .—  O  <M  QC  C:   •.';  t-  .O  (M   M 

or^ocoo>oo>-«ccr-io> 

a" 

1~  '.-5  M  O   IM  03  O  iO  O  (M  -f  C<1 

e^itc-f-r-f-rt~i— -ftoct  — 

d 
t— 1 

d 

M 

d 

^-i^oooi-ciNosc<st--Mac 

d 
1— ( 

•O  CO   OC   CC   OO   O  -f<  C-l  OO  C-1   CC   (M 

d 

>-•  ^  O  O  O  iM  to  CC   'O  O  Ct   1^ 

CC-^CCCOCCCOr—  CJCO-^CO^I 


•*1— l5O--03'-J00C^C0OeO(M 


?■;  (M  o  o  ^H  -t  'O  j~  cr  o  t~.  lO 

«CCCC^C^C^C^CCOt^00OtO 


J3 
£    J3     ■" 

H    g 


.-^    be    « 

o     »    P 

a  ^    = 

=  ■>  <- 

ceo 

£     S     o 

^     o 

«  :S  .2 

J3 


to  .^  -" 

•3  -  f 

a  £  - 

r-  ^  m 


V 


M 

o    ^    o 

a  J  S 

^  .2    I* 
o  j3  ja 


'o    a    bo 

bo  m    a 

^  .s  S- 


ee  .2 


■S  3 


879 


<^-^ 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Recoil  of  the  Iron  Carriages. 


The  recoil  of  the  top  rarriagi-  on  its  cliiissis  if>  cnsily  reftulatpd  l«y  the  condition 
of   the  rails:    if  there  he  not  mifficicnt  recoil,  clean   the  rails  and  a<ld   a  little  oil: 
the  recoil  bo  excessive,  sprinkle  a  little  sand  on  the  rails.     The  carriage  works 
s     tter  when  the  rails  arc  clean. 


Initial  Velocities  of  Cannon  Balls. 

(From  experiments  made  with  the  Balliitlc  Pendutnm,  at  Waahlngtoo  AimmL) 


KIRB  OP  OOII. 


KiDd. 


0-pdr.  field  gun 


l2-pdr.  field  gun. 


12-pdr.  field  bo  witter. 


12-pdr.  siege  and  garri- 
SOD  guu 


Shot. 


Spherieal-case 
Caniiter 


Shot. 


SphericaUcase 
CaDi8t«r 


Shell 


Spherical-case 
Canister 


Shot. 


1 2-pdr.  gun,  26  calibres  ) 
long J 


Shell 


Shot. 


Waisfat. 


Charm  of 
powder. 


Lb«. 
8.15. 


5.5 

6.8 


12.3    • 


II. 
13.5 


8.9 


11. 
9.64 


12.3 


8.9 


12.3    -I 


Initial 
ralacUy. 


Lba. 


U 


FMt. 

US* 
16M 
1741 


ISftr 
IIM 


1486 
1597 
I  1816 


189S 
IMS 


1054 

1178 


953 
1015 


1S78 
1874 
19M 


1611 
IM* 


1411 

irs4 

198S 
2098 
2288 
2300 
S824 


INITIAL    VELOCITIES    OF    CANNON    BALLS. 

Initial  Velocities  of  Cannon  5rt?/.s— Conlinued. 


377 


KI.ND   or  ARM. 

PROJECTILE. 

CImrpe  of 
poHilur. 

Initial 

Killil. 

1      Veifrlit. 

velocity 

1 

Shot 

[ 
24.25- 

3. 
4. 
6. 

!       s- 

1240 
1440 

1 

1680 
1870 

24-pdr.  siege  and  garri- 

Shell 

17.      \ 
( 

1         3. 
4. 

1470 

1670 

Canister 

29. 

3. 
4. 

1135 

1303 

. 

Grape 

30.6 

3. 

1108 

4. 

1272 

1250 

1430 

- 

Shot 

r 

32.3    -' 

4. 

5.33 

8. 
10.67 

4. 

5.33 

1640 
1780 

32-pdr.  sea-coast  gun  • . .  | 

Shell 

23.4    J 

1450 

1657 

Canister 

37.       f 

4. 
5.33 

1172 

1342 

■ 

Grape 

39.75 j 

4. 

5.33 

1133 

1297 

Initial  Velocities  of  Balls  fired  from  Small  Arms. 


KIND   OF    ARM. 


Rifle  musket ....... 

Rifle,  1855 

Altered  musket 

Pistol   carbine  (U.  S.) 
Musket,  1841 


Charge. 


Grains. 

60 
60 
70 
40 
110 


Weiglit  of 
ball. 


Grains. 

510 
510 
740 
4CS 
412 


Initial 
velocity. 


Foet. 

963 
914 
879 
G03 
1500 


Elongated  ball. 


Round  ball. 


37H 


ORDXANCE    MANUAL. 


Loss  of  Velocity  by  the  Windage  of  tlu:  Ball. 


ClinrKe 

of 
powder. 

Initial  velocity  of  ImUI. 

KI?fT>  or  OCX, 

_    .            iWUh  wlnd- 

Wltllnlit           1^^,  „f  1.40 

witi.iatre.    1   dlM,»el*r. 

1 

i.f  I-**  diaiiif- 
1     ter. 

Lb». 
4. 

Koet. 
1444 

F«»t.         ''\    Feet. 

1171      '!    i»* 

Per  n. 
12 

1 

187 
187 

24-IMiR.  8ir<iK j 

4. 
ft. 

2. 

.1. 
4. 

1«00 
1890 

1723 

10 
9 

12-iMiH.,  2:.  caliliicc J 

1817 
I9I5 
2124 

1444 
1742 
1961 

178 
173 
173 

11 
9 

8 

12-iMiR.  riEi.n,  16  calibres. .  I 

2. 
3. 
4. 

1528 
1793 
1993 

isro 

18.15 
1834 

1     158 
15H 

,     158 

10 
9 

8 

1.6 

17M 

1580 

1     "* 

10 

The  loss  of  velocity  by  a  piven  winiln^  it  directly  as  the  windage,  and  invertfcly 
as  tbo  diameter  of  the  bore,  verv  neurlv. 


PENETRATION    OF    SHOT. 


379 


Penetration  of  Shot  in  Masionry. 

(From   French   Expcrinionts  ma<1(!  at   Molz.  1S34.) 
Rubble-work  of  good  quality ;  scarp  wall  built  by  Vauban. 


DISTANCE   IN   TARDS. 


65.        109.       219.       328.       438.       656.       ST.S. 


> 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

36... 

l-.3d 

26.78 

26.39 

25.60 

23.83 

22.25 

20.87 

17.92 

14.96 

12.21 

■1-2<1 

2.5.60 

25.20 

24.22 

22.45 

20.87 

19..30 

16.25 

13.39 

10.83 

l-.3.i 

24.22 

23.83 

22.84 

21.07 

19..50 

18.12 

15.16 

12.21 

9.85 

24... 

{  l-4tli 

22.6.5 

22.25 

21.46 

19.89 

18.22 

16.74 

13.78 

11.23 

9.06 

l-6tli 

20.08 

19.69 

18.90 

17.33 

15.75 

14..38 

11.81 

9.65 

7.88 

l-8th 

17. .33 

16.93 

10.15 

14..57 

13.20 

11.81 

9.65 

7.88 

6.50 

'  1-2(1 

22.45 

21.86 

20.S7 

19.10 

17.53 

15.95 

12.80 

10.05 

!S 

l-:iil 

21.07 

20.68 

19.69 

17.92 

16.35 

14.77 

11.81 

9.26 

16... 

J  l-4th 

19.50 

19.10 

18.22 

16.74 

15.16 

13.78 

10.83 

8.47 

6.69 

l-fith 

17.1.3 

16.74 

16.15 

14.57 

13.00 

11.62 

9.06 

7.29 

6.91 

l-8th 

14.96 

14.57 

13.78 

12  21 

10.83 

9.45 

7.48 

6.11 

5.12 

f  i-.sa 

18.90 

18.51 

17. .53 

15.95 

14..57 

13.00 

10.05 

7.68 

6.11 

12... 

J  l-4th 

17.72 

17  ..33 

16.54 

14.96 

13..39 

11.81 

8.86 

6.89 

5.51 

1  l-6tli 

15.56 

15.16 

]4.:iS 

13.00 

11.42 

10.05 

7.48 

6.11 

4.93 

*                                 8... 

1  l-8tli 

13.78 

13.39 

12.60 

11.03 

9.65 

8.27 

6..50 

7.68 

4.33 

l-,3d 

15  95 

15..'-.6 

14.77 

1319 

11.02 

10.24 

7.48 

5.51 

4.14 

Penetration  in  Oak  Wood,  Beech  or  Ash. 

fFrom  French  Experiments  made  at  Metz.  1834.) 


DISTANCE   IN  YARDS. 


328.       438.  I    656.       875.       1094. 


Guns. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

36... 

l-.3d 

65.4 

64.2 

62.2 

58.3 

64.3 

50.8 

44  1 

37.4 

31.5 

'l-2d 

63.0 

61.4 

69  1 

54.7 

60  8 

47.3 

40.2 

33.5 

27.6 

1-3(1 

59.1 

57.9 

55.9 

61.6 

47.6 

44.1 

37  4 

.30  7 

24.8 

24... 

-i  1-4tli 

.55.5 

54.3 

62.3 

48.4 

44.9 

41.3 

35.0 

28.4 

22.8 

l-6th 

49.2 

4S.4 

46.5 

42.9 

39.4 

36.2 

29.5 

24.0 

19.3 

l-8th 

42.5 

41.6 

40.2 

36.6 

32.7 

30.3 

24.4 

19.7 

15.8 

(1-2(1 

54.7 

63.2 

,50.8 

46  5 

42.5 

39.0 

31.9 

25.6 

197 

l-3d 

51.2 

60.0 

4S.0 

43.7 

40.2 

36.6 

29  9 

23.6 

18.5 

16... 

J  1-ith 

47.7 

46.5 

44.6 

40.9 

.37.4 

33.9 

27.6 

21.7 

169 

l-6th 

42.1 

41.4 

■39.8 

36.2 

32.7 

29  5 

23.2 

17.7 

14.2 

l-8th 

37.0 

36.2 

.34.3 

30.7 

27.6 

24.4 

19.3 

150 

11.8 

l-3d 

46.1 

44.9 

42.9 

.38.6 

35.0 

31.9 

25  6 

19  7 

14.6 

12... 

]-4th 

43.3 

42.1 

40.2 

36.6 

33.1 

29.9 

23.6 

18.1 

13.4 

i  i-c.tii 

37.8 

37.0 

35.4 

31.9 

28.4 

25.2 

19  3 

15  0 

11.4 

1  8th 

33.9 

33.1 

.31.1 

27.6 

24.4 

21.7 

16  5 

1.3.0 

98 

8... 

l-:5d 

39.4 

38.2 

30.2 

32.3 

28.7 

25  6 

19.3 

13.8 

10.6 

Howitzers. 

Lbs. 

f  4.4 

28.4 

27.6 

20.0 

22.4 

19.3 

16.5 

13.0 

10.6 

9.1 

8-in.  Siege. 

3.3 

23.2 

22.4 

20.9 

18.1 

15.8 

13.8 

11.0 

9.5 

8.3 

i2.2 

10.1 

15.4 

14.2 

12.6 

11.4 

10.2 

8.7 

79 

75 

'l.l 

39.1 

8.7 

8.3 

8.3 

7.5 

7.1 

6.7 

6.3 

5  0 

(  3.3 

.33.1 

31.9 

30.3 

26.8 

23.6 

20  5 

15.0 

11.8 

9.8 

6-in. 

J  2.2 

27.6 

26.8 

25.2 

21.7 

18.6 

15.8 

11.4 

9.1 

7.9 

llOo 

22.8 

22.1 

20.6 

17.3 

14.6 

12  6 

9.8 

8.3 

7.1 

24-i)dr. 

(2.2 

27.6 

26.8 

26.2 

21.7 

18.1 

15.0 

10.2 

7.9 

6.3 

1 1.1 

189 

18.1 

16.6 

13.4 

11.0 

9.5 

7.6 

6.3 

6.1 

12-pdr.  Mouiit.ain. 

0.6 
Grains. 

15.0 

14  2 

12.6 

10.2 

8.3 

7.1 

59 

4.7 

3.0 

Mushcl  Balls 

154 

3.35 

3.15 

2.56 

1.77 

1.06 

0.71 

0.32 

380 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Pcnrfrafion  of  Shot  in  Compact  Earth  (half  sand,  half  clay). 

(From  Freocli  Experiments  made  at  Metz,  M^Si.) 


m 

TALIURE. 

o 

DI8TAXCB 

IN  TARD8. 

J 

.... 

2T. 

6».     j 

100. 

219.   1 

328.  I  43S.    1  6M.  I  815.    |  ION. 

Oun$. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In.  1 

In. 

In. 

Id. 

In. 

Ii. 

3«.... 

J -.3d 

109.1 

106.3 

102.4 

97.3 

93.4 

89.4 

«2.3 

75.6 

69. T 

l-2d 

108.2 

107.2 

U'J.3 

91.0  ; 

84.3 

79.6 

72.5 

66.2 

60.6 

1.3d 

100.4 

97.7 

92.6 

85.9  ' 

81.1 

77.2 

70.1 

63.8 

58. S 

24.. 

l-4tb 

92.0 

90.2 

86.6 

si. 5 

77.6 

7t.O 

67.3 

61.8 

57.1 

l-«th 

83.5 

82.3 

79.9 

7. '..6 

72.2 

68.9 

62.6 

57.1 

52.4 

l-8th 

76.4 

74.8 

7?. 4 

68.9 

65.8 

63.0 

57.5 

52.0 

47. S 

l-2d 

94.5 

91.0 

85.9 

77.6 

72.2 

67.7 

61.4 

55.9     50.4 

l-3d 

86.6 

83,5 

79.6 

73.6 

69.3 

65.8 

59.9 

54.4 

49.2 

18.. 

I-4tb 

80.7 

78.3 

75.2 

«9.7 

66.5 

63.4 

57.9 

52.4 

47.3 

I-Oth 

72.9 

70.9 

68.1 

«.>.o 

f.l.S 

59.1 

53.6 

48.8 

44.6 

l-8ih 

63.0 

65.4 

63.8 

CO.  6 

57.9 

55.1 

50.4 

45.7 

41.3 

l-3d 

65.0 

63.4 

59.9 

54.7 

50.8 

48.2 

42.9 

38.6 

35.0 

1 
12..  i 

I 

l-4th 

60.6 

59.1 

55.9 

52.0 

48.8 

46.1 

41.3 

37.4 

33. » 

l-6th 

54.7 

53.6 

50.8 

48.2 

45.3 

42.9 

38.6 

35.0 

32.3 

l-8th 

50.0 

48.8 

47.3 

44.5 

41.7 

39.8 

36.2 

33.1 

30.7 

S 

l-3d 

56.3 

54.7 

52.0 

46.9 

43.3 

40.2 

35.4 

31.9 

28.7 

Huicituri. 

1  Lbs. 

1  ** 

48.4* 

47. 3» 

45.. 3* 

41.7 

38.6 

%bA 

30.3 

26.0 

23.2 

8-in.  Siege.  • 

3.3 

42. 9» 

41.7 

40.2 

37.0 

33.9 

31.1 

27.2 

24.0 

21.7 

2.2 

.14.7 

33.9 

32.. T 

29.5 

27.6 

25.6 

22.8 

20.9 

19.3 

I 

1.1 

22.8 

22.4 

21.7 

20.9 

20.1 

19.3 

17.7 

16.5 

15.8 

3.3 

52.8* 

51.2* 

48.8 

45.0 

41.0 

37.4 

30.7 

25.2 

22.1 

6-in. ' 

2.2 

45.3 

44.1 

42.5 

38.6 

35.0 

31.9 

264 

22.4 

19.7 

,   1.65 

39.8 

38.6 

37.0 

33.5 

30.7 

28.0     23.6 

20.5 

18.1 

24-pdr.  1 

!   2.2 

44.5* 

42.9* 

41.0* 

.56.6 

32.7 

29.1     23.2 

18.9 

16.1 

1   1-1 

.'«3.5 

32.3 

30.7 

27.6 

24.8 

22.4     18.1 

1  1^' 

13.4 

12 

pdr.  Muuntaiu 

!    0.6 

itir'DB 

27.2 

26.4 

24.8 

21.7 

19.3 

17.3    U.6 

12.2 

10.2 

ifutket  Jh,!lt 

'    154. 

9.85 

9.45 

8.66 

5.91 

4.33 

3.15    1.58 

*  With  these  charge,  and  at  these  distances,  the  shells  were  oft«n  broken. 


PENETRATION    OF    SHELLS. 


381 


Penetration  of  Shells. 

(From  French  Experiments  made  at  Metz,  1834.) 


ELEVATION. 


Yards. 


o„o  /   '556.. 

"^  ,  tl31? 

45° I 

C0° ' 


I  f   656 

••■;  1l3l2 

I  /   6.56 

•■•  \nv2 

Falling  with  maximum  vel- 
ocitv , 


IX  COMPACT  EARTH. 


S-in.     10-in.    12-in. 


In. 

In. 

7.88 

17.72 

9.85 

25.60 

11.81 

19.69 

15.75 

27.57 

19.69 

29  54 

•^1.66 

31.60 

23.63 

.J3.47 

In. 

19.69 
27. ,57 


33.47 
35.44 


IN  OAK  WOOD. 


8-in.     10-in.    12-in. 


In. 

In. 

3  94 

7.88 

4.73 

11.81 

5  91 

9.85 

7.88 

13.78 

8.66 

13.00 

9  85 

13.78 

9  85 

13  78 

IN  MASONRY. 


In. 

8.66 
1.T78 
1003 
15.75 
14  .57 
15.75 

15.75 


8-in.     10-in.  |  12-in« 


In. 

1.97 
2.36 
3.15 
3.94 
,4..33 
4.73 

4.73 


In. 

3.54 
4.73 
3.94 
5..51 
5.91 
6.30 

6.69 


In. 

3.94 
5.12 
4  33 
5.91 
6.30 
6  69 

7.09 


By  multiplying  the  penetrations  in  the  table  for  masonry  by  1.25,  1.75,  or  0.46, 
tbc  penetration  in  masonry  of  medium  quality,  or  of  brick,  or  in  hard,  calcareous 
stone  (solid),  respectively,  will  be  obtained. 

Multiply  the  penetration  in  oak  by  1..3  for  the  penetration  in  elm,  by  1.8  for  white 
jiinc.  and  by  2  for  poplar. 

Multiply  the  penetration  iu  compact  earth  by  O.G.'i  for  the  penetration  in  sand 
mixed  with  gravel. 

By  0.87,  for  earth  mi.x:ed  with  sand  and  gravel,  twice  the  weight  of  water. 
"  ].09,  for  compact  mould  and  fresh  earth  mi.xed  with  sand,  or  half  clay. 
"  1.44,  for  wet  potters'  clay. 
"  1.50,  for  light  earth,  settled. 
"  1.90,  for  light  earth,  fresh. 

In  general,  sand,  sandy  earth  mi.xed  with  gravel  or  small  stones,  chalk,  and  tufa, 
resist  shot  better  tliau  the  productive  eartlis,  or  clay,  or  earth  that  retains  water. 

According  to  the  experiments,  the  holes  made  in  masonry,  such  as  that  referred 
to  in  the  table,  by  shot  striking  it  perpendicularly  at  a  short  dLsitanee,  are  formed  of 
an  exterior  funnel-.shaped  opening,  the  mean  diameter  of  which  is  about  5  times 
that  of  the  shot,  and  of  au  interior  part  nearly  cylindrical.  The  exterior  cone 
appears  to  be  produced  by  the  reaction  of  the  masonry,  some  fragments  of  which 
are  projected  backward  to  the  distance  of  45  or  50  yards.  The  train  of  fragments 
in  front  of  the  bole  extends  about  20  feet.  Around  the  exterior  opening  the  masonry 
is  loosened  to  a  distance  a'bout  one-half  greater  than  the  diameter  of  the  opening — 
say  45  inches  by  the  24-pdr.  shot,  35.5  inches  by  the  16-pdr.,  .31.5  inches  by  the 
12-pdr.  This  loosening  indicates  the  proper  distance  between  the  first  shots  from 
a  breaching  battery.  Nearly  all  the  shot  are  broken,  even  at  the  charge  of  one- 
fourth,  and  the  fracture  is  generally  in  meridional  planes,  the  pole  of  which  is  the 
point  which  strikes  first.  On  the  shot  which  are  not  broken,  and  on  the  fragments 
of  those  which  are  broken,  small  cracks  or  furrows,  sometimes  0.02  inch  deep,  are 
observed,  radiating  from  the  same  point. 

The  eUcct  of  shells  fired  horizontally  against  masonry  is  very  small ;  they  are 


382 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


broken  at  the  moment  of  striking,  or  if  fired  wilh  very  1"W  i-liarpe*  so  as  not  to 
brcitk,  they  produce  a  very  slight  imprci'sion. 

In  oak,  the  fibres  arc  displaced  laterally  by  the  passapo  of  the  shot,  and  after- 
ward cloce  up  u;ri>in,  so  as  to  leave  an  oj»ening  seareely  sufficient  for  measuring  the 
dci)fh  of  penetration.  This  effect  explains  the  cause  of  vessels  not  being  always 
sunk  by  shot  striking  below  the  water-line  ;  but  the  timber  is  split  longitudinally 
even  by  the  smallest  shot,  to  a  length  of  6.5  feet;  the  splinters  are  driven  to  the 
dislaneo  of  42  to  60  feet,  and  the  largest  timbers  are  soon  destroyed. 

In  white  pine,  nearly  all  the  fibres  struck  by  the  shot  are  broken,  but  the  effeot 
does  not  cxlcud  much  beyond  the  opening  made:  this  material  is,  therefore,  prefer- 
able to  oak  fur  structures  which  are  not  intended  to  bo  proof  against  cannon-shot. 


Penttration  in  Fascines,  Wool,  etc. 

At  the  distance  of  24  yards,  a  musket  round  ball  penetrates  20  inches  into  • 
gabion  stuffed  with  sap  fagots;  the  ball  from  a  wall-]iiece,  23. A3  inches.  The  re- 
sistance of  faseiues  ducrvabcs  very  rapidly  by  the  twigs  being  broken  or  separated 
by  the  balls. 

A  ivHiiKj  gabivn,  ."luffed  with  fascines,  is  proof  against  the  ball  of  a  wall-piece  at 
15  yards;  at  the  distance  of  200  yards,  and  even  more,  it  is  pierced  through  by 
cannon  balls  of  the  smallest  calibre. 

The  penetration  of  bulls  in  wool  is  more  than  double  that  in  compact  earth,  even 
when  the  wool  is  coutuiiied  in  close,  well  <|uilted  mattresyes  pressed  between  hur- 
dles. At  40  yards,  a  musket  ball  (round)  penetrates  m<jre  than  40  inches  into 
Woollen  mattresses  thus  placed  together.  sf 

Penetration  in  Masonry. 

(Experimenta  at  West  Point  in  1853,  and  at  Fort  Monroe  Arsenal  in  1839.) 


M 
C 
CC 

X 

u 

5 

i 

PENETaATIOX. 

C\LIURE. 

Granite 

Potomac      n,i„i. 

Concrete. 

Boiler. 

plaU 

.6in.thkk 

10-iiuh  Columbiad  ..      18. 

8-inch              ••          ..'    12. 

42-pdr.  gun ,    10.5 

Yds. 
114 
.200 

In. 
7.75 

In. 

In. 
44. 

In. 
'"24* 

la. 

4.0 



18. 

•.T2-pdr.  pun  shut. . . . 

•S-inch  sea-coast  how- 

iUer  shell 

s. 

j 

!    ^• 

i 

880 
880 

3.5 
1. 

12. 
4.5 

15.25 
8.5 

•  Made  at  Fort  Monroe  Arsenal. 


4 


PENETRATION    IN    MASONRY.  383 

The  solid  shot  broke  against  the  granite,  but  not  against  the  freestone  or  brick. 
The  (/riif-rnl  effect  is  less  in  brick  than  in  granite. 

The  shells  broke  into  small  fragments  against  each  of  the  three  materials. 

The  circumstances  attending  the  penetration  of  the  shot  and  shells  corresponded 
with  those  stated  below  in  the  experiments  at  Met/..  The  wall  used  as  a  target  at 
Fort  Monroe  Arsenal  was  built  of  dressed  stone  and  of  the  best  bricks,  laid  in 
hydraulic  cement j  but  being  an  isolated  wall  (10  feet  stiuare  of  each  material,  and 
5  feet  thick,  with  3  counterforts),  and  being  battered  before  the  masonry  was  per- 
fect!}' set,  the  effect  of  the  projectiles  in  xlKitterinij  the  masonry  around  the  point 
struck  was  greater  than  indicated  by  the  experiments  referred  to. 


384 


00 

n 

00 

is, 

< 

00 
H 
O 

B 

GO 

o 

o 

^^ 
H 
-< 
PS 
H 

is 

H 

04 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


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***  ifl  ^  t/5  "*"  -^ 


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eoCC4^ 


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§0  "(       00       o  ct  t- 
i- «  <o  «  m  ^  1- cj 


O         O  X  lO 


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o»     oc     oi     e>  -»•  o 
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1-     (i  1-.^     >n  a  ■« 


Sr-SsS 


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s^u  SBH 


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S    8    S«»8 


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?i  ri  ?•     nnti 


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e    i  =    :  a 

.  =    :  o    :  o 
s  ^-z  -• - 

*  i  =-  t  -   fc 
r»  —  -•  —  .^  — 


C  .5  e  £  c  =  <=  c 

a    i  a 


e    c=ec£ 


c    :    : 
[i  ~  o  S  _-  S  -  - 


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—  JI        =. 


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7"  -  •-      C 

=   S 


pen?:tration  op  shots  and  shells  in  oak. 


385 


Cl  (M  *0  t— 


»-  ~  o  " 

»0  "M  -*  O 


O  '^  ^  '"^ 

O  M  -^  CD 


1^  '';  n  'I  oc  '":      Q 


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(-.^,00      "-"iU      «      ce      00 
PI    .  oc    .  n    .      ti    .  c;    .1-    . 

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>,-  u^  S  ?i  ®  o 

I ..  1-^  <S  cc  o  t-1 


t—  O  «  rH         lO  T 


CD         O         o;!-*^         lN.-5>-0-*^ 

ri    .1-    .  •*  '~  c  - .      1^    .  t-    '.  u-5  • : 


00  cc  ci:  CQ       lO  (N 


ico  oi 


OC  O  l^  00  CO  < 


'^  -r  "^  oe    . 

r:  cc  c-i  CD  r-t 

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"I 


386 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


It  has  been  ascertained  by  experiment  that  a  musket  roinul  ball  h  ivinp  a  velo- 
city oC  '.\C>2  feet,  at  the  moment  of  impact,  will  just  pass  through  a  white  pine 
bnaril  I  iuch  thick:  and  that,  with  the  same  velocity,  the  ball  has  sufficient  force 
to  shatter  the  leg  bono  of  an  ox  covered  with  one  thickness  of  stout  harness 
leather.  A  musket  ball  moving  with  this  velocity  would,  therefore,  inflict  a  wound 
which  would  disable  a  man  or  beast;  or  a  spherical-eose  shot  having  this  velocity 
at  the  moment  of  bursting,  would  be  effective  against  troops  in  its  immediate 
vicinity.  ' 

A  musket  ball  with  an  initial  velocity  of  SS."?  feet  will  pass  through  one-inch 
white  pine  board  at  100  yards  :  hence  a  spherical-case  shot,  moving  with  that  velo- 
city at  the  moment  of  bursting,  would  be  effective  at  100  yards  <listaDt  from  th« 
place  of  bursting.     The  remaining  velocity  at  100  yards,  as  computed,  is  .'J04  feet. 

Effects  of  Shot  on  Cttst-Jron. 

Shot  projected  with  even  a  small  velocity  will  break  pieces  of  cast-iron  of  very 
large  dimensions.  A  2-1-pounder  ball  fired  with  a  charge  of  l-12th,  anil  moving 
•with  a  velocity  of  88.3  feet  in  a  second,  sj)lit  a  block  of  cast-iron  12  inches  wide  by 
40  inches  thick,  to  the  depth  of  40  inches,  in  two  shots.  The  fragments  of  the 
block  and  of  the  broken  shot  are  jirojected  with  sufficient  velocity  to  produce  the 
most  destructive  effects. 

Cast-iron,  therefore,  is  not  a  proper  material  for  gun-curriugcs,  or  for  revetcmontt 
of  furtificatious. 

Penetration  of  Small  Arms  in  White  Pipe  seasoned. 


KIND  OP  ARM. 


WEIGHT  OP 
CHARGE. 


PESKTRATIOW. 


BaU. 


Grs. 

Kiflo  musket '  500 

Altered  musket 7.30 

Harper's  Ferry  rifle j  600 

Pistol  carbine 450 

Sharpc's  carbine !  463 

Burnside's     "        i  350 


Powder. 


Grs. 


Diame- 
ter of 
Ball. 


.30 

ydii. 


200 
y<l8. 


600 
yd». 


1000 
yd.. 


60 
70 
40 
60 
55 


In. 

.5775 

.685 

.5776 

.6775 

.65 

.55 


In. 


In. 

11. 

10.5 
9.33 
5.75 


7.27 
h.15 


In. 

6.33 
6.33 
5.66 
3.0* 


In, 

3.25 

3.5 

3.0 


*At  500  yards. 


Firing  Hot  Shot. 

Furnaces  for  heating  shot  are  erecttd  at  the  forts  on  the  sea-coast.     Theie  fur- 
naces  bold  60  or  more  shot.     The  shot  being  placed,  and  the  furnace  cold,  it 


FIRING    HOT    SHOT.  887 

requires  1  hour  and  15  minutes  to  heat  them  to  a  red  heat.  After  the  furnace  is 
once  heated,  a  21-pdr.  shot  is  brought  to  a  red  heat  in  25  minutes;  the  32  and  42 
require  a  few  minutes  longer.  Two  or  three  men  are  required  to  attend  a  furnace. 
Grates. — In  siege  batteries,  or  in  other  situations  where  there  are  no  furnaces,  a 
grntc  is  used  for  heating  shot.  This  grate  consists  of  4  bars,  1.75  inch  square,  3 
feet  long,  placed  diagonally,  4  inches  apart,  resting  on  .3  iron  stands  with  legs  1 
foot  high. 

To  unr  the  t/rntc. — Make  an  excavation  1  foot  deep  and  width  of  grate,  with  no 
slope  at  the  sides  or  in  rear,  open  in  front.  Place  the  grate  in  it,  on  stones  or 
bricks,  rising  about  4.5  inches  above  the  bottom  ;  make  a  roof  over  it  with  hoops  of 
flat  iron,  covered  with  sods  and  with  18  inches  of  earth,  leaving  in  the  back  part 
a  chimney  6  inches  square.  Put  the  shot  on  the  grate,  leaving  about  one-fourth  of 
the  length  free  in  front;  on  this  pnrt,  and  under  the  front  of  the  grate,  put  the 
wood,  cut  into  pieces  about  14  inches  long  and  2  inches  or  2.5  inches  thick.  Make 
use  of  a  thick  sod,  as  a  register,  to  regulate  the  draught  of  the  chimney,  so  that  no 
flame  shall  issue  from  the  front  of  the  furnace.  This  little  furnace,  which  will  con- 
tain about  fifteen  24-pdr.  balls,  heats  them  to  a  red  heat  in  1  hour,  and  will  supply 
3  guns:  it  requires  the  attendance  of  one  man. 

Implements. — 2  pokevK,  for  stirring  the  fire,  made  of  3 -inch  round  iron,  •''ij  feet 
long,  the  end  bent  at  a  right  angle;  2  iron  forki,  for  taking  out  the  shot.  These 
forks  are  immersed  alternatelj'  in  water  to  cool  them.  1  roup,  to  rub  the  scales 
from  the  balls  when  they  have  been  overheated ;  1  pair  to»g/i  with  circular  jaws, 
for  taking  up  shot ;  1  iron  rake,  to  remove  the  cinders,  etc.,  from  the  ash-pit ;  1 
trovgh  or  tub,  1  hnclcet,  1  barrel ;  1  rammer,  with  the  head  covered  by  a  circular 
plate  of  sheet-iron,  of  rather  larger  diameter  than  the  ball,  to  remove  the  clay 
which  may  stick  to  the  sides  of  the  bore  when  clay  wads  are  used;  1  ladle  (to  each 
piece)  for  carrj'ing  the  balls,  formed  of  an  iron  ring  the  interior  of  which  is 
bevelled  to  fit  the  ball,  with  2  arms  inserted  into  wooden  handles  :  for  small  cali- 
bres it  is  made  with  1  handle. 

Wads  may  be  made  of  good  clay,  free  from  sand  or  gravel,  moistened  just 
enough  to  work  well;  the  wads  are  cylindrical,  1  calibre  long.  But  it  is  preferable 
to  use  hay  wads  that  have  been  steeped  in  water  for  15  minutes  and  allowed  to  drip. 

Cartrid(je»  for  hot  shot  are  made  of  cannon  cartridge  paper  or  parchment  well 
pasted,  to  prevent  the  powder  from  sifting  out;  they  should  be  carefully  examined 
before  use,  to  see  that  there  are  no  holes  in  them.  It  is  best  to  use  two  cartridge- 
bags,  one  within  the  other. 

Manner  of  loading. — Elevate  the  muzzle  sufliciently  to  allow  the  ball  to  roll  in; 
ram  the  cartridge  home  carefully,  and  a  dry  hay  wad  over  it;  theu  a  wet  hay  or 
clay  wad  :  prick  and  prime;  insert  the  ball,  and  put  a  wet  hay  or  clay  wad  over  it; 
this  second  clay  wad  may  be  only  ^  calibre  long.  It  is  a  good  precaution,  also,  to 
pass  a  wet  sponge  into  the  gun  just  before  putting  in  the  shot.  When  wet  hay 
wads  arc  used,  steam  is  seen  to  issue  from  the  vent  as  soon  as  the  ball  gets  home; 
this  is  the  effect  of  the  heat  of  the  ball  upon  the  water  contained  in  the  wad  ;  no 


388 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


danger  can  result  from  it,  as  the  ball  may  he  allowed  to  cool  in  the  gun  without  the 
charge  taking  fire  ;  but  it  is  better  to  fire  without  much  delay,  as  this  steam  would 
injure  the  powder. 

The  penetrations  of  cold  and  hoi  shut  into  wood  are  equal  under  the  same  cir- 
cum8tancc8.  A  red-hot  shot  retains  sufiBcicnt  heat  to  set  fire  to  wood  after  having 
Htruck  the  water  several  times.  The  fire  is  communicated  more  rapidly  and  cer- 
tainly to  the  wood  when  the  ball  does  not  penetrate  more  than  10  or  12  inches, 
because  at  a  greater  depth  the  communication  with  the  external  air  is  not  suffi- 
ciently free.  It  is  proper,  therefore,  to  fire  with  small  charges,  i  to  i  weight  of  the 
shot,  according  to  the  distance,  in  order  that  the  shot  may  remain  in  the  wood  and 
not  peni'triitc  too  deep. 


Expansion  of  Shot  heated  to  a  White  Heat. 


CAUBBB. 

8-in. 

42. 

32. 

24. 

18. 

12. 

0.149 

0.11 

0.10 

0.08 

0.06 

0  04 

Heated  shot  do  not  return  to  their  original  dimensions  on  cooling,  bat  retain  a 
permanent  enlargement,  as  will  appear  from  the  following  table,  giving  the  mean 
of  16  trhils  by  Lieutenant  \now  Captain)  Rodman,  of  the  Ordnance  Department: 


riRST  HEATIita. 

BECOVD   BJtATMa. 

8-INCU   SHOT. 

Diameter. 

Expansion. 

Diameter. 

Expansion. 

Original . . 

White  heat 

In. 

7.840 
7.9S9 
7.963 
7.895 

In. 



0.149 
.123 
.054 

Per  cent. 

0.000 
.019 
.016 
.007 

1       I°- 

j     8.017 
7.939 

In. 

0.177 
.099 

Per  cant. 
COM 

After  cooling 

.012 

TIMBER. 


389 


Chapter    Fourteenth 


MATEEIALS. 


TIMBER. 


The  selection,  inspection  and  seasoning  of  timber  for  ordnance  purposes  require 
especial  attention.  The  quality  of  the  wood,  and  the  defects  to  which  it  is  subject, 
depend  much  on  the  soil,  the  exposure,  and  particularly  the  climate  in  which  it 
grows. 

In  the  United  States,  the  climate  of  the  states  in  the  North  and  Middle  is  most 
favorable  to  the  growth  of  the  timber  used  for  ordnance  purposes. 

Kinds  of  Timber  used. 

The  kinds  of  wood,  and  the  uses  to  which  they  are  principally  applied  in  ordnance 
construction,  are  as  follows,  viz  : 

White  oak  (quercns  alha). — The  bark  is  a  grayish  white,  the  leaf  long,  narrow 
and  deeply  indented  ;  the  wood  is  of  a  straw  color,  with  a  reddish  tinge,  tough  and 
flexible.  It  is  the  principal  timber  used  in  the  construction  of  all  kinds  of  artillery 
carriages. 

White  beech.  Red  beech  {fngus  n!/lvestn's,  farjits  /erntginca)  are  the  most  suit- 
able for  saddle-trees,  fuzes  and  mallets;  also  for  plane  stocks  and  various  other 
tools. 

White  ash  (fraxinus  Ainericaiia)  is  straight  grained,  tough  and  elastic;  it  ie 
used  for  sponge  and  rammer  staves,  shafts  for  light  carriages,  and,  in  case  of  neces- 
sity, for  handspikes,  tool  handles  and  sabots.  There  is  but  little  difference  in 
quality  throughout  the  whole  thickness;  the  outside  is  rather  tougher.  It  lasts  & 
long  time  when  protected,  but  rots  quickly  when  exposed  to  the  weather. 

Elm  {itlmus  Americana)  is  well  suited  for  fellies  and  for  small  naves. 

UiCKORY  [jaglans  tomentona)  is  very  tough  and  flexible  ;  the  most  suitable  wood 
for  handspikes  and  tool  handles,  and  for  wooden  axle-trees. 

Black  walnut  {juglans  nigra)  is  hard  and  fine  grained;  it  is  used  for  ammuni- 
tion-chests, and  may  be  used  for  naves  of  field  carriages.  It  is  used  exclusively 
for  the  stocks  of  small  arms. 

White   poplar,  ou  Tulip-tuee   (liriodendron  tnlipi/cra),  is   a  soft,  light,  fine 


300  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

grained  wood,  which  j;r"W  ^<^  "^  Rrcat  size;  it  is  used  for  sabot8,  cartridge-blocks, 
etc.,  and  for  the  lining  of  amniunition-rbe8t!<. 

WriiTK  ri.MK  (piiiuii  finihiif)  is  Hoft,  light,  fine  graineil,  and  cuisily  wrought.  It  in 
OMd  for  arra-chcstH  and  packing-boxes  generally,  and  for  building  purpoHcs. 

Cypukss  {ruprcmut  iliniirha)  is  a  Soft,  light.  Straight  grained  wood  which  grows 
to  a  very  large  size.  It  may  bo  used  for  many  of  the  purposes  for  which  oak  is 
useil,  but  is  much  inferior  to  it  in  strength  and  hardness,  though  it  rtvists  better 
than  (ink  the  action  of  a  moivt,  hot  climate. 

Basswood,  on  AuRRiCAN  limr  (fi7ia  Ameruatia),  is  very  light  and  soft,  not 
easily  split,  and  is  excellent  for  sabots  and  ciirtridgc-blocks. 

Ri.ACK  CUM  (iii/»»<i  »y/r(ifiV(i)  is  a  fine  grained  wood,  of  medium  hardness  and 
density,  very  difficult  to  split,  and  well  suiteil  for  8i)ongc  and  rammer  heads,  and 
for  naves  of  carriages.     It  is  also  used  for  bowls  for  laboratory  purposes. 

Doo  WOOD  (ciirnv  jloridn)  is  hard  and  fine  grained,  suitable  for  mullets,  drifts,  etc. 

Selection  of  Standing  Trees. 

Wood  grown  in  a  m^ist  soil  is  less  firm  and  decays  sooner  than  that  grown  in  a 
dry,  sandy  soil,  but  the  trees  are  generally  larger. 

The  best  limber  is  generally  found  on  a  dark  soil  mixed  with  stones  and  grarel. 
Poplar,  cypress,  willow,  and  some  others  which  grow  best  in  a  wet  soil,  are  excep- 
tions to  this  rule. 

The  hardest  and  most  dense  woods,  and  those  least  subject  to  decay,  grow  at  the 
South  :  but  they  are  more  liable  to  split  and  warp  in  seasoning. 

Trees  grown  on  jilaius,  or  in  the  centre  of  forests  are  less  dense  than  those  from 
the  edge  of  the  forest,  from  the  sides  of  hills,  or  from  open  ground ;  but  they  are 
generally  more  free  from  limbs  and  of  finer  growth.  The  aspect  most  favorable  to 
the  production  of  sound,  straight  timber,  free  from  defects,  is  that  which  is  shel- 
tered from  the  prevalent  winds.  The  vicinity  of  salt  water  is  favorable  to  the 
strength  and  hardness  of  white  oak. 

Trees  should  be  selected  in  the  latter  part  of  July  or  first  part  of  August:  for  at 
this  season  the  leaves  of  the  sound,  healthy  tree  are  fresh  and  green,  while  those  of 
the  unsound  are  beginning  to  turn  yellow.  A  sound,  healthy  tree  will  be  known  by 
its  top  branches  being  vigorous  and  well  covered  with  leaves,  the  bark  even  and  of 
uniform  color.,  A  rounded  top,  a  sparse  covering  of  leaves,  some  of  the  leaves 
turning  yellow  before  the  rest,  a  rougher  bark  than  common,  covered  with  parasitic 
plants,  streaks  or  spots,  indicate  a  tree  on  the  decline.  The  decay  of  branches  at 
the  top,  of  large  branches,  and  the  separation  of  the  bark  from  the  wood,  arc  infal- 
lible signs  that  the  wood  is  impaired. 

Felling   Timber. 

The  most  suitable  season  for  felling  timber  is  that  in  which  vegetation  is  at 
rest — which  is  the  case  in  midwinter  and  in  midsummer.     Recent  experiments  indi- 


INSPECTION    OF    TIMBER.  391 

cate  the  latter  scascn,  say  the  month  of  July,  as  the  proper  season  :  but  the  usual 
jiractice  has  been  to  fell  trees  for  timber  between  the  first  of  December  and  the 
middle  of  March. 

The  tree  should  be  allowed  to  attain  its  full  maturity  before  being  felled.  Oak 
matures  at  seventy-five  to  one  hundred  years  and  upward,  according  to  circum- 
jitances.  The  ago  and  rate  of  growth  of  a  tree  are  indicated  by  the  number  aud 
size  of  the  rings  of  annual  increase  in  a  cross-section. 

The  tree  should  be  cut  as  near  the  ground  as  possible,  the  lower  part  being  the  best 
timber.  Leaning  trees  should  always  be  cut  so  as  to  fall  at  right  angles  to  the 
direction  of  greatest  inclination  :  and  all  trees,  especially  oak,  shouM  be  cut  entirely 
through  the  heart  while  standing,  and  the  woodman  should  allow  sufficient  kerf  to 
enable  him  to  cut  the  tree  completely  off,  by  rapid  strokes  of  the  axe,  after  the  troo 
lias  started  to  fall.     These  precautions  will  jirevctit  splintering  at  the  biitt. 

Getting  out  Timber. 

As  soon  as  the  tree  is  felled,  it  should  be  immediately  stripped  of  its  bark  and 
raised  from  the  ground.  A  short  time  only  should  elapse  before  the  sap-wood  is  taken 
off  and  the  timber  reduced  nearly  to  the  dimensions  required  for  use.  This  is  done, 
generally,  by  the  saw  :  but  those  pieces  requiring  great  strength  and  toughness,  such 
as  spokes,  poles,  handspikes,  and  splinter-bars,  should  be  split.  These  pieces  should 
always  be  taken  from  the  butt  cut  of  young,  straight  grained  trees  of  such  size  as  to 
furnish  but  one  piece  between  the  sap  and  centre  heart,  the  width  in  the  direction  of 
the  radius. 

Naves  should  be  taken  from  the  butts  of  trees  of  suitable  size  to  leave  them,  after 
the  removal  of  the  sap-wood,  IJ  inch  greater  in  diameter  than  the  finished  size. 
They  should  be  cut  off  S((uarc  about  two  inches  longer  than  the  finished  length,  and 
bored  through  their  axes  with  an  auger  h  inch  less  than  the  small  end  of  the  nave- 
1)0X  which  they  are  to  receive.  This  facilitates  their  seasoning  and  diminishes 
cracking. 

Pieces  for  fellies  should  always  be  got  out  so  that  the  planes  of  their  broad  faces 
shall  run  nearly  toward  the  centre  of  the  tree.    Slab  piecei  are  not  fit  for  this  purpose. 

Inspection  of  Timber. 

Examine  the  timber  all  over  carefully,  whenever  it  can  be  done,  aifter  several  days 
of  fine  weather,  in  order  to  see  better  certain  defects  which  moisture  renders  less 
:il)pareiit. 

The  quality  of  the  wood  is  in  some  degree  indicated  by  the  color,  which  should  be 
nearly  uniform  in  the  heart-wood,  a  little  deeper  toward  the  centre,  aud  free  from 
sudden  transitions.  White  spots  here  and  there  indicate  decay,  and  should  cause  the 
rejection  of  the  piece.  All  pieces  containing  sap-wood  should  be  rejected,  except 
hickory  and  ash ;  in  this  kind  of  wood  the  sap-wood  is  generally  the  toughest  and 
best.     The  sap-wood  is  known  by  its  white  color;  it  is  next  to  the  bark,  aud  very 


392  ORONANCE    MANIAL. 

soon  rols,  ;in<l  should  never  be  used.  S.imcliuics  ihcre  an;  rin;;8  of  lidht  colored 
wood  found  (iurroun<lcd  by  Rood,  hard  wood  ;  tbiR  may  be  called  the  second  siip,  and 
should  cniise  the  rejection  of  the  piece  in  which  it  occurs. 

Ri'jcct  jiicces  containing  the  centre  heart,  except  in  timber  which,  from  its  size, 
cannot  be  procured  free  from  it.  Even  in  these  it  is  better  to  use  biiill  hrntnn  of 
smaller  jiicces  free  frnm  centre  heart,  on  account  of  the  great  difficulty  in  seasoning 
such  large  pieces,  and  ihcir  exlreme  liability  to  being  attacked  by  ilry  rot  during  the 
process. 

In  pieces  which  have  been  got  out  by  s)ilitting,  the  oeeurrencc  of  nhort  bends 
indicates  that  they  have  been  taken  from  the  u|)|)er  part  of  the  tree;  and  the  nintiintf- 
onl  of  tiio  grain,  so  as  to  show  the  ends  of  the  fibres  along  the  side  of  the  ^tiek,  is  an 
unfailing  indication  of  brashncss.     Reject  the  i)ieec  in  which  cither  occurs. 

Pieces  for  handspikes  should  be  free  from  knots  near  the  fulcrum  end.  After 
inspection,  each  slick  is  marked  on  each  end,  with  while  lead,  with  the  initials  of  the 
contractor,  the  year  when  received — a  letter  designating  the  purpose  for  whicli  the 
timber  is  intended,  and  the  number  of  pieces  contained  in  each  stick.  On  small 
Slicks,  as  spokes,  it  is  sufficient  to  mark  the  uootractor's  name  and  data  on  uno  end, 
the  fihiipu  of  the  piece  showing  for  what  it  is  inltiodcd. 

Defects  of  Timber — esperiolly  of  Oak. 

WiinJ-flinL-rt  are  cracks  separating  the  cuucentrio  layers  of  wood  from  each  othor: 
a  circular  crack  :  it  is  a  serious  defect. 

»S)»/('M,  cheat*,  and  erack*,  extending  toward  the  centre,  if  deep  and  strongly 
marked,  render  the  timber  unfit  for  use,  uuless  the  purixise  fur  which  it  is  inlvnded 
will  admit  of  its  being  split  through  them. 

These  defects  are  found  iu  young  trees  as  well  as  old,  and  arc  no  signs  of  the 
aiteraliou  of  the  quality  of  the  timber.     They  always  increase  in  extent  in  seasoning. 

Jirnsh-iroud  is  generally  con8ei|ueut  on  the  decline  of  the  tree  from  age.  The  wood 
is  porous,  of  a  reddish  color,  and  breaks  short,  without  splinters,  and,  in  marked 
oases,  the  chips  crumble  to  pieces.     This  wood  is  entirely  unfit  for  artillery  carriages. 

Delud  timber  (that  which  has  been  killed  before  being  felled,  or  which  has  died 
from  other  causes)  should  be  rejected. 

Kiuitiy  timber:  that  containing  a  great  many  knots,  though  sound,  usually  of 
stunted  growth.     It  is  difficult  to  work,  and  weak  when  cross-strained  ;   reject. 

Ttrisud  tcoodf  the  grain  of  which  winds  spirally,  is  unfit  for  long  pieces;  it  may 
be  used  in  short  ones,  as  naves  or  short  transoms,  etc. 

Dry-riit. — This  is  indicated  by  yellow  stains.  Elm  and  beech  are  soon  affected, 
if  left  with  the  bark  on. 

Large  or  decayed  knots  should  cause  the  piece  to  be  rejected. 

Seasoning  and  Preserving  Timber. 

Timber  fresl^y  cut  contains  about  37  to  48  per  cent,  of  liquids.  By  exposure  to 
the  air  in  seaWBing  one  year,  it  loses  from  17  to  2.')  per  cent.,  and  seasoned  wood 
still  retains  from  10  to  15  per  cent. 


SEASONING    AND    TRESERV^ING    XniBER.  393 

Timber  of  large  dimensions  is  improved  and  rendered  less  liable  to  warp  and 
crack  in  seasoning  by  immersion  in  water  for  some  weeks,  according  to  the  si/.e. 

For  the  purpose  of  seasoning,  timber  sbonld  bo  piled  under  shelter  and  be  kept 
dry;  it  should  have  a  free  cirfulation  of  air  about  it,  without  Iteing  exposed  to 
strong  currents.  Place  the  Ijottom  pieces  on  skids,  which  should  be  sound,  raised 
not  less  than  2  feet  from  the  ground  ;  leave  a  space  of  an  inch  between  the  pieces  of 
the  same  horizontal  layers:  place  slats  or  piling-strips  between  different  layers,  one 
near  each  end  of  the  jiile.  and  c)thcrs  at  short  distances  to  keep  the  timber  straight. 
These  strips  should  be  one  over  the  other,  and  in  large  piles  should  not  be  less  than 
1  inch  thick.  Spokes  arc  piled  in  square  piles,  the  length  of  one  piece,  omitting 
the  slats.  Light  timber  may  be  piled  in  attics,  heavy  timber  on  the  ground  floor. 
Each  pile  should  contain  but  one  kind  of  timber,  and  be  marked  with  the  date  of 
inspection  and  the  number  and  kind  of  pieces  it  contains.  Pieces  of  the  same  kind 
and  of  different  dates  of  ret'cipt,  if  piled  one  on  the  other,  should  have  that  which 
was  received  first  piled  on  top.  The  piles  should  be  at  least  2i  feet  apart:  this 
secures  free  access  at  all  times  to  the  different  kinds  of  pieces  in  store. 

Timber  should  be  replied  at  intervals  varying  with  the  time  it  has  been  in  store, 
and  all  pieces  showing  evidences  of  decay  should  be  thrown  out,  to  prevent  their 
affecting  those  which  are  still  sound. 

Timber  storehouses  are  best  provided  with  ))liuds.  which  keep  out  the  rain  and 
snow,  but  which  can  be  turned  to  admit  the  air  freely  in  fine  weather.  They  should 
bo  kept  entirely  free  from  pieces  of  decayed  wood. 

This  gradual  mode  of  seasoning  is  considered  the  most  favorable  to  the  strength 
and  durability  of  timber,  but  various  methods  have  been  proposed  for  hastening 
the  process.  For  this  purpose,  Httnuiiiuj  timber  has  becu  applied  with  success;  and 
the  results  of  experiments  with  Mr.  Kyan's  process  of  saturating  timber  with  a 
solution  of  corrosive  sublimate  have  been  highly  sntisfactory ;  this  is  said  to  harden 
and  season  the  wood,  at  the  same  time  that  it  secures  it  from  the  dry-rot  and  from 
the  attacks  of  worms.  The  process  of  Mr.  Earle,  which  consists  in  saturating  the 
wood  with  a  hot  solution  of  the  sulphates  of  copper  and  iron,  mixed  together,  has 
been  tried  by  the  Ordnance  Department,  and  found  to  impair  the  strength  without 
increasiug  the  durability  of  the  limber.  Kiln  dryinij  i^ serviceable  only  for  boards 
and  pieces  of  small  dimensions,  and  is  apt  to  cause  cracks  and  to  impair  the 
strength  of  wood,  unless  performed  very  slowly.  Charring  or  jynintinrj  is  highly 
injurious  to  any  but  seasoned  timber,  as  it  effectually  prevents  the  drying  of  the 
inner  part  of  the  wood,  in  which,  consequently,  fermentation  and  decay  soon  take 
place. 

Timber  piled  in  badly  ventilated  sheds  is  apt  to  be  attacked  with  dry-rot.  The 
first  outward  indications  are  yellow  spots  on  the  ends  of  the  pieces  and  a  yellowish 
dust  in  the  checks  and  cr.acks,  parficularl}'  where  the  pieces  rest  on  the  piling- 
strips;  when  cut,  the  timber  is  of  a  dull,  reddish  brown  color,  dotted  over  with  small 
white  specks,  and  it  is  brittle  and  very  weak. 

Timber  requires  from  2  to  8  years  to  season  thoroughly,  according  to  its  size.     It 


ORPNANOK    MAMAI. 


Fhonlil  be  worl«cd  m  Frion  as  it  is  thoroughly  dry,  for  it  hcpins  to  deteriorate  afler 
that  time.     Very  old  timber,  as  the  workmen  say,  loses  its  life. 

Oak  timber  loses  about  onc-fiflh  of  {m  ireiyht  in  seasoning,  and  about  onr-thirj  uj 
itH  weight  in  bccominj;  ]>(rfertly  dry. 


Mea.^uring  Timber. 

Sawed  or  hewn  timber  is  measured  by  the  cubic  foot,  or  more  commonly  by  Imrd 
nriMMiiif,  the  unit  of  whieh  is  a  superficial  foot  of  a  board  1  inch  thick,  Small 
pieces,  especially  those  which  are  pot  out  by  splitting  (such  as  spokes),  and  ihnprt, 
or  pieces  roughed  out  to  a  particular  pattern  (sut-h  as  stocks  for  small  arms),  are 
often  fiurchabcd  by  the  j>ieec. 

r^ual  rule  for  measuring  rouud  timber: 

Miilli}tl;i  ihr  lenijth  b\/  ikr  tenure  o/uiie-/ourlh  the  mr.ui  ijirth,  for  the  Soliii  contents; 

or.  -     -^  ■   I,  beine  the  lenirtb  of  the  loir,  and  C  half  tbo  sum  of  the  cireumfereDO«i 
10  r.  r> 

of  the  two  ends.     Hut  when  round  timber  is   procured  for  use  in  the  Ord.ianee 

Department,  it  should  be  measured  according  to  the  s()uare  of  good  timber  which 

can  be  obtained  from  the  log. 

To   find   tlio   number  of  f<>cl,  hoard  metiture,   in  any  piece  of  timber  of  a  given 

width,  multiply   the   tabular   aren,  for  that  width,  by  the   length   in    feel   and    the 

thioknesh  in  inches.  , 

Ta»LE,  tkotcing  lA*  Smprfieia'  Ft«t  in  one  Lineal  Foot  of  Board*  of  varfoua  »idtk». 


Width. 

Ana. 

Width. 

AreiL 

Width. 

Area. 

In. 

Sup.  ft       1 

In. 

Sup.  ft.      I 

1          In. 

Sup.  ft 

0.25 

0.020)> 

'         4.25 

0.3542 

8.25 

0.6875 

0.5 

0.0417 

4.5 

0.375 

8.5 

0.70HS 

0.75 

O.Oti'.'J 

4.75 

0.3958 

8.75 

0.7292 

1. 

0.0^3,1 

5. 

0.41f.7 

9. 

0.75 

1.25 

0.1042 

5.25 

0.4:J7.i 

9.25 

0.7708 

1.5 

0.12.S 

5.5 

0.45S3 

9.5 

0.7917 

1.75 

0.14:.S 

5.75 

0.4792 

9.75 

0.8125 

2. 

0.1667 

6. 

0.5 

10. 

0.8S33 

2.25 

O.lJSTO 

6.25 

0.520S 

10.25 

0.8512 

2.5 

0.20S3 

6.5 

0.5417 

10.5 

0.K75 

1.75 

0.2292 

t         6.75 

0.5625 

10.75 

0.8958 

i. 

0.25 

'        7. 

0. 58.33 

11. 

0.9167 

S.25 

0.270S 

7.25 

0.6042 

11.25 

0.9.375 

S.5 

0.2'J17 

7.5 

0.625 

11.5 

0.9583 

3.75 

0.3125 

7.75 

0.6458 

11.75 

0.9792 

4. 

ftH^ 

8. 

0.6667 

12. 

i 

1.0000 

IRON.  395 


IRON. 


Iron  is  obtained  from  its  ore."*,  in  which  it  generally  exists  in  tbe  .«tate  of  an 
oxide,  combined  with  earthy  or  stony  matters,  and  frequently  with  carboti,  sulphur, 
artenic,  mngncsia,  manganese,  etc.  Iron  ores  are  classed  and  named  according  to 
their  different  combinations,  as  magnetic,  specular,  micaceous,  clay  iron-stone,  red 
hematite,  brnun  hematite:  tbe  last  named  is  the  ore  from  which  tbe  Salisl)ury  and 
the  Juniata  irons  are  extracted;  the  first,  that  from  which  tbe  Swedish  iron  is 
obtained  ;  and  the  clay  iron-stone  that  from  which  the  iron  of  England  is  made. 

The  foreign  substances  which  iron  is  found  to  contain  modify  in  a  marked  man 
ncr  its  essential  properties.  Carbon  adds  to  its  hardness,  but  destroys  some  of  its 
characteristic  qualities,  and  produces  ca.st-iron  or  steel  according  to  tbe  proportion 
of  carbon  it  contains.  Sulphur  renders  it  fusible,  difficult  to  weld,  and  brittle 
when  heated,  hot  short.  Phosphorus  renders  it  cold  short,  but  may  be  present  in  the 
proportion  of  2-lOOOths  to  3-lOOOths  without  affecting  injuriously  its  tenacity. 
Aiitimoni/,  arsenic  and  copper  have  the  same  effect  as  sulphur — tbe  last  in  a  greater 
degree. 

Cast-iron. 

The  process  of  making  cast-iron  depends  much  on  the  kind  of  fuel  used:  char- 
coal, coke,  bituminous  and  anthracite  coals,  are  all  used.  'When  anthracite  coal  is 
employed,  the  ore  is  placed  at  once  in  the  blust-furnacc:  when  charcoal  is  used,  the 
ore  is  first  roasted,  by  distributing  it  in  alternate  layers  with  waste  coal,  wood  or, 
sometimes,  with  charcoal,  .and  the  pile  thus  formed  is  ignited  and  burned  in  tbe 
open  air.  For  the  more  refractory  ores  a  kiln  similar  to  that  used  for  burning  lime 
is  required.  The  ore  is  rendered,  by  this  operation,  more  porous  and  easily  broken 
into  small  pieces,  by  which  it  is  more  readily  acted  upon  in  the  smelting  furnace. 
The  small  pieces  would  be  disadvantageous  in  an  anthracite  furnace. 

Smelting  is  the  process  by  which  the  iron  is  separated  from  the  refractory  sub- 
stances with  which  it  is  combined  in  the  ore.  It  consists  in  raising  the  ore  to  a 
high  heat  in  contact  with  carbon  and  a  suitable  flux  in  the  blast  or  smelting  fur- 
nace. The  flux  unites  with  the  earthy  matter  of  the  ore,  forming  a  glassy  sub- 
stance called  slag  or  cinder,  and  the  carbon  unites  with  the  oxygen  of  the  ore, 
setting  the  iron  free,  which  in  turn  unites  with  a  portion  of  the  carbon  and  forms  a 
fusible  compound,  carburet  of  iron,  or  cast-iron. 

Tbe  melted  iron  and  slag  descend  to  tbe  bottom  of  the  furnace,  the  slag  forming 
a  covering  to  the  pool  of  iron  and  protecting  it  from  the  action  of  the  blast.  As 
the_v  accumulate,  tbe  slag  runs  off  over  the  dam,  and  is  a  good  indication,  to  an 
experienced  eye,  of  the  quality  of  metal  tbe  furnace  is  making. 

The  furnace  is  generally  tapped  once  every  twelve  hours,  and  the  metal  is  run  out 
intoxhaunels  formed  in  the  sand,  and  is  known  as  j)igs. 

Limestone  is  the  flux  used  for  most  ores :  clay  is  sometimes  required  to  mix  with 
ores  containing  much  limestone. 

A  larger  yield  from  the  same  furnace,  and  a  great  economy  in  fuel,  are  cffeotcd 


31H)  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

by  the  use  of  a  hut  hlati.  The  greater  heat  thue  produced  cauvos  the  iron  to  com- 
bine with  a  larger  percentage  of  furcign  subslances,  and  the  strength  of  the  ca«t- 
irun  i!<  thiiH  injured. 

Cant-iron  for  cannon  and  for  all  purposesi  rci|uiring  great  Htrcngth  should  be 
emellod  with  the  rold  blaRt. 

f'i;i  iron,  according  to  the  proportion  of  carbon  which  it  contain«,  ix  divided  into 
fuiiuili-)/  iriin  and  /<>rfje  iron,  the  latter  being  adaptecl  only  to  conversion  into  mal- 
leable iron  ;  while  the  former,  containing  the  largest  proportion  of  carbon,  can  be 
used  cither  for  casting  or  for  making  bar-iron. 

There  are  many  varieties  of  cacf-iron,  differing  from  each  other  by  almost  inMn- 
sible  ^hadps ;  the  two  principal  divisions  are  t/rui/  and  irhilr,  so  called  from  the  color 
of  the  fracture  when  recent     Their  properties  are  very  different. 

firny  iron  is  softer  and  less  brittle  than  white  iron:  it  is  in  a  slight  degree  mal- 
leable and  flexible,  and  is  nut  sonorous:  it  can  be  easily  drilled  and  turned  in  (be 
lathe,  and  dovf  not  resist  the  file.  It  has  a  brilliant  fracture,  of  a  gray,  or,  some- 
times, a  bluii'h  gray  color:  the  color  is  lighter  as  the  grain  becomes  closer,  and  its 
hardness  increases  at  the  same  time. 

It  melts  at  a  lower  heat  than  white  iron,  becomes  more  fluid,  and  prc«ervci  its 
fluidity  longer;  it  runs  smoothly;  the  color  of  the  fluid  metal  is  red,  and  deeper  in 
proportion  as  the  beat  is  lower:  it  does  not  stick  to  the  ladle:  it  fills  the  moulds  well, 
contracts  less  and  contains  fewer  cavities  than  white  iron:  the  edges  of  a  easting  are 
sharp,  and  the  surface  smooth,  convex,  and  i  overed  with  carburet  of  iron.  A  me<lium 
■iied  grain,  bright  gmy  color,  lively  aspect,  fracture  sharp  U^  the  touch,  and  a  close 
eompaei  texture,  indicate  a  good  quality  of  iron.  A  grain  cither  very  large  or  very 
small,  a  dull,  earthy  a-pvct,  loose  texture,  dissimilar  crystals  mixed  together,  indi- 
cate au  inferior  i|uali(y. 

Orav  iron  is  uj'ed  for  ordnance  jiuriKtses  where  the  pieces  are  to  be  bored  or  fitted. 

ItB  tonacity  and  specific  gravity  are  diminiihui  by  annealing,  lu  mean  specific 
gravity  is  l.MH). 

H'Aife  iron  is  very  brittle  and  sonorous:  it  resists  the  file  and  the  chisel,  and  ia 
bUtceptible  of  high  polish ;  the  surface  of  a  casting  ia  concave;  the  fracture  prc««nt« 
a  silvery  appearance.  jeneraJly  fine  grained  and  compact,  somctimM  radiui.ug,  or 
lamellar. 

When  melted  it  is  white,  and  throws  off  a  great  number  of  sparks,  and  it«  t|UaUliM 
arc  the  reverse  of  those  of  gray  iron ;  it  is,  therefore,  unsuitable  for  ordnance  pur- 
poses. Its  tenacity  is  iiirreattJ  and  its  specific  gravity  diminisktd  by  annealing.  It« 
mean  specific  gravity  is  ".-'iUO. 

Motiltd  iron  is  a  mixture  of  white  and  gray  ;  it  has  a  spotted  appearance  ;  it  Sows 
well  and  with  few  sparks:  the  casting  has  a  plane  surface,  with  edges  slightly 
rounded.     It  is  suitable  for  making  shot  and  shells. 

A  fine  mottled  iron  is  the  only  kind  suitable  for  making  castings  which  require 
great  strength,  such  as  cannon.  The  kind  of  mottle  will  depend  uach  on  the  sit* 
•f  the  casting. 


MALLEABLE   IRON.  397 

Besides  these  general  divisions,  the  manufacturers  distinguish  more  particularly 
the  different  varieties  of  pig  metal  by  numbers,  according  to  their  relative  hardness. 

No.  1  is  the  softest  iron,  possessing  in  the  highest  degree  the  qualities  described 
as  belonging  to  gray  iron  :  it  has  not  much  strength,  but  on  account  of  its  fluidity 
when  melted  and  of  its  mixing  advantageously  with  old  or  scrap  iron,  and  with  the 
harder  kinds  of  cast-iron,  it  is  of  great  use  to  the  founder,  and  commands  the  highest 
price. 

No.  2  is  harder,  closer  grained,  and  stronger  than  No.  1 ;  it  has  a  gray  color  and 
considerable  lustre.  It  is  the  kind  of  iron  most  suitable,  in  general,  for  making  shot 
and  shells. 

No.  3  is  still  harder  than  No.  2.  Its  color  is  gray,  but  inclining  to  white;  it  has 
considerable  strength,  but  it  is  principally  used  by  the  founder  for  mixing  with  other 
kinds  of  iron. 

No.  4  is  brujht  iron  ;  No.  •>,  mottled ;  No.  G,  white — which  is  unfit  for  general  use 
by  itself. 

The  qualities  of  these  various  kinds  of  iron  seem  to  depend  on  the  proportion  of 
carbon,  and  on  the  state  in  which  it  is  found  in  the  metal.  In  the  darker  kinds  of 
iron,  where  the  proportion  is  sometimes  7  per  cent,  of  carbon,  it  exists  partly  in  the 
state  of  graphite  or  plumbago,  which  makes  the  iron  soft.  In  white  iron,  the  carbon 
is  thoroughly  combined  with  the  metal,  as  in  steel. 

Cast-iron  frequently  retains  a  portion  of  foreign  ingredients  from  the  ore,  such  as 
earths,  or  oxides  of  other  metals,  and  sometimes  sulphur  and  phosphorus,  which  are 
all  injurious  to  its  quality.  Sulphur  hardens  tlic  iron,  and,  unless  in  a  very  small 
proportion,  destroys  its  tenacity. 

These  foreign  substances,  and  also  a  portion  of  the  carbon,  are  separated  by  melt- 
ing the  iron  in  contact  with  air,  and  soft  iron  is  thus  rendered  harder  and  stronger. 
The  effect  of  remelting  varies  with  the  nature  of  the  iron  and  the  kind  of  ore  from 
which  it  has  been  extracted;  that  from  the  hard  ores,  such  as  the  magnetic  oxides, 
undergoes  less  alteration  than  that  from  the  hematites;  the  latter  being  sometimes 
changed  from  No.  1  to  rohite  bj'  a  single  remelting  in  the  air  furnace. 

The  color  and  texture  of  cast-iron  depend  greatly  on  the  size  of  the  casting  and 
the  rapidity  of  cooling;  a  small  casting,  which  cools  quickly,  is  almost  always 
white,  ivnd  the  surface  of  large  castings  partakes  more  of  the  qualities  of  white  metal 
than  the  interior. 

All  cast-iron  expands  forcibly  at  the  moment  of  becoming  solid,  and  again  con- 
tracts in  cooling;  gray  iron,  as  before  remarked,  expands  more  and  coutract.s  less 
than  other  iron. 

The  contraction  is  about  1 -100th  for  grey  and  strongly  mottled  iron,  so  that  the 
dimensions  of  a  pattern  for  casting  should  be  about  1-lOOth  larger  than  the  size  re- 
quired for  the  casting. 

Malleable  Iron. 

Malleable  iron  is  made  from  the  pig,  in  the  bloomcry  fire  or  in  the  puddli»g  fur- 
nace— generally  in  the  latter. 


806  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Tho  process  coDKistB  in  melting  the  east-iron  and  keeping  it  exposed  to  a  great 
heat,  eonftantlj'  Htirring  the  masp,  bringing  every  part  of  it  evenly  under  the  action 
of  the  flame,  until  it  loi^eiJ  it«  remaining  carbon — when  it  l)eriime«  malleable  iron, 

TiiK  n!-oowKnv  refemblcs  a  large  forge  fire,  where  charcoal  and  a  strong  bbiAt  are 
ns«d,  and  Ihe  refined  metal  of  the  |>ig-iron,  after  being  broken  into  pieces  of  the 
proper  fiie,  iii  jdaced  before  the  blast,  directly  in  contact  with  the  charcoal :  u  the 
metal  fu!<ef<,  it  fallK  into  a  cavity  left  for  that  purpose  below  the  blast,  where  the 
bloomer  work*  it  into  the  shape  of  a  ball,  which  ho  places  again  before  the  blast, 
Rurroundetl  with  frerih  charcoal;  this  operation  in  generally  again  repeated,  when  tho 
ball  is  ready  for  the  nhimjlrr. 

Tho  I'l'DDMNG  PURNACE  18  a  reverberalofy  furnace,  with  a  cast-iron  bottom  lined 
generally  with  a  pure  and  refractory  iron  ore,  where  the  flame  of  bituminous  coal  it 
i^ade  to  act  <iirectly  on  the  metal. 

The  operation  of  puddling  is  a  most  important  one,  as  tho  quality  of  the  iron 
depends  so  much  upon  the  skill  with  which  it  is  conducted. 

The  metal  is  first  melted,  and  the  puddler  then  begins  to  stir  it,  exposing  each 
portion  in  turn  to  tho  action  of  the  flume,  and  continues  this  as  long  as  ho  is  able 
tu  work  iU  When  it  has  lost  its  fluidity,  ho  forms  it  into  puddlers'  balls,  weighing 
from  bU  to  100  lbs.,  which  arc  next  passed  to  the  shinglcr. 

8iiiNaLiN0  is  perfiirmcd  in  a  strong  tf/ucezcr  or  umler  the  trip-hammer.  Its 
object  is  to  press  out  as  perfectly  as  possible  the  liquid  cinder  which  the  ball  still 
contains:  it  also  forms  the  ball  into  shape  for  the  puddle-rolls.  A  heavy  ham- 
mer, weighing  from  6  to  7  tons,  effects  this  object  most  thoroughly,  but  not  so 
cheaply  as  the  squeezer.  The  ball  receives  from  15  to  20  blows  of  the  hamra'^r, 
being  tiirued  from  time  to  time  us  required:  it  is  now  called  a  bfoam,  and  is  ready 
to  bo  rolled  or  hummerud.  Or  the  ball  is  pai^sed  once  through  the  squcexer,  and  is 
Btill  hot  enough  to  be  passed  through  the  puddle-rolls. 

Ptinni^K-iiOLLH. — By  passing  through  diflerent  grooves  in  these  rolls,  the  bloom 
is  reduced  to  a  romjh  bur  from  three  to  four  feet  in  length,  its  name  conveying  an 
idea  of  its  condition,  which  is  rough  and  imperfect. 

Piling. — To  prepare  rough  bars  for  this  operation,  they  are  cut,  cither  hot  or 
eold,  by  means  of  a  strong  pair  of  tkears,  into  such  lengths  as  are  best  adapted  to 
tho  site  of  the  finished  bar  required;  the  sheared  bars  are  piled,  one  over  the  other, 
to  the  number  of  from  two  to  six  or  more  pieces,  according  to  the  size  required — 
when  the  pile  is  ready  for  balling. 

Balling. — This  operation  is  performed  in  the  balling  furnace,  which  is  similar  to 
the  puildling  furnace,  except  that  its  bottom  or  hearth  is  made  up,  from  time 
to  time,  with  sand  ;  it  is  used  to  give  a  welding  heat  to  the  piles  to  prepare  them 
for  rolling. 

KiMsuiNG-BOLLS.  —  The  balU  are  passed  successivel}-  between  the  rollers  of 
various  forms  and  sires  according  to  the  shape  of  the  finished  bar  required. 

The  bars  are  straightened  on  a  cast-iron  bed,  with  heavy  wooden  beetles,- 

The  quality  of  the  iron  depends  on  the  kind  of  pig  used,  the  skill  of  the  puddlcr, 
and  the  absence  of  deleterious  substances  in  the  furnace. 


MALLEABLE    IRON.  899 

The  strongest  cast-irons  do  not  produce  the  strongest  malleahle  iron. 

For  many  purposes,  such  as  sheets  for  tinning,  best  boiler-plate,  and  bars  for 
con%-erting  into  steel,  charcoal  iron  is  used  exclusively;  and,  generally,  this  kind  of 
iron  is  to  be  relied  upon  for  strength  and  toughness  with  greater  confidence  than 
any  other — though  iron  of  superior  quality  is  made  from  pigs  made  with  other  fuel 
and  with  the  hot  blast;  iron  for  gun  barrels  has  been  lately  made  from  anthracite 
hot-blast  pigs. 

Iron  is  improved  in  quality  by  judicious  working,  reheating  it,  and  hammering 
or  rolling:  other  things  being  equal,  that  is  the  best  ir*)n  that  has  been  wrought 
the  most. 

Piles  are  sometimes  made  of  good  iron  on  top  and  bottom  and  poorer  iron  in  the 
middle  :  this  is  easily  detected  in  the  fracture.  Reject  it,  where  strength  and 
toughness  are  required. 

Bak-irox. — The  iron  used  in  ordnance  constructions  is  generally  furnished  in 
bars  of  difi'ercnt  sizes,  or  in  shapcg.  It  should  be  of  the  best  qualit}*  of  iron,  highly 
refined. 

The  quality  of  iron  is  generally  judged  of  by  its  (/rain  as  shown  in  a  fresh  frac- 
ture. 

The  samjile  shouM  be  1  inch  square,  or,  if  a  flat  bar,  i  inch  thick.  Cut  a  notch 
on  one  side  with  a  cold-chisel,  and  bend  the  bar  down  over  the  edge  of  an  anvil,  or 
give  it  a  heavy  blow,  when  lying  flat  on  the  ground,  with  a  sledge-hammer;  if  the 
fracture  exhibit  long,  silky  fibres,  of  a  leaden  graj'  color,  cohering  together  and 
twisting  or  pulling  apart  before  breaking,  it  denotes  a.  tough,  soft  iron,  which  is 
easy  to  work  and  hard  to  break,  suitable  for  sheet-iron,  wire,  etc.,  but  it  may  weld 
badly.  A  medium,  even  grain,  mixed  with  fibres  as  above,  but  without  bright 
specks  or  dark  spots,  is  also  a  favorable  iudicalion.  In  general,  a  short,  blackish 
fibre  indicates  iron  badly  refined  and  mixed  with  carbon,  plumbago,  or  oxide;  if 
worked  very  hot,  it  may  be  improved,  but  there  will  be  a  reat  waste,  A  very  Jiue, 
close  grain  denotes  a  hard,  steely  iron,  which  is  apt  to  be  colJ-vliuri,  hard  to  work 
with  the  hammer  or  file.  A  coame  grain,  with  a  brilliant,  crystallyzed  fracture,  or 
yellow  or  brown  spots,  denotes  a  brittle  iron,  inclined  to  be  cold-nhurt,  but  work- 
ing easily  when  heated,  and  making  a  good  weld.  But  this  test  is  not  always  sulE- 
cient,  as  the  same  iron  will  present  dificrent  appearances  acc(>rding  to  the  manner 
in  which  it  has  been  forged  and  the  degree  of  heat  to  which  it  has  been  subjected. 
Numerous  ci-acks  on  the  edges  of  the  bar  generally  indicate  a  liut-xliort  iron,  which 
crjicks  or  breaks  when  punched  or  worked  at  a  red  heat,  and  will  not  weld;  it  is 
strong  when  cold,  and  may  be  useful  in  that  state,  but,  if  worked,  care  should  be 
taken  not  to  subject  it  to  strains  at  a  red  heat.  Bliiitcrs,  jhurn,  and  cinder-hnhs  are 
caused  by  imperfect  welding  at  too  low  a  heat,  or  by  the  iron  nut  being  properly 
worked,  and  do  not  always  indicate  an  inferior  quality. 

The  surest  test  of  the  quality  of  iron  is  to  submit  it  to  the  followinL?  proofs : 

Test  when  cold. — Bend  the  iron,  if  in  small  bars,  several  times  biu:k  and  forth  in 
diflFercut  direction.",  at  sharp  angles,  with  heavy  blows  of  a  bannucr,  and  twist  it  in 


400  ORDNANCR    MANUAL. 

ft  vice.  Large  pieces  are  reduced  in  size  at  one  end,  and  submitted  to  the  same 
tests.  Round  bars  have  a  screw-thruad  cut  on  them,  and  arc  then  hcnt  according 
to  the  use  for  which  they  are  intended.  Pieces  which  are  to  have  holes  in  tbcm 
are  tested  by  punching  holes  in  them  cold. 

Tent  frilir»  hot. — Draw  out  the  iron,  bend  and  twist  it;  split  it,  and  turn  back  the 
two  parts,  to  sec  if  the  split  extends  up;  punch  a  long  hole  in  the  direction  of  tb« 
fibre,  and  unollior  at  right  angles  to  it;  punch  holes  of  different  forms— some  near 
the  edge;  weld  the  iron  to  iron  and  to  steel ;  make  chains  from  small  rods ;  obacrre 
if  cracks  or  flaws  weld  easily:  finally,  forge  some  of  the  most  diflicult  pieces  for 
which  the  iron  is  intended. 

NOTR  iiM  FORGING. — Oood  iron  is  often  injured  by  being  unskilfully  worked. 
Care  hhould  be  taken  that  the  iron  while  heating  is  not  exposed  to  the  air,  which 
would  assist  in  forming  scales  of  oxide  on  its  surface  :  it  is  to  prevent  this  that  tho 
workman  from  lime  to  lime  throws  sand  or  clay  on  his  iron  to  protect  it.  When 
iron  i"  at  a  white  beat,  immediate  contact  with  coal  tends  to  carbonize  it  and  make 
it  »ttrly.  Iron  heated  for  any  purpose,  and  especially  for  welding,  fhould  be  heated 
as  rapitlly  as  possible,  in  order  to  expose  it  the  least  possible  time  to  tlie  action  of 
the  air  anil  coal;  for  this  purpose,  the  strongest  fuel,  with  an  abuiidiint,  steady 
blast,  is  necessary.  Defects  in  iron  caused  by  unskilful  working  may  be  remedied 
in  part:  if,  for  example,  iron  has  been  Imrutd,  give  it  a  smart  heat,  protected  aa 
much  as  )>ossible  from  the  air;  if  the  iron  has  been  injured  by  cold-hitmmering,  % 
moderate  aiiiieMliiig  heat  will  restore  it;  if  the  iron  has  become  hard  an <1  steel j, 
give  it  one  or  more  smart  heats,  to  extract  the  carbon. 

Inspection  of  Iron  for  Garrison  and  Sea-coast  Carriages. 

The  chrck-plntei  should  be  made  of  iron  of  good  quality,  uniform  in  thicknesf,  a 
plane  surface,  and  cut  near  to  the  required  size.  Verify  the  size  by  a  wooden  frame 
made  of  the  required  shupe,  and  the  thickness  by  an  iron  gauge.  Try  the  quality 
of  tho  iron  by  punching  holes  near  the  edge  at  the  place  for  the  trunnion-holes. 

The  railn  should  be  straight  on  the  top,  bottom  and  edge  of  the  flange;  try  ihem 
by  laying  a  straight-edge  on  them.  The  web  should  be  a  plane  surface,  without 
corrugaliou.s — at  right  angles  to  the  fiaugcs,  which  should  be  smooth  and  free  from 
breaks  or  cracks. 

Examine  that  the  welds  are  all  good,  that  there  arc  no  scams,  and  that  the 
iron  has  not  been  burned.  Verify  the  cross-section  of  the  rail  by  a  profile  cut 
from  sheet-iron  or  mahogany;  measure  the  length  with  a  rod  of  the  correct 
length. 

See  that  the  trough-beams  and  angle-iron  are  straight,  and  their  edges  sonnd^ 
without  cracks.     Verify  their  length. 

Examine  the  bar-iron  by  the  tests  given  above  for  bar-iron,  and  where  the  pieces 
are  cut  to  lengths,  verify  them. 

Weigh  several  pieces  of  each  kind  of  the  exact  length,  sufficient  to  get  a  fuir  mean 
weight,  from  which  the  weight  of  the  whole  can  be  calculated. 


STEEL.  401 

Puddled  Steel. 

U,  in  the  opriition  of  puddling,  the  process  be  slopped  at  a  particular  time 
determined  by  indications  given  by  the  metal  to  an  experienced  eye,  an  iron  is 
obtained  of  greater  hardness  and  strength  than  ordinary  iron,  to  which  the  name  of 
scmi-stecl,  or  puddled  steel,  has  been  applied.  The  principal  difficulty  in  its  manu- 
facture is  that  of  obtaining  uniformity  in  the  product,  homogeneity  and  solidity 
throughout  the  entire  mass.  It  is  much  improved  by  reheating  and  hammering 
under  a  heavy  hammer. 

A  tenacity  of  118,000  lbs.  to  the  square  inch  has  been  obtained  from  semi-steel 
made  in  this  country  in  this  way.  Field  pieces  have  been  made  of  this  material, 
and  it  is  believed   that  it  will  answer  well  for  this  purpose. 

Steel. 

Steel  is  a  compound  of  iron  and  carbon,  in  which  the  proportion  of  the  latter  is 
from  5  to  1  per  cent.,  and  even  less,  in  some  kinds.  Steel  may  be  distinguished  from 
iron  by  its  fine  grain;  its  susceptibility  of  hardening  by  immersing  it,  when  hot,  in. 
cold  water;  and  with  certainty  by  the  action  of  diluted  nitric  acid,  which  leaves  a 
black  spot  on  steel,  and  on  iron  a  spot  which  is  lighter  colored  in  proportion  as  the 
iron  contains  less  carbon. 

There  are  many  varieties  of  steel,  the  principal  of  which  are— 
Natural  xteel,  which  is  obtained  by  reducing  the  rich  and  pure  kinds  of  iron  ore 
with  charcoal,  and  refining  the  cast-iron,  so  as  to  deprive  it  of  a  sufficient  portion 
of  carbon  to  bring  it  to  a  malleable  state.     It  is  made  principally  in  Germany,  and 
is  used  for  making  files  and  other  tools. 

The  India  steel,  called  wootz,  is  said  to  be  a  natural  steel,  containing  a  small 
portion  of  other  metals. 

Blhtered  steel,  or  steel  of  cementation,  is  prepared  bv  the  direct  combination  of 
iron  and  carbon.  For  this  purpose,  the  iron  in  bars  is  put  in  layers  alternating 
with  powdered  charcoal,  in  a  close  furnace,  and  exposed  for  1  or  8  days  to  a  heat  of 
about  70°  Wedgewood.  and  then  suffered  to  cool  for  as  many  days  more.  The  bars 
on  being  taken  out  are  covered  with  blisters,  have  acquired  a  brittle  quality,  and 
exhibit  in  the  fracture  a  uniform  crystalline  appearance.  The  degree  of  carboni- 
zation IS  varied  according  to  the  purposes  for  which  the  steel  is  intended,  and  the 
best  qualities  of  iron  (Russian  and  Swedish)  are  used  for  the  finest  kinds  of  steel. 

Tilted  steel  is  made  from  blistered  steel  moderately  heated  and  subjected  to  the 
action  of  a  tilt-hammer,  by  which  means  its  tenacity  and  density  are  increased  and. 
it  is  thus  adapted  to  use. 

Shear  steel  is  made  from  blistered  or  natural  steel  refined  by  piling  thin  bars  into 
fagots,  which  are  brought  to  a  welding  heat  in  a  revcrbcratory  furnace,  and  ham- 
mered or  rolled  again  into  bars  ;  this  operation  is  repeated  several  times  to  produce 
the  finest  kinds  of  shear  steel,  which  are  distinguishad  by  the  names  of  half  shear, 
26 


402  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

tingle  thenr  nilil  dnuhle  ihenr,  or  pteel  of  1  mark,  of  2  mnrku,  of  r!  innrkt,  etc., 
according  to  the  Dumber  of  times  it  has  been  piled. 

Caul-Heel  is  made  by  bre.nkinjf  blistered  steel  into  small  pieces  and  melting;  it  in 
close  crucibles,  from  which  it  is  poured  into  iron  moulds  :  the  ingot  is  then  reduced 
to  a  bar  by  hammering  or  rolling,  as  described  under  the  bead  of  malleable  iron, 
these  operations  being  performed  with  great  care.  Cast-stccl  is  the  finest  kind  of 
steel  and  best  adapted  for  most  purposes:  it  is  known  by  a  very  fine,  even  and 
close  grain,  and  a  silvery,  homogeneous  fracture  ;  it  is  very  brittle,  and  acquires 
extreme  hardness,  but  is  diffioult  to  weld  without  the  use  of  a  flux.  The  other  kinds 
of  steel  have  a  similar  appearance  to  cast-stuul,  but  the  grain  is  coarser  and  less 
homiigeneous  ;  they  are  sort<'r  and  less  brittle,  and  weld  more  readily.  A  fibrous 
or  lumcllar  appearance  in  the  fracture  indicates  an  imperfect  steel.  A  material  of 
great  toughness  and  elasticity,  as  well  as  hanlnesi',  i.s  made  by  forging  together 
steel  and  iron,  forming  the  celebnited  (lnma»k-  gitrl.  which  is  used  for  sword  blades, 
springs,  etc.:  the  dninasked  appearance  is  proilufcd  by  the  action  of  a  diluted 
acid,  which  gives  a  black  tint  to  the  steel  parts,  whilst  the  iron  remains  white. 

Various  j'nney  ulerlit,  or  alloy.s  of  steel  with  tilrer,  jilntinum,  rhnriium  and  nlumin- 
iiini  have  Iteen  niaile  with  a  view  to  imitating  the  Damascus  steel,  w<>ot7.,  etc..  and 
improving  the  fabrication  of  some  of  the  finer  kimls  of  surgical  and  other  instru- 
ments. 

PRorr.nTiKS  or  stkkl. — The  best  steel  possesses  the  following  characteristic! : 
heated  to  redness  and  plunged  into  cold  water,  it  bicnmcs  hard  enough  to  scratch 
glass  and  to  resist  the  best  files;  the  hardness  is  uniform  throughout  the  piece: 
after  being  tempered  it  is  not  easily  broken  ;  it  welds  readily  :  it  doe«  not  crack  or 
split ;  it  bears  a  very  high  heat,  and  preserves  the  capability  of  hardening  after 
repeated  working  ;  the  grain  is  fine,  even  and  homogeneous,  and  it  receives  a  bril- 
liant polish.     Its  specific  gravity  is  7.816,  being  greater  than  that  of  iron. 

Test. — Break  a  few  bars,  taken  at  random  :  make  tools  of  them  and  try  them  in 
the  severest  manner. 

Hardening  and  TKMrERiSG  stkel. — On  these  operations  the  quality  of  manufac- 
tured steel  in  a  great  measure  depends. 

Hardening  is  effected  by  heating  the  steel  to  a  cherry  red,  or  nntil  the  scales  of 
oxide  are  loosened  on  the  surface,  and  plunging  it  into  a  liquid,  or  placing  it  in 
contact  with  some  cooling  substance  :  the  degree  of  hardness  depends  on  the  heat 
atd  the  rapidity  of  cooling.  Steel  is  thus  rendered  so  hard  as  to  resist  the  hardest 
files,  and  it  becomes  at  the  same  time  extremely  brittle.  The  degree  of  heat  and 
the  temperature  and  nature  of  the  cooling  medium  must  be  chosen  with  reference 
to  the  quality  of  the  steel  and  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  intended.  Cold  water 
gives  a  greater  hardness  than  oils  or  other  fatty  substances,  sand,  wet  iron  scales  or 
cinders,  but  an  inferior  degree  of  hardness  to  that  given  by  acids.  Oil,  tallow,  etc., 
prevent  the  cracks  which  are  caused  by  too  rapid  cooling.  The  lower  the  heat  at 
which  the  steel  becomes  hard,  the  better. 

Tempering- — Steel  in  its   hardest  state  being  too  brittle  for  most  purposes,  the 


WELDING    COMPOSITION.  403 

requisite  strength  and  elasticity  arc  obtaincil  l>.v  tempering — or  letting  dou-n  the  tem- 
per, as  the  workmen  term  it^ — which  is  perfuruied  by  heating  the  hardened  steel  to  a 
certain  degree  and  cooling  it  quickly.  The  requisite  heat  is  usually  ascertained  by 
the  color  which  the  surface  of  the  steel  assumes  from  the  film  of  oxide  thus  formed. 
The  degrees  of  heat  to  which  these  several  colors  correspond  are  as  follows : 
At  430°  Fahr.,  a  very  faint  yellow..  )  Suitable  for  hard  instruments;  as  hammer 
At  450°      "       a  pale  straw  color. .  j       faces,  drills  for  hard  substances,  etc. 

(  For  instruments  requiring  hard  edges  witb- 

At470°      "       a  full  yellow )  .,.••.          \             ■         \     ^    r 

■<  out  elasticity  ;  as  shear?,  scissors,  tools  for 

At  490°      "       a  brown  color i  *       •       •             j    .     i 

(  turning  iron  and  steel. 

At  .510°      "       brown,   with     purple  1  „      ,     ,    ,  ...  ,        i      r *       .  i 

f   For  tools  for  cutting  wood  and  soft  metals : 
spots *- 


i       such  as  plane  irons,  chisels,  knives,  etc. 


At  538°      "       purple 

I    For  tools    requiring    strong  edges   without 

At  550°       "       dark  blue )        extreme  har<lness  :  as  cold-chisels,  axles. 

At  5f)0°      "       full  blue I        table  cutlery,  etc.,  which  will  break  before 

(^       bending. 
At  600°      "       grayish  blue,  verging  )   For  spring-temper,  which   will  bend  before 

on  black J       breaking;  saws,  sword  blades,  etc. 

If  the  steel  be  heated  higher  than  this,  the  effect  of  the  hardening  process  is 
destroyed. 

Case-hardening. — This  operation  consists  in  converting  the  surface  of  wrought 
iron  into  steel,  by  cementation,  for  the  purpose  of  adapting  it  to  receive  a  polish  or 
to  bear  friction,  etc. ;  this  is  effected  by  heating  the  iron  to  a  cherry  red,  in  a  close 
vessel,  in  contact  with  carbonaceous  materials,  and  then  plunging  it  into  cold 
water.  Bones,  leather,  hoofs  and  horns  of  animals  are  generally  used  for  this  pur- 
pose, after  having  been  burnt  or  roasted  so  that  they  can  be  pulverized.  Soot  is 
also  frequently  used. 

Welding  Composition  for  Iron  or  Steel. 

Borax 10  parts. 

Sal  ammoniac 1  part. 

Pound  them  together,  and  melt  them  in  a  crucible  into  a  clear  liquid :  pour  it  out 
on  an  iron  plate,  and,  when  cold,  pulverize  it  for  use. 

Composition  A^o.  2. 

Borax 5 .    lbs. 

Sal  ammoniac 1*0   " 

Prussiate  of  potash 5  " 

Rosin 5   " 

Alcohol 5  pint. 

Water 5     " 

Iron  filings 5  lb. 


404  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Put  all  the  inatcriiils  in  an  iron  pan  tflgethi-r,  and  melt  them  over  a  gentle  fire,  so 
tluit  the  eorapoiiition  shall  boil  far  ii  few  minutes,  stirring  it  until  it  shall  become 
fitiiillj'  dry  and  eharred;  then  pulverize,  and  use  it  in  the  same  manner  as  borax, 
ajiplyin^  it  to  the  parts  to  be  welded  when  at  a  red  heat. 

Sheet-Iron. 

Slirrt-irnn  is  made  by  rolling.  It  should  be  soft  nn<l  tiiu^h.  its  siirfiiee  very 
smooth,  withfiut  holes  or  thick  scales;  it  is  generally  of  a  blui.-h  color,  simictimes 
clouded:  the  sheet  should  be  of  regular  thickness,  clastic,  and  crackling  when 
bent  in  the  hamls.  When  bent  at  a  right  angle,  there  should  be  no  iipjicnrancc  of 
fracture  on  the  exterior. 

Iliimin  uhtii-iron  has  a  planished,  glossy,  and  smooth  surface  of  gray  oxide  of 
iron;  it  should  be  free  from  rust  or  flaws,  and  be  very  soft  and  tough.  Punch 
holes  in  it  near  the  edge,  and  see  that  there  arc  no  flaws  or  cracks  after  this  opera- 
lion. 

The  severest  test  of  sheet-iron  consists  in  hammering  a  juirt  of  the  sheet  into  a 
concave  form. 

8HKKT-8TEKI.  18  manufactured  in  the  same  wa}',  and  should  have  the  same  ({uali- 
ties  as  sheet-iron,  with  greater  elasticity  and  hardness  in  a  thinner  sheet. 

For  the  weight  of  sheet-iron,  sec  Tables  on  pages  405  and  42C. 

Sheet-Tin. 

Sheet-tin  is  made  by  coating  sheet-iron  with  tin.  The  iron  is  first  leoured,  or 
thoroughly  cleaned,  by  means  of  an  acid,  and  then  immersed  in  melt«d  tin.  There 
are  two  kinds  —  called  oingh  tin  and  double  tin,  differing  in  thickness  and  in  the 
quantity  of  tin  with  which  the  iron  is  coated.  The  surface  of  the  sheets  should  be 
bright  and  smooth,  free  from  specks,  beads  and  blisters. 


THICKNESS    AND    WEIGHT    OF    SHEET    METALS. 


405 


Dimen$ion»  of  Sheet-  Tin. 


Size. 


Mean  Thickness.  Weight. 


Remarks. 


Single  tin. 
Doi  ble  X. 
Roofing  . . 


in. 

10X14 
10X14 
20X14 


Wire  Guage. 

31 
27 
27 


In. 

0 

0125 

0 

OlS 

0 

018 

Lbs. 
0.5 
0.75 
1.5 


I  There  are  usually  225 
J      sheets  in  a  box. 
112  sheets  in  a  box. 


A  square  of  roof  (100  square  feet)  requires  about  71  sheets  of  roofing  tin. 
Thickness^and  Weight  of  Sheet  Metals. 


Thickness  by  the  Guage.  ' 


WEIGHT  PER  SQUARE  FOOT  IN  POUNDS. 


No.      0. 

1. 


3. 
4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9 

10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
If). 
17. 
18. 

ly. 

20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27., 
28., 
29., 
30., 
31., 
32., 
33.. 
34.. 
35.. 
36.. 


Thiclmcss  in 
Inches. 


Slieet  and 
Boiler  Iron. 


0.340 

0.300 

0.284 

0.259 

0.23S 

0.220 

0.203 

0.180 

0.105 

0.148 

0.134 

0.120 

0.109 

0.095 

0.0s3 

0.072 

0.065 

0.0.')8 

0.04  it 

0.042 

0.035 

0.032 

0.028 

0.025 

0.022 

0.020 

0.018 

0.016 

0.014 

0.013 

0.012 

0.010 

0.009 

0.008 

0.007 

0.005 

0.004 


13.7 
12.1 
11.4 
10.4 
9.60 
8.85 
8.17 
7.24 
6.65 
.'■).96 
5.40 
4.83 
4.40 
3.83 
3.34 
2.90 
2.62 
2.34 
1.97 
1.69 
1.41 
1.29 
1.13 
1.00 
0.685 
0.805 
0.724 
0.644 
0.563 
0.523 
0.485 
0.402 
0.302 
0.322 
0.282 
0.230 
0.170 


Sheet  Cast- 
Steel. 


Sheet-Copper. 


14.0 

15.6 

12.4 

13.8 

11.7 

13.0 

10.6 

11.9 

9.80 

11.0 

9.02 

10.1 

8.33 

9.32 

7.38 

8.25 

6.78 

7.59 

6.08 

6.80 

5.51 

6.16 

4.93 

5.51 

4.50 

5.02 

3.91 

4.37 

3.41 

3.81 

2.96 

3.31 

2.67 

3.00 

2.39 

2.67 

2.01 

2.25 

1.72 

1.93 

1.42 

1.61 

1.31 

1.47 

1.15 

1.29 

1.02 

1.14 

0.903 

1.01 

0.820 

0.918 

0.73S 

0.826 

0.657 

0.7.35 

0.574 

0.642 

0..533 

0.597 

0.493 

0.551 

0.410 

0.480 

0.370 

0.420 

0.328 

0.370 

0.288 

0.32,{ 

0.235 

0.262 

0.173 

0.194 

40G 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Files  and  Rasps. 


LIST  or  fILES  Ann  nA8P8  REQUIRED  FOR  USE  AT  AN  ARSENAL  OT  rONSTROCTION. 


No. 


Kind. 


Length.   Width 


'"'i?"    Weight.         Bemu-ka. 


1 

2 
.3 
4 

6 
0 
7 
« 
9 
10 
II 
12 
13 
14 
16 
16 
17 
IS 
19 
20 
21 
22 
2;{ 
24 
2.'. 
26 


Flat,  rough  (riiiTii)  ■ . 
Do.       do. 

Do.  bantanU 

D...       do 

lliilf-round  hantards 

Do.  do. 

Do.  do. 

Hound  ba.i<tard8  . . . . 

Do. 

Do. 

Do, 
Stjuare 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 


do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Flat,  i:in|;le  cut  (floats) 
Flat,  hand,  smooth. . . . 

Do.  do 

Do.  do 

Do.  do 

Half-round,  hand 
Do. 
Do. 
Taper,  handsaw  . . . 
Flat,  shoeing  ras]i  . 
Half-round,  smooth 


inooth. 
do. 

do. 


In. 

U. 

12. 
12. 

8. 
12. 

0. 

6. 
12. 

9. 

C. 

4.i 
12. 

8. 

6. 

4. 
12. 
12. 

9. 

8. 

4. 
12. 

9. 

6. 

4.5 
14. 
12. 


In. 

In. 

Lbi  OS. 

1.35 

0.35 

1  4 

1.17 

0.3 

0  15 

1.17 

0.3 

0  14 

0.7 

0.2 

0  5 

1.14 

0.32 

0  11 

0.85 

0.25 

0  Si 

0.56 

0.2 

0  U 



0.5 

0  8i 

0.23 

0  2 

0.23 

0   i 

0.16 

0  i 

0.5 

0.5 

0  9 

0..12 

0.32 

0  3 

0.24 

0.24 

0  2 

0.2 

0.2 

0   } 

1.12 

0.22 

0  lOi 

1.16 

0.31 

1  2 

0.96 

0.27 

0  10 

0.83 

0.2 

0  6 

0.44 

0.1 

0  i 

1.15 

o.n 

0  12 

0.84 

0.27 

0  51 

0.6 

0.18 

0  U 

A 

0.4 

0  li 

1.5 

0.35 

1  8 

1.14 

0.32 

0  11 

Flat,  tai>ering. 


1  cdjro  rounded. 
Safe  rdge. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 


Without  tang. 


English  files  are  generally  used  at  the  arsenals  and  armories. 

Files  should  be  made  of  the  best  cast-steel.  The  teeth  are  generally  cut  at  an 
iinjjie  of  60°  with  the  centre  line  ;  at  a  smaller  angle  the  teeth  are  apt  to  choke, 
and  at  a  greater  angle  they  do  not  cut. 

In  choosing  files,  they  should  be  examined  to  see  that  they  are  straight,  that 
they  ure  free  from  cracks  and  flaws,  and  that  they  are  cut  regularly.  The  teeth 
should  not  be  turned  or  broken  by  filing  on  iron  or  tempered  steel.  One  out  of 
each  dozen  may  be  tried  on  a  piece  of  t«mpered  steel,  such  as  the  tang  of  a  file 
screwed  in  a  Ticc ;  the  file  should  "take"  in  its  whole  length,  both  on  the  flat 
and  edge,  and  should  not  cut  in  drawing  back  ;  it  should  not  make  furrows,  or 
show  a  tendency  to  deviate  from  the  direction  given  to  it  by  the  hand.  The  quality 
of  the  steel  may  be  determined  by  breaking  some  of  the  files  and  working  the  steel 
in  the  forge. 


CUT    NAILS. 


407 


Wood  Screws. 

Wood  screws  are  classed  by  the  length  in  inches,  and  by  the  number  which 
indicates  the  size  of  the  wire,  or  body  of  the  screw. 

The  following  table  of  dimensions,  derived  from  measurements  of  the  screws 
made  by  the  New  England  Screw  Company,  at  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  will  be 
found  convenient  for  reference. 


HEAD. 

No 

Diameter 
of  Body. 

Niiinber  of 

thrcnUs  to 

1  inch. 

Ilcmarks. 

Diameter. 

Tliickness. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

3 

0.10 

0.20 

0.06 

24 

The  length 

of  thread  cut  is  two- 

4 

.11 

.22 

.065 

24 

thirds  the 

length  of  the  screw. 

5 

.13 

.26 

.075 

20 

6 

.15 

.30 

.08 

20 

7 

.16 

.32 

.085 

18 

> 

V 

8 

.17 

.34 

.09 

14 

9 

.19 

.38 

.095 

13i 

10 

.20 

.40 

.10 

13 

11 

.21 

.42 

.11 

12 

12 

.22 

.44 

.12 

11 

13 

.23 

.46 

.13 

11 

14 

.24 

.48 

.14 

10 

15 

.25 

.60 

.15 

10 

16 

.26 

.52 

.16 

n 

17 

.27 

.54 

.17 

9 

18 

.28 

.56 

.18 

Si 

20 

.30 

.60 

.20 

8 

21 

.32 

.64 

.21 

8 

22 

.35 

.70 

.22 

7i 

24 

.38 

.76 

.24 

7 

26 

.40 

•80 

.26 

7 

Cut  Nails. 


N08. 

2d. 

3d. 

id. 

6d. 

8d. 

lOd. 

12d. 

20d. 

Length inches. 

Number  in  1  lb 

1. 

550 

1.25 
450 

1.5 

340 

2. 
150 

2.5 
100 

3. 
60 

3.5 
40 

4. 
25 

Spikes  are  large  nails,  wrought  or  cnt :  the  size  is  designated  by  the  length  in 
inches. 


408  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

BcUoirn  itniU  ati'I  rliiiit  unih  are  short  wrought  nail?,  with  lar;;o  heads,  slij;htly 
convex:  they  arc  used  chiefly  for  nailing  leather,  canvas,  etc.,  on  wood. 

Bellows  nails  1.1.3  inch  long,  0.1  inch  thick,  with  heads  .75  inch  to  1  inch  in 
diameter,  should  weigh  about  120  to  1  lb. 

Tacks  are  classed  by  the  length  in  inches,  or  by  the  weight  of  1,000,  in  ounces. 

Spn'f/g,  hradt,  finiihiiig  uailt,  are  classed  by  the  length  in  inches. 

Alloys. 

Jiroutf. — Gun  metal:  90  copper  and  10  tin. 

Dell  metal. — 78  cojjper  and  22  tin. 

Fiue  bran. — 2  copper  and  1  zinc. 

Itrami  for  pnrtt  o/ tmtiN  armi  and  of  gun-earriatff$. — SO  copper,  17  line,  and  3  tin. 

Shcet-braiif. — 3  copper  and  1  zinc. 

Silver  Holder. — 4  silver  and  1  copper;  or  2  silver  and  1  brni's  wire. 

Hard  luldrr. —  I  line  and  2  brass. 

Plumhert'  Bolder. — 1  tin  and  1  lead. 

Tiniicm'  ttildrr. — 1  tin  and  2  lead. 

I'eiclrrcrt'  solder. — 2  tin  and  1  lead. 

Fuif'Ue  alloy.— 'i.  tin  ;  3  lead  ;   f)  bismuth  :  melts  at  197°. 

Type  metal. — 11  lead,  2  antimony,  and  i  tin. 

(iermiin  silrrr. — 404  copper;   31J  nickel;  254  zinc;  24  iron. 

"  "       for  casting. — 60  copper;  20  zinc  ;  20  nickel ;  3  lead. 

I'eirtir. — 4  tin  an<l  1  lead. 

-4ii  alio;/  that  rxpundu  in  coolimj. — 9  lead,  2  antimony,  and  I  bismuth;  useful  for 
filling  small  cavities  in  cast-iron. 

Babbit's  metal,  for  journal-boxes. — 9  tin  and  1  copper. 

PiCKLK  FOR  CLKAM.NG  iRO.v. — To  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  nitric  and  muriatic 
acids  add  twelve  times  their  joint  volume  of  water. 

Liquor  for  tinnm.vg  or  solderivg. — Dissolve  3  ounces  of  zinc  in  a  pint  of  muriatic 
acid,  letting  it  stand  in  a  warm  place  about  8  hours;  strain  the  solution  through  a 
cotton  or  linen  cloth  ;  add  a  teaspoonful  of  pulverized  sal-ammoniac  to  a  pint  of  the 
solution,  and  let  it  boil  for  ten  minutes;  when  cool  it  is  fit  fur  use. 

To  TIN  IRON. — Immerse  the  iron  in  the  cleaning  pickle;  if  the  surface  be  rough, 
let  it  remain  in  the  pickle  about  4  hours,  or  until  all  the  scales  can  be  rubbed  ofi°. 
Then  dip  the  iron  into  the  solution  of  zinc,  and  immediately  afterward  into  the 
'melted  tin,  which  must  be  kept  a  little  above  the  melting  point.  Let  it  remain  in 
the  melted  tin  until  the  latter  has  ceased  to  be  agitated,  when  the  iron  will  have 
become  warm  enough  for  the  tin  to  adhere;  on  taking  it  out,  wipe  or  shake  off  the 
surplus  tin. 

To  TIN  COPPER. — It  is  only  necessary  to  dip  the  copper  into  the  solution  of  zinc 
and  then  into  the  bath  of  tin  ;  or  to  clean  the  copper  with  diluted  sulphuric  acid 
before  immersing  it  in  the  tin. 


ROPKS.  40'^> 

STORAGE  AND  PRESERVATIOX  OF  METALS. 

Metah  are  stored  on  the  ground  floors  of  dry  and  well  aired  buildingp,  which 
should  be  kept  open  in  fine  weather  only. 

Unr-iron  and  iteel,  and  pieces  rough  forged  {shapex),  divided  according  to  kind 
and  size,  on  racks,  or  standing  upright  in  frames;  unaerriceahle  iron  and  Kcrapn,  in 
piles  marked  with  the  weight.  Sliert-iron  and  tin,  oiled,  and  placed  on  edge,  in 
frames.      Wire,  oiled,  in  coils,  hung  on  hooks;  arranged  according  to  kind  and  size. 

Heavi/  chains,  coiled  up  in  piles. —  Small  chains,  in  bundles  of  10  or  20,  in  boxes  or 
on  shelves. 

Fininhed  work,  according  to  kind,  in  piles  or  in  boxes. 

Pig  nietal,  in  square  piles  ;  the  flat  sides  Ij'ing  together. 

The  iron  and  steel  parts  of  iniplements,  etc.,  covered  with  a  black  varnish,  made 
of  white  varnish  and  liunjiblack,  for  intrenching  and  other  heavy  tools;  of  white 
varnish  and  ivory  black,  for  polished  tools.     (See  Chapter  VII.) 

Artificers'  tooln  and /;/(«,  according  to  kind,  in  a  dry  place,  with  suitable  divisions; 
they  should  be  sprinkled  with  powdered  charcoal,  or  fine  quicklime,  to  protect  them 
from  rust. 

Nails,  according  to  kind  and  size,  in  bins  or  kegs.  Aurih  and  other  heavy  pieces, 
on  skids  on  the  floor.  Every  division,  bin,  pile,  and  box  should  be  marked  with  a 
label  showing  the  character  of  the  article  contained  in  it,  its  kind,  its  distinctive 
number  or  size,  the  quantitj',  weight,  etc. 

ROPES. 

The  size  of  a  rope  is  designated  by  the  circumference  or  girth  measured  with  ». 
thread  :  thus,  a  3-inch  rope  measures  3  inches  round.  The  length  is  usually  expressed 
in  fathoms. 

Stukngtii. — The  utmost  strength  of  good  hemp  rope  is  G,400  lbs.  to  the  square 
inch;  the  weight  which  it  will  bear  before  breaking  is  expressed  in  tons  by  one-ji/th 
of  the  square  of  the  girth  in  inches;  in  practice,  a  rope  should  not  be  subjected  to 
more  than  half  this  strain.  It  stretches  from  l-7th  to  l-5th,  and  its  diameter  is 
diminished  from  l-7th  to  l-4th,  before  breaking.  A  difference  in  the  quality  of  the 
liemp  may  produce  a  difference  of  l-4th  in  the  strength  of  ropes  of  the  same  size. 

AVhite  rope  is  stronger  than  tarred  rope,  and  the  difi"erenee  is  increased  by  age  and 
service:  therefore,  such  ropes  only  as  are  to  be  immersed  in  water  should  be  tarred. 

Oil  or  gre.ase  diminishes  the  strength  of  rope  without  adding  to  its  durability. 

The  strength  of  manilla  rope  is  less  than  that  of  hemp  rope. 

Quality. — The  quality  of  hemp  is  in  some  measure  indicated  by  its  color:  the 
the  best  is  of  a  pearl  gray ;  the  next,  greenish ;  then,  the  yellow ;  a  brown  color  indi- 
cates that  it  has  been  rotted  too  long  and  has  begun  to  decay.  Brown  spots  show 
that  it  has  moulded  and  the  spots  are  decayed.  The  odor  should  be  strong,  but  free 
from  a  musty,  tainted  smell.  It  should  be  well  combed,  pliant,  and  free  from  stalks. 
The  yarns  should  be  fine  spun  and  slightly  twisted :  they  are  from  i  to  i  of  an  inch 


410  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

in  girlli.  A  rope  is  defeotivc  when  the  yania  arc  of  unequal  sizes  or  uncijuotly 
twixtcd  ;  when  it  is  fuxzy  before  being  used;  and  when  it  cuntains  pieces  of  stalk, 
indicatinf^  that  the  hemp  was  nut  well  combed. 

TwiKTrNO  OR  i.AYiNM. — Tho  Dumbcr  of  yarn*  in  a  *frniK/ of  cordage  rarioa  from  Itt 
to  2!),  and  sovcral  strands  are  combined,  or  laid,  to  form  a  large  rope.  A  rope  is 
■aid  to  be  twisted  i  or  ^  when  it  is  J  or  i  shorter  than  the  strand.  For  artillery 
service  ropes  should  lie  twinted  J. 

The  degree  of  twisting  may  be  determined  by  constructing  a  right-angled  triangle, 
tho  base  of  which  is  the  circumference  of  the  rope,  and  the  height  the  length  of  one 
revolutioif  (if  the  strand,  nicaKured  parallel  to  the  axis;  the  difference  between  thix 
height  and  the  hypothcnuse  is  the  <|uantity  by  which  the  rope  is  twinted. 

PiiKSEKVATiuN  IN  SToRK. — Ropcs  should  be  jilaccd  in  the  upper  stories  of  a  build- 
ing, coiled  up  and  labelled:  large  rojies  on  skids,  so  as  to  allow  the  circulation  of 
air:  small  ropes  hung  up  to  the  joists,  on  pins  or  hooks.  Ropes  should  not  be  coiled 
until  they  are  perfectly  dry  :  they  should  be  uncoiled  every  year,  and  stretched  out 
for  several  days  at  the  beginning  of  the  dry  season. 

Uo]>es  which  have  been  too  long  in  Ktore  lose  their  strength. 

COAL. 

Charcoal. 

Charcoal  is  made  from  either  hard  or  soft  wood;  that  from  the  firmer,  such  as 
oak,  rou}ilc,  boech,  chestnut,  is  the  most  serviceable,  giving  the  greatest  quantity  of 
heat  for  un  equal  weight  of  coal. 

For  ordinary  purposes  it  is  burned  in  heaps  or  stacks.  Wood  from  18  to  20  years 
old  is  to  bo  preferred.  It  may  be  charred  immediately  after  being  felled ;  if  left  for 
a  year  exposed  to  the  weather  before  being  burned,  it  produces  an  inferior  coal. 

Select  siiuuil  woud;  cut  it  into  pieces  from  4  to  Ti  feet  lung,  and  split  those  which 
lire  more  than  4  inches  in  diameter. 

It  is  well  to  make  stacks,  as  far  as  practicable,  of  wood  of  the  same  kind,  or  of 
such  as  differ  from  each  other  but  little  in  their  general  nature.  If  it  be  necessary 
to  use  soft  and  hard  woods  in  the  same  stack,  place  the  former  on  the  outside. 

Making  cHAncoAi.. — Choose  a  dry  spot  on  which  to  place  the  stack,  sheltered 
from  the  wind:  level  the  ground.  Plant  a  stake  iu  the  middle  of  the  space,  and 
cover  the  bottom  of  the  pile  with  wood  placed  in  a  direction  converging  toward  the 
centre,  the  intervals  being  filled  up  with  small  ^Micks;  place  the  rest  of  the  wood 
around  the  stake,  the  pieces  nearly  upright  and  close  together,  in  several  tiers,  cover- 
ing the  whole  with  a  layer  of  wood  placed  as  close  together  as  possible;  leave  one  or 
more  horizontal  openings  near  the  ground,  from  the  exterior  to  the  centre.  CoTet 
the  stack,  commencing  at  the  top,  with  leaves  and  a  coat  of  wet  sod  alx>ut  4  inches 
thick,  leaving  open  a  space  6  inches  high,  all  round  the  bottom,  for  the  escape  of  the 
air  and  steam. 

Draw  out  the  stake,  and  set  fire  to  the  pile,  either  by  means  of  the  bole  left  by  the 


PIT    COAL.  411 

stake,  or  through  the  horizontal  gallery,  which  may  have  been  previously  filled  with 
combustible  materials.  Push  the  fire  actively  until  the  flame  comes  out  at  the  top  of 
the  stack,  in  order  to  ignite  the  whole  of  the  bottom  part,  and  to  expel  the  steam, 
which  would  otherwise  occasion  explosions.  Then  close  the  hole  at  the  top,  and 
cover  the  lower  part  of  the  pile,  leaving  small  openings  at  intervals:  the  smoke 
should  now  escape  equally  from  all  parts  of  the  stack,  except  toward  the  top,  which 
is  kept  closed  in  order  to  prevent  a  draught.  When  the  stack  has  mrcatcd  sufficiently, 
increase  the  thickness  of  the  coating  of  earth  ;  moderate  the  fire,  and  direct  it,  by 
means  of  openings  on  the  sides,  in  such  a  manner  that  the  combustion  may  be  equal 
in  every  part  and  that  the  fire  may  be  always  drawn  toward  the  bottom.  Leave  the 
holes  open  as  long  as  the  smoke  is  black  and  thick,  and  close  them  when  it  become^ 
light  and  of  a  bluish  color.  The  charring  is  completed  when  the  flame  escapes 
through  the  openings  at  the  bottom;  then  stop  the  holes  and  cover  the  pile  well  with 
earth,  which  should  be  renewe<l  after  24  hours;  extinguish  the  fire  entirely,  and  let 
the  pile  stand  12  or  24  hours  more.  Open  it  on  one  side  only;  select  the  coal,  and 
separate  what  is  imperfectly  burnt.  Wood  furnishes  in  this  way,  on  an  average, 
about  16  or  17  per  cent,  of  charcoal. 

Large  stacks  are  the  most  advantageous :  as  much  as  50  or  60  cords  of  wood  may 
be  put  into  one. 

PnorKRTiES. — Charcoal  of  good  quality  burns  slowly  in  the  air,  without  flame;  it 
is  clean,  hard,  compact,  brittle,  sonorous,  and  of  a  fine  black  color;  its  fracture  is 
shining,  irridesccnt,  and  of  a  conchoidal  form. 

When  not  perfectly  charred,  it  is  tough,  of  a  grayish  color,  and  burns  with  a  white 
flame  and  smoke.  When  too  much  burnt,  it  is  of  a  dull  black,  soft  and  unelastic.  By 
exposure  to  the  air,  charcoal  absorbs  from  10  to  20  per  cent,  of  moisture,  and  its 
qualities  are  thereby  impaired ;  it  should,  therefore,  be  kept  under  cover. 

Pit  Coal. 

BiTUMixous  COAL. — There  are  two  principal  varieties. 

Opcn-hurniiKj  coal  kindles  quickly  and  burns  well,  but  produces  much  flame  and 
smoke,  and  is  soon  consumed;  it  lies  open  in  the  fire,  and  does  not  cake.  Of  this 
kind  is  the  English  cannel  coal. 

Closc-hurninij  coni  melts  and  swells  in  .the  fire  and  runs  together,  forming  what 
blacksmiths  call  a  hollow  Jire,  or  a  dome  over  the  nozzle  of  the  bellows,  under  which 
the  iron  is  heated  equally  and  covered  from  the  air.  This  kind  of  coal  forms  a  very 
hot  fire  and  leaves  little  residuum  :  it  is,  therefore,  the  most  suitable  for  smiths'  use. 
The  Newcastle  coal  and  the  Virginia,  Maryland,.  North  Carolina,  and  Pennsylvania 
bituminous  coals  are  of  this  kind. 

Anthracite  coal  is  now  extensively  used  for  the  forge,  in  fireplaces  specially 
contrived  for  the  purpose.  It  ignites  with  difficulty,  and  does  not  cake  or  melt  in 
the  smallest  degree,  but  produces  a  very  hot,  open  fire. 

Coal  is  not  injured,  but,  on  the  contrary,  rather  improved,  by  exposure  to  air  and 
moisture. 


412 


OUDNANCK    MANUAL 


Mean  Weight  of  CoaU. 


ISiliiii^nouii 

Authruciti*  (egg  site). 


Hpcciflc 
Kravily. 


1.355 
1.500 


POR  grOWAOE. 


Wefffht  of      Cnlilc  fret 
1  cable  foot.      to  1  ton. 


Lb*. 
61.4 
56.8 


4.1.58 
40.14 


Cohe. 

Ciil-f  is  produced  •>>•  ohnrrinjt  bituminouii  pom],  in  order  to  expel  the  bitumen  and 
fulphtir;  this  i.«  uvtinlly  done  in  cIokc  fiirnaeei'  or  orcnx.  (iuud  <-ukc  bar  a  dull  frae- 
ture,  IK  very  porouo  and  cellular:  it  gives  verv  little  ashes  when  burned  ;  it  is  injured, 
like  wood  cliHrcdal.  I'V  absorbing  water. 

Coal  fdriilKlieH  60  to  70  per  cent,  of  coke  l>y  weight,  the  volume  being  increased 
5  to  "JO  per  cent. 

CoAi.  TAU  ir^  a  biliiniinnus  product  obtained  by  the  distillation  of  coal  in  making 
pas.  etc. 

TAR.  PITCH.  TIRPEXTIXE. 

The  following  arc  (he  principal  varieties  of  products  from  resinous  trees,  such  as 
the  pine  : 

TiRi'KSTiXK. — This  is  extracted  from  the  tree  in  warm  weather,  by  cutting  a  deep 
notch,  or  h>ix,  neiir  the  base,  and  (^coring  the  tree  by  scraping  off  the  bark  above  the 
box  ;  the  first  year's  running  produces  the  rinjin  <ir  irhitt  turfienltne,  and  the  second 
year's  is  nearly  as  good  ;  after  thut  the  turpentine  becomes  each  year  darker  and 
sitiffer,  the  tree  yielding  less  of  what  is  called  f/iy/;.i'M(/»,  and  more  irmpiny  ;  the  latter 
kind  of  turpentine  is  hard  and  yellow.  A  tree  will  bear  tapping  fourteen  to  sixteen 
years,  on  two  sides  alternately — the  scoring  being  extended  upward  from  twelve  Ut 
fifteen  inches  each  year. 

Spirits  of  TrRi'ENTiSK  is  the  esuential  oil  obtained  by  distillation  from  tLe  iiutire 
turpentine. 

Rosis,  OR  Colophony,  is  the  residuum  of  the  distillation  of  turpentine.  Its  quality 
depends  on  that  of  the  turpentine,  and  on  the  care  used  in  distillation:  the  finest 
quality  is  of  a  light  straw  color. 

Tar  is  obtained  from  the  heart  of  the  pine  tree  by  *mr>uldering.  or  a  smothered 
combustion,  effected  in  stacks,  nearly  in  the  manner  described  for  making  charcoal. 
The  tar  runii  off  into  tjH;nches  dug  for  the  purpose.  Tar  is  semi-fluid,  transparent 
in  thin  portions,  and  of  a  reddish  color:  it  has  a  strong,  peculiar  odor.  It  is  ren- 
dered more  fluid  by  heat ;  and  it  burns  with  a  bright  flame,  leaving  a  light  and  dry 


CHEMICAL    EQUIVALENTS    OF    ELEMENTARY   BODIES. 


413 


coal.  It  is  refined  by  heating  it  in  an  iron  vessel,  and  pouring  it  off,  after  it  has  been 
kept  for  some  time  in  a  liquid  state;  by  this  means  water  and  pyroligneous  acid  are 
driven  off,  and  the  earthy  particles  are  separated  b}'  settling. 

Itris  used  for  coating  cordage,  and  for  wood  which  is  not  to  be  immersed  in  water. 

PiTcn  is  made  by  boiling  tar  down  to  the  requisite  consistency,  either  by  itself  or 
combined  with  a  portion  of  rosin;  it  becomes  solid  on  cooling,  but  is  soon  softened 
by  the  heat  of  the  hand,  in  which  state  it  is  very  adhesive ;  when  of  good  quality,  it. 
is  clear  and  bard. 

It  is  used  for  coating  wood  which  is  to  be  immersed  in  water,  and  is  applied  hot, 
with  a  7ti<>p, 

Venick  TunPENTi.VK  is  obtained  from  the  larch;  but  what  is  commonly  called  by 
that  name  is  a  compound  of  melted  rosin  and  spirits  of  turpentine. 


Chemical  Equivalents  of  some  of  the  Elementary  Bodies. 


Name. 


Symbol. 


Oxygen  . . . 
Sulphur  . . . 
Bromine  • . . 
Chlorine  . . . 
Fluorine  . . . 
Iodine  . . . . 
Antimony. . 
Arsenic  . . . 
Bismuth  ... 
Nitrogen. . . 
Phosphorus 

Boron 

Carbon  . . . . 
Silicon  . . . . 
Hydrogen. . 
Sodium  . . . 
Potassium  . 
Barium  . . . . 


0. 

S. 

Br. 

CI. 

Fl. 

I. 

Sb. 

As. 

Bi. 

N. 

P. 

Bo. 

C. 

Si. 

H. 

Na. 

K. 

Ba. 


Equivalent. 


16. 

80. 

35. 

19. 
127. 
122. 

76. 
214. 

U. 

U. 

11. 
6. 

21. 
1. 

23. 

39. 


Calcium  . . 
Magnesium 
Strontium  . 
Aluminium 
Chromium 

Cobalt 

Copper. . . . 

Iron 

Lead 

Nickel  . .  . . 
Mangauese 

Tin 

Zinc 

Gold   

Mercury  . . 
Platinum. . 

Silver 

Palladium 


Symbol.        Equivalent. 


Ca. 

Mg. 

Sr. 

Al. 

Cr. 

Co. 

Cu. 

Fe. 

Pb. 

Ni. 

Mn. 

Sn. 

Zn. 

Au. 

Hg. 

PI. 

Ag. 

Pd. 


20. 

12. 

43.75 

13.75 

26.75 

30.5 

31.75 

28. 

103.5 
29.5 
27.5 
59. 
37.75 
98.5 

100. 
99. 

108. 
53.3 


Strength  of  Materials. 


(These  t«l>lo(i  are  niiule  op.  with  the  exception  of  tlioRe  ninterialH  marked  *,  from  the  reRiilt« 
obtained  bjr  axperimento  made,  by  direction  of  the  Ordnance  Department,  by  Captain  T.  i. 
ItiNliiian.) 


Aah. 


Birch 

B«M.. 


Ohio  

I'enoiylvania 

Canaila 

New  York  

Vermont. 

Virginia 

Oregon - 

Kngland 

M«ino 


Box  

ItnlinofOlloail 

Beei'li '  Canitda. 

New  llampahire.. 


Oanaila  , 
Africa... 
Orejpm  . 


Che«tnut . 


CTprl^«•  .... 

Ciieriy 

Cedai-.  re<l. 
I>i>KW(M<d... 
Elm 


Fir,  yellow.. 


"    red  

"  wliitc  ... 
Gum.  black.. 
Uickury 


white 


Knchiiiil . 
Maw>H<-iiiiiiett8  . 

.New  York  

Alabama. 

Pennvylvania  .. 

Oregun  

Virginia 

Maa«arhuBett« 


Or*gun  . 


Holly 

Hemlock \  Oregon 


Alabama. 

Ohiu 

North  Carolina 

Kasteru  Virginia. 

Ma<ipu:hiuett« 

New  York 

Maaaachiisetts 

Alabama. 

Virginia 


llHi'kiiiatack 
Lipmim-viljp 

LlH'll!i|  

Mah<>)^ny  ..  , 
Maple  


Oak.  whit« 


Maine. 

South  America 

I'ennsylvania 

St.  Domiogu 

Canada  

Maine 

Oregon  

New  England 

Western  New  York... 

Ohia 

Monongahela  River.. 

Ohio 

New  Y^ork 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 


paatnre. 


Time  of 

8eaA«)n- 

ing. 


Years. 
16 
3 
» 
7 
2 
1 
1 

4 
12 
9 
6 
1 
U 
8 

"s 

6 
2 
o 

4 

1 

43 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

1 
13 

3 

1 


Ppocific 
gravity. 


.61720 

Mila 
.73874 
.flioa 

.(TflUS 


.IKM18 
..VriVl 
/4^22» 
.80076 
.4<VJ70 
.n7a46 
.734W 

.64403 
.4*870 
-'>5-Vj7 
..'.-871 
.37601 
.80263 

.■iJos 

.77464 
.«»*74 
.66803 
4«1«4 
.40800 
.01610 
.84227 
.82624 
.06630 
.87401 
.72046 
.00161 
.00384 
.01088 
.64102 
.46.118 
.5t>S»76 
1.26760 
.82612 
.70300 
.68060 
.73620 
.40128 
.74082 
.76566 
.00540 
.74016 
.64642 
.63212 
.72048 
.88200 
.83364 
.80126 


Crush- 

Tensile 

Trana- 

ing  force 

strength 

rusist- 

per 
square 

|wr 
square 

ance. 

inch. 

inch. 

*-iS- 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lb«. 

8,783 

24U33 

Z118 

4.476 

14.200 

1.4«e 

.^ '"' 

1  '    '-Wl 

4 

2.ii«4 

b  i..,.! 

_..  i".7 

1  .'>28 

6  7Mt 

I4.7<>0 

1.438 

M  iis:i 

17  (Kill 

168 

2.196 
l.'.tlS 

4 

Ui.;.i.i 

-iMUt 

6.811 

12,033 

2.240 

6:w» 

14WI0 

f.  • 

2.203 

I'JO 

1.025 

6.111 

1 1  v.d 

8.402 

17.707 

1.011 

f.ll'' 
V 

1  •:  T.IO 

U15 

2M 

1.7M 

2,0M 

i',>*24 
1200 
1,138 
OM 
1481 
2  727 

;;;;■■ 
2000 

2.76* 
2.886 

11 

2.808 
3..')02 

^  _ , 

_  ■   .7 

664 

6.(>1T 

j    IbJMZ 

1.202 
UIO 

«  ...',4 

1(,  (MMI 

2080 
2.413 

• 

1,600 

St.Jl 

1\.-M 

1.029 

4  44:', 

liJ.400 

073 

' 

'•'. 

1,830 
1,876 
l,4.<i0 

2,(.3« 
2,800 

• 

1.778 
2.420 
2.443 
l.OM 

li..-.. 

i-i.JM 

2,286 

Strength  of  Materials — Continued. 


Material. 


Locality. 


Time  of  !  <;„„„■<-„ 
Season-  1  ^Pf^^'^lf 


Crush-  I  Tensile 
ing  force,  strength 


per 
square 
inch. 


per 
square 
inch. 


Oak,  whit* 


yellow, 
live  .... 


Pine,  pitch  . 
"     white. 


'•     yellow.. 


sugar.. 


Poplar 


Kfdwood  , 
Spruce  .... 


Teak , 

Walnut,  black 


*Brass,  cast 

♦Brass  Wiie  

♦Bronze 

*Ca«t-iron.  common  pig 

*  '■        good  com'on 

*  "  "   for  guns 

*  "            "  in  bars, 
♦Bar-iron   

*  ■•        Salisbury 

*  "         Swedish    

*Copper,  cast 

*  "       bolts 

*  "'       wire 

♦Cast-steel 

♦Shear-steel 

♦Puddled  steel 

♦Gold,  cast 

♦Silver,  cast 

♦Platinum  wire 

♦Tin.  cast 

♦Zinc 

♦Lead,  cast 

♦Brick 

Granite 


Canada 

Connecticut 


North  Carolina.... 

Alabama. 

Virginia 

Oregon  

James  River,  Va.. 

Kngland 

New  Hampshire.. 
Alabama 


North  Carolina 

Alleghany  Uiver,  Pa., 

New  York 

Maine , 

Florida 

North  Carolina, , 

Alabama. 

Virginia , 

Nevada  Co.,  Cal 

Humboldt  Co..  Cal.... 

Ohio  

New  York 

Virginia 

California 

M.aine 

Oregon  

East  Indies  

Western  States 

Virginia 

Michigan 

Canada 

England 


Rockfort,  Mass . 


Years. 

9 
U 
IS 

8 

2 

1 

1 
13 

13 
3 

3 

4 

.■) 

13 


.66656 
.76118 
.81948 
.77402 
.7.'5nr.7 
.77058 
.S0996 
.78237 
.932 
.71132 
1.02171 
1.1037 
1.0801 
.41926 
.40064 
.35953 
.67212 
.63002 
.52843 
.62795 


.49802 
.47720 
.43233 
.38659 
.44416 
.43085 
.90057 
.52932 
.64917 
.59187 
.52370 


8.396 


8.700 
7.000 
7.180 
7.280 
7.320 
7.855 


8.712 

8.878 


19.258 
10.476 
22.069 
7.291 
6.801 
11.352 


Lbs. 
6.000 
5,199 
7.089 
6.f,50 
5.744 
6  {(02 
6.072 
6.667 
10.058 
6.279 
6,.531 
7.279 
8.947 
5.017 
5.775 
.5.017 
8..'550 
7.836 
8.201 
7,867 


5.742 
6.075 
6.579 
0.083 
6.862 
5,092 

10.819 
7.471 
7.500 
5.782 
5.989 
7.227 

10.300 


105.000 
1.30.000 
40.000 


2.645 


3,500  to 

13.000 

15.300 


Lbs. 
16,646 
13,333 
21.000 
21.100 
18.307 
19,033 
18,467 
25.222 
15,000 
25.000 
1 0.383 
15.800 
11.400 
11.433 
11,933 
11.960 
18.000 
12.600 
17,946 
19.200 


14.933 

9,066 

8.200 

10.833 

13.666 

10.867 

30,800 

16,633 

16,300 

17.580 

16.133 

8,130 

18,000 

49.000 

42,000 

15,000 

20,000 

32,000 

34.000 

57,000 

66.000 

72  000 

24.138 

33,000 

60,000 

128,000 

124.000 

lO.'i.OOO 

20.000 

40,000 

56,000 

4.800 

7,500 

1,800 


578 


416 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Strength  of  Material. 

KIIKAItrNC 

Anglo  formed  by  fhcar  lila<lf.<,  3  degree*. 
Hktet  Metal*. 


IBOI. 


Ooma. 


BrUL,  PUDMO. 


Thlckii«M.|    PraMure.   IJTblcknaM.I    Prewnre.    |jThickn«NM.|  PreMore.    ThkkoaM.I  ^PrMMir*. 


144,000 
53.440 
39,150 
25,970 
15,715 
10,390 
4,200 
2,180 


In. 
.297 
.238 
.204 
.150 
.09 
.064 
.05 
.02 


LiM. 

11,196 
6.U07 
4,820 
3,676 
2,200 
1,006 
552 
113 


In. 

LlM. 

In. 

.05 

540 

.24 

.042 

423 

.24 

.035 

.333 

.025 

220 

.024 

200 

14.020t 
U,980i 


•  The  riiU<-i-»  were  parallel;  tbt  bar  3  inchc*  wide.  t  With  oil.  J  WUboat  oJI. 


BolU. 


IMV. 

II           OorrBft.          II            Bum. 

IManteier. 

PrcMiirs. 

Lba. 
85,410 

30.707 
24.057 
19,688 

Diameter. 

Pr««aure. 

Lba. 
18,970     / 

10.593 

5.543 
3,093 

1  Diameter. 

PrMMm. 

Diamater. 

III. 
1.110 
.905 
.779 
.648 

PfMrnrs. 

In. 
l.US 

1.040 
.945 
.812 

la. 
.••7 

.585 
.447 
.320 

'     .943 

'     .906 
.775 
.635 

Uia. 
18,460 

1.3.872 
11,310    1 

8.218    1 

Lba. 

29,790 
22,386 
17.976 
11,648 

PVHCBINO. 


Diamr- 
t«r  of 
pnncb. 


In. 

1.5 

i.;?75 

1.25 
1.0 

.9 

8 

.7 

.6 

.5 

.4 

.8 

.2 


Pussimn. 

Thick- 

neat  of 
aheet 

Bran    i 

Ci»pper, 

In«. 

06  itich 

.16  inch 

.105  inch, 

thirk. 

thick. 

thick.    { 

Lbs.    ' 

Lb«. 

Lba. 

In. 

8,475  ' 

15.996 

23.273 

.3 

7.723 

14.570 

21.445 

.205 

O.'.OO 

i;?.275 

19.682 

.150 

5.4JU  , 

11,073 

lt),535  1 

.100 

5,092  ' 

9,788 

14.778  1 

.... 

4,332 

S.5S0 

12.602 

.050 

3.772 

7.S27 

11.46S 

.045 

3.267 

6.706 

9.772  1 

.041 

2,635 

;    5.507 

7.916  ' 

.034 

2,183 

1    4.585 

6.660  1 

.032 

1,673 

3,435 

4,970  j 

.028 

1,110 

2,240 

3,333  1 

.022 

PKUaUBM. 

CIrc.  bole  1  in.  diam. 


Copper. 

Lbs. 

21,248 

15.542 

11.088 

7,461 

3,646 
3,362 

2,538 
2,212 

1.5U 


Lb*. 


5,448 
4,997 
3.730 
3,540 
2.964 
2,448 


lara. 


Thick. 


In. 
.615 
.565 
.510 
.445 
.404 
.858 
.283 
.245 
.183 
.145 
.104 
.057 


Praaeara, 
Circ'r  hol« 
1  in.dt— . 

Lba. 

82.871 
76,962 
69,984 
62,591 
67,6t3 
51.883 
40,486 
35,712 
27.978 
22,213 
16.533 
9,452 


THICKNESS    FOR   CAST-IRON    WATER   PIPES. 


417 


Iron-Wire  Rope  and  Hempen  Cable. 

(Wire  rope  by  J.  E.  Roebling.) 


Circumference  of  Wire 

Breaking  weiRht    in 

Circumference  of  Hemp 

Trade  Number. 

Rope. 

tons  of   two  thousand 

Rope  of  equal 

\ 

pounds. 

strength. 

Inches. 

Tons. 

Inches. 

1 

6.62 

74. 

15.5 

2 

6.20 

65. 

14.5 

3 

5.44 

54. 

13. 

4 

4.90 

43.6 

12. 

6 

4.50 

35. 

10.75 

6 

3.91 

27.2 

9.5 

7 

3.36 

20.2 

8. 

8 

2.98 

16. 

7. 

9 

2.56 

11.4 

6. 

10 

2.45 

8.64 

5. 

11 

4.45 

36. 

10.75 

12 

4.00 

30. 

10. 

13 

.3.63 

25. 

9.5 

U 

3.26 

20. 

8.25 

15 

2.98 

16. 

7.25 

16 

2.68 

12.3 

6.25 

17 

2.40 

8.8 

5.5 

18 

2.12 

7.6 

5. 

19 

1.9 

5.8 

4.75 

20 

].63 

4.09 

4. 

21 

1.53 

2.83 

3.3 

22 

1.31 

2.13 

2.80 

23 

1.23 

1.65 

2.46 

24 

1.11 

1.38 

2.2 

25 

0.94 

1.03 

2.04 

26 

0.88 

0.81 

1.75 

27 

0.78 

0.56 

1.50 

Thickness  for  Cast-Iron  Water- Pipes. 

Let  P=:the  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch  on  the  inner  surface  of  gige;, 

Z)  =  the  interior  diameter; 

T=  the  thickness  of  pipe,  in  inches  ; 

a  =  the  thickness  necessary  to  insure  good  casting: 


27 


DP 

Then  T=a-\ 

10,000 


418 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


The  values  of  a  are  aa  fullow  : 

For  pipes  less  than  12  inches  in  diameter,  a  =  0.375  inch. 

from  12  to  30     "  "  a  =0.5        " 

"  "     30  to  48     "  "  fi  =  0.625    •' 

"  "     48  to  70     "  "  a  =  0.75       " 

"  "     70  to  100  "  "  a  =  0.875    " 

Thickness  to  give  to  Water  and  Steam-Pipes. 


e  =  0.00086  «  f/  4-  o.oo?,n 
,  =  0.0(I23S  II  ,i  -\.  0.3:5465 
f  =  0.001 4S  n  ,/  -|-  0.1  J74>< 
f  =  0.00242  1.  ./  4-  0.1 9<>^'' 
e  =  0.00620  n  d  4-  0.1574S 
e  =  0.03230  *d+  1.06301 

(/,  interior  dinmeior  in  inches  ; 

<'a8t-ir<iit 

WrouRht-copper  . 
licad 

',  tbiikiiiKS  of  the  pipe  ; 

ri,  Diini)>t'r  of  almmphcrcn  correspond- 

iiijf    to    the    interior    pressure    per 

square  inch. 

Wood 

Strength  of  Colujnn.<<. 

When  the  length  of  the  column  i!<  from  30  to  90  times  its  diameter,  bii<1   it  jield^ 
rholly  hy  bendin;;,  Mr.  Iludgkitiiiun  deduces  tiic  following  furmulir  : 
H' :=  the  lireaking  weight,  in  tone  of  2,000  poundn: 
A  =  the  leugth  of  the  column,  in  feet: 
Z)  ^  the  diameter  of  the  exteri<ir,  in  inchei' : 
d  =  '*  "        interior,        " 


Nature  of  column. 


Both  ends  being  rounded.  th<>  Both  eodii  being  flat,  the  length 
length  of  the  culuun  esceed-l  uf  the  culumn  exceedin(  30 
Ing  16  timea  its  diameter.        |     time*  its  diameter. 


Solid  cylindrical  columo  )  i  j^ .  .  , 

of  ca.«t-iron j' 

Hollow    cylindrical    col-).™. 

umn  of   cast-iron  ....  j  '       ^ 

Solid  cylindrical  column  1 

of  wrought-iron J  1  *'  ^  •iT.S 

Solid     square     pillar     of) 
Dantzic  oak  (dry) . . . .  j 

Solid     square    pillar     of)  | 
red   cedar  (dry) j  ] 


ir=4».4-,- 

/A»— d»-»» 
H'=49.6  — 


W=  149.7 


H'=12.2-^Y 


W  =  8.7 


When  the  columns  arc  shorter  t%an  those  giren  in  the  tablet:,  the  ritrength  may 
be  determined  by  the  following : 


STRENGTH  OF  COLUMNS.  419 

Let  fc  =:  the  breaking  weight,  as  computed  by  the  formula  above  :  o  =:  the  crush- 
ing weight  of  the  material : 

Then,  Tr=-Af_. 
l>  +  Ic 
The  strength  of  similar  columns  is  nearly  as  the  area  of  the  cross  section. 

Transverse  Strength. 

^=tho  weight,  in  pounds,  required  to  break  a  beam  1  inch  square  and  1  inch 
long,  fixed  at  one  end  and  loaded  at  the  other ;  b  =  the  breadth  ;  d  =  the  depth  ; 
i  =  the  length,  in  inches,  of  any  other  beam  of  the  same  material;  and  >r=:the 
weight  which  will  cause  it  to  break,  neglecting  the  weight  of  the  beam  itself. 

1.  If  the  heam  be  supported  at  one  end  and  loaded  at  the  other; 

6rf' 
W=S—--. 

2.  //■  the  beam  be  supported  at  one  end  and  the  load  distributed  over  its  whole 
length : 

S.   1/ the  beam  be  supported  at  both  ends  and  loaded  in  the  middle: 

bd^ 

4.  1/  the  beam  be  supported  at  both  ends  and  loaded  uniformly  over  its  whole 
length  : 

hd'' 


W=S  S- 


l 

b.  If  the  beam  be  supported  at  both  ends  and  loaded  at  the  distance  ux  from  o7ie  end: 

Ibd"^ 


W=S- 


\{l  —  m) 
6.   If  the  beam  beji-xed  at  both  ends  and  loaded  uni/ormli/  over  its  whole  length: 

In  practice,  about  one  half  of  these  values  should  be  used  in  computing  the 
strain  to  which  a  beam  should  be  subjected. 

Deflection  of  Rectangular  Beams. 

Let  b  ^  the  breadth,  d  =  the  depth,  and  «  =:  the  deflection,  in  inches. 
W=  the  weight,  in  pounds;  Z  =the  length  of  span,  in  feet. 
C=  a  coeflScient,  different  for  different  materials. 
1.  For  a  beam  fixed  at  one  end  and  loaded  at  the  other : 


420  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

2.  n«nm  firrd  al  onf  end  and  uniformly  landed: 

b  d* 

3.  Beam  tupporfed  at  holh  endt  and  loaded  in  the  centre  : 

w  /s 

'«        bd* 

4.  Beam  lupported  at  loth  tndi  and  %iniformly  loaded  : 

For  wrought  iron,  the  raluc  of  r=  .0002  to  .0003 
"    OMt  Iron,  "  C=  .00037  to  .000 

«•    whit*  pine  or  beech,  "  r=.0048. 

•«    aah,  "  r=.004. 

9-iDrh  beatn,  X'bape  (Cooper  dk  Hewitt),  18  feet  hetwocn  bearingi,  weight  per 
running  fuot  .^4  i>ound»,  with  a  weight  of  16,864  pouodj  at  centre,  deflected,  after 
14  hour»,  I.'JK6  inch. 

0  inch  beatn,  I-ahape  (Phcenix  Iron  Co.),  21  feet  between  bearings,  weight  per 
running  fuut  32>4  pounds,  .with  a  weight  of  4,865  pound*  at  centre,  deflected  0.50:) 
inch;   with  a  weight  of  10,i'I6  poundii,  deflected  1.184  inch. 


Resistance  to  Torsion. 

S^  the  weight,  in  pounds,  required  to  break,  by  twigting,  a  »oUd  cjlinder  1  inch 
diameter,  the  weight  acting  at  the  distanoe  of  1  inch  frutn  the  axia  of  the  cylinder; 
d  =  the  diameter,  in  inches,  of  any  other  cylinder  of  the  same  material ;  r  =  the 
distance  from  its  axia  to  the  point  where  the  breaking-weight,   H',  is  applied  :  then, 

r 


For  hollow  cylinderB  :  M  —  S 


Dr 

Theoretical  formula  of  Lieut,  (now  Captain)  Rodman,  Tori6od  by  Major  Wade's 
experiments. 

D  =:  the  exterior,  and  d  ^  the  interior,  diameter  of  the  cylinder  in  inches. 

Values  of  S. 

Begins  to  set.  Begins  to  set. 

...             (  3.600               I                „  I  2,300 

Wrought  iron..  jy.(,()  |  Bronze ^^'^^^ 


SPECIFIC   GRAVITIES    OF    FLUIDS. 


421 


Relative  torsional  strength  of  cast-iron  shafts  of  different  forms,  having  equal  areas 

of  cross  sections. 
(From  Major  Wade's  experiments  on  dhafts  whose  cross-secf  ions  were  1.  2,  and  3  square  inches.) 


Solid  cylinder. 

Solid  square. 

Hollow  cylinders,  whose  interior  and  exterior  diameters 
are  in  the  proportion  of 

4  to  10. 

6  to  10. 

8  to  10. 

7  to  10. 

8  to  10. 

1.0000 

0.8750 

1.2656 

1.4433 

1.7000 

2.0864 

2.7377 

Specific  Gravities  of  Fluids. 


Liquids. 


Specific 
gravity. 


Klastic  Fluids. 


Specific 
gravity. 


Acid,  nitric 

"     sulphuric 

"     acetic 

"     hydrochloric 

Alcohol,  absolute 

Ether,  sulphuric 

Oil,  linseed 

"    olive 

"    essential,  of  turpentine 

"    whale 

"    proof  spirit 

Turpentine,  liquid 

Vinegar 

Water,  distilled 

"      sea 

"      Dead  Sea 

Wine 


1.217 

1.841 

1.062 

1.200 

.792 

.715 

.940 

.915 

.870 

.92.'? 

.925 

.991 

1.080 

1.000 

1.026 

1.240 

.992 


Air,  atmospheric 

Ammnniacal  gas 

Nitrogen 

Carbonic  acid 

Carburetted  hydrogen 

Chlorine 

Chloro-carbonic 

Hydrogen ■ 

O.xygen 

Phosphuretted  hydrogen  . . . 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen. . . . . 

Sulphurous  acid 

Vapor  of  alcohol 

"  spirits  of  turpentine 
"  sulphuric  ether  .... , 
"       water 

Steam  at  212° 


1.000 

.597 

.972 
1.524 

.555 
2.470 
3.389 

.070 
1.104 

.870 
1.777 
2.120 
1.613 
5.013 
2.586 

.623 

.488 


The  weight  of  dry  atmospheric  air  at  the  temperature  of  32°,  the  barometer 
being  at  30  inches,  is  l-770th  of  that  of  distilled  water. 

The  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  distilled  water  at  the  maximum  density  being  nearly 
1,000  ounces  avoirdupois,  the  specific  gravity  of  a  solid  or  liquid  body  expresses 
the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot,  in  ounces  ;  therefore  the  weight  of  such  a  body  in 
ounces  will  be  found  by  multiplying  its  contents  in  cubic  feet  by  its  specific  gravity. 

According  to  Mr.  Hassler's  comparisons,  the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  water  at 
its  maximum  density,  the  barometer  being  at  30  inches,  is  998.068  ounces. 

According  to  the  British  imperial  standards,  the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  water 
at  62°,  the  barometer  being  at  30  inches,  is  997.136  ounces ;  this  would  give  for  the 
cubic  foot  of  water,  at  the  maximum  density,  998.224  ounces. 


422  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

JfyJrojneter. 

The  hydrometer  rnnnisUi  of  a  copper  hulb,  in  one  piece,  without  »cain  ;  a  $oi%d 
itm%  of  brMi,  dcrpwcd  into  the  bottom  of  the  bulb,  with  «  weight  at  iu  lower 
•itrcn)itv  ;  n  hrnf  irirr  hamlh,  attached  to  the  iipj'er  i^urface  of  the  bulb  ;  1  fM>r- 
tt'ral  iniifx-ttrm,  nl«el,  .071  inch  diameter,  inserted  into  the  middle  point  of  the 
handle  ;  a  trriphi-pnn,  with  a  coniral  »ockct  on  it«  under  !«idc,  rcit*  on  the  upper 
end  of  the  r\rm  :  i  lilrer  wiret,  two  attached  to  the  handle  and  two  t«  the  Rtem, 
their  point*  turned  toward  each  other.  The  whole  lUTtro-gildi-d.  Wngkf  of  dif- 
ferent »i»ei.  from  llOth  of  a  grain  to  5.000  priiinH. 

IHrneuaioM: — Bulb,  8  inchen  high,  7.5  inched  diameter  :  03  inch  thick.  Diatanoe 
from  the  bottom  of  the  bulb  to  the  wcij^hing-pan,  21  inchea. 

Wfigkt:—0(  bulb,  about  15.850  grainn  ;  of  luwer  itvm  and  ball,  30..'i30  graiof  i 
pan,  060  grainii ;  whole  hjdrometer.  36,8.')0'grain*. 

The  maximum  buoyancy  of  the  hydromcU-r  ii  U.600  grains,  and  may  be  reduced 
one-half  by  i>Ucing  the  adjunting-weightu  over  the  ball  at  the  bottom  of  the  vten. 
This  <«  found  convenient  in  weighing  rmall  lampleH,  to  avoid  plating  numerona 
waightJ  on  the  pan.  One  inch  of  the  in<lex-»tem  dinplaeei  one  grain  of  water. 
The  pointi  of  the  .silver  wiren  arc  placed  .1  and  .3  inch  apart,  reipe<>tiTely,  and  are 
•loped  to  .1  inch  from  the  point.  For  more  full  deUil*  of  ita  conftruction,  m« 
Reporlh  of  KxperimenU>  on  Metalu  for  Cannon,  by  Ordnance  OAcTra. 

The  instrument  ii<  at  its  lero  when  one  of  the  pointu  of  the  »et  of  wire*  nearaat 
eaeh  other  is  above,  and  the  other  below  the  surface  of  the  water:  when  either 
touches  the  water,  the  load  is  1-lOth  of  a  grain  too  light  or  heavy.  If  either  o( 
the  two  points  which  are  more  distant  from  the  lero  touch  the  surfaoe  of  the  water, 
the  load  is  too  heavy  or  too  light  by  S-lOths  of  a  grain;  if  the  heel  of  either  of 
these  parts  touch  llie  surface,  the  error  is  4-10lh»  of  a  grain. 

The  water  for  the  hydrometer  is  contained  in  a  glaas  jar  25  inches  deep  and  not 
less  than  12  inches  in  diameter.  The  height  of  the  water  in  the  jar  should  be  such 
that  when  the  bottom  of  the  hydrometer  descends  to  the  bottom  of  the  jar  the 
weight  pan  shall  be  one-quarU-r  of  an  inch  above  the  surface  of  the  water. 

A  thermometer  divided  into  degrees  and  quarters  of  a  degree  is  mspended  in  the 
water  while  wcij;hing  samples,  and  the  temperature  is  noted  at  each  weighing. 

To  UsK  THK  HrDROMETKR. — Load  the  pan  with  the  grain-weights  until  the  in- 
strument rests  at  its  lero  :  note  the  weight  required.  Place  the  sample  on  the  pan  ; 
add  weights  until  the  hydrometer  sinks  to  its  zero  ;  the  difference  between  this  and 
the  first  wcijrht  is  the  weight  of  the  sample  in  the  air.  Place  the  sample  on  the 
bulb  of  the  instrument;  immerse  both  until  the  hydrometer  again  rests  at  lero  ; 
note  the  weight  on  the  pan.  Subtract  this  weight  from  the  weight  of  the  sample 
in  the  air,  and  the  difference  will  be  equal  to  the  weight  of  water  displaoed  by  the 
sample. 


WEIGHT    AND   STRENGTH    OF    IRON    CHAINS. 


423 


Divide  this  last  weight  hy  the  number  in  the  tahle,  page  478,  corresponding  to 
the  temperature  of  the  water  at  the  time  of  weighing,  and  the  quotient  will  give 
the  corrected  displacement  for  the  temperature  of  fiU°.  The  weight  of  the  sample 
in  the  air  divided  by  the  corrected  displacement,  gives  the  density  of  the  sample. 

Rain  or  river  water  may  be  used  instead  of  distilled  water,  if  its  relative  density 
first  be  determined  accurately  and  the  proper  correction  be  made. 

The  density  of  the  same  water  at  different  degrees  of  temperature  may  be  deter- 
mined in  like  manner.  The  weight  of  water  which  the  hydrometer  displaces  at  any 
other  temperature  than  60°,  divided  by  its  displacement  in  the  same  water  at  60°, 
gives  the  proportionate  weights  of  water  displaced  by  the  same  instrument  at  other 
temperatures. 

The  table  on  page  478  docs  not  give  the  absolute  density  of  water  at  different 
temperatures,  but  only  the  proportionate  weights  displaced  by  the  same  glass  bulb. 
The  varying  bulk  of  the  latter  in  different  temperatures  is  not  taken  into  account, 
as  it  compensates  very  nearly  for  the  varying  bulk  of  the  metals  weighed  in  cor- 
responding temperatures. 

Beaurnes  Areotneter. 


BoauuiS. 

Specific 
gravity.* 

Beaum^. 

Specific 

gravity.* 

Beanm^. 

Specific 
gravity.* 

46 
40 
36 
33 
31 

.796 
.815 

.833 
.848 
.863 

28           j          .876 
26           1          .889 
24           1          .901 
21            1          .923 
19           1          .9.33 

18 
17 
16 
15 
14 

.942 
.951 
.958 
.964 
•970 

*  At  the  temperature  of  60°. 


Weight  and  Strength  of  Iron  Chains. 


Diameter  of 

Weiglit  of 

Diameter  of 

Weight  of 

iron   for  the 

1  foot  of 

1  foot  of 

Breaking- 

Proof- 

links. 

chain. 

weight. 

weight. 

linkx. 

chain. 

weight. 

weight. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

n.l875 

0.325 

2,240 

948 

!     0.625 

4.217 

26,880 

10,.304 

0.25 

0.65 

4,256 

1.680 

0.6875 

4.8.33 

32,704 

12,544 

0.3125 

0.967 

6,720 

2,464 

0.75 

5.75 

38,752 

15,232 

0.375 

1.383 

9,63J 

3,584 

0.8125 

6.667 

45,696 

17,696 

0.4375 

1.767 

13,216 

5,152 

0.875 

7.5 

51,744 

20,384 

0.5 

2.633 

17,248 

6,720 

0.9375 

9.333 

58,464 

23,520 

0.6625 

3.333 

21,728 

8,512 

1. 

10.817 

65,632 

26,880 

424 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Weight  of  One  Foot  in  length  of  Flat  and  Square  Bar- Iron* 


WMth. 

Thickn«M. 

Weight. 

j  Width. 

ThickneM. 

Weight. 

'  Width. 

ThirkncM. 

W«i(lit. 

In. 

In. 

u. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

In. 

Um. 

O.SS 

0.X5 

0.21 

1.375 

0.625 

2.88 

S. 

0.876 

S.6S 

O.S 

0.3 

0.30 

" 

0.75 

3.46 

« 

0.5 

8.80 

O.S7» 

0.375 

0.47 

« 

0.875 

4.04 

" 

0.625 

4.20 

0.6 

0.125 

0.21 

« 

1. 

4.62 

<< 

0.75 

5.04 

« 

0.1876 

0.81 

« 

1.125 

5.19 

« 

0.875 

6.88 

<i 

0.25 

0.42 

« 

.    1.25 

5.77 

" 

1. 

6.7S 

« 

0.876 

0.63 

« 

1.375 

6,35 

<i 

1.125 

7.M 

« 

0.5 

0.S4 

1.5 

0.125 

0.6.'{ 

« 

1.25 

8.40 

0.6S5 

0 .  62.S 

i.:m 

« 

0.1875 

0.94 

« 

l..'J75 

0.14 

0.76 

0.125 

o.:ii 

« 

0.25 

1.26 

t< 

1.6 

lO.N 

i( 

0.1875 

0.47 

« 

0«876 

1.89 

« 

1.75 

11. 7« 

i( 

0.25 

0.63 

II 

0.5 

2.52 

•< 

3. 

18.44 

i< 

0..n5 

0.94 

« 

0.625 

3.15 

2.25 

0.126 

0.94 

« 

0.5 

1.2f. 

II 

0.75 

3.78 

« 

0.1876 

1.41 

i< 

0.625 

1.57 

u 

0.876 

4.41 

« 

0.26 

l.St 

i< 

0.75 

1.8» 

« 

1. 

5.04 

« 

0.87* 

S.8» 

0.875 

0.875 

2.57 

« 

1.125 

5.67 

« 

0.6 

8.78 

1. 

0.125 

0.42 

« 

1.25 

6.. to 

« 

0.026 

4.7S 

« 

0.1875 

0.63 

« 

1.5 

7.56 

u 

0.76 

8.6« 

II 

0.25 

0.84 

1.625 

0.125 

0.68 

i< 

0.876 

O.Ol 

II 

0.375 

1.26 

" 

0.25 

1.36 

i< 

1. 

7.M 

II 

0.5 

1.68 

X 

0.5 

2.73 

<« 

1.125 

8.60 

<i 

0.625 

2.10 

" 

0.75 

4.20 

« 

1.25 

9.45 

X 

0.75 

2.52 

« 

1. 

5.46 

" 

1..S75 

10.30 

« 

0.875 

2.94  1 

« 

1.625 

8.87 

« 

1.5 

11.84 

« 

1. 

3.36 

1.75 

0.125 

0.73 

« 

1.75 

18.22 

1. 125 

1.125 

4.25 

« 

0.1875 

1.10 

« 

2. 

16.12 

1.S6 

0.126 

0.52 

« 

0.25 

1.47 

« 

2.25 

17.01 

« 

0.1875 

0.78 

« 

0.376 

2.20 

2.6 

0.125 

1.06 

M 

0.25 

1.05 

« 

0.6 

2.94 

u 

0.1876 

1.67 

« 

0.375 

1.57 

« 

0.625 

3.67 

t< 

0.25 

2.10 

M 

0.5 

2.10 

« 

0.75 

4.41 

M 

0.376 

8.16 

« 

0.625 

2.62 

« 

0.875 

5.14 

« 

0.6 

4.20 

M 

0.75 

3.15 

(• 

1. 

5.87 

M 

0.626 

6.26 

II 

0.875 

3.67  i 

« 

1.125 

6.60 

•< 

0.75 

6.80 

«< 

1. 

4.20 

« 

1.25 

7.35 

« 

0.876 

7.86 

« 

1.125 

4.72 

« 

1.375 

8.07 

•< 

1. 

8.40 

« 

1.25         ' 

5.25 

« 

1.5 

8.80 

« 

1.125 

f.66 

1.876 

0.125  . 

0.57  1 

« 

1.75 

10.29 

« 

1.25 

10.60 

« 

0.1875 

0.86  i 

1.875 

1.875 

11.81 

« 

1.5 

12.60 

« 

0.25         1 

1.15  1 

2. 

0.125 

0.84 

« 

1.75 

14.70 

M 

0.375 

1.73  1 

" 

0.1875 

1.26 

« 

2. 

16.80 

M 

0.5           1 

2.31 

« 

0.25 

1.68 

" 

2.5 

21.00 

*Tbe  above  tables  are  computed  for  a  specific  gravity  of  7.741.  weight  of  I  cubic  inch  ^  M 
\Xf. :  they  are  about  1  percent,  too  low  for  ordinary  American  iron;  thia  ia  accounted  for  by  the 
fact  that  our  iron  i*  rolled  g«neraUy  to/uU  dimensiona. 


WEIGHTS    OF    BAR    IRON.  425 

Weight  of  One  Foot  of  Flat  and  Square  Bar-Iron — Continued. 


Width. 

Thickness. 

Weight 

Width. 

Thickness. 

Weight. 

Width. 

Thickness. 

Weight. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

2.75 

0.125 

1.15 

3.25 

2.5 

27.39 

4. 

1.5 

20.18 

" 

0.1875 

1.73 

'' 

3. 

32.76 

" 

2. 

26.88 

" 

0.25 

2.31 

" 

3.25 

35.50 

" 

2.5 

33.66 

« 

0.375 

3.40 

3.5 

0.125 

1.47 

It 

3. 

40.32 

" 

0.5 

4.62 

" 

0.1875 

2.20 

" 

3.5 

47.04 

11 

0.625 

5.77 

" 

0.25 

2.94 

<i 

4. 

63.76 

« 

0.75 

6.93 

" 

0.375 

4.41 

4.25 

0.125 

1.78 

" 

0.875 

8.08 

It 

0.5 

5.88 

" 

0.25 

3.57 

" 

1. 

9.24 

" 

0.625 

7.35 

It 

0.375 

5.35 

« 

1.125 

10. .39 

" 

0.75 

8.82 

It 

0.5 

7.14 

<< 

1.25 

11.55 

tt 

0.875 

10.29 

i< 

1. 

14.28 

« 

1.5 

13.86 

It 

I. 

11.76 

II 

4.25 

60.69 

" 

2. 

18.48 

It 

1.25 

14.70 

4.5 

0.125 

1.89 

" 

2.5 

23.10 

" 

1.5 

17.64 

" 

0.25 

3.78 

" 

2.75 

25.41 

" 

2. 

23.62 

■   It 

0.375 

5.66 

3. 

0.125 

1.26 

« 

2.5 

29.40 

ti 

0.5 

7.56 

" 

0.1875 

1.89 

" 

3. 

36.28 

It 

1. 

15.12 

" 

0.25 

2.52 

" 

3.5 

41.16 

'< 

4.5 

68.04 

« 

0.375 

3.78 

3.75 

0.125 

1.57 

4.75 

0.125 

2.00 

" 

0.5 

5.04 

" 

0.1875 

2.36 

" 

0.25 

4.00 

" 

0.625 

6.30 

" 

0.25 

3.15 

II 

0.375 

6.00 

it 

0.75 

7.56 

" 

0.375 

4.72 

tt 

0.5 

7.98 

« 

0.875 

8.82 

« 

0.5 

6.30 

It 

1. 

15.96 

<< 

]. 

10.08 

" 

0.625 

7.87 

It 

4.75 

75.81 

« 

1.125 

11.34 

« 

0.75 

9.46 

5. 

0.125 

2.10 

" 

1.25 

12.60 

It 

0.875 

11.02 

II 

0.25 

4.20 

« 

1.5 

15.12 

" 

1. 

12.60 

tt 

0.375 

6.30 

•* 

2. 

20.16 

.1 

1.25 

15.75 

" 

0.5 

8.40 

« 

2.5 

25.20 

" 

1.5 

18.90 

11 

1. 

16.80 

« 

3. 

30.24 

" 

2. 

25.20 

ti 

5. 

84.00 

3.25 

0.125 

1.36 

" 

2.5 

31.50 

5.25 

0.25 

4.41 

" 

0.1875 

2.04 

" 

3. 

37.80 

« 

1. 

17.64 

" 

0.25 

2.73 

It 

3.75 

47.25 

5.5 

0.25 

4.62 

" 

0.375 

4.09 

4. 

0.125 

1.68 

it 

1. 

18.48 

It 

0.5 

5.46 

" 

0.1875 

2.52 

5.75 

0.25 

4.83 

" 

0.625 

6.82 

" 

0.25 

3.36 

" 

1. 

19.32 

t< 

0.75 

8.19 

It 

0.375 

5.04 

6. 

0.25 

5.04 

" 

0.875 

9.65 

" 

0.5 

6.72 

" 

1. 

20.16 

It 

1. 

10.92 

'< 

0.625 

8.40 

" 

6. 

120.96 

It 

1.125 

12.28 

It 

0.75 

10.08 

6.5 

0.25 

5.46 

" 

1.25 

13.65 

" 

0.875 

11.76 

" 

1. 

21.84 

" 

1.5 

16.38 

'< 

1. 

13.44 

It 

6.5 

142.00 

It 

2. 

21.84 

It 

1.25 

16.80 

7. 

7. 

164.64 

436 


OTIBVANCE    MANFAL, 


Weight  of  One  Foot  in  length  of  Round  Bar-Iron. 


DtAOUtM'. 

Wetcht. 

Dtamotar. 

Weight. 

Dikmetcr. 

Weight. 

Dtometer. 

Weight. 

1 

Ifc 

Urn. 

la. 

Um. 

In. 

Lb*.       '1        In. 

Urn. 

r**M 

0.069 

1.A25 

6.91 

3.25 

27.65 

,     4.75 

59.06 

#.1 

0.10& 

1.76 

8.01 

3.375 

29.82 

,     4.875 

62.21 

t.t* 

O.lO.'t 

1.875 

9.2 

3.5 

32.07 

1     *• 

65.45 

•.trs 

0.M8 

3. 

10.47 

3.625 

.S4.4 

5.125 

68.76 

•  .6 

0.A64 

2.125 

11.82 

3.75 

.-{fi.Sl 

5.25 

72.16 

e.U6 

l.OS 

2.25 

13.25 

i     3.875 

39.31 

5.. 175 

75. 6S 

O.Tft 

1.47 

2.375 

14.76 

i     ^■ 

41.89 

5.5 

79.19 

•.trs 

S. 

2.5 

16.36 

1     4.125 

44.54 

5.625 

82.83 

1. 

S.«l 

2.825 

18.03 

4.25 

47.28 

1     5.75 

86.56 

1.1S& 

8. SI 

2.75 

19.79 

4.375 

50.11 

5.875 

90.36 

l.t6 

4.09 

2.875 

21.63 

4.5 

53.01 

6. 

94.25 

I.t75 

4.04 

S. 

23.56 

•     4.625 

56. 

6.185 

100. 

l.» 

*.89 

8.125 

25.56 

1 

1 
1 

Weight  of  One  Square  Foot  of  I'arious  Metal> 


WUOHT. 

Wnmght-Iibo. 

CMt-Iron. 

Coppw. 

Btmi. 

UU. 

In. 

LiM. 

Lb*. 

Uf. 

LIm. 

U-. 

0.0625 

2.5.35 

2.345 

2.S60 

2.738 

.5.693 

0.125 

5.070 

4.690 

5.720 

5.476 

7.386 

0.1875 

7.605 

7.(i:i5 

8.580 

8.214 

11.079 

0.25 

10.140 

9.380 

11.440 

10.952 

14.772 

0.3125 

12.675 

11.725 

14.300 

13.690 

18.465 

0.S75 

15.216 

14.670 

17.1«0 

16.428 

22.158 

0.4375 

17.851 

16.415 

20.020 

19.166 

2J.851 

0.5 

20.280 

18.760 

22.8S0 

21.904 

2y.544 

0.5625 

22.815 

21.105 

25.74P 

24.642 

:',:<.2.17 

0.625 

25.350 

23.450 

28.600 

27.380 

zr,.<i:'At 

0.6875 

27.885 

25.795 

31.640 

30.118 

4(i.f.2:< 

0.75 

:ui.4io 

28.140 

34.320 

32.856 

4i.ni6 

0.8125 

32.945 

30.485 

37.180 

35.694 

4H.009 

0.875 

.•^5.480 

32.880 

40.040 

38.332 

51.702 

0.9375 

.^S.015 

.35.225 

42.900 

41.170 

55.405 

1. 

40.550 

37.570 

45.760 

43.908 

59.098 

WEIGHT    OF   CAST-IRON    PIPES. 


427 


Weight  of  1  foot  in  length  of  Cast-Iron  Pipes  of  different  thickness. 


Diameter 
of  Bore. 

^-inch. 

%-inch. 

J^-inch. 

%-inch. 

%-inch. 

%-inch. 

l-inch. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lb8. 

L))8. 

Lba. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

1 

3.06 

5.06 

7.36 

9.97 

12.89 

16.11 

19.63 

u 

3.68 

5.98 

8.59 

11.51 

14.73 

18.25 

22.09 

n 

4.29 

6.9 

9.82 

13.04 

16.56 

20.4 

24.54 

n 

4.91 

7.83 

11.05 

14.57 

18.41 

22.55 

27. 

2 

5.53 

8.75 

12.27 

16.11 

20.25 

24.7 

29.45 

2i 

6.14 

9.66 

13.5 

17.64 

22.09 

26.84 

31.85 

2i 

6.74 

10.58 

14.72 

19.17 

23.92 

28.93 

34.36 

21 

7.36 

11.5 

15.95 

20.7 

25.71 

31.14 

36.81 

3 

7.98 

12.43 

17.18 

22.19 

27.62 

.33.29 

3J.28 

3i 

8.59 

13.34 

18..35 

23.78 

29.45 

35.44 

41.72 

3i 

9.2 

14.21 

19.64 

25.31 

31.3 

37.58 

44.18 

31 

9.76 

15.19 

20.86 

26.85 

.3.3.13 

39.73 

46.63 

4 

10.44 

16.11 

22.1 

28.38 

34.98 

41.88 

49.1 

4i 

11.1 

17.08 

2.3.37 

29.97 

36.87 

44.08 

51.6 

44 

11.66 

17.94 

24.54 

31.44 

38.65 

46.17 

54. 

4i 

12.27 

18.87 

25.77 

32.98 

40.5 

48.32 

66.45 

5 

12.80 

19.78 

26.99 

34.51 

42.33 

50.46 

59. 

6i 

13.5 

20.71 

28.23 

.36.05 

44.18 

52.62 

61.36 

5i 

14.11 

21.63 

29.45 

37.58 

46.02 

54.76 

63.81 

5i 

14.73 

22.55 

30.68 

39.12 

47.86 

56.91 

66.27 

6 

15.34 

23.47 

31.91 

40.65 

49.7 

59.06 

68.73 

6i 

15.95 

24.39 

33.13 

42.18 

51.54 

61.21 

72. 

6i 

16.57 

25.31 

34.36 

4.3.72 

53.39 

63.36 

73.41 

6f 

17.18 

26.23 

35.59 

45.26 

55.23 

65.28 

76.1 

7 

17.79 

27.15 

36.82 

46.79 

56.84 

67.65 

78.53 

7i 

18.41 

28.08 

38.05 

48.1 

58.91 

69.79 

81. 

7i 

19.03 

29. 

39.05 

49.86 

60.74 

71.95 

83.45 

71 

19.64 

29.69 

40.5 

51.38 

62.59 

74.09 

86. 

8 

20.02 

30.83 

41.71 

52.92 

64.42 

76.23 

88.35 

Si 

20.86 

31.74 

42.95 

54.45 

66.26 

78.38 

90.81 

Si 

21.69 

32.9 

44.4 

56.21 

68.33 

80.76 

93.49 

8J    / 

22.09 

33.59 

45.4 

57.52 

69.95 

82.68 

9572 

9 

22.71 

34.52 

46.64 

59.07 

71.8 

84.84 

98.18 

9i 

23.31 

35.43 

47.86 

60.59 

73.63 

86.97 

100.63 

9i 

23.93 

36.36 

49.09 

62.13 

75.47 

89.13 

103.1 

9i 

24.55 

37.28 

50.32 

63.66 

77.32 

91.28 

1 05.54 

10 

25.16 

38.2 

51.54 

65.2 

79.16 

9.3.42 

108. 

lOJ 

25.77 

39.11 

52.77 

66.73 

80.99 

95.57 

110.44 

lOi 

26.38 

40.04 

54. 

68.26 

82.84 

97.71 

113. 

lOJ 

27. 

40.96 

55.22 

69.8 

84.67 

99.86 

115.35 

11 

27.62 

41.88 

56.46 

71.33 

86.52 

102.01 

117.81 

Hi 

28.22 

42.8 

57.67 

72.86 

88.35 

104.15 

120.26 

11^ 

28.84 

43.71 

58.9 

74.39 

90.19 

106.3 

122.71 

HI 

29.45 

44.64 

60.13 

75.93 

92.04 

108.45 

126.18 

12 

30.06 

45.55 

61.35 

1 

77.46 

1 

93.6 

1 

110.6 

127.6 

4:i8 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


('  II  A  I'  T  K  R    Fifteenth 


MISCELLANEOUS  INFOKMATION. 


WEKJHTS  AND  MKASIRKS. 

Measures  of  Length. 
.The  yard  ii  Uie  unit,  aad  ia  the  same  m  the  Britiah  yard. 


iDcbes. 

WmL 

Tarda. 

Roda  or  PoIm. 

Fnrloaga. 

MUa. 

11 

I 

SA 

S 

1 

1V8 

l«l 

M 

1 

7.920 

MO 

220 

40 

1 

C3.360 

5.2X0 

1.760 

320 

8 

1 

feel,  J 


OuDter'iehaiB. 


For  Survtyimg  L«md.—7.9i  Inehea  »  1  link, 

100  Linkii  3=  4  pules,  or  22  Tarda,  or  M 
For  Map- Making.— Chminf  are  often  inadi-  of  50  linkii,  ca<.h  1  fuot  in  lenfth. 
For  MeaiurtHff  IIcjjci  and  Suundiugi. — 1  Fathom  =  6  fccL 

1  Cable  Icn^'th  =  120  fathoma. 
For  Mraturing  Cloik.—\  Nail  =  2J  inches  z=  l-16lh  of  a  yard. 
1  Qunrt*-r  ^  4  nails. 
1  Yard  =  4  qu.irlcr». 
1  Kll  Kngliah  =  5  quarters. 
For  Meaivrintj  U,.rfft.—  \  Hand  ^4  inches. 
O'eographicil  .Vf <i.»/f.— 1  Do-ree  of  a  preat  circle  of  the  earth  ■=69.77  mile*. 

1  OcdjirBphical  or  nautical   mile  =  l-60th  of  a  dcgrae  of 

the  earth  =  2,025  yards. 
1  Nautical  league  =  .S  Miles. 
.S'amtical  Mrasurr.—}  Mile  or  Knot  ^  1.1507  mile. 

The  inch  was  formerly  divided  into  three  parts,  called  barley-eomt,  and  alao  into 
twelve  parts,  called  line*,  neither  of  which  denominations  is  now.  in  eommoB  Bse. 
Scales  and  measuring-rules  are  generally  divided  into  inchet,  ifuartert,  eighth*  and 
lirteenth*  :  t.r  into  invhen  and  decimal  purti :  the  latter  of  these  divisions  is  uaed 
in  the  Ordnance  Department. 

Copies  of  the  tttindard  yord  have  been  distributed  to  various  part*  of  the  OMio- 
try,  for  the  purpoae  of  establishing  uniformity. 


MEASURES    OF    CAPACITY. 


429 


Measures  of  Surface. 

Square  Meaiurc. — 144  Square  in(Aes  =  1  square  foot. 

9  Square  feet  =  1  square  yard. 
Laud  Meanure. — 30J  Square  yards  =  1  square  perch  or  pole. 
40  Perches  =  1  rood. 
160  Perches  =  4  roods  =  1  acre  =  10  square  chains  (Gunter*s)  = 

4,840  square  yards  =  70  yards  square,  nearly. 
640  Acres  =  1  square  mile. 
Arcliitect'i  and  BwUder'$  Jfeanure. — 1  Square  =  100  square  feet. 

Board  Measure. 

The  unit  of  board  measure  is  a  superficial  foot  of  a  board  1  inch  thick.  To  find 
the  number  of  feet,  board  ineature,  in  any  piece  of  timber,  multiply  the  number  of 
superficial  feet_by  the  thickness  in  inches. 

Planks  of  less  thickness  than  one  inch  are  estimated  at  one  inch. 

Measures  of  Solidity. 

Cubic  or  Solid  Measure. — 1  Cubic  foot  =  1,728  cubic  inches. 

1  Cubic  yard  =  46,656    "         "        =  27  cubic  feet. 
3feaauriii(/  Stone. — 1  Perch  is  usually  24  j  cubic  feet. 

This  varies  in  different  parts  of  the  United  States. 
3feaiurin(j  Wood. — 1  Cord  is  a  prism  4  feet  square  and  8  feet  long  =  128  cubic  feet. 

Measures  of  Capacity. 

Liquid  Measure. 
The  standard  ijallon  of  the  United  States  is  the  old  wine  gallon,  which  measures 
231  cubic  inches,  and  contains  (as  determined  by  Mr.  Hassler)  58373  Troy  grains, 
or  8.3388822  avoirdupois  pounds,  of  distilled  water  at  the  maximum  density  (39°.83 
Fahr.)  ;  the  barometer  being  at  30  inches. 


Gills. 

Pints. 

Quarts. 

Gallons. 

4 

8 

32 

1 
2 
8 

1 
4 

1 

A  cubic  foot  contains  7.48  gallons. 

A  box  6  X  6  X  6.42  inches  contains  1  gallon. 

A  box  4  X  4  X  3.61  inches  contains  1  quart. 


Dry  Measure. 
The  standard  bushel  of  the  United  States  is  the  Winchester  bushel,  which  meas- 
ures 2160.4  cubic  inches,  and  contains  543391.89  Troy  grains,  or  77.627413  lbs. 
avoirdupois,  of  distilled  water,  under  the  circumstances  above  stated. 


430 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Pints. 

<tMrto. 

OkllMM. 

• 

P«irk«. 

BiMkata. 

3 

1 

8 

4 

1 

10 

8 

2 

1 

«4 

33 

8 

4 

1 

A  cnbic  yard  containi  21.69  bnibclB. 

A  rjlin.i.r  14  in.  diain.  X  H  in.  .Iccp  j  ^,.„,^i„,  ,  v,„,hel. 
Or  m   box    16    X    1«.8    X     >*  incbcx     ) 
A  box  12    X    11.2    X    8  inched  containK  i  buchel. 

A  box  8    X      8.4    X    S  incbcd  coiitaing  I  peck. 

N.  B  —It  will  be  obicrved  that  the  pint,  <juiiri.  and  gallon  of  drjr  mea«are  arc  not 
til*  vame  ar>  Tor  liquid  meafurc. 

Measures  of  \Vei(jht. 

AvuiKiirpois  Wkioiit. 
The  utandard  aroirdttpoit  jvmnd  of  the    I'nitcd   Slater.   aJ"    determined   bj    Mr. 
UaMlcr,  ii"   the  weiichl  of  27.7015  cubic  inches   of  di«tilled  water  wcij;he<l  in  air  at 
th«  iemperaUir*  of  the  maximum  denaity  (39°.83) ;  the  baromcier  being  at  30  inehM. 


Drama. 


Oiinoea. 


Posada. 


Qoartara. 


Ovt. 


TMl. 


1« 

1 

256 

16 

1 

7.168 

448 

28 

1 

28.672 

1,792 

112 

4 

1 

573,440 

35,840 

3,340 

80 

30 

1 

Teot  Wkiobt. 


Oraina. 


DwL 


34 

480 
5,760 


1 

20 
240 


1 
12 


The  pound,  ounce,  and  grain  are  the  $ame  in  Apothecaries'  and  Troy  weight:  in 
the  former,  the  ounce  is  divided  into  8  drachm.^,  the  drachm  into  3  scruples,  and 
the  scruple  into  20  grains. 

7,000  Troy  grains  =  1  lb.  avoirdupois. 
175  Troy  pounds  =  144  lbs.  avoirdupois. 
175  Troj  ounces  =  192  oz.  avoirdupois. 
4371  Troy  grains  ^      1  ot.    avoirdupois. 


FOREIGN    MEASURES   AND    WEIGHTS. 


431 


Measures  of  Value. 


Double     _     , 
Eagl«.      ^"g'"- 


Half- 
Eagle. 


Dollars. 


Three     Quarter-    t.  n 

Dnllnri.         Hagle.         ^OH**". 


Weight grains 

Deviation  allowed " 

Diameter inches 

Thickness '< 


516      i   258 
0.5      I   0.6 
l.n20      1.05 
.076  I      .059 


129 

0.5 
.85 
.045 


77.4 
0.75 
.80 
.033 


64.6 
0.25 
.70 
.033 


25.8 
0.25 
.60 
.019 


Dollar. 


Half.      Quarter- 
Dollar.     Dollar. 


Dime. 


Half- 
Dime. 


Three-     Copper 
Cent.        Cent. 


Weight grains    412.5 


Deviation  allowed 

Diameter inches 

Thickness •' 


1.5 

1.6 
.084 


192. 
1.5 
1.2 
.060 


0.5 
.95 
.050 


38.4 
0.6 


19.2 
0.6 


.024 


11.52 
0.6 
.55 
.018 


72. 
4.0 
.76 
.065 


The 


he  standard  of  gold  and  silver  is  900  parts  of  pure  metal  and  100  of  alloy  in 
1,000  parts  of  coin.  The  alloy  of  gold  coin  is  25  silver  and  75  copper;  the  alloy 
of  silver  IS  copper.     The  cent  is  88  parts  copper  and  12  parts  nickel  in  100  parts. 


.1  ft. 
.1  " 


Dimensions  of  Drawing  Paper 
Cap 

Demy 

Medium j 

Royal 2 

Super  royal 2 

Imperial 2 

Elephant 2 

Columbier 2 

A  tlas 2 

Theorem o 

Double  elephant 3 

Antiquarian a 

A  ream  of  paper  is  20  quu-cs  of  24  sheets  each. 


1 

7i 
10 
0 
3 
5 
31 

n 

9 

10 

4 

4 


foot  4    inches. 
"    3i        " 
"    6  " 

"    7 

"    7 

"    9i         " 

"  lOi 

"  11 

"    2 

"    4  " 

"    2 

"    7 


FOREIGN  MEASURES  AND  WEIGHTS. 

Measures  of  Length. 

Great  B.UTAiN.-The  same  as  those  of  the  United  States.     (See  page  428.) 
The  Imperial   standard  yard  of  Great  Britain,  adopted  in  1825,  is  referred  to  a 
natural  standard,  which  is  the  distance  between  the  axis  of  suspension   and  the 
centre  of  oscillation  of  a  pendulum  which  shall  vibrate  seconds  in  vacuo,  in  Lon- 


482 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


don,  at  the  level  of  the  sea :  that  distance,  measured  «n  a  brafs  rod,  at  the  temper- 
ature of  fi2°  Kahr.,  in  declared  to  be  3y.l.'t93  imjirrinl  iurhrt. 

FnAKCE.— iVrir  Stfulrm  :  The  metre  io  the  unit,  and  i.«  the  ten-millionth  part  of  a 
quadrant  of  a  meridian  of  the  earth,  mfacured  at  the  temperature  of  32^.  The 
multiple*  and  diviiion*  of  it  arc  decimal,  vir. : 

1   Metre  =  10  decimetres  =«  100  centimetres  =  1,800  millimctrei. 

1    Metre  =»»  I'o   decametre  ■—  f  ^j    hectametre  =  yOOO   kilometre   ■-  TOoOO 

myriametre. 
1   M<-tr.-  =  1  093633  yard  ■->  3.28089»  feet  =  39.37078  Inche*. 
1   Mftrc  =>  0.&1317  toite. 
1   Kilometre  ^  0.021383  mile. 

For  talile  for  reducing  metrei  to  inches,  see  page  470. 
Old  Sylrm  : 
I   Point  ^    0.0074     Eng.  inch. 

1    Line    —  13  poinU  »    0.08884 

1   Inch    —12  lines  —    1.06i77 

1   Foot    —  12  inches  —  12.7892 

1  Kll       —  4.T  in.    10   lines  —  46.716  "  —1.298  yd, 

1  Toiiie  —    6  feel  —  76.735  —  2.132  " 

1   Piroh  (I'arii)  —  18  feet. 
1   Perch  (ro.val)  =-.  22     " 

1   Lcairuc  (common),  2.*)  to  a  degree  =  4,S61  yds.  =«  2.76  miles. 
1   League  (post)  —  2,000  toises  ^  4,264  yd».  =  2.42  miles. 
1    Fathom  (iratie)  ^  6.3.946  inches,  or  5i  feet  Eng.,  nearly. 
1   Cable  length  i—  120  fathoms  French  =  lOCJi  fathoms  English. 
1  Pace  {pa$)  =—  i  metre  «—  26.5  inches  nearly. 

f  1   Foot  (/«•»)  «—  12  «oll  =  1.0371  fL  =  12.445J  inches. 
Ai'smiA.  \  1   Inch  (to//)  =  12  linie  =  144  punkt  =  1.0371  inch. 
[  1   Mile  (mriU)  =  4.7141  miles. 
1   Rhineland  a.  (Hheiu/Htt)  =  12  toll  =  1.0297  fi.  =-  12.3564  in. 
1   Inch  (toll)  ^  12  linie  =  144  scrupel  =  10297  inch. 
1   Mile   (poit-meile)  =  2,000  ruthe   =  24.000    Rhein-fuss   =—4.68045 

miles. 
The  foot  is  the  same  as  the  English  foot. 
1   Foot  =  12  inches  =  120  lines  =  1,200  points. 
1    Archine  =  2S  inches  =  2.3333  feel  =  1  fooL 
I   Sagene  =  3  archines  ^  7  feet. 

1  Verst  =  500  sagenes  =  1,500  archines  =  3,500  fL  =  .6629  miles. 
I  1  Foot  =  0.91319  foot  =  10.95S2S  inches. 

1   Vara  =  3  feel  =  0.91319  yard  =  2.73957  feel. 
■j  1   League  =  24,000  feet  =  4.1508  miles. 
1   Common  league,  or  19,800  feet  =  3.4245  miles. 


Pbobsia. 


Russia. 


Spaiv. 


FOREIGN    MEASURES.  433 

[  1   Ft.  (Turin)  =  12  oncia  =  144  punto  =  1.123r4  ft.  =  13.485  in. 
Sakpivia.  \  1  F"  't  (Liprando)  =  1.68561  ft. 

[  1  Mile  =  1,300  tesa  ^  1.5744  mile. 

Sweden     I  ^  ^°"*  ""  0.97144  foot  ==  11.6573  inches. 

"  ■    I  1  Mile  =  6.6235  miles. 

Ti'RKEY     I  ^  P'c  =  0.T3173  yard  =  2.19519  feet. 

1  1  Berri  =  1.0358  mile. 

(  1  Cliik  mathematical  =  13.125  inches  =  1.093  foot. 

I  1  Chik  commercial  =  14.7625  inches  =  1.2302  foot. 

China.       j  j  l;  =  608.608  yards  =  .3458  mile. 

I  1  To  =  69.1797  miles. 

Havana    |  ^  ^""^  ^  0.92741  foot  =  11.129  inches. 
■    I  1  Vara  =  0.92741  yard  —  2.78223  feet. 

j- 1   Foot  =  .91578  foot  =  10.989  inches. 
Mexico.    -('  1  Vara  =  0.91578  yard  ==  2.74735  feet  =  32.9682  inches. 

[l  League  (common)  =  2.594  miles. 

Measures  of  Surface. 

Great  Britain. — The  same  as  tho.se  used  in  the  United  States. 

f  1   Square  inch  =  1.13587  .-quare  inch. 
YnAycE.— Old Syxtem.  {  1  Arpent  (Paris)  =  4.089  square  yds.  =  .8449  acre. 

[  1  Arpent  (ordinary)  =  1.0457  acre. 
New  System.  P  are  =  100  square  metres  =  119.603  square  yards. 

I  1  hectare  =  10  decares  =  100  ares  =  2.4711  acres. 
Austria. — 1  J<ich  or  Jochart  =  1.4223  acre. 
Prussia. — 1  Morgen  =  0.6309  acre. 
Spain.— 1  Fanigada  =  1.5871  acre. 

Measures  of  Solidity. 

Great  Britain.— The  same  as  tho.«e  used  in  the  United  States. 
France.- OW%»rem.  f  ^  ''"b'"  ''^«1'  =  1-2106  cubic  inch. 

I  1  cubic  foot  =  2091.85  inches  =  1.2105  foot. 

f  1  cubic  decimetre  =  61.0271  cubic  inches. 
New  System.  \  1  stere  =   1   cubic   metre  =35.3166    cubic    ft.  =    1.308 

[  cubic  yard. 

Measures  of  Capacity. 

Great  Britain.— The  British  imperial  gallon  measures  277.274  cubic  inches, 
containing  10  pounds  avoirdupois  of  distilled  water  weighed  in  air  at  the  tempera- 
ture of  62°,  the  barometer  being  at  30  inches.  The  same  measure  is  used  for 
liquids  as  for  dry  goods  which  are  not  measured  by  heaped  measure  ;  for  the  lat- 
ter, the  bushel  is  to  be  heaped  in  the  form  of  a  cone  not  less  than  6  inches  high,  the 
28 


49|l  OBlt.NANCE    MANUAL. 

IxiFc  bring  IP^  inohci.      Tbo  old  dutinctions  of  wine  mcaaure,  ale  nn<I  ^-qit  meM- 

urc,  «n'l  <lr_v  mpniiurc,  arc  difcontinucil. 

1  (iailon  =—  1  2(i0rt  jtallon  =  277. 274  cuhic  inches, 

,.  (1    Hui>l)cl  ==  1.0318  bui-bcl  =  1.25*3(5  cubic  ft. 

torgratn.  < 

I  1    Load  s=  5  quartcra  ^  40  bu.'-liul)'  =»  51.;i47  cubic  fcct- 

.,  ,     (  1    Sack  "—  .S  bunlicl*  =»  3.0944  bunhcU. 

r  or  coal.    < 

(  1   Chaldron  =—  12  nacki  =»  36  bushel*  =»  58. CS  cubic  fe«L 

For  limher.—\  Load  —  40  cubic  feet. 

il   Litre  »—  1.057  quart  =  61.0271  cubic  imhe*. 
1    ]Ic<<l'>lilrc  —  10  df-ralilres  =  100  litrcH  =»  26.418  galioU. 
1   Kilolitre  —  10  hect<ditn.-8  =  2S.37^2  buaheU. 
1   Plntc  ("Id)  -■  .118383  quart. 
(  1  Wine  arroba  —  4.20304  kuIIods. 
''*"'■        (  1   Fanoga  —  1.51»yi4  bu.htl. 
Mexico.— 1  Fancga  -«  1.60307  bui-bcL 
Hava!«a.— 1  Fancga —■  3.11023  bushel*. 

Mf(tsures  of  Weight. 

Orbat  Britaik. — The  MMi«  at  those  used  in  the  I'Ditod  Ptates. 

The  imperial  avoirdupois  pound  is  the  weight  of  27.7274  cubic  inches  <>f  distilled 
watvr  wci)jbcd  in  air  at  the  temperature  of  62°  Fahr.;  barometer,  30  incber. 

HorttmuHi  irrifjhl.—l  StOI»e  =■  14  lbs. 
J'ra>TE. — Old  Sf/ilrm: 

1   Livre  =«  16  onces     ■"  1.07.'iO  lb.  aroirdopois. 

I  Once  =»  S  grus         *^  1.0780  ot.  avoirdupois. 
a  Gros   ="72  grains    ^  58.9548  grains  Troy. 

II  Grain —0.8188 

New  SgtUm  :  The  basis  of  the  system  of  weights  is  the  weight,  in  vacuo,  of  a 
!litre,  or  a  cubic  decimetre,  of  distilled  water,  at  the  temperature  uf  3V°.2  Fakc; 
ioV>u  P^rt  of  this  weight  is  a  ./ram/;i»-.  the  multiples  of  which  are:  1  deca- 
gramme =  10  grammes;  I  hocU>gr«mme  =  100  grammes:  1  kilogramme  =«  1,000 
gramme.".  The  divisions  are:  1  decigramme  =  j'g  gramme ;  1  centigramme—" 
TOO  gr»«n"i«-"=  ^  milligramme  =  750O  gramme. 
1    Quiuta^l  ^  100  kiUigrammcs. 

1  Millier  =  1.000  kilogrammes  =  1  ton  sea-weight  (French). 
1    Kilogramme  =  2.204737  pounds  avoirdupois. 
1  Grammc-=  15.433159  grains  Troy  =  0.03528  01.  avoirdupoia. 
For  table  for  converting  kilogrammes  into  pounds,  see  page  477. 

(I  Pound  =   16    unre  ^^  32   loth  =  128   quent  =  512    pfennigs 
AtJSTRiA.  -i      1.234677  pound. 

■[  1  Xarch         4  centner  =  20  stein  ==  493.87084  lbs. 


FOREIGN    MEASURES. 


435 


32   loth  =  12S   quentchen   = 


fl  Pound  =   2    mark  =   16   un-c 
Prussia.  \      1.03118  lb. 

[  1  Centner  =  110  pfund  =  113.44  lb?. 

fl  Pound  =  12    lana  =  32    loth  =  96    solotniks  =  9  216    doli  = 

j      .901691  lb. 
Russia.     -[  1  Pood  =  40  pounds. 

I  1  Berkowitz  =  360.6764  lbs. 

[  1   Pound  is  the  weight  of  25  cubic  inches  of  water. 

r  1  Pound  =  16    onza  =   128    ochava  =  256  adarmc  =  768  tomine 
Spain.        ^      =  9,216  grano  =  1.016097  lb. 

[  1  Ton  ==  20  quintal  =  80  arroba  =  2,000  lbs.  =  2,032.2  lbs. 

f  1  Pound  =  12  oncia  =  96  ottavo  =  6125  grano  =  .896286  lb. 
Sardinia.  ■{  I  Pound  of  Turin  =  .813332  lb. 

[  1  Rubbio  =  25  pounds  =  20.3333  lbs. 

Sweden,    f  ^  ^°""'^  =  ^^  ""t'-  =  128  qwintin  =  8,848  as  =  .937284  lb. 

(  1  Skcppund  (for  iron)  =  299.93088  lbs. 
Turkey.— 1   Oka  =  2.828571  lbs. 

f  1  Pound  =  16  leuug  =  364  chu  =  3,840  lui  =  .38,400  shu  =  I.3.333 
China.        .j      lb. 

[l  Shik=  4  kwan  =  60  yin  =  120  kan  =  160  lbs. 
Japan.— 1  Pecul  =  100  catty  =  1,600  tael  =  10,000  mas  =  160.000   condorine 
=  130  lbs. 


Equivalents  of  Ounces  in  Decimal  Fractions  of  a  Pound. 


inces 

Pounds 

1 

= 

.0625 

2 

= 

.125 

3 

= 

.1875 

4 

= 

.25 

5 

= 

.3125 

6 

= 

.375 

7 

= 

.4375 

8 

= 

.5 

9 

= 

.5625 

10 

= 

.625 

11 

= 

.6875 

12 

= 

.75 

13 

= 

•8125 

14 

= 

.875 

15 

= 

.9375 

16 

== 

1.0 

Poundg. 

Ounces 

.1 

= 

1.6 

.2 

= 

.3.2 

.3 

= 

4.8 

.4 

= 

6.4 

.5 

= 

8.0 

.6 

= 

9.6 

.7 

= 

11.2 

.8 

= 

12.8 

.9 

= 

14.4 

1.0 

= 

16.0 

Of 


099MANCK    MANUAL. 


Measures  of  Value. 


ronEION    MONKV. — ITS    MINT    VALUE. 


(InKAT  Brit- 
ain   


FltAM<-K 


Al'STBlA. 


I'lU  SSIA  . 

Kl1s^tIA  . . 
Sardihia 

Spain  .  • 

SWKDKN 

Rom  . . 
Mkkioo. 

TlBKKY 

Japan  . 

HlMDOSTA 


Gold 


Sih- 


l()uinea^21   shillings 
1  Sovcroign  or  Pound  ^ 

20  thiliinfTA 

(  1  Crown  ^6  shilliii>r?. 
j  1  KliillinK  =  12  pence. 

Clipper  .  1  I'enny 

„  ,,      I  100  Francs         

Silver 
Coppe 


Gold 


I  20  Francis 

5  Friincn 

1  Sou 

1  Iiii|H-riaI  souvcrain  ^ 
1.3florin.H  20  kreut/.cr* 
1  Iin|>critil  ilucal  =  4 
florinx  .'^6  kreut/.crs. . 
I  1  Kix-dullar  =  2  flurina 
I  1  Crown  =  2  florins  12 

I       krculzers 

Silver.  ■{  1  ZvrantiKcr=20kreut- 

ccm 

1  Silver  Gro(<chen  =  3 

krcutf.erf 

Gi,l<i.  .1  Double  Frederick  =  11 

tbalcrti  10  silver  grodclien  . . . . 

Sihrr. .  1  Thiiler  =  30  silver  gro- 

sclien 

G.iltl..]  Ini]ierial  =  10  roubles. 

SilrerA   Kuublo 

Gold. .  SO  Lires 

Silrer.b  Lires 

,-,  , ,     (1  Doubloon  or  Ounce.. 

^"''^  '  I  100  Reals 

.•^ilrer.  1   Piastre 

Gald.A  Ducat 

SilvrrA  Specie  rix-daler 

Gnld..2^  Scudi 

SilrerA  Scudo 

Gold.  .  1  Doubloon 

Silrrr.l  Piastre  of  8  real* 

Gold.AOO  Piastres 

._Wrfr.20  Piastres  =  800  paras. 

Silver. I  Itiebu 

Gold.. I  Mohur 

Silver .  1  Rupee 


Dollam.  SulMliviHi.iiiii. 

5.059    i,  t,  }  of  guinea. 


4 .  848 
l.OS 
0.222 
(1.018 
19.225 
:!.si;, 

o.ouyr.s 


50  franei,  40  franco. 
10  francs,  5  francn. 
I  franc  ^  20  sumh. 


6.77       Half,  (juarter   souvcrains, 

2.28     I 

1.013    Half,  or  florin. 


1.1138 


0.188    Or  20  krcaUers. 


0.025 

8.00 

0.717 
7.952 
784 
,488 
,968 
.731 
963 
,005 
267 
101 
GO 
047 
534 
,049 
.374 
865 
.37 
.08 
.46 


Single,  half. 

i.i.1-12.  1-24,  ISO. 
Ilnlf  imperial. 
{Half  rouble. 
40,  20  lires. 
2,  1,  i,  i  lire. 


Pistarc«D  (1-5  of  piaxtre). 
i,  i  ducat, 
i.  i.  i.  1-16. 


Pieces  of  10  and  5  piaJtn*. 


FRENCH   AND    UNTTED    STATES    MEASURES. 


437 


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are  millimetre 
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438  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

PHYSICAL  DATA. 
Working  Power  of  Men  and  Horses. 

Men. — K  t'liiit  nolilirr  travels  in  1  minute, 

in  common  timo,    90  stcpg  =    70  yards, 
in  quick  time,         110     "      =    86     " 
in   double-quick.     ]40     "      =  109     " 
He  uccu]iie8  in  the  ranks  a  front  of  20  in.,  and  a  depth  of  1.3  in.,  without  the  kna])- 
sack ;  the  interval  between  the  ranks  is  13  in.     b  men  can  stand  in  a  space  of  1 
Square  yard.     Avcrnjre  weight  of  men,  150  lb?  each. 

A  mnii  IravclK,  without  a  load,  on  level  ground,  during  8}  boon  a  day,  at  the  rate 
of  '.\.7  miles  an  hour,  or  'Mi  miles  a  day.  He  can  carry  111  lbs.  II  miles  in  a  day. 
A  ]>ortcr  going  short  distances  and  returning  unloaded,  carries  135  ll>s.  7  miles  a 
day.     He  can  carry  in  a  wheelbarrow  150  lbs.  10  miles  a  <iay. 

The  maximum  power  of  n  strong  mau,  e.xcrted  for  2}  minutes,  may  be  8tal«d  at 
18,000  lbs.  raiscMl  1  foot  in  a  minute. — }fr.  Field'*  ejcperimmtt,  1838. 

.K  man  of  ordinary  strength  exerts  a  force  of  30  lbs.  for  10  hours  a  day.  with  u 
velocity  of  2i  feet  in  a  second  =  4,500  lbs.  raised  1  foot  in  a  minute  =  one-ji/tk  the 
work  of  a  horse. 

Daily  allowance  of  water  f')r  a  man,  1  gallon,  for  all  purposes. 

Horses. — A  hum,  travels  the  distance  of  400  yards,  at  a  walk,  in  4i  minutes;  at 
a  trot,  in  2  minutes  ;  at  a  gallop,  in  1  minute. 

He  occupies  in  the  ranks  a  front  of  40  in.,  a  depth  of  10  feet;  in  a  stall,  from  3i 
to  4i  feet  front ;  at  picket,  3  feet  by  9.     Average  weight  of  horses,  1.000  lbs.  each 

A  horso  carrying  a  soldier  and  his  equipments  (say  225  lbs.)  travels  25  miles  in  a 
day  (8  hours). 

A  pack-horte  can  carry  250  to  300  lbs.  20  miles  a  day. 

A.  draught -korte  can  draw  1.600  lbs.  23  miles  a  day  — weight  of  carriage  in- 
cluded. 

Artillery  horses  should  not  be  made  to  draw  more  than  700  lbs.  each,  the  weight 
of  the  carriage  included. 

The  ordinary  work  of  a  horse  for  8  hours  a  day  may  be  stated  at  22,500  lbs., 
raised  1  foot  in  a  minute. 

In  a  kortf-mill,  the  horse  moves  at  the  rate  of  3  feet  in  a  second.  The  diameter 
of  the  path  should  not  be  less  than  25  or  30  feet. 

Daily  allowance  of  water  for  a  horse,  4  gallons. 

Ventilation. — A.  man  exhales  ubout  §  of  a  cubic  foot  of  carbonic  acid  in  an 
hour,  or  15  cubic  feet  in  a  day.  He  produces  from  the  lungs  and  skin  about  GOO 
grains  of  rapor  in  an  hour. 


VELOCITY    OP    SOUND. 


439 


Air  is  no  longer  fit  for  combustion  or  respiration  when  it  contains  4  per  cent,  of 
Its  volume  of  carbonic  acid. 

A  ventilation  of  8  to  9  cubic  yards  per  hour  fur  each  person  is  in  all  cases  suf- 
ficient. For  barracks,  a  capacity  of  13  to  20  cubic  yards  per  man  is  suflScient;  the 
air  being  renewed  in  part  by  the  cracks  about  the  windows  and  by  the  opening  of 
the  doors. 

In  dormitories  the  volume  of  carbonic  acid  does  not  exceed  three  or  four  thou- 
sandths of  the  whole  space,  and  the  air  is  not  more  than  J  saturated  with  moisture. 

Table  showing  the  Weight  and  Bulk  0/ 1,000  Rations. 


1.000  Rations. 


Net  weight 
in  pounds. 


Pork 

Bacon  . . . . 
Flour 

Pilot  bread 

Beans 

Rice 

CoflFee 

Sugar . . . . 
Vinegar  . . 
Candles . . . 

Soap 

Salt 


Gross  weiprht 

in  pountig. 

Bulk  in  barrels. 

1218.75 

3.75 

90.3.18fil 

4.9019 

12:^4.0561 

5.7397 

921.6867 

9.031 

1228. 9] 56 

12.048 

177.3187 

0.7142 

114.5 

0.4629 

118.1683 

0.5813 

169.5312 

0.625 

107.5 

0.333 

17.5 

0.0925 

46.8965 

0.1877 

38.6328 

0.1562 

Average  weight  of 


Foraye. ~l\a,y  pressed  in  bundles,  11  lbs.  to  the  cubic  foot, 
bundles,  300  lbs. 

Oats :  32  lbs   to  the  bushel,  or  25.71  lbs.  to  the  cubic  foot. 
Wheat :  60  lbs.  to  the  bushel,  or  48.21  lbs.  tq,tbe  cubic  foot. 
Corn  :  56  lbs.  to  the  bushel,  or  45.02  lbs.  to  the  cubic  foot. 
Fresh  grass  weighs  about  84  lbs.  to  the  cubic  yard. 
3  beeves  or  15  sheep  consume  the  forage  of  2  horses. 

Weight  of  the  Atmosphere. 

Pre»s„re  of  the  fitnwophere  on  one  square  inch,  the  barometer  being  at  30  in.,  is 
14.736  lbs.;  at  29.922  in.,  the  pressure  is  14.7  lbs. 

^  Velocity  of  Sound. 

At  the  temperature  of  33°  the  mean  velocity  of  sound  is  1092.5  feet  in  a  second. 
It  is  increased  or  diminished  h,,!/  a  foot  for  each  degree  of  temperature  above  or 
below  33°. 


440 


ORUNANCK    MANl  AL. 


Velocity  and  Force  of  the  Wind. 


▼tMCITT. 

Pr—wirg  on 

Conmon  dMignAtiooa  oftb*  •««•  of  U»  wlnda. 

Ul  htmt. 

la  1  Mooad. 

1 

m^mmtm  firaC 

MUm. 

fMC 

Uw. 

1.47 

W.005 

Hardly  perceptible 

4.40 

.1  I  1 

.Fuii|  |)«rceptibl«. 

6.87 
7.U 

.123  \ 

Gendr,  plcvant  wind. 

10 

u 

14.«7 
11.00 

.4V2 
1.107 

I'leajant,  briik  brv«tc. 

to 
u 

10. S4 

S6.07 

l.S»«H  1 
.'J. 075  \ 

Very  brink. 

M 

u 

44.01 
&I.S4 

4.42y  1 
6.027  \ 

High  wind. 

40 
4& 

68.08 
60.01 

7.l'7.1 
O.OA.'t 

Very  high 

60 

7S.S6 

12.300 

.K  itorm  of  I.  ini-cM 

•0 

88.03 

17.714 

A  jrrcat  ►t.rin. 

M 

117. S6 

S1.4i»0 

.K  hurri<  hiu-. 

lOO 

140.70 

40.200 

A  hurrii-ane  that  trar*  np  tn*»,  earrW  bvtld- 
iiiga  bclure  it,  etc. 

Ma 

UcabiUty  of 

Mttals. 

Ductility  of  MctaU. 

1    Gold 

6. 

Platinum. 

1.  <;..id.              I    4.  N 

S.  SUve 

r. 

6. 

Ix«d. 

2.  .-Silver.                 1     6.  ' 

S.  Copi* 

cr. 

7. 

Zinc. 

3.   Platinum.           '     7.   Z...-. 

4.  Tin. 

8. 

Iron. 

4.  Irvn.                         8.  Tin. 

Electricity. 

RKLATIVB    COXDl'CTIKO    POWKH    OF    HBTALI. 


Copper 10.000 

Gold V..HfiO 

Silver T.360 

Zinc 2.S40 

Platinum l-^'^O 


Iron 1,»00 

Tin 1,460 

Lead •«• 

Merrurr 344 

Potassium 1S3 


The  conducting  power  of  rod»  of  the  aame  metal,  of  equal  diaacter,  ia  iarafMly 
a;  their  lengtba. 

The  conducting  power  is  increased  by  lowering  the  temperaUra,  aa4  *i»M»*h<*t 
and  finally  destroyed,  by  rawing  the  temperature. 

The  metalf  are  infinitely  better  conductor*  than  any  other  fubttaaoM.  Chareoal 
which  ha«>  been  exposed  to  a  strong  heat  i«  one  of  the  beat  coadactora,  bat  freatJy 
inferior  in  thit  rtefet  to  iron  and  platinuBi. 


BOILIXO    POINTS    OF    LIQUIDS. 

Heai. 


441 


THERMOMETERS. 


Fixed  PoinU. 

Fahrenheit. 

Reaaniiir. 

Centi  grade. 

.",2° 
212° 

0° 
80° 

0° 
lOffo 

y?°x9 

—  — +  3i 


For  converting  degrees  of  one  scale  into  those  of  another  we  have- 
(7°X9 

■A-   ?,2°  =  — 

4 

The  zero  of  Wcdgewood's  pyrometer  corresponds  with  1077°  Fahr.,  and  1° 
Wedgewood  is  equal  to  1.30°  Fahr.     Hence  t'^  =   11°  >   130°  -f-  1077°. 

Note. — Tlic  indications  of  Wcdgewood's  pyrometer  are  no  longer  relied  on  for 
high  temperatures. 

Melting  Points  of  Solids. 

3280°  is  the  highest  heat  attained  with  an  air-furnace.  Platinum  does  not  melt 
at  this  temperature. 

Platinum,  jialladium,  rhodium,  lime,  silcx,  fine  porcelain,  can  be  melted,  in  small 
quantities,  by  means  of  strong  lenses,  or  by  the  hydro-oxygen  blow-pipe. 

Iron  red  hut,  in  daylight,  1077°  Fahr.;  in  the  dark,  752°. 


Wrought-iron 3,280° 

Cast-iron 2,786 

Gold ; 2,016 

Silver 1.873 

Copper 2,204 

Brass 1.869 

Flint  glass 2,377 

Antimony 955.5 

Zinc 775.5 

Saltpetre ; 600 

Lead 644 

Bismuth 500 


Tin 445° 

Lead  2,  tin  1  (common  solder) 475 

Lead  1,  tin  1 393 

Lead  1,  tin  2  (soft  solder) 360 

Lead  1,  tin  1,  bismuth  1 272 

Lead  2,  tin  3,  bismuth  5 212 

Lead  1,  tin  1,  bismuth  2 200 

Sulphur 228 

(tutta-percha  softens 145 

Beeswax 150 

Tallow 127 


Boiling  Points  of  Liquids.     (  The  Barometer  at  30  in.) 


Hydrochloric  ether '. . .   52° 

Sulphuric  ether 96 

Sulphuret  of  carbon 118 

Ammonia 140 

AlcoL  ol  of  0 .  825 175 

Water,  and  essential  oils 212 

Water,  saturated  with  salt 224 

Nitric  acid 248 


Spirits  of  turpentine 314° 

Naphtha 320 

Phosphorus 554 

Sulphur 570 

Sulphuric  acid,  sp.  gr.  1.843 620 

Linseed  oil 600 

Whale  oil 630 

Mercury 662 


442 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Li<)ui'li'  boil  at  a  much  lower  temperature  in  vacuo,  or  under  dimininhed  pressure 
of  the  III mo8]. here.  At  the  altituile  of  about  17,500  feet  above  the  sea,  where  the 
barometer  Htiinds  at  16.35  in.,  water  boils  at  180°. 

Expansion  by  Heat. 

Lxnrnr  Espnnti;,,  of  S<.li(h,  from  S2°  lo  212°. 

Roman  Cement 0.0nU4 

Marble,  Pioilian 0.(mi41 

Currarii O.HOllW 

Sandstone 0. mil  17 

Slate 0.00104 

(iraiiile 0.00080 

flla^.-,  flint '   ' 

Hri<-k,  clock 

.    "      fire ' 

Marble,  black  Oalway (HioiU6 

Oak,  dry , O.OOOOrt 


Zinc 0.0029416 

Lead (i.(i02S4S.S 

Tin,  refined (I.002172H 

Silver,  tine 0.00 1  <J0'J7 

Brase 0.001  S750 

Copper 0.001 71 22 

G  oM 0.00 1 5000 

Steel,  tempered 0.0012.S'.t5 

Iron,  noft.  bamniere.l 0.00125S:t 

"     cMfl 0.0011111 

Steel,  not  tempered 0.00107SS 

Platinum 0.0008842 


Antimony 0.001083.3  | 

The  exjinnsion  in  (<urface  in  expressed  by  number!  double  of  the  above,  and  the 
expani^ion  in  volume  by  In'plr  numbers. 

Erpaniion  of  Fluids  in  bulk;  from  32°  lo  212' 


Mercurv 0.01 808 

Water,  distilled 0.04330 

Water,  saturated  with  emit 0.05000 

Alc.hol 0.11000 


Suljdiuric  acid 0.06882 

Oil  (olive  and  linitced) 0.0K333 

Spirits  turpentine 0.071 ».! 

Gases,  and  air 0.37500 


The  rate  of  expansion  of  solids  and  liquids  increases  with  the  temperature;  that 

of  thi'  ^a«i.-s  is  uniform  for  all  temperatures. 

Density  of  Water. 

(From  a  report  of  Prut  IL  S.  McCuUoch  to  Pruf.  A.  D.  Bache). 


Temp. 

Dentltj. 

Temp. 

Density, 

T«MP. 

DMalty. 

20° 

.99901 

1 

!         50° 

.99975 

M*                .MM* 

25 

.«y94» 

55 

.9avt7 

85                   .99.081 

30 

.y9<»S4 

60 

.99910 

»0          t          .99487 

35 

.yyyyy 

65 

.99s«:i 

»5                    .y93H3 

40 

l.MOOUO 

1           70 

.9J807 

100          1          .99270 

45 

.99993 

75 

.9.»741 

Max.  density  at  39°.«. 

Conduction  of  Heat. 
T    r 

^r= .     When  7.  the  rate  of  eondi  ction,  is  axprMMd  in  thermal  units  p«r 

hour,  per  square  foot  of  area,  and  x  =  the  thickness  of  the  layer  in  inches,  T  and 


LATENT    HEAT. 


443 


T'  being  tlie  temperatures  at  the  two  faces,  the  value  of  7,  which  is  equal  tn  1  divided 
by  the  coefiBcient  of  conductivity,  is  as  follows : 


G  old.  Platinum,  Silver 0.0036 

Copper 0.0040 

Iron 0.0096 

Zinc 0.0099 


Lead 0.019S 

Marble 0.157S 

Brick 0..3306 


Specific  Heat  between  32°  and  80°. 

The  number  of  units  of  heat  required  to  raise  the  temperature  of  1  lb.  of  each  of 
the  followinj;  substances  one  degree  is  as  follows: 


Antimony 5077 

Bismuth 30S4 

Charcoal 241.5 

Copper 0951 

Glass 1980 

Gold 0298 

Ice 504 

Iron,  wrought 1138 


Lead 0293 

Mereurv 0333 

Platinum 0314 

Silver 0557 

Sulphur 20259 

Spirits  turpentine.   .4672 

Tin ; 0514 

Zinc 0927 


Water 1.000 

Air 0.23S 

Carbonic  acid 0.217 

Hydrogen 3.405 

Nitrogen 0.244 

O.xygen 0.218 

Steam 0.475 


The  unit  of  lient  is  the  quantity  of  heat  necessary  to  raise  the  temperature  of  1 
lb.  of  water  at  its  maximum  density  1°. 

Specific  heats  of  substances  are  in  the  inverse  ratio  of  their  atomic  weight. 

The  specific  heat  of  a  substance  is  called  its  capacity  for  heat.  The  capacity  for 
heat  increases  with  the  temperature,  and  diminishes  as  the  density  of  the  body 
increases.  Air  reduced  rapidly  to  one-fifth  of  its  volume  evolves  heat  enough  to 
set  fire  to  tinder. 

Latent  Heat. 

In  thermal  units  for  one  pound :  the  vapors  under  a  pressure  of  one  atmosphere 
of  14.7  lbs.  per  square  inch. 


Of  Fusion. 


Of  Evaporatioa. 


Ice 142.65 

Spermaceti 148. 

Beeswax 175. 

Phosphorus 9.06 

Sulphur 16.86 

Tin 500.0 


Water 966.1 

Alcohol 364.3 

Ether 162.8 

Bisulphuret  of  carbon 1 56.0 


444 


ORDNANCE    MANTAL. 


Total  Heat  of  Combustion  of  different  Combustibles ; 

Or,  the  hfat  produced  by  burning  one  pound  of  each  inbttitne*. 


8UBSTA?(CC8. 


W.iKlit  ..f 

r(irlK)ti  In 

piiHliiri'    III) 

Hanie  heat. 


Urn.  or 

water 

erA|M>mt«id 

At  -iX-JP. 


t'nIU   of 
hMil. 


n y»lr(i>:on  pnc 

Carbiin  iinpcrfi-i-tly  burned,  so  as  to  make  C  O  . 

Ciirlxm  coiniili'lely  )iiiri)L'<1,  fo  u»  to  make  C  O'. 

,..,..,,,  ,  (  fmra. 

«  •  (  to  . .  . 

Charcoal  from  wood 

"  from  jieat 

Coke,  );(>od 

"      mi<ldlinf; 

"      b«d 

Coal,  unthraoite 

"     dry  bituininou!^ 


caking. 


"     eanncl 

Dry  long  flaming 

Li^rnite 

Puut.  dry 

"  oontainiii^  25  jier  cunt,  of  moisture  . 
Wood. dry 

"      containing  20  per  cent,  of  moisture. 


1.0 

1.46 

0.».1 

O.SO 

0.04 

0.R8 

0.R2 

1.05 

l.OA 

1.025 

1.02 

0.95 

1.075 

1.01 

1.04 

0.91 

O.Sl 

0.66 


0.50 


64.2 
4.55 
15.0 
20. 
22. 
14. 
12. 
14. 

n.3 

12.3 

15.74 

15. V 

15.4 

15.3 

14.25 

16. 

15.15 

15.6 

13.65 

12.15 

10. 0 

7.25 

7.5 

5.8 


.'!►• 


62.032 

4.400 

14.500 

10.(100 

21  .tn'O 
i:-,.  .oil 

II  .<-.no 
1 

11   .-'.Ml 

1. ..:;:;:. 
lj..;:u 

I4.H60 
14.790 

v,.:::, 
1. ■..".•;: 
11. '-.J  J 

l...n»0 


.7-15 

.  l.l'iO 

.  HIlO 

..'4J 

.ouu 


The  heating  power  of  different  kinds  of  wood  (taking  equal  weighu  of  wood 
equally  dry)  does  not  vary  more  than  in  the  proportion  of  13  to  14,  for  the 
extremes. 

Nearly  six  times  as  much  heat  is  required  to  evaporate  a  given  quantity  of  w«|«r 
as  is  required  to  raise  its  temperature  to  the  boiling  point:  multiplying  the  aboTC 
numbers  by  6,  we  have,  therefore,  the  quantity  of  water  which  each  kind  of  fiMl 
will  raise  from  32°  to  212°. 

In  even  the  best  apparatus,  not  more  than  hnlf  the  heat  produced  by  the  combov 
tion  of  fuel  is  economized.  j 

Dry  wood  makes  a  hotter  fire  than  equal  weights  or  volumes  of  green  wood.      > 


Freezing  Points  of  Liquids. 


Olive  oil 
Water  . . 
Milk  . . . . 

Vinegar . 


.36< 
.32 
.30 

.28 


Fahr. 


Spirits  of  turpentine 16 


Strong  wines 20' 

Sulphuric  acid 1 

Bran  dy —  7 

Mercury — .39 

N  itric  acid — 56 


Fakr. 


MEASUREMENT   OF    HEIGHTS    BY    THE    BAROMETER.  445 


Strength  of  Ice. 


Ice  2  ioches  thick  will  bear  infantrj. 


cavalry  or  light  guns, 
heavy  field  guns. 

24-pdr.  guns  on  sledges:  weight  not  more  than  1,000 
lbs.  to  a  square  foot. 

Frigorijic  Mixtures. 


Materials. 


Parts.       The  thermometer  falls. 


Ilydroehlorate  of  ammonia. 

Nitrate  of  potassa 

M'ater 

Ilydroehlorate  of  ammonia. 

Water 

Nitrate  of  ammonia 

Water 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Dilute  nitric  acid 

Sulphate  of  soda 

Hydrochloric  acid 

Snow 

Common  salt 

Snow 

Caustic  potash,  crystallized 

Snow 

Sulphuric  acid,  dilute 

Snow 

Chloride  of  calcium 

Sulphuric  acid,  dilute 

Snow 


5 
5 

16 
5 

16 
1 
1 
.3 
2 
8 
5 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
?, 

10 
8 


From  50°  to  10°. 

From  50°  to  4°. 
From  50°  to  4°. 
From  50°  to  .3°. 
From  50°  to  0°. 
From  32°  to  0°. 
From  30°  to— 15°. 
From  20°  to  —60°. 
From  —4°  to  — 67  °. 
From  —67°  to  —90°. 


Measurement  of  Heights  by  Means  of  the  Barometer. 


1.  A' =60345.51  ft.  X 


1  +  .00102  «+<'— 64°) 


loc 


/i'[l  +  0.0001  (T—  T')] 


1  —  0.002695  COS.  2  X.  -^ 
X  is  the  required  difference  of  height,  in  feet, 
T,  the  temperature  of  the  air,  in  degrees  of  Fahrenheit, ") 

t,  the  temperature  of  mercury  V  at  the  lower  station. 

H,  the  height  of  mercury  \ 

T',  the  temperature  of  the  air) 

t',  the  temperature  of  mercury  V  at  the  upper  station. 
H',  the  height  of  mercury  ) 

L,  the  latitude  of  the  place. 

2.  Neglecting  the  corrections  for  the  latitude  of  the  place  and  for  the  difference 
between  the  temperature  of  the  air  and  that  of  the  mercury  in  the  barometers  at  the 


44G  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

two  station?,  the  difference  of  neight,  in  feet,  may  be  expressed  approximately  by 

H 
X       67.0505  (T+  r  -^  836)  X  log.   ,>,• 

n 

3.  Approrimaie  Rule. —  For  a  mean  temperature  of  55°  the  difference  of  height  in 

feet  is,  A' =  55,000  X  -    ,      ,  •     Add  l-440th  of  this  result  for  each  degree  which  the 

mean  tompcrnturc  of  the  air  at  the  two  stations  exceeds  55°,  and  deduct  as  much 
for  each  do^ree  below  55°. 

Altitudes  may  bo  determined  without  the  aid  cf  a  barometer  by  observing  accu- 
ratoly  the  boiling  point  of  water  at  the  different  stations,  h,  the  altitude,  is  equal 
to  517  7*+  T*;  or,  for  altitudes  under  10,000  ft.,  A  =  540  T;  7*  being  the  differenee 
in  degrees  between  the  boiling  points  of  water  at  the  two  stations. 

The  altitude  of  Washington  City  is  50  to  90  feet;  that  of  St.  Loui»,  4.-.0  feet  ;  of 
Santa  Fo.  6,846  feet ;  of  San  Antonio.  600  feet. 

The  averoye  fimnititj/  «/'  icaicr  which  falls  in  rain  and  snow  at  Washington  City  it 
41.2  inches  ;  at  San  Francisco,  23.59  inches;  at  ."^anta  Fe,  19.83  inches. 

Latitude  of  the  Washington  Observatory,  38°  63'  39". 25. 

The  mean  temperature  of  Washington  City  is  36°. 05  in  winter,  76°.33  in  summer ; 
56°. 14  for  the  year:  of  San  Francisco,  50°. 86  in  winter,  57°. 53  in  the  sumuier,  and 
54°.88  for  the  year. 

Declination  of  the  Magndic  Needle  for  18C0. 

Washington  City 2°  36'  West.  |  Savannah 3°  5' 


New  York 7    01 

Albany 8     3         * 

Charleston 1     7  East 

The  annual  increase  at  Washington  is  3  minutes 
Dip  of  the  needle  at  Washington,  1801,  71°  24'. 


Mobile 6    8 

San  Diego 12     6 

San  Francisco 15    8 


Sun-Dials. 

The  most  common  dial  is  that  in  which  the  plane  of  the  dial  is  horizontal,  and 
the  stijJf.  placed  in  the  meridian,  is  inclined  to  the  plane  of  the  dial  at  an  angle 
equal  to  the  latitude  of  the  place. 

Hour-lines  are  drawn  from  the  centre,  or  point  where  the  style  intersects  the 
plane,  to  the  circumference:  their  positions  are  calculated  from  the  formula  tan. 
ar^tan.  //  sin.  L,  in  which  ar  =  the  hour-angle  on  the  horizontal  plane  A  =s  15", 
30°,  45°,  etc.,  the  hour-angle  on  the  equatorial  plane,  and  L  ^  the  latitude  of  the 
place. 

To  determine  these  lines  geometrically,  draw  in  the  meridian  plane  from  soBC 
point  o,  on  the  style,  a  line  perpendicular  to  the  style,  and  note  the  point  h  where 
it  intersects  the  plane  of  the  dial.  Draw  through  this  point  a  line,  in  the  plane  of 
the  dial,  perpendicular  to  the  meridian  plane.     This  will  be  the  equatorial  line. 


FORMULA   IN    MECHANICS. 


447 


Measure  off  from  b,  on  the  prolongation  of  the  meridian,  the  distance  b  c  equal 
to  a  h,  and  with  c  as  a  centre,  describe  a  semicircle,  and  divide  it  into  12  equal 
parts,  0  on  each  side  of  the  meridian  :  through  these  points  of  division  draw  radii, 
and  prolong  them  till  they  meet  the  equatorial  line.  Join  these  points  of  intersec- 
tion with  the  foot  of  the  style,  and  these  lines  will  mark  the  hours  before  and  after 
12  o'clock,  M. 

To  determine  the  meridian  line  without  the  ukc  of  astronomicul  ingtruments. Take 

a  point  in  the  plane  of  the  dial  through  which  it  is  intended  the  meridian  plane 
shall  pass.  With  this  point  as  a  centre  describe  several  concentric  circles.  Fix  a 
straiglit  pin  in  the  centre,  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  dial,  of  such  a  length 
that  the  extremity  of  the  shadow  cast  by  it  shall  fall  within  the  circles  at  12,  m. 
Mark  the  points  where  the  extremity  of  the  shadow  passes  over  these  circles  in  the 
forenoon,  and  again  the  same  in  the  afternoon.  The  line  drawn  from  the  middle  of 
these  arcs  contained  between  the  points  of  passage,  to  the  centre  of  the  circles,  will 
be  the  meridian. 

Or  the  meridian  may  be  determined  by  two  plumb-lines  made  to  cover  each  other, 
and  also  the  north  star  at  the  time  of  its  passage  across  the  meridian. 

The  time  given  by  the  dial  is  true  solar  time :  to  reduce  it  to  mean,  or  clock  time, 
the  equation  of  time  must  be  added  or  subtracted. 


Equation  of  Time. 


January  . 
February 
March. . . 
April .... 
May  .... 
June  .... 


1 

16 

1 
16 

1 
16 

1 

1 

16 

1 

16 

1 
16 

--3'  46' 

--10  1 

--13  53 

--14  23 

--12  35 

--    8  49 

--    3  57 

—  0  13 

—  3  3 

—  3  53 

—  2  30 
+    0  18 


July { 

August ] 

September ] 

October | 

November | 

December i 


1 

+  3' 

27 

16 

--  5 

42 

1 

16 

t  6 
-f  3 

1 
59 

1 

—  0 

9 

16 

—  5 

13 

1 

—  10 

18 

16 

—  14 

22 

1 

—  16 

17 

16 

—  15 

2 

1 

—  10 

44 

16 

—  3 

59 

FORMULA  IN  MECHANICS. 

Forces  acting  on  machines  arc  compared  to  weights,  and  are  expressed  in  pounds. 

The  velocity  of  a  body,  the  space  which  it  passes  over  in  a  second  of  time  when 
it  is  moving  with  a  uniform  motion,  or  the  space  that  it  would  pass  over  in  a  second 
of  time  when  it  has  a  varied  motion,  if  its  motion  should  become  uniform  at  the 
time  it  is  considered,  is  expressed  in  feet. 

Uniform  Motion.— Is  expressed  by  ^=  V  T. 

S  being  the  space  passed  over,  V  the  velocity,  and  T  the  duration  of  the  motion. 


448  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

UmFOUMLY  AocKLKnATET)  MoTIO.N    STARTINO   FR<>M  A  StATE  OF   ReST.  —  S^  ^    I'l 

ft  .    n=  2K|  .V  :    V|,  the  velocity  after  the  first  .«ceond. 

Umformlv  Retarded  Motiox. — S=  V  T — i  T]    7^. 

V  =^  V —  I'l  T  :  y  the  velocity  at  the  moment  the  retarding  force  begins  to 
act;    V'  the  velocity  remaining  at  the  end  of  the  time  T. 

Motion  of  Fai,i.in<j  Bodiks. — The  force  of  gravity  is  uniform  and  constant  for 
the  sttiiie  jjluco  on  the  surface  of  the  earth.  Let  </  be  the  velocity  acquired  by  a 
body  fulling  freely  in  vacuo  at  (he  end  of  the  fir!<t  second;  r  the  velocity  at  tb« 
timef;   /  the  time  iu  seconds;   A  the  space  pansed  over  in  ihc  timet;  ibao  A  ^  ^ 

9  »»  :  «   =  y  '  -=  y   27*- 

The  velocity  <j,  which  io  the  measure  of  the  force  of  gravity,  varies  wiib  the  lati- 
tude of  the  place,  and  with  its  altitude  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

The  force  of  gravity  at  the  latitude  of  45°  32.1803  feet:  at  any  other  latitude 
L;  y  32.1808  feet  —  0.0821  co.i.  2  L.  If  'j'  reprencnts  the  force  of  gravity  at  the 
height  h  above  the  sea,  and  r  the  radius  of  the  earth,  the  force  of  grarity  at  the 

level  of  the  Hoa  will  he  y        </'  1 1  -|-       J. 

1  —  0.002i8B  cos.  2  L 

•'^■"^^°x fTTA • 

4r 

In  the  Intiiudc  of  London,  at  the  level  of  the  sea,  g    =>  32.1  »08  feet 
"  Washington,  "  "     'J        32.155     feet. 

Quantity  of  Work. — It  is  the  product  of  the  inteniity  of  a  force  by  the  dl»- 
tauce  paii.'ied  over  by  it«  point  of  application  in  the  direction  of  the  foroe.  The 
unit  of  work  done  corre8pond!<  to  the  elevation  of  1  pound  through  a  height  of  1 
foot,  and  i.«  called  & /<iol- pound  (ft.-lb.) 

A  HoRSK.-l'i>WER. — This  force  is  estimated  at  550  Ibi.  raifed  1  f<>''i  iii  a  iiccond, 
or  33,000  lbs.  raised  1  foot  in  1  minute. 

The  Mass  of  a  Bonv  is  expressed  by  the  weight  divided  by  the  for'  ■      i  jcmvity, 

thus :  M  =^ 

9 

Moving  Force,  ahd  Force  of  Inertia. — Me  have  /'      M       for  tba  fore*  f 

I 

capable  of  communicating  or  taking  away  from  the  body  of  a  macs  Jt  am  aUaMMt 
of  velocity  i-  in  an  element  of  time  f. 

QiANTiTY  of  Motion. — The  product  of  the  mass  of  a  body  by  the  Telocity 
which  it  has  at  the  time  considered;   that  is,  M  V. 

Impact  of  Ki.astic  and  Inelastic  Bodies. — A  body  of  a  mass  M  moring  with 
a  velocity  ('impinges  against  another  ^f'  moving  with  a  velocity  V'  in  the  saac 
line  and  iu  the  same  direction.  A  diminution  of  velocity  r  ia  deralopad  in  tks 
element  of  time  I,  at  the  point  of  contact  iu  tha^kat  body,  and  an  iaerMca  of  ▼•!- 
ocity  r'  in  the  second  body,  so  that  we  have  ,V  r  =  M'  v' :  the  suib  of  the  quantity 
of  motion  is  the  same  before  and  after  impact. 


FORMULAE    IN    MECHANICS.  449 

For  unelastic  bodicf,  if  they  remain  together  after  impact,  moving  with  a  com- 

Af  V  -i~   kf'  T^ 

innii  velocity  I',  wj  have  C=   — iT  ^nr     •'   ^^  ^^^i'  meet,  going  in  opposite  diree- 

,,       M  V—  M'  r 
tions,   (    =    —- .- — . 

For  elastic  bodies,  the  velocity  of  the  body  .V  after  impact  is  2  V  —  V;  that  of 

2  (  jV  "f  +  M'  V ) 
ir  is  2  r — v.    2  U ^= —  .„  — .       If  .ir  were  in  a  state  of  rest,  its  velocity 

2  M  V 

after  impact  would  bo  2  U=  ., ,_,  double  that  which  would  have  been   com- 

M  -l-  At 

municated  to  an  unelastic  body  under  the  same  circumstances. 

Living  Forck  of  a  Bodv  is  the  product  of  its  mass  by  the  sifuare  of  its  velocity 
at  the  time  considered. 

Principle  of  Living  Forcbs. —  7'=  J  (^f  V^ —  3/'  V'^).  7*  is  the  work  of  s 
force  which  accelerates  or  retards  the  motion  of  a  body  which  is  moving  in  its  own 
direction. 

.V  Vi 

Centrifugal  Force. — F  = .     r  is  the  radius  described  by  the  centre  of 

r 
gravity  of  the  mass. 

SiMPLK  Prndulum. — The  time  of  vibration  of  a  simple  pendulum  T=  ''^^|  — > 
/  being  the  length  of  the  pendulum.  » 

The  relation  between  the  times  T  and  7^  of  vibration  of  simple  pendulums  of 
lengths  I  and  /'  in  different  jjlaccs   for  which   the   force  of  gravity  is  (f  and  g'  is 

T         /77 

„'  =  ^  /  - —      If  /  be  the   length   of  a  pendulum    vibrating  seconds,  and  I'  the 

^        \  gc 

length  of  any  other  simple  pendulum  vibrating  in  the  time  t  at  the  same  place, 
then  I'  =  I  t''. 

The  length  of  the  seconds-pendulum  is  in  a  constant  ratio  to  the  force  of  gravi- 
ty:   :|  =  9.8696044. 

Length  nf  a  P^niidiim  vibrating  S'cm  l.i  al  thf  Livel  of  thr.  Sea.  in  various  Latitudes. 

At  the  Equator 39.027144  inches. 

Washington,  Lat.  38°  53'  2.3" 39.10583         " 

New  York,     Lat.  40°  42' 43" 39.n2,')6         " 

London,  Lat.  51°  31' 39.13908         " 

Lat.  45° 39.12696 

Lat.  L 39.12696  in.  —  0.099816  cos.  2  L. 

The   time  of  oscillation  of  a  compound  pendulum   is  T=  * -♦  / 17—7— ■       /being 


the  moment  of  inertia  of  the  oscillating  body  in  reference  to  the  axis  of  oscillation  ; 
d  the  distance  of  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the  pendulum  from  the  a.\is. 
29 


450  ORDNANCE    MANUAL 

r» 

T  Iti-ine  known,  wc  liavc  /  =      ,  -V./'/. 

c 

The  ni'pin<-nt  of  inertia,  in  reference  to  an  axi*  pMi«ing  (hrou^b  the  centre  of 
;fravily   nnd   parallel   to  the'  axin   of  ouKpcn^tion,  i»  /,  ■■  /  —  il d*. 

Ik 
Revolting  rKNnii.rii. — The  time  of  revolution   i«  7'o»2*\j7:  *  i«  the  projec 
tion  of  the  »t«m  on  a  verlicnl  plane. 

For  Washington.  *■« -'^j  inchci" ;  7"  being  the  number  of  revolution*  per 
necond. 

Thk  Dii»(nAKOi'.  or  Watkb  t  spkr  a  Cosstam  II>An.— Th«  tbaonllral  dU- 
charge  of  water  through  an  orifice  in  a  thin  plate  if  V  ""  ^'l  '  <J  H  ;  <J,  the  quan- 
tity of  water;  .S',  the  area  of  the  orifice;  and  //.  the  ilepth  of  tbc  orifice  below  the 
surface  of  the  water. 

To  get  the  HcluiU  didohnrgc,  multiply  the  theoretical  ditrbarge  \>j  one  of  tbe  fol 
lowing  coefficients,  according  to  the  height  of  the  i>urfa4*c  abore  the  middle  of  the 
orifice  : 

Koct. 
y/ =  3.3.75 

Coefficient  for  orifice  1  inch  in  diain.     0.6 

4     "  "         0.6 

If  the  roHtraciion  of  tbe  vein  be  not  complete,  if  one  or  Bore  <>f  tbe  side*  of  the 
orifice  bo  in  the  prolongation  of  the  sides  of  the  vessel,  multiply  the  preceding  cu«f- 
ficien(8  by  .1035  when  there  is  no  contraction  on  ««»r  side;  bj  1.072  wbcn  there  Is 
none  on  dru  ^idcs :  by  1.125  wbcn  the  contraction  ii  only  on  "ue  side. 

TuitolGB      PlI'KS      HAVING      WO     PlDDKX     CUANGKK     OF     DlKKiTIO*. —  V  as  20.79 

.._  D*y  H 

•y/  D I — .0}<2  feet:  Q=  .-y..?  ;  D,  diameter  of  the  pipe;  /  ■•  'tbe  slope  per 
running  foot;  //,  the  difference  of  level  between  the  two  resenroirs :  /..  the  whole 
length  of  the  pi|>e.  « 

To  find  thr  lizt  of  pipe  /or  a   given   rolitmr   »/  irnter,  we    have   (/  =  il. <Hiy  lAi 


Kt.l. 

Kr<-L 

InrhM. 

liM-hea. 

5. 

1. 

8. 

4. 

O.f.2 

U.632 

o.as4 

0.«S7 

n.«i2 

0.617 

•  .«IS 

0.M8 

s 


Q" 


—  0.UI9C>  H^:  It  D  =  0.2956..  j !l_,  with  sufficient  accuracy  for  n  ■—  Yaleeity  not 
exceeding  IJ  feet.  ' 

IlviiKAL'LK'  Uams.  —  The  following   proportions  bare  been  found  to  answer  in 
practice: 

h,  the  height  above  the  reservoir  to  which  the  water  if  to  be  thrown. 

//.  the  height  of  the  reservoir  above  the  outlet  of  the  waste-valvc. 

L,  the  length  of  the  ."upply-pipe  from  the  reservoir  to  the  wasle-Talve. 

V.  its  interior  diameter. 

Q.  the  whole  supply  of  water  in  cubic  feet  per  second. 

•,  tbe  i^iiautity  raised  to  tbe  height  k, 

k  H        k      qh     * 

ir=j^;  /,  =  2.8  77=0.14  A,   -^  =  w  =  a^  =  C^ff  =  §  •»«*'ly- 


MECHANICAL    POWERS.  451 

MECHANICAL    POWERS. 

Conditions  of  Equilibrium  of  Simple  Machines. 

Leveh. — The  effective  arm  of  a  lever  is  the  perpendicular  distance  from  the  ful- 
crum to  the  line  of  direction  of -the  power  or  weight. 

The  power  is  to  the  weight  inversely  as  the  effective  arms  nf  the  lever: 

P  D       wd. 

The  pressure  on  the  fulcrum  is  the  resultant  of  the  power  and  weight. 

FiXEP  Pulley. — The  power  is  equal  to  the  weight.  The  pressure  Q  on  the  axis 
is  to  the  power  or  weight  as  the  chord  r  of  the  arc  enveloped  by  the  rope  iij  to  the 
radius  r  of  the  pulley: 

P  !=  tr  .  » 

C 

Movable  Pulley — The  power  is  to  the  weight  as  the  radius  of  the  pulley  is  to 
the  chord  of  the  arc  enveloped  by  the  rojie. 

The  tension  on  the  fixed  end  of  the  rope  is  equal  to  the  power: 

to  r 
*  c 

In  a  system  of  u  movable  pulleys,  the  power  is  to  the  weight  as  the  product  of  the 
radii  of  the  pulleys  is  to  the  product  of  the  chords  of  the  arcs  enveloped  by  the 
rope : 

„  r  r'  r"   . .   n 

c  r.    c"   . .   n 

If  the  ropes    be   parallel,   o   =   2  c   and  P  =  ^* 

Block  and  Tackle. — The  power  is  equal  to  the  weight  divided  by  the  number 
of  ropes  attached  to  the  lower  block,  or  by  twice  the  number  of  rising  pulleys. 

Wheel  and  Axle. — The  power  is  to  the  weight  as  the  radius  r,  of  the  axle,  is  to 
the  radius  H,  of  the  wheel. 

tc   r 

System  of  Wheels  and  Pinions. — The  power  is  to  the  weight  as  the  product  of 
the  radii  (or  number  of  teeth)  r,  >•',  r",  etc.,  of  the  pinions  is  to  the  product  of  the 
radii  (or  number  of  teeth)  R,  R',  R",  etc.,  of  the  wheels. 

r  r'  r"    .... 
^="  RR'R"...: 
Inclined  Plane. — If  the  direction  of  the  power  be  hori/.ont.al,  the  power  is  to 
the  weight  as  the  height  of  the  plane  h  is  to  its  base  b. 

P  =  — 
b 

PI        wl 
The  pressure  on  the  plane,  Q  =  —j-  =  -—  ;  I  being  the  length  of  the  plane. 


452  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

If  the  diroclion  of  the  power  be  parallel  to  Ibe  piano,  the  power  is  to  the  weight 
u  the  height  of  the  plane  to  its  li'n;;th. 

te  h 

/'   /.  ,r  I, 

The  proBiuro  on  the  plane,   (j  =    -  -  = 

h  I 

SfKKW. — The   power,   applied  perpendicular  to   the  axi»,  in  to  tbo  weight  a*  the 

pitch  of  tbc  screw  a,  or  the  diMtance  between  two  threads,  i«  to  the  rirciimfarfOiM' 

dM<'ribed   by    the   point  to   which    the   jiowcr    is   ujiplied.     Thun.    if  the   power  be 

applied  by  nicano  of  a  lever  /. 

tr  « 


2*  / 

WKr>OK. — The  power  is  to  the  resistance,  acting  perpendicularly  »m  rock  title  oi 
the  wedge,  as  the  ihiokness  of  the  back  of  the  wedge  is  to  the  length  of  the  side. 

Hai.anck. — The  common  balanrc  is  a  simple  lever,  the  arms  of  whi«li  are  r<|iial. 
If  the  balance  be  not  accurate,  the  true  weight  of  a  body  may  bo  found  by  taking 
the  squoro  root  of  the  product  of  the  weights  which  counter|>'.ise  it  successively  in 
each  scale.  A  better  and  more  convenient  method  of  eliminatin;;  the  error  of  ■ 
balance  is  to  place  the  body  in  one  scale  and  counterpoise  it  by  any  weight*  in  the 
oppo.'iito  scale:  then  remove  the  body  and  replace  it  by  known  weighix  until  tbe 
equilibrium  be  a;;ain  restored.  The  sum  of  the  latter  weights  will  be  that  of  the 
body  rc(iuircii. 

Friction. 

In  the  foregoing  conditions  of  equilibrium  of  machines,  no  aceoani  Is  takwSf 
the  resistance  caused  by  friction,  and  by  the  stiffness  of  ropes,  chains,  etc. 

NuiiuTous  experiment.''  on  friction  have  been  ma<ie  in  France  by  M.  Morin,  frOB 
which  the  following  general  results  are  obtained  : 

1.  Tbc  friction  of  any  two  bodies  in  motion  is  proportional  to  tbe  pressure, 
whether  the  surftt<"es  be  dry  or  covered  with  an  ungiienL  The  ratio  l>etweeo  the 
pressure  and  the  friction  is  called  the  coejfirieui  o/ /rtriinn. 

2.  The  amount  of  friction  is  independent  of  the  surface  of  rontact  and  of  tbe 
velocity  of  the  motion.  It  depends  only  on  the  pressure,  tbe  nature  of  the  surfacei" 
in  contact,  aud  the  kind  of  unguent  interposed. 

5.  In  general,  friction  is  less  between  bodies  of  different  kinds  than  betwesa 
those  of  tbe  same  kind. 

4.  When  two  surfaces  have  been  long  in  contact  at  rest,  an  adhesion  takes  plaee 
between  them,  the  force  of  which  is  proportional  to  the  ext4.-nt  of  the  surface  of 
OODtact,  aud  independent  of  tbe  pressure. 

6.  When  a  continuous  stratum  of  an  unguent  is  constMitly  iat«qp«a«4  between 


MECHANICAL   POWERS. 


m 


tl.c   surfaces    of  contact,    the   araonnt    of  friction    .lepen.U   on   the  nature  of  the 
unguent,  and  not  on  that  of  the  surfaces. 

6.  With  the  unguents  hog's  lard  and  olive  oil,  the  coefficient  of  friction  is  nearly 
the  same  for  surfaces  of  wood  moving  on  metals,  wood  on  wood,  metal  on  wood 
and  met.al  on  metal.  ' 

The  coefficient  for  the  unguent  tallow  is  the  same,  except  in  the  case  of  metal  on 
metal,  for  which  it  appears  to  be  less  suited  than  the  others,  giving  a  coefficient  of 
about  0.10. 

7.  The  friction  of  axles  is  generally  a  little  less  than  that  of  plane  surfaces  under 
similar  circumstances.  The  amount  of  friction  is  here  also  proportional  to  the 
I>rcssurc.  and  independent  of  the  velocity  of  the  motion. 


Friction  of  Plane  Surfaces,  in  Motion,  upon  Each  0th 


er. 


Surfaces  ix  Contact. 


Angle  of  Repose. 


Wood  on  wood,  dry J40    ^^j  26i 

"  "     soaped .'.'!'.'  Hi"  to    2° 

-Metals  on  oak,  dry 26A°  to  31° 

"  "     wet... l.Si°tol4i° 

soaped Ijio 

Metals  on  elm,  dry .*....*  1U°  to  14° 

Ilcmp  on  oak,  dry !!!.!!  28° 

"     wet / jgio 

Leather  on  oak.  dry I  35I    ^^  jg^o 

Leatlier  on  metals,  dry I   oqio 

ti  .-.  '^  ^v^ 

wet 20° 

]\  "        greasy ^30 

"        oily I  gio 

Metals  on  metals,  dry "..'.!!  8*°    to  1U° 

wet Igio 

Smooth  surfaces  occasionally  greased '..'."".  4°      to  4*° 

"        continually         "         30 

"        best  results [  jao    jq  0° 


Coefficient  of 
Friction 


.25  to 
.2  to 
.5  to 
.24  to 
.2 

.2  to 
.5.3 

.;« 

.27  to 

.65 

.,36 

.2.3 

.15 

.15  to 

.,3 

.07  to 

.05 

.03  to 


.5 
,04 
.6 
.26 

.25 


.38 


.2 

.08 
.036 


4f)4 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


The  Quantity  of  Work  that  viay  be  done  by  Men  (ind  Jforse^. 


(From  tho  French  Aiile-M^nioirc,  18&«.) 


KiMl   OF    WiiRK. 


Kain'nij  Wrightt  trrticaWy 

1  iiiaii  iroinK  ii])  a  f;ciitU'  ii|o|ioora  ladder,  with- 
out a  liiail.  raitiiiiK  the-  ui-JKht  of  hin  own  body 

1  man  ruiniiiK  wci^hlH  with  n  rord  and  ]iull<>.v. 
till'  Tiird  riimiii);  down  nnlimdcd  

1    man  mining  woj^htH  witli  thi-  hnndH  

1  mull  raiMiii);  wiM^htH  nr  carryini;  thxni  on  Iiim 
liack  ii|i  u  K<-ntlc  h1<>|>c  or  up  a  hulilcr.  retiirn- 
inu  iiiiloadiMl  

1  man  whi-idiiiK  a  loud  up  a  Rlupe  of  1-12th  in  a 
wln'1'lliarrow.  and  returning  with  the  (.-nipty 
liiirmw  

1  man  llirowinK  earth  t^i  a  mean  hei|;ht  uf  5 
fm-l  with  u  kIiovcI 


Af'liiin  nn  Miirhitif*. 
1   man  on  the  hpokcs  of  a  wlieel  or  ilnini: 

1.  On  a  Icvil  with  the  axis 

•_'.  Toward  111.'  I.oltoin  oral  U'^ 

1   man  walkinfi;  and  pushing  or  pullinf;  horixon- 

tallv 

1   man  working  al  a  crank 

1  man  pnllin);  and   pushing  alternately   in  a 

vertical  direction  

1  hiTHc  harneiwed  to  au  ordinary  carriage,  going 

at  a  walk 

1  liorsc  liiirnesKed  to  a  pumping  engine,  going 

at  a  walk 

1  horiT   harnesxed  to  a  pumping  vngiue,  going 

at  a  trot 

1  ox  harnessed  to  a  pumping  engine,  going  at  a 

walk 

1  mule  harne«8ed  to  a  pumping  engine,  going 

at  a  walk 

Onrri/hiff  LnaiU  horizimtaUy. 
1  man.  on  a  level  road,  without  a  KmuI,  carrying 

the  weight  of  his  own  bo<ly 

1   man  witli  a  hand-cart,  returning  without  a 

KM»d 

1  man  « ith  a  wheelbarrow,  returning  without 

a  load 

1  man  carrying  a  load  on  liix  back 

1  man  carrying  a  load  on  hie  back,  returning 

without  a  load , 

1  man  with  a  hand-barrow,  returning  without 

a  load 

1  horxe  in  a  cart,  at  a  walk 

1    horse  ill  a  wagon,  at  a  trot 

1   horse  in  a  cnrt.  returning  without  a  load,  at 

a  walk I 

1   h  irse  under  the  saddle,  at  a  walk 

1  horse  under  the  saddle,  at  a  trot 


145. 


1550. 

265. 
180. 


S.7J 


19.6 


&3.19 
44.28 


221.4 
221.4 

237.8 

118.8 
5680. 
5544. 

3100. 
»54. 
1200. 


It 


Hows. 


10 

10 

• 

10 

• 

8 

8 

10 
10 

10 

7 


10 

10  ;20U.MO.O0O 

4.6  :  t>S*,812,ili00 

10  ;iiL,«oo.ooo 

10  I  34^44.000 

7  S2,«0,200 


WORK    DONE    BY    MEN    AND    HORSES. 


455 


The  Quantity  of  Work  done  by  Men  and  Horses — Continued. 


KlXD  OF  WonK. 


1  man   raising  liis  own  weiglit  np   a  stair  or 

lad(li>r 

1  man  raising  wciitlits  with  cord  and  pulley, 

cord  returning  unloaded 

1  man  lifting  weights  with  his  hands 

1  man  carrying  weights  up  a  ladder.weturning 

unloaded 

1  man  throwing  earth  with  a  sliovel  to  a  height 

of  ft.'lo  feet 

1  man  wheeling  earth  in  a  harrow  up  a  slope 

of  l-l:2th.  returning  unloaded 

1  man  working  at  the  spokes  of  a  drum,  on  a 

level  witli  the  axis 

1  man  working  at  the  spokes  of  a  drum,  toward 

the  hottom  or  at  24° 

1  man  pusliing  or  pulling  horizontally  (capstan 

or  oar  I 

1   man  turning  a  crank 

1  man  working  a  pump 

1  man  walking  on  a  level  road,  unloaded 

1  m.an  whi'eling  load  in  hand-cart,  returning 

unloaded 

1  mail  wlieelinga  load  in  wheelharrow.  return- 
ing unloaded I 

1  man  carrying  a  load  on  his  back 

1  man  carrying  a  load  on  his  back,  returning 

unloaded 

1  horse  cantering  and  trotting,  drawing  a  light 

railway  carriage 

1  horse  drawing  cart  or  V)oat,  walking 

1  horse  drawing  gin  or  mill,  walking 

1  horse  drawing  gin  or  mill,  trotting 

1  horse  drawing  cart  always  loaded,  walking... 
1  horse  drawing  cart  always  loaded,  trotting  ... 
1  horse  drawing  cart,  going  loaded,  returning 

unloaded 

1  horse  carrying  burden,  walking 

1  horse  carrying  burden,  trotting 

1  ox  drawing  a  cart  always  loaded 

T  mule  drawing  a  cart  always  loaded 

1  ass  dr.awing  a  cart  always  loaded 


Weight  raised, 

or  mean  effort 

exerted. 

Velority  or 

distance  per 

second. 

O   o 

s.s-g 

Lbs. 

Feet. 

Ft-Ll.s. 

Hours. 

143. 

0.5 

72.5 

8 

40. 

0.75 

30. 

6 

44, 

0.55 

24.2 

6 

143. 

0.13 

18.5 

6 

6. 

1.3 

7.8 

10 

132. 

0.075 

9,9 

10 

132. 

0.5 

66. 

8 

26.5 

2.3 

60.95 

8 

26.5 

2.0 

53. 

8 

IS. 

2.5 

45. 

8 

!       13.2 

2.5 

33. 

10 

1      143. 

6. 

715. 

10 

224. 

1,666 

373. 

10 

132. 

1.666 

220. 

10 

90. 

2.5 

225. 

7 

140. 

1.666 

233. 

6 

30.5 

14.666 

447.5 

4 

120. 

3.6 

432. 

8 

100. 

3.0 

300, 

8 

06. 

6.5 

420. 

4.5 

1.500. 

3.6 

5,400. 

10 

750. 

7,2 

5,400. 

45 

1.500. 

2,0 

3.000. 

10 

270. 

3  6 

972, 

10 

180. 

7  2 

1  296, 

7 

1.500. 

2.4 

3  600. 

10 

750, 

2.4 

1.800. 

10 

375. 

2.4 

900. 

10 

648000 
522,720 

399,600 

280.800 

356,400 

1,900  800 

1.755,360 

l,5i;(i.4()n 

i.2'.<i;,(iiK) 

l.iss.ouu 

25.740,000 

13,428,000 

7,920.000 
5,670,000 

6.0.32.800 

6.444.000 

12.441.600 

S. 640. 000 

6  950,000 

194,400,000 

b7,4S0,OOO 

108.000,000 
34  992.000 
32  6.'J9,200 

129,600,000 
64.800,000 
32,400,000 


A  horse-power  in  steam-engines  is  estimated  at  550  foot-pounds  per  second,  or 
33,000  foot-pounds  per  minute,  or  1,980,000  foot-pounds  per  hour.  The  average 
power  of  a  draught-horse  as  given  above  is  432  foot-pounds  per  second  =  0,785  of 
the  conventional  lioree-poirrr. 

The  French  horse-power  is  equal  to  542J  foot-pounds  per  second,  being  about 
l-70th  less  than  our  horse-power. 


456 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


The  numlicr  of  horcc-powcrs  iu  a  siDj;le-i-tri(ke  uiiKinc  is  expressed  by  .00002:{R 
d*  n  p  I  ;  d  being  the  diameter  of  the  piston  in  inches,  ii  the  number  of  utroke.s  in 
it  minute,  /  the  length  of  stroke  in  feet,  and  p  the  pressure  of  steam  on  a  square 
inch  (diminished  usually  by  l-6th  for  friction  and  inertia).  In  a  double-stroke 
•■ngine  tho  power  i.«  double  the  above. 


Elastic  Force  of  Steam  at  (llfferent  Temperatures. 

(Kroni  Kx|ii'ri iitH  cif  Coiiiinittcc  of  Kniiikliii  IiiKtiliilci 

The  unit  is  the  atmospheric  pressure,  or  1  atmosphere  =^  30  inches  of  mercury. 


Temp. 

Press. 

Temp. 

Prewi. 

Temp. 

Press. 

1* 
1  Temp. 

1 
Pre«. 

Tamp. 

PrsM. 

SIS 

1 

276 

3    ' 

1 

1  304i 

5 

1   326 

7 

S45 

0 

235 

n  ' 

284 

3i 

'  310 

54 

ll  331 

74  1 

S4« 

•4 

250 

2 

291i 

4 

31 5i 

« 

336 

8   i 

3524 

10 

264 

2i 

208i 

4i 

1  321 

61 

,  3404 

ll 

«*  ! 

Pressure  of  (lunpoicder  per  square  inch. 

(From  Captain  Roiliiian's  Kx|>erimpnt«.) 

The  pressure  on  a  42-pounder  gun,  at    the  bottom  of  the  bore,  when  fired  with  10 
pounds  (if  powder  and  a  solid  shot  weighing  4.3  pounds,  i^  44,J35  lbs. 

8  lbs.  of  powder  of  a  grain  .1  inch  diameter,  with  the  same  gun  and  shot,  gave  ■ 
pressure  of  51,800  lbs. 

8  lbs.  of  powder  of  a  grain  .4  inch  diameter,  with  the  same  gun  and  shot,  gave  a 
pressure  of  .31,900  lbs. 

12. fit  lbs.  of  powder  of  a  grain  .6  inch  diameter,  and  a  solid  shot,  weighing  186.3 
lbs.,  fired  from  iin  11-iueh  gun,  gave  a  pressure  of  21..H70  lbs. 
'     The  same  weight,  of  ..1  inch  diameter,  gave  a  pressure  of  S.O.SSO  lbs. 

The  same  weight,   of  .3  inch  diameter,  of  different  powder,  gare  a  pressure  of 
65,920  lbs. 

Half  the  weight  t)f  powder,  of  the   ordinary  charge,  with    double   the  weight  of 
shot,  gave  the  same  pressure  as  the  ordinary  charge. 

1  lb.  of  powder,  burned  in  a  space  equal  to  twice  that  occupied  by  the  powder, 
gave  a  pressure  of  42,500  lbs. 

2  lbs.,  burned  in  the  space  occupied  by  it.  gave  a  pressure  of  133.590  lbs. 

1  lb.,  burned  in  the  space  occupied  by  it,  .1  inch  grain,  gave  a  pressure  of  185,000 
lbs. 

The  actual  pressure."  are  probably  greater  than  those  abov*  given. 


MENSURATION.  46T 

MATHEMATICAL  FORMUL.E  AND  DATA. 

Mensurdtion. 

Lines. 
Circle. — Ratio  of  riiriun/rrnicc  to  diame.tvr,  flT  ^;  .'>.  Nl  J92(1.");;G  y-^--  ",  ']  ^  nearly. 
Circtimj'ei'ciice  of  a  virclt-  —    2  'T  r. 

Lciiqth  of  (III  arc  = ;  ;•  being  the  railius  of  the  circle  and  n  the  number  of 

ilcgrces  in  the  iirc:  or  neiirly  = ;    c  being  the  chorcl  of  the  arc,  and  c'  the 

i-hord  of  half  the  arc,  which  is  =  \/'  i  c'^  -\-  versine'. 

LetKjth  of  1  (h'ffrcc  =  0.01745.3.3  ;  radius  being  1. 

Leu<itli  of  1  minute  =  0.0002909. 

Lewjth  of  1  »eco)id  =  0.000(t048. 

Ellipse. —  Cirriimfrroice  --=  Afjj)  '"'  ]      J  (a^ -|-  //-'),    nearly:    a    and   h    being    the 

axes. 

,/4«2         h\ 
I'uriilioln.  —  Lruijth   of  an    arr,  commencing  at   the    vertex,    =1/1 [-■j/     J. 

nearly  ;  a  being  tiie  abscissa,  and  h  the  ordinate. 

SritFACES. 

Triaiigli: — Half  the  base  X  the  height  ;  or  half  the  product  of  two  sides  X  the 

sin.  ('  

sine    of    the    included    angle,    {i  n  h     ^  ) ;  or,  \    h  [n  —  n)  («  —  h)  («  —  r) :  or, 

a  -\-  h  -\-  c 
2 

Parallelogram. — The  base  X  the  height. 

Trapezoid. — Half  the  sum  of  the  parallel  sides  X  the  height. 

Any  Quadrilateral.  —  Half  the  product  of  the  diagonals  X  the  sine  of  their 
angle. 

Any  irrer/ular  plane  Jigiire  bounded  by  currei.  —  Divide  the  figure  into  any  cren 
number  of  parts  by  parallel  equidistant  ordinates;  let  a  be  the  sum  of  the  first  and 
last  ordinates;  b  the  sum  of  the  tren  ordinates:  c  that  of  the  odd  ones,  except  the 
first  and  last:  d  the  common  distance  between  them:  then  will  the  area  =  k  d  {a 
-f-  4  6  +  2  r).     Fire  ordinates  will  generally  be  found  sufiicient. 

Circle. — IT  )-2;  or  diam.'^  X  .78.54;  or  circum.^  X  .07958. 

»• «  a 

(Circular  sector. —  =  irr  r'^  "rT~;  •  "  being  the  length  of  the  arc  iu  linear  meas- 
ure :  a  the  number  of  degrees  in  the  arc. 


i  1     [  (/'  +  ")-  —  '■■■']  ['■^  —  (i  —  a-)  ] ;  «.  b.  r  being  the  sides,  and  «  =- 


458 


ORDNANCK    MANUAL. 


Circiil'ir  mijnifnt. — The  difference  between  the  sector  and  ihc  triangle  formed  by 

»■  a  —  »•*  sin.  A  A      / —        ■  ■ 

the  chord  and  the  radii ;   or ;  or  nearly  =  .4  r  (c  -f*  3  V    !«*  +  «''); 

r  being  the  chord,  and  v  the  versed  sine. 

Ellipte. — If  (f  h  sin.  a;  2  a,  2  b  being  an}'  two  conjugate  diameters:  n  the  angle, 
formed  by  Xhem.  When  a  =  90  degrees,  these  two  diameters  are  the  axes,  and 
then   we  have  «  — -  T  a  6. 

Parobiita. — §  a  h  ;  n  being  the  abscissa,  and  h  the  double  ordinate. 

Nii/ht  /iriim  or  ri/llnder. — Curved  surface  ^^  height  X  perimeter  of  base. 

Hirjlil  pi/rnniid  or  cone. — Half  the  slant  height  X  perimeter  of  bade. 

Fnmltiin  nf  ti  riijht  pritm  or  ci/litiJer. — The  perimeter  of  the  bitcc  multiplied  bv 
the  distance  from  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the  upper  section  to  the  biise.  If  the 
prism  or  cylinder  be  oblique,  multiply  this  product  by  the  sine  of  the  angle  of 
inclination. 

FrimliiDi  of  a  riijht  pi/ramid  or  co/if. — The  slant  height  X  I'alf  the  sum  of  the 
perimeters  of  the  two  ends. 

Spheif. — 4  *r*;  or  diam.  X  circum.:  or  diam.*  X  ."^.l-llfi. 

Spherical  zone  or  Metjmfiit. — 2  "K  r  h,  or  the  height  of  the  r.one  or  segment  multi- 
plied by  the  circumference  of  the  sphere. 

Circiilnr  HpiniUn. — 2  It  (r  c  —  u  '\r'^  —  i  c'') :  a  being  the  length  of  the  arc,  and 
c  its  chord,  or  the  length  of  the  spindle. 


Spherical  triaiitfle. — V  r' 


—  180= 
180° 


;  »  being  the  sum  uf  the  three  angles. 


Ani/  aiir/tice  0/  revolution. — 2  'T  r  /  ;   or  the  length    of   the    generating   element 
multiplied  by  the  circumference  described  by  its  centre  of  gravity. 

Table  of  Jieijiilar  Polytjnnt. 


No.  of  sides. 


Radiiu  of  clrenm-    8id«  of  inaeribed 
scribing  circle.  pwlyguB. 


3  Triangle 0.43^0127  0.577350.3  1        1.7.12051 

4  S.iuure 1.0000000  0.707IO«S  I.4I12I4 

5  Pentagon I  1.7204774  0.8506508  1.175570 

6  Hexa'.m 1  2.59S0762  l.OflOOOOO  l.OOdOOO 

7  iHeptairon I  3.6330124  1.1523«24  !       0.867787 

8  Octagon !  4.8284271  1  .;'.tM5.i628  0.765367 

9  Nona-on '  6.1818242  1.4619022  ,        0.6M044» 

10  Deca.'on 7.6942088  1.6180.340  '        0.618034 

11  Uudecagua 9.3656399      |        1.7747324  0.56:!465 

12  iBodecagou |  11.1961524  1.9318517  |       •.517638 


The  column  of  areo»  in  the  foregoing  table  gives  the  number  by 
rtfthe  (tide  is  to  be  multiplied  to  find  the  area  of  the  polygon. 


rbich  the  iqiiort 


MENSURATION.  459 

The  next  column  gives  the  miiltiplior  for  the  m'rlc  of  a  polyi/nti,  to  find  the  radium 
of  the  circumscribing  circle. 

The  last  column  gives  the  multii>lier  for  the  radins  of  a  circle,  to  find  the  side  of 
the  inscribed  polygon. 

Solids. 
Pritm  or  cylinder. — Area  of  base  multiplied  by  the  height. 
Pijramid  or  c»iic. — Area  of  base  multiplied  by  one-third  of  the  height. 

Fnistnm  of  a  pijrawid  or  rojic — J  h  {fl  -\-  f>  -\-  y    Bit);  h  being  the  height:  //and 

/  7>3 (/S  \ 

b  the  areas  of  the  two  ends.     Or,  for  a  conic  frustum.  \  h  X  .7S54  X  ( 1; 

D  and  d  being  the  diameters  of  the  two  ends.  ^  ^ 

FruHtum  of  a  riyht  triangulnr  prism. — The  base  X  i  {H  -\-  H'  -\-  H"). 
Fnistidii  of  ((III/  riijlit  priiiii. — The  base  multiplied  by  it;;  distance  from  the  centre 

of  gravity  of  the  section. 

Ci/liiidricnl  scijmeut,  contained  between  the  base  and  an  oblique  plane  passing 

through  a  diameter  of  the  base;  two-thirds  of  the  height  multiplied  by  the  area  of 

the  great  triangular  section;  or  J  r  )i^ ;  r  being  the  radius  of  the  base,  and  h  the 

hoight. 

4  *  r- 
Sphere. —  — ;-  -  ;  or  .52;J6  (/•',•  r  being  the  radius,  and  il  the  diameter. 

T  h 
Spherical  uri/wciit.—},  1!  It''  (3  r  —  h)  =  -^.-  (3  b"^  -f  /(2) ;  b  being  the  radius  of  the 

base,  h  the  height  of  the  segment,  and  /•  the  radius  of  the  sphere. 

<K  h 
Spherical  zone. (3  IP  -j"  -^  ^^  +  ''^) !    ^^>  ^'  being  the  radii  of  the  bases. 

a 

Spherical  scrtnr. — J  )■  X  the  surface  of  the  segment  or  /.one  :  or  3  *  )•'  h. 

Ellipioid. ;  n  being  the  revolving  diameter,  and  b  the  axis  of  revolution. 

f, 

Paraboloid. — Half  the  area  of  the  base  multiplied  by  the  height. 

Circular  spindle. — *  (J  5^  —  2  s  y  r'^  —  i  c-) ;  «  being  the  area  of  the  revolving 
segment,  and  c  its  chord. 

Any  xolid  of  rendition. — 2 'f  r  s ;  or  the  area  of  the  generating  surface,  multi- 
plied by  the  circumference  described  by  its  centre  of  gravity. 

Any  irreijidar  solid  bounded  by  a  curved  surface. — Use  the  rule  for  finding  the 
area  of  iin  irregular  plane  figure,  substituting  sections  for  ordinate.s. 

Caslc-ynucjiuij. — 1.  By. the  preceding  rule: 

It 
The  contents  of  a  cask  =-  —  /  {d-  -\-  D-  -{-  4  J/-)  ;  /  being  the  length,  rf,  I)  the  head 

and  bung  diameters,  and  .1/  a  diameter  midway  between  them — all  measured  in  the 

clear,  inside;  --=0.1309. 
24 


1>1U) -NANCE    MANUAL. 

The  PMnc  fonnnla  tnnv  l»e  thuo  Ktnto.l :  )i  I  (A  -\-  H  >+  C);  I  hvlng  (he  lenjfth.  A 
mill  //  the  an-iii-  of  tlu'  lii:ul  uml  bun;;;  n't-tionti,  ami  Cthaf  of  the  Hoction  inMw.-iy 
Itclwovn  (hem. 

T 

2.  t'.iiilcnln  c.f  II  (HJ-k.  iH"iil3-=       /{2    />'  -f"  ■'■';:  "«"   '   X  ''»••■   """r"  "f  •>   ■  >r  li< 

'J  I)  +  .1 
whom-  (linint'tcr  ic • 

Centres  <>j  (irncitii. 

I.ISES. 

(Similar   nrr.—\i  a  distaiico  fruin   the  centrf  =         ;    r  bein;:  the  rm<liu»,  e  the 

I 
chor>l,  and  /  tlir  Iciij^th  nf  tin-  arc 

ARKA8. 

Triangle. — On  a  lino  ilrawn  from  any  angle  to  the  mi<l<lle  of  the  opposit*  liile, 
at  twu-(hir<U  of  the  distance  from  the  angle  to  the  side. 

Trnpfxoid. — (tn  a  line,  «i.  joining  the  middle  pointi'  of  thi-  two  imrallel  tidei:   It, 

It;  dintanee  from   H  ^       i    — 1. 

tSrmicirrle. — Itistnnce  from  the  centre  =  — 

Circiiliir  tniiiirui. — Distance  from  the  centre  =  ;  c  being  the  chord  of  the 

12  A  , 

segment,  and  A  ils  area. 

2  r  f 
Circular  ncctor. — I>i«tancc  from   the   centre  ^  ;   r   being  the   chord,  and  ' 

the  length  of  the  arc. 

Poriiliiilir  tnjmrtit. — Diiitance  from  the  vertex  :=  Ihree-fifthn  of  the  abteifsa. 

Surface  uf  a  rii/hl  ti/iiiiiifr,  one,  or  /rimtiim  uf  n  cimr. — The  centra  of  gravilj  il 
!it  the  same  distance  from  the  base  as  that  of  the  parallelogram,  triangle,  ".r  tr.if)*- 
loid,  which  is  a  right  .<ection  of  the  same. 

Surface  (if  a  Hphcri'-al  zmie  Or  scjineiil. — At  the  mid<lle  of  the  height. 

SOLIDS. 

I'ritm  or  cylinder. — At  the  middle  of  the  line  joining  the  centres  of  gravity  of 
the  two  ends. 

Pjirattiid  or  cune. — The  ilistance  from  the  base  is  one-fourth  of  the  line  joiaing 
the  vertex  with  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the  bai<e. 

Fruttnm   of  a  cone. — Distance    from    the   centre  of  the   smaller  end  =  J  A    X 

\"JZJ1-JUl1.  :  or  i  a  X  ^  ^      :   h  being  the  height.  /?  and  r  the  radii 

(li^r)*  —  Iir  R^+Hr  +  t^ 

.^  r«  -f  2  /?  r  +  //» 

of  the  greater  and  less  endss.     Distance  from  the  largo  end  =  }  Aw-- 

*^  JP  +  R  r  +  t* 


PLANE   TRIGONOMETRY.  4G1 

3  (r— i  A)2         * /,2(r— i  »)» 
Sphtricnl  seqmenl. — Distance  from  the  centre  =  = ;    r 

lieing  the   radius   of  tlic  sphere,  h  the  height  of  the  segment,  and  .S' its  solid  con- 

Q    _  O     L 

tents.     Distance  from  the  vertex 


Ur  —  Ah 

Sjilierirnl  sector. — Di.-itance  from  the  centre  =  j  (r  —  I  h). 

'   r  4-  ■■  /' 
Distance  from  the  vertex  = 

.    8     . 
Hrminpherc. — Distance  from  the  centre  =  §  r. 

Semi-ellipsoid. — Distance  from  the  centre  =  8  of  semi-axis;  of  revolution. 

Paraboloid. — Distance  from  the  vertex  ^  j{  h. 

.■1)11/  si/ntem  of  bodien. — Distance  of  the  common  centre  nf  trravitj-  from  a  given 

/;  n  4-  H'  D'  +  iv  v"  +  etc.     „    ,.,    „„  ,  .       , 

iilanc  = :  /',    />  .   '"     neing   the   masses   or   solid 

'  5  -f  «'  +  li"  -f-  etc. 

contents  of  the  bodies,  and  I),  I)',  D"  the  distances  of  their  respective  centres  of 

gravity  from  the  given  plane. 

Arithmetical  Progression . 

ft,  the  first  term:  d,  the  common  difference;  »,  the  nuraher  of  terms;  I,  the  »'•'> 
term;  »,  the  sum  of  u  terms. 

I  =  u  -\-  d  {n  —  ^)^,  »  =  "  (a  +  /). 

\ 

Geometrical  Progression. 

r.  the  common  ratio  ;  the  rest  as  above. 

Ir  —  n  (»»—!) 


;  =  a  )■"  —  1 ;  «  = 


r  —  1  r  —  1 


Logarithms. 

.r,  the  common  logarithm  of  the  number  o  ;  c,  the  base  of  the  hyperbolic  loga- 
rithms ^  2.7182818 ;  x',  the  hyperbolic  logarithm  of  a. 

rr  =  ]0'  =  e^';  ..=  j' log.  e  ,•  log.  e.  =  0.4342945. 

PLANE  TRIGONOMETRY. 

The  radius  is  taken  ei(nal  to  unity.     To  restore  it,  replace  such  expressions  as 

,          .             .       ,      tang,  a   sin.  a   R  —  sin.  a 
tang,  a,  sin.  a,  1  —  sin.  a,  etc.,  by ,  , ,  etc. 

.FormuLjK.     (a  and  h  are  the  angles.) 

,'  ., —   .  sin.  n  1 

sin.  a  ==  y  1  —  cos.'*  n  ;  tang  a  = ;   sec.  n  = ; 

cos.  a  cos.  a 


4m 


ORDNANCE    IvrANUAL. 


COS.  a  ■       1  .  , 

cot.  a  = —  ;  cosec.  a  = vcr-sin.  «  =  1  —  cos.  a  ; 

■in.  a  sin.  « 

■in.  (a  ^  6)  =  flin.  a  cos.  b  J-  sin.  &  cos.  a ; 

COS.  (o  J-  6)  =  COS.  a  COS.  /(  ^  (iin.  a  sin.  i/ 

,       ,    ,.         tang,  n  _L  tane.  i 
tang,  (a  -t  *)  =  f-i- -  -  -     .  ^ ; 

1  -f-  tang,  a  tang.  6 


tang,  i  «  ^ 


sin.  J  fi 


1  —  COS.  a sin.  a 

sin.  a  1  -j-  COP.  fi 


1  —  COS.  a 


COS.  i 


„  =  ^^ 


-\-  COS.  fl 


Solution  of  Triangles. 

A,  Jl,  C,  arc  the  .1  anfjlcs :  <»,  ft.  r.  arc  the  .3  sides  opposite  thi-in  r<fp<'"-iively. 
Right-Angi.ki>  TniANOi.KS — {A  being  tlie  rij?ht  angle). 
(iircn.      I  Formulm. 

1.  a,  li,       h  ^  a  sin.  B  :  c  -  =  a  cos.  li:   C  =  90°  —  /?, 

:  6  =  c  tang.  B :  C  =  90°  —  //. 


2.  5,  c, 
.3.   a,  ?), 

4.  h,  c. 


COS.    fl 


sin.  li  ^-     ':«:=-  i/(a  +  fc)  (o  —  b)  :  c  =  90°  —  li. 


tang,  li  ^=  —  :  a  = 


COS.  // 


C  =  90°  —  B. 


OBtiQi'K-ANGLED  TRIANGLES.     (.S*,  the  area  of  the  triangle:  p  =  —  '        '      ). 

Given.  Form\iltr. 

a  sin.  C     „       ,  .       .       ,         rt*  sin.  li  sin.  C. 


1.  A  It,  a 

2.  a,  b,  A. 

3.  ft,  c,  .4, 

4.  n,  ft,  c. 


ft  = 


a  sin.  /? 
sin.  A 


sin.  ./I 


5  =  i  ft  c  sin.  -I  ^ 


sin. /?  =  i-^i!^  :   C=180°  — (,1  +  /?)  :  r  = 


2  sin.  A 

'I  sin.  C 
sin.  .4 


i  (J?+  C)  =  *  (180°  — .4):  tang.  H«— to  =  *^  cot.  i  A. 

b  -f-  c 

B=i{B+  C)  +  K{^-0). 

C=h{B+C)-i(B-C).c  =  ''l~ 

«iu.  A 


l(p—b)(p-c) 


sin.  i  A  =\ ~ :  or  tang,  i  A  ='v/     ~ • 

\  be  \     p(p  —  a) 


COS.  i  A 


p{p  —  a) 


S=y/  p{p  —  a)  {p  —  b){p  —  c) 


BALLISTICS.  468 

BALLISTICS. 

Motion  of  a  Body  projected  vertically  vpward,  in  Vacuo. 

Let  (  reprosent  any  time  of  ascent,  in  seconds. 

/(,  the  height      i 

.,         1     •.      y  at  the  end  of  the  time  t. 
r,  the  velocity  j 

g,  the  velocity  acquired  by  a  falling  body  in  1  second. 
1',  the  initial  velocity  of  projection. 
H,  the  whole  height  of  ascent.  * 
T,  the  whole  time  of  ascent. 
Then, 

A  =  r  <  —  i  .-7  r*.  V  =  V—  g  t. 

\n.  Y 

H=~.  7'=_. 

2»  9 

Motion  of  a  Projectile  in  Vacuo. 

The  trajectory  of  a  body  projected  obliquely,  in  vacuo,  is  a  parabola,  the  axis  of 
which  is  vertical. 

Let  F  represent  the  initial  velocity  ==  v2g  H. 

9,  the  angle  of  projection  above  the  horizontal  plane. 

X,  y,  the  horizontal  and  vertical  co-ordinates  of  any  point  m  in  the  trajectory, 
from  the  point  of  departure  as  the  original. 

V,  the  velocity  of  the  projectile  at  the  point  m. 

t,  the  time  of  flight,  to  the  same  point. 

0,    the  inclination  of  the  tangent  at  that  point. 

X,  the  whole  horizontal  range. 

Y,  the  greatest  height  of  ascent. 

T,  the  whole  time  of  flight,  for  the  range  A'. 

a,  h,  the  horizontal  and  vertical  co-ordinates  of  the  object  aimed  at. 

£,  itsnngle  of  elevation,  making  tang.  £  =  — . 

a 

EqiKiiion  of  the  trajectory. 

y  =  .1-  tang 


4  H  C0S.2  9 


;/=   T";  sin.  (p  — igr<2.     a:=F<cos.(p.     v=T/2g{H—y). 
X=2H  sin.-2  9  =  Ylj'^llll,  Y  =  //  sin.'^  (P  =  ""'  ''^-  '  '^ 


9  2g 

Fsin.  (p        ^    .  /  2  // 

=  2  sin.  9 


tang.  6  =  tang.  9  — 


i9-  ^  \     g 

2  H  cos.2  9 


464  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

I'rom  which  it  follows:   tho  unglc  of  greatest  range  is  <p        45°.      Then 

A'  =  2  ^  -  4   r  :     Y=i  H  :    V^yg  X:     T  ^\   g    =  i  \^  Jc  tl.  nearly  : 
f  =  1.4142  '• 

The  rniiKei!  are  equal  at  aiiKlp"  ei|ui(listaiif  frmii  4.")°. 
Under  a  given  angle  of  projection  the  initial  velocitic'  are  ac  the  !ii|uare  roots  of 

the  ranges. 
When  the  initial  velotitieo  are  ci|ual.  the   ranges  arc  i.r«>p'.rti"nal   t<>   the  sines  of 

douhle  (he  angles  of  elevation. 
The  velo<  ities  are  equal  in  the  two  hranohes  of  the  trajeetory.  at  the  same  heif^ht. 

The  least  velocity  is  al  the  summit,  ami  is  ;^  V.  cos.  (p: 
On  horiy.intul  ground,  the  angle  of  descent  is  equal  to  the  angle  of  projection,  and 

the  linul  M'looily  is  e<|ual  to  the  initial  velocity. 

'/'<)  Jiiiil  the   iiiiliiil  vlo'ilif,  ur  the  utKjle  of  finijrrtimi,  nrcettttiy  fur  §tiiL-in<j  a  ijiveit 

;""■"'• 


II  — 

4  sin.  (^p— f)  COS.  (p 


f  (I  g  CM.  S 

'V2  sin.  (?— f)    cos.  9' 


tang.  9=  { (//iv'-^i tf-6y-ri7.y  =  ^/ d-  ^*-^^' - 1. 

If  the  trajectory  he  rtMjuired  to  pass  through  two  points  whose  co-ordinates  nrco 
and  i,  a'  and  //',  or  to  pass  through  tlie  first  point  and  have  a  certain  inclination  ^ 
with  the  horizontal  plane  at  that  point,  as  in  firing  over  the  crest  of  a  parapet  to 
ricochet  on  the  terreplein,  we  have  in  the  first  case, 

h  h 

n (I  —  ,  

an'  *  I  ^  a  —a 

tang.  9  -  ^7^—:  and  V=  — \  ih_   J.^, 

a  a' 

and  in  the  second.  . 

1  /"^  a 

tang.    ^  =^2  tang.    I  -  tang.  «  :  and   1'=  ^^-^  j  tang,  g  -  tang.   6 

When  the  point  is  in  the  descending  branch  of  the  curre.  ^  and  taog.  6  are  nega- 
tive. 

The  trajectory  described  by  a  heavy  projectile  thrown  with  a  low  Telocity,  as  in 
the  case  of  an  eprouvette  ball,  approaches  very  near  to  a  parabola.  If  the  projec- 
tile be  light  for  it^  volume— as  is  the  case  with  shells— the  trajectory  described  is 
not  80  near;  and  when  higher  velocities  are  employed,  the  trajectory  is  rery  differ- 
ent, and  it  is  necessary  to  take  into  consideratiAi  the  resisUnce  of  the  atmosphere. 


BALLISTICS.  465 

Resistance  of  the  Air. 

When  a  body  moves  in  the  air  witli  a  low  vclocitj',  of  25  to  30  feet  per  oecond,  it 
meets  with  a  resistance  wbii'h  is  sensilily  proportional  to  the  density  of  the  air,  bo 
the  area  of  the  projection  of  the  body  on  a  plane  perpendicular  to  the  direction  of 
the  motion,  and  to  the  square  of  the  velocity  of  the  body. 

The  resistance  of  the  air  in  pounds  = ^^  '•■  o  ^  ^' 

^  being  the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  air,  and  k  a  coefficient,  constant  for  similar 
solids,  but  varying  with  different  forms. 

When  the  body  moves  with  a  high  velocity,  the  resistance  of  the  air  increases  in 
a  more  rapid  ratio  than  the  square  of  the  velocity,  and  the  law  may  be  ex])ressed  by 
adding  a  term  proportional  to  the  cube  of  the  velocity. 

For  spherical  projectiles  the  resistance  is  in  proportion  to  the  area  of  a  great  cir- 
cle:  calling  the  radius  It,  the  velocity  r,  the  resistance  of  the  air,  in  pounds,  p,  it 
has  been  found  that 

p  =  j4  "T  7i'2  f2  1  1  -|-  —  I,  in  which  .-1  is  the  resistance  per  square  foot  of  cross- 
section  for  a  velocity  of  1  foot  per  second,  and  r  is  the  velocity  for  which  the  resist- 
ance due  to  the  second  term  is  equal  to  that  due  to  the  first. 

E.\perimcnts  in  France  with  guns  and  solid  shot  hare  shown  that  for  a  mean  den- 
sity of  the  atmosphere  of  ^.^^  part  of  water,  and  for  ordinary  velocities,  with  spher- 
ical projectiles,  A  =  .000514  and  v  =  1427  ft.:  for  shells  with  low  velocities,  as  from 
mortars,  r  =  2735  feet. 


Motion  of  a  Projectile  in  the  Air. 

The  noyiiKil  trajeclori/  in  the  air  is  a  continuous  plane  curve,  which  can  be  cut  by 
a  right  line  in  not  more  than  two  points;  it  has  two  asymptotes,  one  vertical,  the 
other  inclined. 

The  actual  trajectory  of  a  ball  is  generally  a  curve  of  double  curvature.  It  dif- 
fers from  the  normal  trajectorj'  in  consequence  of  the  deviations,  both  lateral  and 
vertical,  produced  by  the  eccentricity  of  the  ball,  its  position  in  the  gun,  the 
motion  of  the  air,  and  other  circumstances,  which  cause  the  ball  to  revolve  about 
an  uncertain  and  variable  a.\is  and  to  depart  from  the  vertical  plane  of  projection. 

The  equation  of  the  trajectory  is  a  complicated  one,  and  difficult  of  computation. 
(Jeneral  Didion  has  reduced  it  to  the  simplest  form. 

Adopting  the  same  notation  as  in  the  motion  of  a  projectile  in  vacuo,  and  desig- 
nating by  Fj  ^Fcos.  (p,  the  horizontal  component  of  the  initial  velocity,  a  the 
relation  of  the  length  of  an  arc  of  the  trajectory  to  its  horizontal  projection,  so 
that  n  T  is  the  length  of  the  arc  passed  over,  R,  T,  D,  U,  certain  multipliers,  each 
30 


OKU.NANCE    MANUAL. 


a\ 


functions  of  ."^  and  <>f l^  e  ami  <   hciiif;  coefflcionti"  of   tlic    forinuU  for  the 

c  r 

.7           ^  « 

rciiutance  of  tlie  iiir,  ho  avif  y  ^    -c  lang.  .?          .,  "„,  /.'  :  tang.  «  =  Ung.  9 

^  ■"     K*   COB.*  (P 


D:  V 


V  COS.  <P 


wliioh    arc    the   equatioD*   of    the    trajectory    in 


V  roe.  9  f   cog. 

multiplied  by  these  coustanto  //.  /.  />.  I',  lie  has  calculated  the  ralaea  of 
these  multijilicrs  for  tho  different  circumstances  of  flrinjt.  and  tabulated  them  for 
ready  use. 

Thr  loai  of  vrlocity  by  the  resistance  of  the  air  in  niiy  tnmtl  distance  x  will  he 
expressed  by 


"— '4-;;^,(>+7> 


This  formula  may  be  used  in  experiments  with  the  nnHiftic  Pen<lulum.  for 
computing  the  velocity  lost  by  the  ball  in  paj^inj;  from  the  jrun  to  the  |>cndul«Bi- 
block. 

Velocities  of  Spherical-case  Shot  at  x  Distance  from  the  Gun. 

The  reloeity  r»tn<iiiiiig  at  any  distance  j-  is  found,  according  to  the  experimauls 

r 

at  Melr,,  by  the  cquatation,  r'  =  --^ pr;^ y  :  for  high  velocUiea,  e  •" 


3  .4 


('  +  7)'"-7 

:  wati 

.1542  \ 

'^*  "^  .16404  +  2  BJ 


;   D  =  density  of  the  ball:  water        l.tiUO. 


4R  D 

A  =  .008|.74+    j^^,^ 

e  =  -  2.7182S1S;  ./        32.155  feet:   log.  </    =  I.j0724h5;   log.  t        0.4342'J45 ;   log.  « 
—  1.6377892. 

All  the  dimensions  are  expressed  in /eel.- 


Weight  of  shell, 
2  Ji. 

loaded. . 

..lbs. 

12-pdr 

11. S2 

In.               Ft. 

4.52  =  0.3767 

6752.6 
3.8294754 
0.00816 
0.00015473 

4.1895633 

1 
24-M'-. 
24. 
Ft. 
0.4742 
6877.7 
.1.8374471 
0.00784 
0.000116 

4.0648008 

32-pdr. 

32. 
Ft. 

(1.521 

jj 

r>914.4 

loff    n 

f..M."i«7573 

J  .                     4  . 

(1  00772 

O.(»00I033A 

4.0143649 

VELOCITIES   OF    SPHERICAL-CASE    SHOT. 


Wl 


• 

l-l 

•088820S" 

s 

■oeessss" 

I 

■00i0o9o" 

2 

oiieifs- 

1 

•91QLIZ7: 

S 

o 

•S269106" 

i 

•osetisf 

i 

•ofiPigx- 

d 
o 

etintr 

S 

•0Q560C1- 

i 

■096i00l' 

T-eeioso- 


<t  5 


■9e9t9Tr.' 


*i    C-l  t£  i-H 


4>    O  ^  -)< 

4)  ■*  la  i» 


ts 


O    CI  ^  ■» 
Of    iC  ^  lA 


®    »«  00  C^        O  rP 
®    ic  »0  (O         ■*  Tf 


Cl9St8I" 


*^   <C  Q>  C9        O  Ok 

»    lO  ffl  ®        't  "* 


•«  t-«  o  moo  < 

e  05  I-  i-i  -»  >o  < 
«  to  tc  t-«^  > 


•stEiief 


ISS 


*•   'M  C4  C4  lO  «0  C4 

©  OC  (M  «£  '-i^  C30  CC 
0)  O  t-  t^  03  ^  *« 
fa 


**  O  -^  CI  OC  o  t^ 
It  «  I-  —  cr.  ,-  o 
a>  b-  t^  cc  c-:  lA  tn 


V  3 


■8ZSU0V 


3)  ^ 


■«-'    -r  Cfl  M  ^  fO  O 

GJ    OC  CO  CC  ^  <  O 

a>  I'-.  00  00  -*  »c  CD 


Feet. 
844 
897 

437 
591 
647 

•X089060- 

•966Z08-0 

<-    0»  C5  O  -P  .-  -f 

a  <^  ^  n  <z  n  A 

0^    OJ  Oi  o  ^  «D  to 

-M    00  CI  CO  00  lO  u^ 
OJ    iO  -^  O  CI  CO  *  I 

at  iM  CO  •*  o  00  Ci 


'tsixeio- 


•999teio- 


4J  m  o  o  o  o  o 
Ci   t^  cc  o  -*  o  o 

a>    CO  -*  <:o  (C  Cl  O 


;> 

» 

o 

S^ 

U 

I  o 


B  -5 


44« 


f»RI>NANCK    MANUAL 


Final  Velocity  of  Descent  in  the  Air. 

The  v«luuit,v  of  a  projectile  (limiDi^thes  frum  the  coiniuenccmont  uf  itv  IligLt  to  a 
point  a  little  bryond  tbo  Kummit  of  the  trajectory;  it  then  increases  to  a  certaio 
limit.  <U*penrlcnt  on  tho  'liameter  and  den.iity  of  the  ball.  The  niial  velocity  ii 
pfiven   hy  the  equation 


C-0 


■I  Jl  l> 

•A  A    ' 


Causaa.., 


final  Taloctty  of  d«wt>nt  in  tmk par  mo. 


8Bor. 


42.  j  at. 

4S6  '4M 


II. 


12.     0. 


Sanu. 


1  :       10-  I    S-  >  94-    1 
,tKa.  !••»., la*.  Hr-  X 


426    410    aao     »86    M6    4 1 


Penetration  of  Spherical  PrujectiUs. 


The  prnrlralioH  uf  a  cannon-ball  in  a  solid  mii^s  of  oak  timber,  inrh  a*  the  i>ide« 
of  a  ve»>el,  acc-ordinf;  to  the  French  experiments  at  Gavre,  is  expressed,  io  inches. 
by  the  following  foroiulai 

J..1(i«  J)  2   Jl/  ■Utt2tf  f^'\ 

• 1200^       V"''       10»      J 

The  same  notation  being  used  as  at  page  400. 

The  penetration   in  other  »ul>»tances  is  obtained  by  multiplying  those  given  by 
the  above  formula  by  the  following  cocflicieuts : 
1.64   f^r  compact  earth,  half  rand  and  half  clay. 
1.U3   for  sand  mixed  with  grarrl. 
S.21   for  fresh  earth. 
1.3     for  elm. 

1.8     for  beech  and  white  pine. 
2.       for  poplar. 

0.19  for  limestone  r<>ck.  $ 

0.41  for  masonry  of  good  <|aality. 


General  Formula  for  Computing  tlie  Initial  Velocity  of  a  Ball. 


M  C^  —  S* 

—    •««• A 


C* 


In  which   V  is  the  initial  velocity  of  the  ball. 
C,  the  radius  of  the  bore. 
B,  the  radius  of  the  ball. 

M,  the  weight  of  the  ball,  with  the  rabot,  etc.,  uaed  in  loading. 
ft-,  the  weitrht  of  the  char;re  ot'  powder. 


INITIAL    VELOCITY    OF    A    BALL.  469 

Jl,  the  weight  of  powJer  (loosed  which  would  fill  the  bore  of  the  gun. 
L"ff.  the  common  logarithms. 

7  and  ^,  coefficients,  depending  on  the  nature  of  ordnance,  and  the 
quality  of  the  powder  used  ;  to  be  determined  experimentally  by  means  of  some 
known  velocity,  and  given  difference  of  windage. 

A  may  probably,  without  .sensible  error,  be  regarded  a.s  constant  for  the  same 
quality  of  powder,  though  used  in  different  kinds  of  ordnance;  but  the  value  of  T 
should  be  computed  from  the  known  velocity  in  a  case  approaching  nearest  to  that 
to  which  the  formula  is  to  be  applied. 

In  ordinary  cases  of  windage  (  W)  we  may  consider 
C^  —  Ji^_  2{C—R)_  W 
C^"'  "~         C        ^   C ' 
According  to  the  experiments  made  with  the  Ballistic  Pendulum  at  Washington 
Arsenal,  the  mean  values  of  the  coefficients  /  and  <^.  for  Dupont's  powder,  in  guns 
of  variou.s  calibres  (from  6-pounder  to   .32-pounder).   are:  7=  .S,500    feet;  A  = 
.•5.200  feet. 

The  above  formuls^,  for  the  resistance  of  the  air  and  for  the  initial  velocity,  are 
obtained  from  the  "  Traite  de  Ralistique.  par  le  General  Didion,  I860:"  a  work 
which  may  be  consulted  for  a  full  discussion  of  the  theory  of  the  motion  of  projec- 
tiles, and  the  deviations  produced  by  their  eccentricity  ^nd  other  causes. 


470 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


-«MMoa 


2      O   'O  'O   —   O    S  «S  '£  to  O  «C   M   =    O  O  «~  eC   3C  o 

^    5C  'O  ■-.  i~  i-  ■—  -t  c:  c^  -t  r-:  -r  -t  -f  •^  "fl  -r  "»  M 


B    «o  ><)  >o  to  «s    •  so  tt  «  to  o  tc  "^  o  ''s  «e  to  'O  "» 


.    e-i  —  •—  N  M 

-    s  o  o  o  o 


e  o  o  o  o 


«  e^  M  cc  «o  1^  r-  I 


wooocscoscco  .e 


loeoesoAeeo 


rt^—e-i  —  c-iMMMOOc-*© 


«*  so  O  ■*  ■*  •«     •  M  CO  ■>♦  90  ■ 


«e  M  -rt  cj 


r*    t<.>oint^t^cctoi~ceco>nt^o>o>a«<Oao^<et> 


;:    1 


OQ 


!Hlt 


liH 


•«  C-)  M  1~ 

■^    e  o>  3c  c  o 


J    X 


C   C   C   =   —  C-l      •   Si 


r 


aaceoaot-oo^occoaAaa^" 


.  o    •  •    •  ^-^ 

:  -  ;;  :  :  ^  = 

-  -  .5  .  li  w.  - 

4*    f-  c    tc  J,  — 

'o  ~  3  n,  ■%  ^  2. 

-^   ,-,  —  j:  —   ■-  ^ 

X     ?  — 


^   cj  :=  j:  ■ 


---   i.   o  o  e> 


S;S<S5     o~:'Jx:Es:5=;     zEzik-iss: 


X  -  c:  le 
:^  <  -^  <  ^  c  is 
•<      'z:  S  X  oc  Z  00 


ORDNANCE  OF  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 

In  Aualria  and  Pruana,  howitzers  and  mortars  take  their  denominations  from  the  weight 
of  a  stone  hall  of  the  calibre  of  the  bore ;  in  Russia,  from  the  true  weight  of  the  shell ;  in  other 
countries,  the  same  as  with  ns. 

The  column  of  exterior  lenrfUi  shows  the  length  from  the  rear  of  the  base-ring  to  the  face  of 
the  piece,  and  the  hngth  of  bore  includes  the  chamber,  when  not  otherwise  mentioned. 


Desionation. 


Guns  : 


ENGLAND. 

*  lO-inch 

*10-inoh 

68-pdr 

*6S-pdr 

»  68-pdr 

S-inoh 

*  8-inch 

*8-iuch 

8inch 

6fi-pdr 

56-pdr 

42-pdr 

42-pdr 

42-pdr 

32-pdr 

*32-pdr , 

32-pdr 

32-pdr 

*  32-pdr 

*  32-pdr.  

*  32-pdr 

*S2-pdr 

*  32-pdr 

*  32-pdr 

32-pdr 

*  32-pdr 

32-pdr 

24-pdr 

24-pdr 

24-pdr 

18-pdr 

18-pdr 

18-pdr 

12-pdr 

9-pdr 

6-pdr 

6-pdr 

3-pdr 

HowiTZER.s:        lO-inch 

8-inch 

32-pdr 

24-pdr 

5i<;  inch  .. 

12-l"ir 

4  2-5  inch.. 

Mortars:         *  13-inch 

13-iiich 

*10inch 

lO-inch 

8-inch 

Armstrong  GuNf 


Brass. 

Diameter    •«•,•_  j„„„ 

of  Bore.  P^*"**'««-  ExteriorL.  .  ., 
I  Length.  p^^'S^t' 


Iron. 


Exterior 
Length. 


In. 

10. 

10. 
8.12 
8.12 
8.12 
8.05 
8.05 
8.06 
8.05 
7.65 
7.65 
6.84 
6.84 
6.97 
6.32 
6.32 
6.35 
6.35 
6.375 
6.35 
6.35 
6.41 
6.35 
6.35 
6.3 
6.3 
6.3 
5.823 
5  823 
5.75 
5.29 
6.17 
5.17 
4.623 
4.2 
3668 
3.668 
2.913 

10. 
8. 
6.3 
5.72 
5.62 
4.5S 
4.52 

13. 

13. 

10. 

10. 
8. 
4.0 
3. 


In. 

.16 

.16 

.2 

.2 

.2 

.125 

.125 

.125 

.126 

.175 

.175 


.2 

.175 

.175 

.173 

.173 

.198 

.173 

.173 

.223 

.173 

.173 

.123 

.123 

.123 

.211 

.211 

.138 

.193 

.071 

.071 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.09 
.16 
.14 
.125 
.125 
.025 
.122 
.066 
.16 
.16 
.16 
.16 
.14 

none. 

none. 


In. 

Lbs. 

In. 
112 
112 
130 

120 
114 
108 
106 

96 

80.5 
132 
120 
120 
120 
114 
115 
114 
114 

96 
108 
102 

96 

96 

90 

90 

78 

72 

64 
114 
108 

78 
108 
108 

72 
108 

66 

72 

78 

Lbs. 

10,632 

9,400 

12.644 

10.640 

9,866 
7,280 

6,720 

5.824 

5,600 

10,976 

9.744 

9,408 

8,400 

7^,504 

7.168 

6.500 

6,272 

5,600 

5.f,00 

5,040 

4,700 

4,600 

4,480 

4,368 

3.584 

3.800 

3,800 

6,600 
6,376 

3.696 

.  4,700 

4,700 

2,240 

7'8. 
72. 
60. 

2.000 

1,500 

672 

3,800 
1,900 
1,900 
2.016 

48 

336 

60 

48 

4.592 

2,350 

63. 

56  5 

1.456 

40.75 

40.75 

1,680 

45  25 

728 
280 

22  5 

53. 

36.75 

45.5 

31.5 

25.25 

11,300 

4.000 

6,824 

27. 
21.5 

1.428 

728 

1,848 

924 

2.600 

896 

*Navy  guns.  fTh^  largest  Armstrong  gun  is  an  80-pdr.;  weight,  7,280  lbs. 

:j:50  grooves;  tliey  make  one  turn  in  10  feet.-  ^34  grooves. 


472 


ORDNANCK    MANUAL. 


Foreign  Ordnance — Continued. 


1 

o 

8 
& 

1 

DlAJfRTEROrl               B^ 

IROR. 

DrHIONATIOM. 

High 

gauge. 

1     Length.      !     ^ 

Uatth. 

1 

. 

Est*- 

rlor. 

Boi«. 

I 

KnANCE. 

Uum:                     rao-pdr... 

Siepp  nnd     24-p«lr... 

IptiTiiitiii.  1  K-jKlr... 

(iJ.pdr... 

(12iKlr 

Field -1  12-|Hir 

In. 

6.45f 
noli 
fi.2M 

4;77: 

4.76.' 
4.7C3 

8.701 

B.7S'.' 

K.vl 

«i..M 

4.7-).. 
12.799 
12.7S8 
10.700 

8.782 

5.958 

7.460 

In. 

A.307 
5.878 
6.1.30 
4  686 
4.686 
4.0S5 
4.C65 

8.703 

1-J.w.l 
12.r;.s 
10.712 
8.703 
5.879 

In. 

6.263 

5.M'4 

5.o.'.n 

4,<.'.'ii 
4.' 
4.' 
4.1... 

8.r4« 

s  .411 

12..-.S7 
lo.t4l 
8.C40 
6.S.T2 

In. 

'127.33 
122.:i4 

II.-,  1» 

In.    \  LU. 

i2i..Vl    6  067 

117.26   4  4.'W 

iiii^:    :;  isj 

i 

Id. 
110.91 
114.17 
110.24 

M08 
102^ 

*»M 

X 

In. 

104.01 

10S27 

lo:..i2 

02.21 
M.4A 

S7.0* 

OS*- 

AOM 
6  229 
.773 

(l2.pdr..  light 
HowirvKRR : 

So»-ciia<it...22  centimatrM 

Mege 22 

OBtriwn  ...22 

...10 

MoiinUin..l2 

Mortars  :             '''2  cenliinotren 

:!2 

27          " 
22 

Mountain 15 

E)ii'ouvrtte...19         •• 

•.000 

'.2.00 

.-•9 

s7 

:t.'..2: 

* 

.30.29 
21.72 
10.70 

99.38   2  0«« 

"i'i'.-w  TmV 
.31.90    221 

27 .4&  2022 

"iJiics  'i'?9« 

17.46      0- 
14.10      1.'4 



6003 
Ml» 

314 

50-p<lr. 
aOi«1r. 
I^iiR  .30  jxlr 
:}o-l..lr. 
.TO-pilr. 



7.47.S 

1.  :;"4 
6.304 
4.'M1 
4'U1 
10.7OM 
8.701 
8  701 
4.f>5 
4.i'85 
6  307 
.V826 
5.308 
4.642 
• 

7.4V0 

!"":::;  ■:;■■:":::"■ 

1SR 

V 

1 

97  21 

53..\3 
4.'.. 71 
41  71 
S5.  3 

♦ti.'JH 

r.'i  Ki   imoi 

H.4V 
«U5; 
Alii 

1 

6.26.3 
4.f.97 

10  r.'.s 

s.'iT7 
8.t77 
4(.3»* 
4.C39 
C.263 
5.782 
5.264 
4.597 

1 

I2-pdr  '    4  TT.S 

1:::::::::. :::::::: 

12-pdr. 
Ho1rTTt>R^ :          27  crntiin«tre« 

'12 

4.742 
infif.3 
8.791 
8.791 
4.745 
4.745 
fi.419 
5.937 
5.419 
4.753 
12.788 
3.31 

71R0 





"iiin 

9j  rj     fi  1  If  10 

Bc*t.,n          .. 
C.lWtOSABES:                        .30-pHr. 
24-j..1r. 

IS.pd. 

12-p.lr. 

33.87 

>iM    2n 

i - 

■.N  .T7         tUo 

MoRTAKS :            32  rentinietreii.. 
Kiri.n>  fiFiT>«v>+  

"ei'-k  1  "m.3  "wo 

S7  95     9  61» 

BELGIUM. 

7.823 
6.724 

6.Ri>4 
5.291 
4.642 

7.238 
6.f.38 
5.755 
5.221 
4.57  S 

1 
1 

3t-piir      6.R82 

1 

24-|)dr       .1-973 

IR-I.dr. 
12-pJr. 

5.410 
4.721 

121.41;  116.»   4916 
117.ro   112.31    3000 

3637 

•Cant  with  a  b*d-pl«te.  f  i">  grooves.  .118  inch  depth:  pry-'  til<-. 

Rifled  36  and  SO  pounder*  are  osed  in  the  armament  of  ships.    Ther  have  2  groove 
tni-n  in  30  feet.     A  rifle  gun  has  been  arraneo  i  fi.r  siege  purposes  also. 


|,.  luoda. 


FOREIGN    ORDNANCE. 


473 


Foreign  Ordnance — Continued. 


Designation. 


tc 

Diameter  of 

o 

Ball. 

High 

Low  j 

s 

gauge. 

gauge.  1 

< 
•-> 
Q 

Brass. 

1 

Length. 

Exte- 
rior. 

Bore. 

Iron. 


Length. 


Exte- 
rior 


Bore.       ^ 


BELGIVyi—Conlinved. 

Guns — continued : 

Field 12-pdr... 

6-pdr... 

Field e-pdr... 

Howitzers  :  27  centimetres 

22 
GcN  howitzers:  22  '• 
20 
15 
l.O 
Mortars:  29  " 

20 
J3 

Stone  mortar 

Grenade  mortar 

Epronvette 


Guns: 


Howitzers  : 


SPAIN. 

24pdr. 

Ki-pdr. 

(r2-pdr. 

Long -l    8-pdr. 

(  4-pdr. 
(12-pdr. 

Short -l    8-pdr. 

(  4-pdr. 

Mountain 4-pdr. 

9-inch. 

7-inch. 

Mortars  :  14-inch 

14-inch. 

12-inch. 

7-inoh 

Eprouvette  ...7-inch. 


PRUSSIA. 

24-pdr..    long. 

24-pdr..  .short. 

12-prh-. 


In. 

4.721 
3.760 
3.7f.O 

10.787 
8.780 
8.780 
7.030 
5.972 
5.972 

11.473 
7.930 
6.165 

15..355 

15.355 
7.620 


In. 

4.642 
3.6S1 
3.681 

10.709 
8.701 
8.701 
7.849 
6.894 
6.894 

11.394 
7.S49 
6.106 


In. 


In. 


In. 


70.83 
97.76 
60.16 


Guns: 


Field  , 
Howitzers  : 


Mortars  : 


0  pdr 

f   6pdr. 

(12-pdr. 

7-pdr. 

10-pdr. 

25-pdr. 

Hand.] 

7-pdr. 


5..S49 

5.849 

4.675 

3.707 

3.707 

4.675 

5.8.38 

6.69 

8.897 

3.092 

4.618  j 

5  793 


4.5781  75.28 
3.620  101.30 
3.626     63.70 

10.6;i8  

8.6.38, I 

8.638   1 

7.795     38.11 ;    25.43 
5.846     29.72 

65.71 

.33.15 

22.95 

11.14 


LbB. 

1.962 
1.962 
1,047 


In. 


In. 


Lbs. 


5.846 
ll.:;i5 
7.795 
5.06 


20.08 
60.a5 
26.10 
18.19 
9.09 


1.323 
750 

111.-! 

1..323 

551 

77 


4.573 
5.752 


4.460 
6.639 


113.; 

67.1 
102.. 


6.532 

4.415 
3.6.54 
2.640 
1.431 
2,131 
1.403 

690 

1 
1.796 

744 
2.288 
2.806 
1.908 

203 

193 


>496 
!649 
!876 


90.16     85.83     1,940 


106..57 
96.97 
108.27 


32.1 
40.75 


84 

60.96 

32 

76  56 

13 

35.01 

26 

38.40 

1.200 

80 

53.66 

.5.416 

5.21 

15'/i 

7.63 

39 

86 

13.02 

166 

100.20 
91.10 
101.9' 


25.87 
30.47 
1197 


11.024 
8  047 
7.165 


1..37r 

3.330 

435 


.03n2..34 
,80  64.22 
,10  101.74 
72     55.60 


5  571 

2.737 .8 

2.939 

968 


3,426 


♦Cylindrical  chambers. 
^Attached  to  a  stock. 


tCotjical  chanxberSv 
JCaxt  with  a  bed-plate 


474 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Foreign  Ordnance — Continued. 


it 

DiAKsnR  or 
Ball. 

Bram. 

IftOV. 

Dkiionatiok. 

1 

Length. 

J 

iMfUk 

«i 

M 

High     Low 
gauge,  gauge. 

J 

X 

"r.-    Bore. 

1             < 

^ 

Kzt«- 
rior. 

Bore. 

► 

VMVMlK—nutaintifd. 

1 

1 
1 

MORTAU— oontiniMd; 

In. 

In. 

In.    I 

Id.    1    In. 

LiM. 

In. 

In.      LtM. 

10-pdr. 

fi.fiW) 

fi.«13     6.520 

20.61     16.97 

303 

21.64'    16  07         OXr 

26-pdr. 

K.906 

8.834      S.710I 

26.29     21.661 

000 

TiMA     1\.«b     1.110 

60-pdr. 

ll.lM 

11.102   10.978 

36.00     29.80 

1,775 

37.87      20.80     2.166 

Stone , 

15.454 
11.120 

1 

33.001    «.77     1.663 

BoMB-CANitOK :                    60-pdr. 

11.102  10.978 

.!!!!!!!!  ".".".. 

111.00  i1X«M 

RU83IA. 

1 

1 

1 

(Irx*  ■ 

r   ft-pdr. 
12-i>dr. 

.,  .„., 

•"!"     3.fiO»| 

.'    61.18 
.     74.04 

S03 

1.7«3 

i.css.                j.jpI^j 

4.5601 

1 

.Tl>dr. 

rt-pdr. 

12-pdr. 

4.7.'»8 

2.8801 
.,.'.-,'     3.0091 
4.610'    4.500 

"  ""„ 

61j00'  4a.ooi     at 

8S.70 
104.00 

70.001    1.806 

Sieffe    mill 

IDO.IM) 

3  4'rj 

99.00     3,800 

fmrrin.iii 

is.pdr.     5.426 

h.?»*\ 

5.210 

\m.-u 

4.K14 

114.00 

10AM     6.080 

Hinl  Ri-a- 

2»-pdr. 

5.'<72 

5.KU) 

5.7H41 

119.70 

6.486 

IM.o) 

118.00     7.000 

OHUit   .... 

.-W-pdr. 

fi.44;5     f..32(i 
6.S37      ft  T.Ml 

6.2401 
6.050 

1 

1».(i(( 
136.(M( 

121.16     0.080 

^ 

127.70   10,600 

HowiTZERn  (Likorna): 



1 

5«-pdr. 
f   3-pdr. 

7.6 

124. 

HtB88 

3.242 



3.140 

"sVioIo 



1   ,; 

28.8T 

MO 

'''<"" \t^r. 

4.S4,3 
4.S43 

4.700 
4.70t 

4.6.50 

4  (.50 

_S 

.17.63 
42..18 

707 
780 

y  20-pdr. 

l'..lit2     5.9*J 

5.915 

rt 

.Vt..14 

1.600 

MJ« 

W7» 

Sieee  Rnd  gorrigon 40-pdr. 

7.t588 

'.675 

7.476 

T 

63.90 

S,170 

88.48 

U78 

MoDTAas: 

fc 

. 

6-pdr. 

4.0«4 

3.920 

3.890 

_► 

7.00 

«          1 

(• 

SOp.lr. 

0.6.50 

9.570 

9.490 

'5 

14.60 

1411 

18.00     1.037 

20(Jipdr. 

13.150 

13.050 

12.960 

•? 

18.81 

a,MS 

31.88     4,000 

BOUB-CANNOtI: 

1  t 

20-pdr. 

6.000 

:    5.9'.t0 

5.915 



02.00 

87jOOI    SJ08 

40-pdr. 

7.700 

7.575 

7.476 

........ 

110.00 

llOXK)     6.000 

96-pdr. 

9.(K»0 

8.9(10 

8.S20 

' 

120-pdr. 

10.750 

10.680 

10.580 

SWEDEN. 

Orxs :                                    3-pdr. 

3.015 

1    2.922 

2.887 

1 

Field {,1^^- 

3.786 
i7ai 

3.687 
4.674 

3.652 
4.628 

«t.00 
81.70 

flSJO 
77.78 

818 

"' ' ** 

"■**"* 

LM* 

l>i-p.lr.     5.551 

5.446 

5..-J88 

24-pdr.     6.112 

5.994 

5.924 

1 

Q».i„          (3li-pdr.     6.56C 
S'"P •i30-i>dr.     6..S60 

6.4.'i5 
0.455 
4.674 

6.385 
6.385 
4.628 

74.00 

70.00     3.036 

1 

'"*'"' 

'  6.sr8 

8.10 

M.77 

5o!62 

"•"^    ■•  '(24-pdr. 

tU12 

5.994 

5.9-24 

""^'. 

6R..39 

64.53     1.560 

lloRTABS:                            7-inch. 

S.905 

8.766 

8.695: ' 

..»..•.. 

33.:^ 

29.23     1.0M 

Lipht  9-inch. 

UmIV^'  Q.inch 

'11.254 

11.114 

11.021! 1 

39.04 

.13.30     1100 

11.254 
1  12.855 

11.114 
12.715 

11.021 
12.598 

1 

1   t,ZM 

\ 

44  M     4.800 

11-iDch. 

1 

*  Xot  ch&mbered. 


ORDNANCE  OF  THE  NAVY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


475 


Foreign  Ordnance — Continued. 


Dbbiqnation. 


Diameter  op 
Bail. 

O 

g 

s 
3 

a 

High 
gauge. 

Low 
guage. 

Brass. 

Length. 

1 
1 

Exte 
rior. 

Boro. 

Length. 


Exte- 
rior. 


Bore. 


SAXONY. 


QuNs: 


6-pdr... 
12-iKlr... 
New  auN-HOWiTZER:       12-pdr... 
7}^-pdr... 
AUSTRIA 


Guns: 


Mountain... -j    ^ip^^" 


Field. 


3-pdr. 
6-pdr. 
12-pdr. 
_18-pdr. 
6-pdr. 
Siege    and  J  12-pdr. 
garrison.  I  18-pdr. 
[  24-pdr. 
30-pdr. 


(    T-pdr. 
1  10-pdr. 


Bomb-cajjnon: 
Howitzers  : 


Mortars:  Coehorn 6-pdr 

10-pdr. 
30-pdr. 
30-pdr. 
60-pdr. 
Stone  mortar 60-pdr. 


In. 

3.684 
4.613 
4.613 
6.9S6 

2.075 
2.9iJ7 
2.957 
3.724 
4.660 
5..311 
3.724 
4.660 
5.311 
5.827 
9.473 
5.870 
6.634 
3.724 
6.634 
9.494 
9.422 
11.922 
12.390 


In. 

3.573 
4.502 
4.502 
5.864 

1.981 

2.849 
2.849 
3.594 
4.524 
5.173 
3.594 
4.524 
5.173 
5.691 
9.350 
5.755 
6.512 
3.594 
6.512 
9.350 

11.763 


In. 


In.  In. 

63.868  60.74 

77.09  i  72.03 

57.40  54.02 

42.51  36.40 


1.959 

2.827 
2.827 
3.562 
4.488 
5.137 
3.562 
4.488 
5.137 
5.655 
9.256 
5.098 
6.418 
3.. "162: 
6.4l8i 
9.2.i6 
9.256] 
11.663; 


31.37 1 
.11.641 
45.25 
."•.7.001 

71.82 
82.221 


29.41 
29.16 
42.42 
53.43 
67.33 
77.71 


112.22  108  01 
12.3..T2J  ns.50 
130  08,  124,78 


34..')5j 
3.5.71 


22.47 


31.70 
31.68 


18.91 
27.77 1  22.63 
28. .35  2.3.58 
32.44 1    25.97 


Lbs.  I    In. 

881 


721 

180 
296' 
508 ! 
842  i 

1.700! 

2.514  i 


3.276 
4.7.35 
6,130  j 

""5981 
913  ^ 

"421 
1.141 ! 

1.294! 
2,167 


92.47 

m.s5 

117.86 

98.31 
34.55 

10.91 


38.45 


Lbs. 


88.90  1.566 

106.61  3.445 

111.76,  4.789 

92.39'  8,558 

31.70 1  498 


32.44     2,180 


Ordnance  of  the  Navy  of  the  United  States. 


Designation. 


Diameter 
of  bore. 


Charge. 


Weight. 


Powder. 


Shot  or 
shell. 


BOAT-HOWITZERS  : 


C4-pdr... 
32-pdr... 
32-pdr... 
32-pdr... 
32-pdr... 
32-pdr... 
32-pdr.... 
32-pdr... 

11-inch.... 
10-inch.... 

9-inch.... 

8-inch.... 

8-inch.... 

24-pdr.... 

12-pdr.... 

12-pdr... 

Rifle-gun... 


In. 

8. 

6.4 

6.4 

6.4 

6.4 

6.4 

6.4 

6.4 

11. 

10. 


5.82 
4.62 
4.62 
3.4 


124.2 

167.9' 

104. 
97.2 
90.5 
75.04 
70. 


100.3 
95.4 

58.2 
55.23 
44.0 
55.23 


140.95 

iis.'si' 

121.08 

115.69 

105. 

91.83 

81.6 


119.31 
114.15 

67. 
63.5 
51.75 
63.5 


Lbs. 

Lbs. 

11,872 

12. 

0,832 

8. 

6,384 

8. 

5,712 

7. 

5.1.52 

7. 

4,704 

6. 

.3.696 

4.5 

3,024 

4. 

1.5.700 

15. 

12,000 

12.5 

9.000 

10. 

7.056 

8. 

6,160 

7. 

1,310 

2. 

760 

1. 

430 

0.625 

780 

Lbs. 
65. 
32. 
32. 
32. 
32. 
32. 
.32. 
32. 

Shell. 
1.30. 
97. 
69.75 
51. 
51. 

Shell. 
17. 

8.4 

8.4 


4Ti 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Table  fur  Reducing  Metres  to  Inches. 


Matre*. 

InchM. 

MptrM. 

Inches. 

Mstres. 

Inches. 

1 

1  Metre*. 

Inches. 

0.00 1 

O.OSO."??! 

I  0.061 

2.007910 

,  0.101 

.3.976460 

0.151 

.V944989 

2 

0  078742 

i    52 

2.047281 

102 

4.0I6S21 

152 

6.984360 

3 

0.118112 

53 

2.086662 

103 

4.(166191 

153 

6.023731 

4 

0.157483 

54 

2.126023 

104 

4.094662 

154 

6.O63102 
6.10247^ 

b 

0.196854 

55 

2.166393 

105 

4.133933 

165 

6 

0.236225 

56 

2.204764 

I   106 

4.173304 

150 

6.141843 

7 

0.275690 

57 

2.244136 

107 

4.212675 

157 

6.181214 

8 

0.31 49C6 

58 

2.283606 

'   108 

4. 2. '.204  6 

168 

6.220686 

9 

0.36i:i:<7 

59 

2..322877 

109 

4.291410 

169 

6.269966 

0.010 

0.393708 

0.060 

2.362247 

O.IIO 

4.3307)57 

0.160 

6.299326 

11 

0.433078 

61 

2.401618 

111 

4.370168 

161 

6.33H697 

12 

0.472449 

62 

2.440989 

112 

4.409528 

162 

6.378068 

13 

0.511820 

63 

2.480358 

113 

4.44S899 

163 

6.4174.39 

14 

0.551191 

64 

2.519731 

1   114 

4.48S270 

164 

0.4.'>6810 

16 

0.690562 

1    66 

2.559101 

116 

4.627641 

165 

6.496180 

16 

0.629933 

66 

2.598472 

116 

4.667011 

166 

6.6:1666 1 

17 

0.669303 

67 

2.637843 

117 

4.606382 

167 

6.574922 

18 

0.708674 

68 

2.677214 

118 

4.616763 

168 

6.614293 

19 

0.748045 

69 

2.716586 

119 

4.686124 

169 

6.663664 

0.020 

0.787416 

00.70 

2.765965  1 

1  0.120 

4.7244tf6 

0.170 

6.693034 

21 

0.826787 

71 

2.795326 

1   121 

4.763866 

171 

C.  7;'.  2406 

22 

0.866167 

72 

2.834697 

122 

4.803236 

172 

6.771776 

23 

0.905628  1 

2.874068 

123 

4.842607 

173 

0.H11147 

24 

0.944S'.t9  1 

74 

2.91.3438 

124 

4.881978 

'<       174 

6.S.S05I7 

25 

0.981270  1 

1    75 

2.952809 

126 

4.921349 

i   175 

r ■ 

26 

1.023611 

76 

2.992180 

126 

4.960720 

1   176 

27 

1.063011 

1    77 

.3.031551 

127 

6.000090 

;   177 

L.   "-  - - 

28 

1.102382 

78 

3.070922 

128 

6.039461 

,   ^7* 

7.UUB001 

29 

1.141763 

79 

.3.110292 

129 

6.078832 

1   179 

7.047371 

o.o.to 

1.181124 

:  0.080 

3.149663 

0.130 

.5.118203 

;  0.180 

7.086742 

.11 

1.2204'."4 

SI 

3.139034 

131 

6.167573 

181 

7.126113 

32 

1.2698()5  , 

1    82 

3.228406 

132 

6.196944 

,   183 

7.165484 

33 

1.299236 

83 

3.267776 

133 

6.236315 

1   183 

7.204865 

34 

1.338607 

84 

3..307146 

134 

6.276686 

1   184 

7.244225 

.36 

1.377978 

85 

3.346517 

1.35 

6.315057  • 

1   185 

7.2S3596 

36 

1.41 7;U8 

86 

3.386888 

136 

6..354427 

186 

7..<22967 

37 

1.4.56719 

87 

3.426259 

.  137 

5.393798 

187 

7.362.338 

38 

1.496090 

88 

3.464630 

138 

6.4.3.3109 

188 

7.401709 

39 

1.5.36461 

89 

3.504000 

1.39 

.-..472540 

!   189 

7.441079 

0.040 

1.674S.">2 

'  0.090 

3.643371 

0.140 

.'..511911 

0.190 

7.4S0450 

41 

1.614202  1 

;    91 

3.582742  , 

1   141 

6.6612&1 

191 

7.519821 

42 

1.663673 

92 

3.622113 

1   142 

6.690662 

'   192 

7.669192 

43 

1.692944 

1    93 

3.661483 

143 

6.6.;0023 

,   193 

7.698562 

44 

1.732315 

94 

3.700854 

U4 

6.669394 

1   194 

7.637933 

45 

1.7716S6 

95 

3.740225 

146 

5.708765 

195 

7.677304 

46 

I.SU066 

96 

3.779596 

146 

6.748135 

196 

7.716675 

47 

1.860427 

97 

3.818967 

U7 

6.787506 

197 

7.766046 

48 

1.889798 

1    98 

3.858337  i 

148 

6.826877 

\       198 

7.796416 

49 

1.929169  1 

99 

3.897708  1 

149 

5.866248 

199 

7.K347b7 

0.050 

1.968640  1 

.  0.100 

3.937079  ; 

0.150 

6.905618 

0.200 

7.874168 

TABLE    FOR   REDUCING    GRAMMES    TO    GRAINS. 


477 


Table  for 

Reducing  Kilogrammes  to  Pounds. 

Kilog. 

1 

Pounds. 

Kilog. 

1 

Pounds.      1 

Kilog. 

Ponnds.        1 

1 

Kilog. 

Pounds. 

1 

.2204737 

31 

6.8346847 

61 

13.4488967 

91 

20.0631067 

2 

.4409474 

32 

7.0551584 

62 

13.6693694 

92 

20.2835804 

3 

.61)14211 

33 

7.2756321 

63 

13.8898431 

93 

20.5040541 

«4 

.8818948 

34 

7.4961058 

64 

14.1103108 

94 

20.7245278 

5 

1.1023685 

35 

7.7165795 

65 

14.3307906 

95 

20.9450015 

6 

1.3228422 

36 

7.9370532 

66 

14.6512642 

96 

21.1654752 

7 

1.5433159 

37 

8.1575269 

67 

14.7717379 

97 

21.3859489 

8 

1.7637896 

,38 

8.3780006 

68 

14.9922116 

98 

21.6064226 

9 

1.9842633 

39 

8.6984743 

69 

15.2126853 

99 

21.8268963 

10 

2.20-17370 

40 

8.8189480 

70 

15.4331590 

100 

22.0473700 

11 

2.4252107 

41 

9.0394217 

71 

15.6536327 

101 

22.2678437 

12 

2.6456844 

42 

9.2598954 

72 

15.8741064 

102 

22.4883174 

13 

2.8661581 

43 

9.4803691 

73 

16.0945801 

103 

22.7087911 

14 

3.0866318 

44 

9.7008428 

74 

16.3150538 

104 

22.9292648 

15 

3.3071055 

45 

9.9213165 

75 

16.5355276 

105 

23.1497385 

16 

3.5275792 

46 

10.1417902 

76 

16.7560012 

100 

23.3702122 

17 

3.7480529 

47 

10.3622639 

77 

16.9764749 

107 

23.5906859 

18 

3.9685266 

48 

10.5827376 

78 

17.1969486 

108 

23.8111596 

19 

4.1S90003 

49 

10.8032113 

79 

17.4174223 

109 

24.0316333 

20 

4.4094740 

60 

11.0236850 

80 

17.6378960 

110 

24.2621070 

21 

4.6299477 

!     51 

11.2441587 

81 

17.8583697 

111 

24.472.5807 

22 

4.8504214 

1     62 

11.4646324 

82 

18.07884.34 

112 

24.6930514 

23 

5.0708951 

53 

11.6851061 

83 

18.2993171 

113 

24.9135281 

24 

6.2913688 

64 

11.9065798 

84 

18.5197908 

114 

26.1. '14(10 18 

25 

5.5118425 

55 

12.1260635 

85 

18.7402645 

115 

25.3544755 

20 

6.7323162 

56 

12.3465272 

.86 

18.9607382 ' 

116 

25.6749492 

27 

5.9527899 

57 

12.5670009 

87 

19.1812119 

117 

26.7954229 

28 

6.1732036 

58 

12.7874740 

88 

19.4016856 

118 

26.0158966 

29 

6.3937373 

59 

13.0079483 

89 

19.6221593 

119 

26.2363703 

30 

6.6142110 

60 

13.2284220 

90 

19.8426330 

120 

26.4568440 

V 

Table  for  Reducing 

Grammes  to  Grains. 

Gram. 

Grains. 

1 

Gram. 

Grains.       ! 

Gram. 

Grains. 

Gram. 

Grains. 

X 

15.433159 

14 

216.064226 

27 

416.69.5293  ' 

1 

!     40 

617.326300 

2 

30.^m-MS 

f5 

231.4973^5 

28 

4.32. 1284 52  | 

41 

6.32.7.59519 

3 

4  6. -299477 

16 

246.930.544  | 

29 

447.561611 

!     42 

048.192678 

4 

GI.73i(530 

17 

262.363703 j 

30 

462.994770 

43 

G63.62.')b37 

5 

77.165795 

IS 

277.796^62  1 

31 

47S. 427929 

44 

679.0.5S996 

6 

92.. 59^954 

19 

293.230021 ' 

32 

493.8iil08i? 

:     45 

094.4921.55 

7 

108.03.2113 

20 

308. 6(13  ISO 

33 

.509.294247 

:     46 

709.925314 

-8 

123.4f).')272  1 

21 

324.09(5339 

34 

524.727406 

1     47 

725.3.5S472 

9 

13S.')9S431  ! 

22 

339. 5204 9S 

35 

540.4()n565 

1     48 

740.791(332 

in 

154.331590  1 

23 

3.54.902657 

36 

555.593724 

!     49 

756.224791 

11 

169.704  749 

24 

370. 39.58 16 

37 

571.02fibS3 

50 

771  .6'>7950 

12 

1S5. 197908 

25 

3s5. 828975 

38 

586.4(10042 

51 

787.091109 

13 

200.631067 1 

26 

401.262134 

39 

601 .893201 

52 

802.524268 

478 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Weight  oj  Duttillfd  Water,  displaced  by  the  same  Glaus  Bulb,  at  different 

Temperatures. 


TMnp«ra- 

Weight  of 

LogarithniB  of 

1  Tempera- 

Weight  of 

Logiu-ithnu  of 

ture. 

water. 

weight. 

1   ture. 

water. 

weight. 

60.00 

1.000000 

0.0000000   {1   72.00 

0.998942 

1.9996401 

60.26 

0.999981 

1.9999919 

'    72.25 

0.998912 

1.9995274 

60.50 

0.999963 

1  9999S.<9 

72.50 

0.09S884 

1. 9995169 

60.75 

0.999945 

1.9999760   \ 

72.75 

0.998866 

1.999.'.027 

61.00 

0.999927 

1.9999f.si 

;   73.00 

0.998826 

1.9994892 

61.25 

0.999909 

1.9999603 

73.25 

0.998795 

1.9994765 

«1.50 

0.999890 

1.9999;".22 

73.50 

0.9'4^766 

1.9994635 

61.75 

0.990871 

1.9999440 

;   73.75 

0.9987.H6 

1.9994506 

62.00 

0.999853 

1.9999:161 

i   74.00 

0.99S706 

1.9994373 

62.26 

0.999834 

1.9999280 

74.25 

0.99S676 

1.9994241 

62.50 

0.999814 

1.9999193 

:   74.50 

0.998646 

1.9994113 

62.76 

0.999795 

1.9999108   1 

1    74.75 

0.998616 

1.99«3«79 

63.00 

0.999774 

1.9V99020 

1   75.00 

0.998584 

1.9993H46 

63.25 

0.999758 

1.9998929 

75.26 

0.9^8663 

1.999:'.7l0 

63.50 

0.999733 

1.999SS40 

76.50 

0.9ys621 

1.99«3574 

63.75 

0.999712 

1  999S749 

'   76.75 

0.i(98492 

1.999:{446 

64.00 

0.999692 

1.9998660 

76.00 

0.99S461 

1.99'.»:<318 

64.25 

0.999672 

1.9998574 

76.25 

0.998430 

1.999.!  176 

64.50 

0.99!)f.51 

1.999S483 

76.50 

0.99S.-{99 

1  999.-^039 

64.75 

0.99llti2a 

1.999.'^.■^S8 

76.75 

099s;t67 

1.99W-.>904 

65.00 

0.999008 

1.999S294 

1   77.00 

0.998337 

1.9V92771 

65.25 

0.999586 

1.9998198 

77.26 

0.998.300 

1.9992649 

66.50 

0.999563 

1.9998104   ' 

'   77.50 

0.998278 

1.9992616 

66.76 

0.999542 

l.<<998011 

77.75 

0.998248 

1.9992362 

66.00 

0.999521 

1.9997918 

78.00 

0.99S216 

1.0992244 

66.25 

0.999499 

1.9997822 

78.25 

0.998 184 

1.9992104 

66.50 

0.999479 

1.9997737 

78.50 

0.9OH152 

1.9991966 

66.75 

0.999454 

1.9997630 

78.75 

0.998120 

1.9991826 

67.00 

0.999432 

1.9997.i.!3 

79.00 

0.998080 

1.999 16M 

67.25 

0.999409 

1.99V7-j:i^ 

79.25 

(4.99H055 

1.9991646 

67.50 

0.999387 

1.9997338 

1   79.50 

0  998022 

1.999l4«fl 

67.76 

0.999365 

1.9997243 

79.75 

0.9979^9 

1.9991268 

68.00 

0.999343 

1.9997146 

80.00 

0.H97956 

1.9991113 

68.25 

0.999320 

1.9997047 

80.25 

0.997923 

1.9990fT« 

68.50 

0.999297 

1.9996945 

80.50 

0.997889 

1.9990822 

68.75 

0. 99927.'] 

1.9996S43 

80.75 

0.9^7855 

1.9990673 

69.00 

0.999249 

1.9996740 

81.00 

0.9^7821 

1.9990626 

69.25 

0.999226 

1.9996636 

81.25 

0.\»97788 

1.9990383 

69  50 

0.999202 

1.9996532 

81.60 

0.997764 

1.99902X3 

69.75 

0.9991 78 

1.9996477 

81.76 

0.997718 

1.9«*9rt«?9 

70.00 

o.y99i.'.:; 

1.9996320 

82.00 

0.997681 

1 

70.25 

0.9".t9127 

1.9<.t96208 

82.25 

0.997644 

1. 

70.50 

0.9991  it2 

1.9996098 

82  60 

6.997607 

1 

70.75 

0.999(l7o 

1.9995985 

82.76 

0.997571 

1 

71.00 

0.9990.".tt 

•  1.999;)S:3 

!   83.00 

0.997636 

1 

71.25 

0.9it'.iiiLM 

1.9'.t9:.779   . 

i   83.25 

0.997600 

1 

71.50 

0.9V-'.".': 

1.999.S642 

83.50 

0.997466 

1 

71.76 

0.V98969 

1.9995522 

83.76 

6.9974Sa 

1.^.-,^., 

POWERS. R(  )OTS. — 0 1 KCLE8. 


479 


Powers. — Roots. — Circles. 


No.  1 

Square. 

Cube.    1 

Square  Root,  j 

Cube  Root.  1 

Area. 

Circutn. 

1 

1 

1 

1.000 

i.nno 

0.7854 

3.1416 

2 

4 

8 

1.414 

1.260 

3.1416 

6.2832 

8 

9 

27 

1 .  732 

1.442 

7.0686 

9.4248 

4 

16 

64 

2.000 

1.587 

12.5664 

12.5664 

<  5 

25 

125 

2.236 

1.710 

19.6.350 

15.7080 

6 

36 

216 

2.449 

1.817 

28.2743 

18.8496 

7 

49 

343 

2.646 

1.913 

.38.4846 

21.9911 

8 

64 

512 

2.828 

2.000 

50.2655 

25.1327 

9 

81 

729 

3.000 

2.080 

63.6173 

28.2743 

10 

100 

1000 

3.162  j 

2.154 

78.5398 

31.4159 

11 

121 

1331 

3.317  1 

2.224 

95.0332 

34.5575 

12 

144 

1728 

3.464 

2.289 

113.0973 

37.6991 

13 

169 

2197 

3.606 

2.351 

1,32.7323 

40.8407 

14 

196 

2744 

3.742 

2.410 

153.9380 

43.9823 

15 

225 

3375 

3.873  1 

2.466 

176.7146  i 

47.1239 

16 

256 

4096 

4.000  1 

2.520 

201.0619 

50.2655 

17 

289 

4913 

4.123  { 

2.571 

226.9801 

53.4071 

18 

324 

5832 

4.243  j 

2.621 

254.4690 

56.5487 

19 

361 

6859 

4.359  ! 

2.668 

283.5287 

59.6903 

20 

400 

8000 

4.472 

2.714 

314.1593 

62.8319 

21 

441 

9261 

4.583 

2.759 

346.3606 

65.9734 

22 

484 

10648 

4.690 

2.802 

3S0.1327 

69.1150 

23 

529 

12167 

4.796 

2.844 

415.4756 

72.2566 

24 

576 

13824 

4.899 

2.884 

452.3893 

75.39S2 

25 

625 

15625 

5.000 

2.924 

490.8739 

78.5398 

26 

676 

17576 

5.099 

2.962 

630.9292 

81.6814 

27 

729 

19683 

5.196 

3.000 

572.5652 

84.8230 

28 

784 

21952 

5.292 

3.037 

615.7522 

87.9646 

29 

841 

24389 

5.385 

3.072 

660.5199 

91.1062 

30 

900 

27000 

5.477 

3.107 

706.8583 

94.2478 

31 

961 

29791 

5.568 

3.141 

754.7676 

97.3894 

32 

1024 

32768 

5.657 

8.175 

804.2477 

100.5310 

33 

1089 

35937 

5.745 

3.208 

855.2986 

103.6726 

34 

1156 

39304 

5.831 

3.240 

907.9203 

106.8142 

35 

1225 

42875 

5.916 

3.271 

962.1128 

109.9557 

36 

1296 

46656 

6.000 

3.302 

1017.8760 

113.0973 

37 

1369 

50653 

6.083 

3.332 

1075.2101 

116.2389 

38 

1444 

54872 

6.164 

3.362 

11.34.1149 

119.3805 

39 

1521 

59319 

6.245 

3.391 

1194.5906 

122.5221 

40 

1600 

64000 

6.325 

3.420 

1256.6370 

125.6637 

41 

1681 

68921 

6.403 

3.448 

1320.2543 

128.8053 

42 

1764 

74088 

6.481 

3.476 

1385.4424 

131.9469 

43 

1849 

79507 

6.557 

3.503 

1452.2012 

135.0885 

44 

19.36 

85184 

6.633 

3.530 

1520.6308 

138.2301 

45 

2025 

91125 

6.708 

3.557 

1590.4313 

141.3717 

46 

2116 

97336 

6.782 

3.583 

1661.9025 

144.5133 

47 

2209 

103823 

6.856 

3.609 

1734.9445 

147.6549 

48 

2304 

110592 

6.928 

3.634 

1809.5574 

150.7964 

49 

2401 

117649 

7.000 

3.659 

1885.7410 

153.9380 

50 

2500 

125000 

7.071 

1   3.684 

1963.4954 

157.0796 

4»U 


ORDNANCK    MAMAL. 


N.. 

1     Squiire. 

,         Cuba. 

i8., 

Afm. 

2042.8206 

1      Cirtmm. 

61 

'      2001 

I.i2fi.>l 

7.111 

3.708 

;     160.2212 

52 

1      2704 

1        Ndf^O-^ 

7.211 

3.733 

2123.7166 

1     168.3628 

53 

2809 

!       M»s7  7 

7.280 

3.756 

2206.1834 

!     166.5044 

54 

i      2916 

lorir,. 

7.348 

3.780 

22!in.?21(' 

169.6160 

66 

1      3025 

ir,(,:.7., 

7.416 

3.803 

'"'..■  '1'. 

66 

1      3136 

1  ::..■,  ir, 

7.483 

j       3.826 

.'  '2 

57 

1       3249 

18JIK.! 

7.550 

3.849 

58 

3364 

m..ii2 

7.016 

:       3.871 

6» 

3481 

2ti5.:7H 

7.681 

3.893 

60 

I      3600 

216000 

7.746 

3.915 

rtl 

3721 

226981 

7.S10 

3.9.36 

62 

j      3844 

2.1s:t2S 

7.S74 

3.958 

., Ill  ■.1.11,11.. 

r.' . 

63 

!      39(19 

2.>iMU7 

7  .  <( ; ; 7 

3.1(79 

3117.2453 

iv: 

64 

1      4096 

2(i:'iu 

8.000 

4.000 

3216.9909 

20 1 . 

66 

4225 

274  (,j., 

8.062 

4.021 

33 IH. 3073 

2<>4.2u.id 

66 

435H 

2^'  I'.'i'i 

8.124 

4.041 

3421.1944 

207. 3  LSI 

67 

i      44X9 

30ii7('i;i 

8.1«5 

4.062 

68 

<      4624 

3144.1:' 

S.246 

4.0S2 

69 

4761 

32n..ii'.< 

8.307 

4.102 

;  .  .          , 



70 

4900 

34.'tii(io 

8.. 307 

4.121 

3«'4t«.4510 

219.9115 

71 

5041 

3..  7;' 11 

8.426 

4.111 

:i:>.,v.\vii 

223.0531 

72 

51»4 

37;;l'i> 

8.485 

4.160 

4071.5041 

226.1947 

7;* 

5329 

389017 

8.544 

4.179 

41S5.3868 

2»9.:!363 

74 

5476 

40iL-.'4 

8.602 

4.198 

; •  ■■'■   -  ;■■  ' 

.....      ..-r, 

75 

6025 

421  >  7.. 

8.660 

4.217 

•I 

76 

5776 

4;iM*7i". 

8.718 

4.2.16 

■  II 

77 

5929 

4jC...;;.; 

8.776 

4.254 

_i; 

78 

6084 

474661! 

8.8:{2 

4.273 

12 

79 

6241 

49;;ii:'.it 

8.888 

4.291 

■     ■  '^ 

80 

0400 

.'il2t'0it 

8,y44 

4.:to9 

1 

81 

6561 

5.11441 

9.000 

4.327 

....... 

--   1  .   i    ..'<-> 

82 

6724 

551368 

9.055 

4.344 

52HI.OI73 

257.6106 

83 

68»t9 

57178" 

9.110 

4.362 

.M!".«079 

260.7.S52 

84 

7056 

592704 

9.165 

4.. 380 

«5 

7225 

6141i;5 

9.220 

4.397 

86 

739(5 

6.{60;.fi 

9.274 

4.414 

87 

75(»9 

6.)>.'o:t 

y  ..'i27 

4.431 

88 

7744 

6SN7.' 

'.t.;;M 

4.448 

89 

7921 

704'.'(.9       1 

".•.4;)4 

4.465 

;  7 

»0 

8100 

729(»00 

9.4^7 

4.481 

.  ■  _       ,  ..'. 

91 

8281 

7  j;{571 

9.j;i9 

4.498 

-  ::• 

02 

8464 

7786!>S 

9.392 

4.514 

1 

«S 

8649 

8n4;'.57 

9.644 

4.531 

1  " 

.  1 

94 

8830 

830JM 

9.695 

4.547 

6i♦.^y.77^;; 

7 

96 

9025 

857375 

9.747 

4.563      1 

7«ih«.21R4 

96 

9216 

8847;<6 

9.798 

4.579 

7 

97 

9409 

912673 

9.S49 

4.595 

I' 8 

9604 

941192 

9. .'•99 

4.610      i 

..  .  .   ;   1 

99 

9MII 

970299 

9.950 

■    4.626 

rill. "177 

00 

10000 

lOOOOOO 

10.000 

4.642 

314.1593 

POWERS. — ^ROOTS. CIRCLES. 


481 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square  Root. 

Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

101 

10201 

1030.301 

10.050 

4.657 

8011.847 

317.301 

102 

10404 

1061201 

10.100 

4.672 

8171.282 

320.442 

103 

10609 

1092727 

10.149 

4.688 

8332.289 

323.684 

104 

10816 

1124864 

10.198 

4.703 

8494.867 

.326.726 

105 

11025 

1157625 

10.247 

4.718 

8659.015 

329.867 

106 

11236 

1191016 

10.296 

4.7.33 

8824.734 

333.009 

107 

11449 

1225043 

10.344 

4.747 

8992.024 

386.160 

108 

11664 

1259712 

10.392 

4.762 

9160.884 

339.292 

109 

11881 

1295029 

10.440 

4.777 

9331.316 

342.434 

110 

12100 

1331000 

10.488 

4.791 

9503.318 

345.576 

111 

12321 

1367631 

10.536 

4.806 

9676.891 

348.717 

112 

12544 

1404928 

10.683 

4.820 

9852.036 

351.858 

113 

12769 

1442897 

10.630 

4.836 

10028.749 

356.000 

114 

12996 

1481544 

10.677 

4.849 

10207.036 

358.142 

116 

13225 

1520875 

10.724 

4.863 

10386.891 

361.283 

116 

13456 

1560896 

10.771 

4.877 

10668.318 

364.425 

117 

13689 

1601613 

10.817 

4.891 

10751.315 

367.566 

118 

13924 

1643032 

10.863 

4.905 

10936.884 

370.708 

119 

14161 

1685169 

10.909 

4.919 

11122.023 

373.849 

120 

14400 

1728000 

10.954 

4.932 

11309.734 

376.991 

121 

14641 

1771661 

11.000 

4.946 

11499.015 

380.133 

122 

14884 

181584^ 

11.045 

4.960 

11689.866 

383.274 

123 

15129 

1860867 

11.091 

4.973 

11882.289 

386.416 

124 

15376 

1906624 

11.136 

4.987 

12076.282 

389.657 

125 

15625 

1953125 

11.180 

5.000 

12271.846 

392.699 

12(i 

15876 

2000376 

11.225 

5.013 

12468.981 

395.841 

127 

16129 

2048383 

11.269 

5.027 

12667.687 

398.982 

128 

16384 

2097152 

11.314 

5.040 

12867.963 

402.123 

129 

16641 

2146689 

11.358 

6.053 

13069.811 

406.265 

130 

169(10 

2197000 

11.402 

5.066 

13273.229 

408.407 

131 

17161 

2248091 

11.446 

6.079 

13478.218 

411.549 

132 

17424 

2299968 

11.489 

5.092 

13684.778 

414.690 

133 

17689 

2362637 

11.533 

5.104 

13892.908 

417.832 

134 

17956 

2406104 

11.576 

5.117 

14102.609 

420.973 

135 

18225 

2460375 

11.619 

5.130 

14313.882 

424.115 

136 

18496 

2515456 

11.662 

5.143 

14526.724 

427.257 

137 

18769 

2571353 

11.706 

5.155 

14741.138 

430.398 

138 

19044 

2628072 

11.747 

5.168 

14956.123 

433.540 

139 

19321 

2686619 

11.790 

5.180 

15174.678 

436.681 

140 

19600 

2744000 

11.832 

5.192 

15393.804 

439.823 

141 

19881 

2803221 

11.874 

5.205 

15614.501 

442.965 

142 

20164 

2863288 

11.916 

6.217 

15836.769 

446.106 

143 

20449 

2924207 

11.958 

5.229 

16060.607 

449.248 

144 

20736 

2985984 

12.000 

5.241 

16286.016 

452.389 

145 

21026 

3048625 

12.042 

5.254 

16512.996 

456.631 

146 

21316 

3112136 

12.083 

5.266 

16741.647 

458.673 

147 

21609 

3176523 

12.124 

5.278 

16971.669 

461.814 

148 

21904 

3241792 

12.166 

5.290 

1  17203.361 

464.956 

149 

22201 

3307949 

12.207 

5.301 

17436.625 

468.097 

150 

22500 

3375000 

12.247 

6.313 

17671.459 

471.239 

31 


482 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL.     H 


No. 

8qaar«. 

Cnb«. 

8qu»reRoot. 

Cube  Root 

ArM. 

Circnm. 

151 

22801 

3442951 

12.288 

5.325 

17907.864 

474.380 

lii2 

23104 

3:illb08 

12.329 

5.. 337 

18145.839 

477.522 

153 

23409 

3r.Sl.'i77 

12.369 

5.348 

16365.386 

460.664 

IfA 

23716 

3«ir.22G4 

12.410 

:>.'3V>0 

]86-'6..''.03 

463.605 

1 5ft 

24025 

3723b75 

12.450 

5,372 

1N669.191 

466,947 

156 

24330 

37!*G416 

12.490 

5,383 

19113.4.')0 

490.088 

157 

24(i49 

38t)95>y3 

12.530 

5.395 

193.59.279 

493.230 

158 

24Ufi4 

3944312 

12.570 

5,406 

19«MW.660 

496.372 

159 

2.'i2Sl 

4U\-J6'9 

12.610 

5,418 

196.55.651 

4<.»1».513 

160 

25ti00 

40'.«6000 

12.650 

5.429 

20106.193 

502,6.55 

161 

25921 

4173281 

12.689 

5,440 

203.')8.306 

.'KJ5.796 

162 

26244 

42rjl528 

12.728 

5,451 

20611.989 

506.938 

163 

26r)69 

4330747 

12.767 

5.463 

20867.244 

5|..'.080 

164 

2r)N96 

4410944 

12.806 

5.474 

31 1*24. 009 

515,221 

165 

2722.^ 

44<.t2125 

12.S.15 

5.485 

21382.465 

516,363 

166 

27556 

4574296 

12,664 

5.496 

21642.432 

52 1.. 'KM 

167 

278H9 

4657463 

12.923 

5.  .007 

21903.<.Ni9 

.524,«>46 

168 

28224 

4741f.32 

12.961 

5..')|8 

22167.078 

.527. 7^8 

ltJ> 

2S.V>1 

4S26b09 

13,000 

5..V29 

2V431.-.57 

.530.929 

170 

26900 

4913000 

13.038 

5.540 

•^Jf  196.007 

531,071 

171 

29241 

5000211 

13.077 

5..^'>0 

•  '  ^-M 

5:<7,2I2 

172 

295S4 

5088448 

13.115 

5..')61 

,1 

.    .'►40.3.54 

173 

29929 

5177717 

13.153 

5.572 

^J 

.'>43.4!«6 

174 

30276 

5268024 

13.191 

5,563 

ii3776.715 

546.637 

175 

30625 

5359375 

13.229 

5.. 593 

24  052.  >.  19 

.'M9.779 

176 

30976 

5451776 

13.266 

5.604 

'20 

177 

31329 

5545233 

13.304 

5. (-,15 

■h-i 

178 

31684 

5639752 

13.342 

5.625 

,. 

.■.m3 

179 

32041 

6735339 

13.379 

5.636 

2.'>1(>4.943 

.'»6-.'.345 

180 

32400 

r>832000 

13.416 

5.646 

254  46.900 

>;5.487 

181 

32761 

5929741 

.  13.454 

5.657 

.''  ■-.'.2>« 

18-2 

33124 

t»02&5<58 

13.491 

5.067 

.-,10 

183 

334b9 

6128487 

13.5-28 

5.677 

-■  ..■■,.  I.-.' 

•V,  i.'Jll 

184 

33^56 

6229504 

13.565 

5.688 

20590,440 

576.053 

185 

3422r) 

6331G25 

13.601 

5.«98     I 

2t:.6>0,-.',52 

.581.195 

186 

34r)96 

6434856 

13.638 

5.706 

27171.635 

.'>6 1.386 

187 

34969 

6539203 

13.675 

5.718 

27464.588 

5S7.478 

188 

3.')344 

6644»)72 

13.711 

5.729 

• 

-   .  ,:,9 

189 

35721 

6751269 

13.748 

5.339 

■■-1 

190 

36100 

6S59000 

13.784 

5.749 

.  .03 

191 

36451 

6967871 

13.8120 

5.759     j 

^bbb-^.liii 

600. U44 

192 

36b64 

7077888 

13.856 

5.769 

28952.918 

603.186 

193 

37249 

7189057     1 

13.892 

5.779 

29-2,55.296 

6f)6.327 

194 

37636 

7301384 

13.92s 

5.789     1 

29559.245 

609.469 

195 

38025 

7414875 

13.964 

5.799 

29664.765 

6rj.611 

196 

38416 

7529536 

14.000 

5. 809     1 

30171.6.56 

615.752 

197 

3S&09      ' 

7645373 

14.036 

5,819     . 

30480.517 

616.894 

19S 

39204      i 

7762392 

14.071 

5.628 

30790.749   i 

622.035 

199 

39601      j 

7680599 

14.107 

5.838 

31102.553  , 

6i5.;77 

200 

40000      1 

8000000 

14.142 

5.848 

31415.927  i 

626.319 

POWERS. — ROOTS. CIRCLES. 


483 


No. 

Square. 

1 

Cube. 

Square  Root 

.  Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

201 

40401 

8120601 

14.177 

1   5.858 

31730.871 

631.460 

202 

40804 

8242408 

14.213 

1   5.867 

32047.386 

634.602 

203 

41209 

8365427 

1  14.248 

5.877 

32365.473 

637.743 

204 

41616 

8489664 

!  14.283 

5.8&7 

32685.129 

640.886 

205 

42025 

8615125 

14.318 

5.896 

1  33006.358 

644.026 

206 

42436 

8741816 

14.3.53 

5.906 

33329.156 

647.168 

207 

42S49 

8869743 

14.387 

5.915 

336.53.526 

6.50.310 

208 

43264 

8U9S912 

14.422 

5.925 

33979.468 

653.452 

209 

4368 1 

9123329 

14.457 

5.934 

3430().977 

656.593 

2]0 

44100 

9261000 

14.491 

5.944 

34636.059 

659.734 

211 

44.521 

9393931 

1  14.526 

5.953 

34966.712 

662.876 

212 

44944 

9.528128 

1  14.560 

5.963 

35298.936 

666.018 

213 

45369 

9663.597 

I  14.. 595 

5.972 

35632.729 

669.159 

214 

45796 

9800344 

14.629 

5.9S1 

3.5968.096 

672.300 

215 

46225 

9938375 

14.663 

5.991 

36305.030 

67'i.442 

21(D 

46t).'i6 

10077696 

14.697 

6.000 

36643.536 

678.584 

217 

470S9 

10218313 

14.731 

6.009 

36983.614 

681.726 

218 

47521 

10360232 

14.765 

6.018 

37325.264 

684.868 

219 

47961 

10503459 

14.799 

6.028 

37668.480 

6»«.008 

220 

4S400 

10648000 

14.S32 

6'.  037 

38013.271 

691.150 

221 

4SS41 

10793861 

14.866 

6.046 

383.59.632 

69'4.292 

222 

492'34 

10941048 

14.900 

6.055 

38707.564 

697.434 

223 

49729 

11089567 

14.933 

6.064 

39057.069 

700.575 

224 

50176 

11239424 

14.967 

6'.  073 

39408.140 

703.716 

225 

50625 

11390625 

15.000 

6.082 

39760.782 

706.858 

226 

51076 

11543176 

15.033 

6^091 

40114.996 

710.000 

227 

51529 

1 J  697083 

15.067 

6.100 

40470.782 

713.141 

228 

51984 

1 18.52352 

15.100 

6.109 

40828.140 

716.284 

229 

52441 

12008989 

15.133 

6-.  1 18 

411h7.065 

719.424 

230 

52900 

12167000 

15.166 

6.127 

41.547.563 

722.566 

231 

53361 

12320391 

15.199 

6'.  136 

4)909.631 

725.707 

232 

53S24 

12J87I68 

15.232 

6.145 

42273.272 

728.850 

233 

54289 

12649337 

15.264 

6.153 

42638.481 

731 .991 

234 

54756 

12812904 

15.297 

6.1® 

43005.200 

735.132 

235 

55225 

12977875 

15. .330 

6.171 

43373.614 

738.274 

236 

55696 

131442.56 

15.362 

6.180 

43743.536 

741.416 

237 

56169 

13312053 

15.395 

6. 188 

44115.029 

744.557 

238 

56644 

134s 1272 

15.427 

6.197 

44488.092 

747.698 

239 

57121 

13651919 

15.460 

6.206 

44862.728 

750.841 

240 

57600 

1.3S24000 

13.492 

6.214 

45238.934 

753.982 

241 

58081 

13997521 

15.524 

6.223 

45616.710 

757.124 

242 

58.''>64 

141 721 SS 

15.. 556 

6.232 

45996.060 

760.266: 

243 

59049 

14348907 

15.588 

6.240 

46376.976 

763  ..407 

244 

59536 

14526784 

15.620 

6.249 

46759.465 

766.648- 

245 

60025 

14706125 

15.«52 

6.2.57 

47143.525 

769.690 

246 

60516 

14886936 

15.684 

6.266 

47529.155 

772.832 

247 

61009 

15069223 

15.716 

6.274 

47916.3.56 

775.97* 

248 

61504 

15252992 

15.748 

6.283 

48305.129 

77:9.11.5 

249 

62001 

15438249 

15.780 

6.291 

4869S.47.1 

782.257? 

250  1 

62500 

15625000 

15.811 

6.300 

49087.385 

785.398 

484 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Sqaare. 


Cabe. 


Sqaare  Root.  Cube  Root, 


Circa  Ai. 


251 

63001 

15813251 

15.S4.3 

6.308 

49480.870 

788.540 

252 

m:m 

16003008 

15.875 

0.316 

49875.925 

791.681 

2r.3 

61001) 

16194277 

15.906 

6. .325 

50272..5.50 

794.823 

2.')4 

6».')16 

16.3'57064 

1.5  937 

0  3,33 

.50670.748 

797.964 

25.'5 

enoj.'i 

10.')M375 

15.969 

0.341 

510*0.516 

801.106 

2r)« 

OriCyW 

16777216 

16.000 

6.350 

5I47I.8.''>4 

804.248 

'J.')7' 

0(i(t49 

16974.593 

16.031 

6.3.5S 

51N74.703 

807.389 

'J.'>"> 

6i)r)rt4 

17173512 

16.062 

6.3()6 

.5-2279.243 

810.531 

'2VJ 

G70M 

1 737.3979 

16.093 

0.374 

52685.'294 

81.3.6T2 

2f.O 

67000 

1 7576000 

16.125 

0..383 

53(»92.9I6 

816.814 

2rtl 

0>SI21 

1 7779.5s  1 

16.155 

6..391 

.53.')02.I09 

8I9.95C 

262 

6S664 

179^4728 

16.186 

6.399 

5:W  12.872 

823.097 

20.} 

6'.»I69 

18191447 

16.217 

6.407 

54.325.205 

826.239 

264 

096H0 

18.399744 

10.248 

6.415 

.54739.110 

82S1..380 

26.') 

70'J2.') 

18609<)25 

10.279 

6.423 

5.51. '►4. 586 

832.522 

266 

707.'>fi 

1882 1096 

16.310 

0.4.31 

5.5.571.632 

835.664 

207 

71289 

1 90.34 16:« 

16.340 

0.4.39 

5.5990.250 

8.'fr..80ft 

26^ 

71^•i4 

192I8!532 

16.371 

0.417 

5641 0.4 .3»< 

841.947 

269 

7-2361 

19 1651 09 

16.101 

6.455 

56832.196 

84.5.088 

270 

72W00 

19(»83000 

16.432 

6.403 

57255.526 

848.230 

271 

73441 

19902511 

16.462 

0.471 

570»0.426 

851.372 

272 

7.VJS4 

2012.3648 

16.492 

0.479 

58106.898 

8.^^.513 

273 

74.')29 

20,346417 

16..523 

6.4^7 

5N534.9tO 

857.655 

274 

7.')076 

20570824 

16.5.53 

6.495 

58964.552 

860.796 

275 

7.')6'2.'> 

20796S75 

16..583 

6.r)03 

59395.736 

803.938 

276 

76 1 76 

21024570 

10.613 

6.511 

59824.490 

8.J7.080 

277 

76729 

21253933 

16.643 

0.519 

60260.815 

870.221 

278 

77284 

•214849.52 

16.673 

0.5-27 

•VX398.711 

i>13J3ta 

279 

77841 

21717639 

16.703 

6.534 

61136.178 

876.484 

2S0 

784  00 

21952000 

16.733 

6.542 

6157.5.216 

879.646 

2S1 

7-'.tni 

22188041 

10.763 

6.550 

62015.824 

882.788 

282 

79r)24 

22425768 

16.793 

6.5.58 

62458.003 

885.929 

2S3 

80as9 

22665187 

16.823 

6.565 

02901.753 

889.071 

2»! 

80050 

22906304 

16.8.52 

6.573 

a^34  7.074 

892.212 

28.5 

81225 

23149125 

16.882 

6.5b  1 

63793.966 

895.354 

2S6 

bl796 

2339.36.56 

10.912 

6.589 

•V1242.429 

8»'j.495 

287 

8-2369 

23639903 

16.941 

6.596 

64692.461 

9oi.6;n 

288 

82944 

23887872 

16.971 

6.604 

65144.065 

904.779 

289 

83521 

24137.569 

17.000 

6.611 

65.597.240 

907.920 

290 

84100 

24389000 

1 7.029 

6.619 

66051.yS6 

911.062 

291 

84  681 

24642171 

17.0.59 

6.627 

66.Vi!s.302 

914.203 

292 

85264 

2489708S 

17.088 

6.634 

66906.189 

917.345 

293 

85849 

251.53757 

17.117 

6.642 

67425.647 

9-20.466 

294 

86436 

2.5412184 

17.146 

6.649 

67886.675 

923.628 

2«<5 

87025 

25672375 

17.176 

6.657 

68349.275 

9-26.770 

296 

87616 

2.5934336 

17.205 

6.664 

68813.445 

929.911 

297 

8S'209 

26198073 

17.234 

6.672 

69279.186 

933.053 

29S 

88804 

26463.592 

17.263 

6.079 

69746.498 

936.195 

299 

89401 

26730S99 

17.292 

6.687 

7021.5..381 

9.39.a36 

300 

90000 

27000000 

17.321 

6.694 

70685.835 

942.478 

POWERS. — ROOTS. — CIRCLES. 


485 


Square. 


Cnbe. 


Sqnare  Root.  Cube  Root 


Circuin. 


301 

90601 

27270901 

17.349 

6.702 

711.57.859 

945.619 

302 

91204 

27.543608 

17.378 

6.709 

71631.454 

94^.761 

303 

9l!509 

27S18127 

17407 

6.717 

72106.620 

951.903 

.304 

92416 

28094464 

17.436 

6.72t 

72,583.356 

955.044 

SO.") 

93025 

2'-372625 

17.464 

6.731 

73061.604 

9.58.186 

300 

93636 

28652616 

17.493 

6.7.39 

73.541. ,542 

961.327 

.307 

94249 

28934443 

1 7.-52 1 

6.746 

74022.991 

964.469 

308 

94S64 

29218112 

17.5.50 

6.7.53 

74506.008 

967.610 

300 

95481 

29503629 

1  7  .578 

6  761 

74990.602 

970.7.52 

310 

96100 

29791000 

17.607 

6.768 

75476.764 

973.S94 

311 

96721 

30080231 

17.635 

6.775 

75964.496 

977.035 

312 

97.344 

30371328 

17.664 

•  6.782 

7()453.798 

980.177 

313 

97969 

30664297 

17.692 

6.790 

70944.673 

98.3.318 

3M 

98596 

.30959144 

17.720 

6.797 

77437.117 

986.460 

3t.'i 

99225 

312.5.5875 

17.748 

6.804 

77931.1.33 

989.602 

Slfi 

99856 

31.5.54496 

•  17.776 

6.811 

78426.719 

992.743 

317 

100489 

318.5.5013 

1 7.804 

6.818 

7^923.876 

995.885 

31S 

101124 

321.57432 

1 7.833 

0.826 

79422.604 

999.020 

319 

101761 

32161759 

17.861 

6.8.33 

79922.902 

1002.16S 

320 

102400 

327()8000 

17.889 

6.840 

&0424.772 

100,5.310 

321 

103041 

,3.3076161 

17.916 

6.b47 

80928.212 

1008.451 

322 

1 03684 

33386248 

17.914 

6.854 

814.33.223 

1011. ,593 

323 

104329 

33698267 

17.972 

6.861 

819.39.805 

1014.734 

321 

104976 

34012224 

18.000 

6.868 

82447.9,58 

1017.876 

32.'i 

105625 

34328125  , 

18.028 

6.875 

82957.681 

1021.018 

32fi 

106276 

34645976 

1 8.055 

6.882 

83468.975 

1024.1.59 

327 

106929 

34965783 

18.083 

6.889 

8.3981.840 

1027.303 

328 

107.584 

3.5287552 

18.111 

6.896 

84496.276 

1030.442 

329 

108241 

3.5611289 

18.1.38 

6.903 

85012.2^i2 

1033..584 

3.30 

108900 

35937000 

18. 166 

6.9)0 

85529.860 

1 036.726 

331 

109.561 

36264691 

18.193 

6.917  . 

86049.008 

1059.867 

3.32 

110224 

36.594368 

18.221 

6.924 

86.569.727 

1043.009 

333 

110889 

36926037 

18.248 

G.93I 

87092.016 

1046.1.50 

3.34 

111.5.56 

37259704 

18.276 

6.938 

87615.877 

1049.292 

33.5 

112225 

37.595375 

18.303 

6.945 

88141.309 

10.52.4.34 

336 

11289';. 

37933056 

18.3.30 

6.9,52 

b866S.3U 

1055.575 

.337 

113.569 

38272753 

18.358 

6.959 

69196.884 

10.58.717 

338 

114244 

38614472 

18.385 

6.966 

S9727.02S 

1061.858 

339 

114921 

38958219 

18412 

6.973 

90258.742 

1065.000 

.340 

11.5600 

39304000 

1 8.4.39 

6.980 

90792.028 

1068.142 

341 

146281 

39651821 

18.466 

6.986 

91326.8^4 

1071.283 

.342 

116964 

4 000 loss 

18.493 

6.993 

91863.311 

1074.425 

343 

117649 

403.5.3607 

18..520 

7.000 

92401.308 

1077.566 

344 

1183.36 

40707.584 

18.547 

7.007 

92940.877 

1080.708 

34.') 

1 1 9025 

41063625 

18.574 

7.014 

9.3482.016 

1083.849 

316 

119716 

41421736 

ls.601 

7.020 

94024.726 

1086.991 

347 

120409 

41781923 

18.628 

7.027 

94569.007 

1090.132 

.348 

121104 

42144192 

18.6.55 

7  0.34 

95114.8.59 

1093.274 

349 

121801 

42,508549 

18.682 

7.041 

95662.282 

1096.418 

350 

122500 

42875000 

18.708 

7.047 

96211.275 

1099.557 

486 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


No. 

Square. 

Cubo. 

Square  Root. 

Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

351 

123201 

43243551 

18.735 

7.054 

96761.84 

1102.699 

3r,2 

123904 

43614208 

18.762 

7.061 

97313.97 

1105.840 

SriS 

124609 

43986977 

18.788 

7.067 

97867.16 

1103.982 

354 

125316 

44361864 

18.815 

7.074 

98422.96 

1112.124 

355 

126025 

44738875 

18.841 

7.081 

9S979.80 

1115.265 

356 

126736 

45118016 

lS.S6b 

7.087 

99538.22 

1118.407 

357 

127449 

45499293 

18.894 

7.094 

100098.21 

1121.548 

358 

12S164 

45^82712 

18.921 

7.101 

100659.37 

1124.690 

359 

12SSS1 

46268279 

18.947 

7.107 

101222.90 

1127.832 

360 

129'iOO 

466.')6000 

18.974 

7.114 

101787.60 

1130.973 

361 

130321 

47045881 

19.000 

7.120 

102353.87 

1134.115 

362 

131044 

47437928 

19.026 

7.127 

102921.72 

1137.256 

363 

131769 

47S32147 

19.0.53 

7.133 

103491.13 

1140.398 

364 

132496 

48228544 

19.079 

7.140 

104062.11 

1143.540 

365 

133225 

48627125 

19.105 

7.147 

104634.67 

1146.681 

366 

1339.')6 

49027896 

19.131 

7.153 

105208.79 

1149.823 

367 

1346^9 

494.30863 

19.1.57 

7.160 

10.5784.49 

ll.')2.964 

368 

135424 

493360.32 

19.183 

7.166 

106,361.76 

11.56.106 

369 

136161 

50243409 

19.209 

7.173 

106940.60 

1159.248 

370 

136900 

506.')3000 

19.235 

7.179 

107521.01 

1162.3^9 

371 

1 3764 1 

51064811 

19.261 

7.186 

108102.99 

11 65.. 531 

372 

13-53S4 

5I478S48 

19.287 

7.192 

108686.54 

1168.672 

373 

139129 

51895117 

15.313 

7.198 

109271.66 

1171.814 

374 

139876 

5231.3624 

19.. 339 

7.205 

109858.35 

1174.956 

375 

140625 

52734375 

19.365 

7.211 

110446.62 

1178.097 

376 

141376 

53157376 

19.391 

7.218 

111036.45 

1181.238 

377 

142129 

53582633 

19.416 

7.224 

111627.86 

11S4.3S0 

37S 

142^84 

54010152 

19.442 

7.230 

112220.83 

1187.522 

379 

143641 

54439939 

19.46s 

7.2.37 

112815. .38 

1190.663 

380 

144400 

54872000 

19.494 

7.243 

113411.49 

1 193.805 

381 

1451GI 

55306341 

19.519 

7.250 

114009.28 

1196.947 

382 

145924 

55742968 

19.545 

7.256 

114608.44 

1200.088 

383 

1466S9 

56181887 

19.570 

7.262 

115209.27 

1203.230 

384 

147456 

56623104 

19.596 

7.268 

115811.67 

1206.372 

385 

148225 

57066625 

19.621 

7.275 

116415.64 

1209.513 

386 

148996 

57512456 

19.647 

7.281 

117021.18 

1212.6.54 

387 

149769 

57960603 

19.672 

7.287 

117628.30 

1215.796 

388 

150544 

58411072 

19.698 

7.294 

118236.98 

1218.938 

389 

151321 

5S863869 

19.723 

7,. 300 

llb>347.24 

1222.079 

390 

152100 

59319000 

19.748 

7.. 306 

119459.06 

1225.221 

391 

152881 

59776471 

19.774 

7.312 

120072.46 

1228.363 

392 

153664 

60236288 

19,799 

7.319 

120687.42 

1231.504 

393 

154449 

6069S457 

19.824 

7.. 325 

121303.96 

1234.646 

394 

155236 

61162984 

19.849 

7.331 

121922.07 

1237.788 

395 

156025 

61629875 

19.875 

7.337 

122.541.75 

1240.929 

396 

156816 

62099136 

19.900 

7.343 

123163.00 

1244.071 

397 

157609 

62570773 

19.925 

7.3.50 

123785.82 

1247.212 

398 

158404 

63044792 

19.9.50 

7.356 

124410.21 

1250.354 

399 

159201 

63521199 

19.975 

7.362 

125036.17 

12.53.495 

400 

160000 

64000000 

20.000 

7.368 

125663.70 

12.56.637 

POWERS. — ROOTS. — CIRCLES. 


487 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square  Root. 

Cube  Root, 

Area. 

Circum. 

401 

160801 

64481201 

20.025 

7.374 

126292.81 

1259.778 

402 

161604 

64964808 

20.050 

7.3S0 

126923.48 

1262.920 

403 

162409 

65450827 

20.075 

7.386 

127555.73 

1266.062 

404 

163216 

65939264 

20.100 

7.393 

12^189.54 

1269.204 

405 

164025 

66430125 

20.125 

7.399 

12S{524.93 

1272.343 

406 

164836 

66923416 

20.149 

7.405 

129461.89 

1275.486 

407 

165649 

67419143 

20.174 

7.411 

130100.42 

1278.628 

408 

166464 

67911312 

20.199 

7.417 

130740.52 

1281.770 

409 

167281 

68417929 

20.224 

7.423 

131382.19 

1284.911 

410 

168100 

68921000 

20.248 

7.429 

132025.43 

1288.053 

411 

168921 

69426531 

20.273 

7.435 

132670.24 

1291.194 

412 

169744 

69934528 

20.29» 

7.441 

133316.62 

1294.336 

413 

170569 

70444997 

20.322 

7.447 

1 33964.. "JS 

1297.478 

'414 

171396 

7095 1P44 

20.347 

7.453 

134614.10 

1300.620 

415 

172225 

71473375 

20.372 

7.459 

13.5265.20 

1303.761 

416 

173056 

71991296 

20.396 

7.405 

13.5917.87 

1306.902 

417 

173889 

72511713 

20.421 

7.471 

136572.10 

1310.043 

418 

174724 

73034632 

20.445 

7.477 

137227.91 

1313.186 

419 

175561 

73560059 

20.469 

7.483 

137b85.29 

1316.327 

420 

176400 

74088000 

20.494 

7.4b9 

138544.24 

1319.469 

421 

177241 

74618461 

20.518 

7.495 

139204.76 

1322.610 

422 

1780«4 

75151448 

20.543 

7.501 

139866.85 

1325.7,52 

423 

17S929 

75686967 

20.567 

7.507 

140530.51 

1328.895 

424 

179776 

76225024 

20.591 

7.513 

141195.74 

1332.036 

425 

180625 

767(^5625 

20.616 

7.518 

141862.54 

1335.177 

42tj 

181476 

77308776 

20.640 

7.524 

142530.91 

1338.318 

427 

182329 

77854483 

20.664 

7.530 

143200.80 

1341.459 

42S 

1 831.S4 

78402752 

20.688 

7.536 

143872.38 

1344.600 

429 

184041 

78953589 

20.712 

7.542 

144545.46 

1347.744 

430 

184900 

79507000 

20.736 

7.548 

145220.12 

1350.885 

431 

185761 

•  80062991 

20.761 

7.554 

145896.35 

1.354.027 

432 

186624 

80621568 

20.785 

7.560 

146574.14 

1357.168 

433 

187489 

81182737 

20.809 

7.565 

147253.51 

1360.310 

434 

188356 

81746504 

20.833 

7.571 

147934.46 

1363.4.52 

435 

189225 

82312875 

20.857 

7.577 

148616.97 

1366.593 

436 

190096 

82881856 

20.881 

7.583 

149301.06 

1369.736 

437 

190969 

83453453 

20.905 

7.5b9 

149966.71 

1372.877 

438 

191844 

84027672 

20.928 

7.. '594 

1.50673.92 

1376.019 

439 

192721 

84604519 

20.952 

7.600 

151362.72 

1379.160 

440 

193600 

85184000 

20.976 

7.606 

152053.08 

13»2.301 

441 

194481 

85766121 

21.000 

7.612 

152745.02 

1385.442 

442 

195364 

S6350S8S 

21 .024 

7.617 

153438.53 

1388.584 

443 

196249 

86938307 

21.048 

7.623 

154135.18 

1391.726 

444 

197136 

S752S384 

21.071 

7.629 

154830.26 

1394.668 

445 

198025 

88121125 

21.095 

7.635 

15552S.47 

1398.009 

446 

198916 

88716536 

21.119 

7.640 

156228.28 

1401.150 

447 

199809 

89314623 

21.142 

7.646 

156929.63 

1404.291 

448 

200704 

89915392 

21.166 

^.652 

157632.56 

1407.432 

449 

201601 

9051 8S49 

21.190 

7.657 

1583.37.06 

1410. .574 

450 

202500 

91125000 

21.213 

7.663 

159043.13 

1413.717 

488 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square  Root. 

Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Clrcuin. 

451 

203401 

91733851 

21.237 

7.669 

159750.78 

1416.858 

452 

201304 

92345408 

21.260 

7.674 

160459.98' 

14-^^0.000 

453 

20rj20'j 

929r.yf.77 

21.284 

7.680 

161170.78 

14-23. 140 

454 

20tlll(j 

93576064 

21.307 

7.686 

161883.13 

U.iCi-282 

455 

207025 

94196375 

21.331 

7.691 

162.')97.05 

14-29.425 

456 

20-'J3G 

y4blbbl6 

21.354 

7.697 

16.33 1-^.56 

14-J2.568 

467 

20^b49 

90443993 

21.378 

7.703 

164029.63 

1435.710 

458 

2097(54 

96071912 

21.401 

7.708 

164748.26 

1438.848 

459 

2IOt)«>l 

96702579 

21.424 

7.714 

16.5468.47 

1441.992 

460 

211600 

97331)000 

21.448 

7.719 

166190.25 

144.5.133 

461 

212521 

979721^1 

21.471 

7.725 

166913.61 

1448.274 

462 

213444 

9M)  11128 

21.494 

7.731 

167638.52 

1451.416 

463 

2143C9 

992.')2>s4  7 

21.517 

7.736 

168365.02 

14.54.5.58 

464 

215296 

y9s97344 

21.541 

7.742 

169093.09 

14.')7.700 

465 

216225 

100544625 

21.564 

7.747 

169822.72 

1460.841 

46G 

2171.'">6 

101194690 

21.587 

7.753 

170.5.53.92 

1463.982 

467 

218(1^9 

101b47.')()3 

21.610 

7.758 

171286.70 

1467.  J '23 

46^ 

21U024 

1025032.32 

21.633 

7.764 

172021.04 

1470.264 

469 

2iy9f,l 

1031617U9 

21.656 

7.769 

1 727.56.96 

147.3.400 

470 

220900 

103f52;WOO 

21.679 

7.775 

173494.45 

1476.549 

471 

221M1 

101  is:) 11 

21.703 

7.780 

174233.51- 

1  ■-'-■■ 

472 

222754 

105l.''>4O4S 

21.726 

7.786 

174974.14 

1 

473 

22372y 

105s2:i«il7 

21.749 

7.791 

175716.34 

1  .- 

474 

224(i76 

1 064 y 6424 

21.772 

7.797 

17t>460.11 

14r>y.ll4 

475 

225()2.') 

10717la75 

21.794 

7.802 

177205.46 

14y2  2.')7 

476 

22<)r)76 

107^50176 

21.817 

7.808 

177952.37 

1  ;  ■' 

477 

227.')29 

10S531333 

21.840 

7.813 

178700.86 

1 

47b 

22s4b4 

1 09-.il. 5352 

21.863 

7.819 

179450.91 

1 — '.  - 

479 

229441 

109902239 

21.886 

7.824 

180202.54 

1.5i)4.8'23 

480 

230400 

110.')92000 

21.909 

7.830 

18095.5.74 

1.507.964 

481 

2313til 

lH2s4fi41 

21.932 

7.835 

181710.51 

1511.106 

482 

232324 

IIIOSOIGS 

21.954 

7.841 

182466.84 

1514.248 

483 

2332^9 

1 12i)7s.5S7 

21.y77 

7.846 

1832-24.75 

1517.3HS 

484 

234251) 

113379904 

22.000 

7.851 

183984.24 

1.5-20.53-2 

485 

23.'J225 

1140&4I25 

22.023 

7.857 

184745.28 

l.'.23.r,7-2 

486 

236196 

114791256 

22.045 

7.862 

185.507.90 

1 

4S7 

237169 

n5.'')01303 

22.06S 

7.8«j8 

186272.09 

488 

23S144 

116214272 

22.091 

7.873 

187037.86 

489 

239121 

)lf.y30169 

22.113 

7.878 

18780.5.20 

490 

240100 

117649000 

22.136 

7.884 

188574.10 

1    --■     - 

491 

2410S1 

1 18370771 

22.159 

7.S89 

189344..VS 

l^■^.i^•^^ 

492 

242064 

1 1909.54S8 

1     22.181 

7.894 

190116.62 

1.545.664 

493 

243049 

119>>23157 

1     22.204 

7.900 

190890  24 

1.548.802 

494 

244036 

120.3.53784 

1     22.226 

7.905 

191665.42 

l.''.51.94t) 

495 

24.5025 

1212^7375 

'     22.249 

7.910 

192442.18 

1.55.5.088 

496 

246016 

12202.3936 

i     22.271 

7.916 

193220.51 

1558.2.30 

497 

247009 

122763473 

1     22.293 

7.9il 

19399S.62 

1.5ril..372 

498 

248004 

123505992 

1     22.316 

7.926 

194781i<8 

1564.514 

499 

249001 

124251499 

,     22.33S 

7.932 

195564.92 

1.567.6-55 

500 

250000 

125000000 

1     22.361 

1     7.937 

196349.54 

1570.79«i 

POWERS. — ROOTS. — CIRCLES. 


489 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square  Root. 

Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Clrcum. 

501 

251001 

12.')751501 

22.383 

7.942 

197135.72 

1573.938 

502 

252004 

126506008 

22.405 

7.948 

197923.48 

1577.080 

503 

253009 

127263527 

22.428 

7.953 

19>S712.81 

1.580.221 

504 

254016 

128024064 

22.4.50 

7.9.'')8 

199.')().3.70 

1583.362 

505 

255025 

128787625 

22.472 

7.963 

200290.17 

1586.504 

506 

256036 

1295542)6 

22.494 

7.909 

201090.20 

1589.646 

507 

257049 

130323843 

22.517 

7.974 

201885.81 

1592.787 

508 

258064 

131096512 

22.539 

7.979 

202082.99 

1595.928 

509 

259081 

131872229 

22.561 

7.9>(4 

203480.96 

1599.070 

510 

260100 

132651000 

22.583 

7.990 

204282.00 

1602.212 

511 

261121 

133432831 

22.605 

7.995 

205083.95 

1605.354 

512 

262144 

134217728 

22.627 

8.000 

205887.42 

1608.496 

513 

263109 

135005697 

22.650 

8.005 

206692.46 

1611.6.37 

514 

264196 

135796744 

22.072 

8.010 

207499.05 

1614.778 

515 

265225 

136590875 

22.694 

8.016 

208307.23 

1617.920 

510 

266256 

137388096 

22.716 

8.021 

209116.97 

1621.062 

517 

267289 

13S188413 

22.738 

8.026 

209928.29 

1624.203 

518 

26S324 

138991832 

22.700 

8.031 

210741.18 

1627.344 

519 

269361 

139798359 

22.782 

8.036 

211555.64 

1030.488 

520 

270400 

140608000 

22.804 

8.041 

212371.66 

1633.628 

521 

271441 

141420761 

22.825 

8.047 

213189.26 

1636.770 

522 

272484 

142230648 

22.847 

8.052 

214008.44 

1639.912 

523 

273529 

1430.05667 

22.869 

8.057 

214829.18 

1643.053 

524 

274576 

143877824 

22.891 

8.062 

215651.49 

1610.194 

525 

275625 

144703125 

22.913 

8.067 

216475.37 

1649.336 

526 

276676 

14.531.5.576 

22.935 

8.072 

217300.82 

1052.478 

527 

277729 

1463831 S3 

22.956 

8.077 

218127.85 

165.5.619 

528 

278784 

147197952 

22.978 

8.082 

2189.56,44 

16.58.700 

529 

279841 

148035889 

23.000 

8.088 

2197S6.61 

1661.902 

530 

280900 

148877000 

23.022 

8.093 

220618.34 

1005.044 

531 

281961 

149721291 

23.043 

8.098 

221451.65 

1668.186 

532 

283024 

150568768 

23.065 

8.103 

222280.53 

1671.328 

533 

2S4089 

151419437 

23.087 

8.10fs 

223122.98 

1674.469 

534 

285156 

152273304 

23.108 

8.113 

223901.00 

1677.610 

535 

286225 

153130375 

2.1.130 

8.118 

224800.59 

1680.7.52 

536 

287296 

153990656 

23.152 

S.123 

22.5041.75 

1683.894 

537 

288369 

1548541.53 

23.173 

8.128 

226484.48 

1687.0,35 

53S 

2»9444 

155720872 

23.195 

8.133 

227328.78 

1090.176 

539 

290521 

156.590819 

23.216 

8.1.38 

228i74.()6 

1093.318 

540 

291600 

157464000 

23.23S 

8.143 

229022.10 

1096.400 

541 

292681 

158340421 

23.259 

8.148 

229870.33 

1699.602 

542 

293764 

159220088 

23.281 

8.153 

230721.70 

1702.744 

543 

294849 

160103007 

23.302 

8.158 

231573.86 

170.5.8S4 

544 

295936 

160989184 

23.324 

8.163 

2.324  27..59 

1709.026 

545 

297025 

16187S625 

23.345 

8.168 

233282.89 

1712.168 

646 

298116 

1627713.36 

23.367 

8.173 

2341.39.76 

1715.310 

547 

299209 

163667323 

23.388 

8.178 

234998.20 

1718.451 

543 

300304 

lf)4  566592 

23.409 

8.183 

2358.58.21 

1721.592 

549 

301401 

165469149 

23.431 

8.188 

230719.79 

1724.733 

550 

302500 

16637.5000 

23.4.52 

8.193 

237582.94 

1727.876 

32 


490 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square  Root. 

Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Clreum. 

551 

303601 

167284151 

23.473 

8.198 

238447.67 

1731.018 

552 

.304704 

108196608 

23.495 

8.203 

239297.96 

1734.160 

553 

.•!05H09 

169112377 

23.516 

8.208 

240165.83 

1737.. 301 

554 

3()f)<.M6 

170031464 

2.8.537 

8.213 

241043.26 

1740.442 

555 

;!08025 

170963875 

23.568 

8.218 

241922.27 

1743.584 

556 

309 130 

171879616 

23.680 

8.223 

242794.84 

1746.726 

557 

310249 

172S0S693 

23.601 

8.228 

243668.99 

1749.867 

55S 

311364 

173741112 

23.622 

8.2.33 

244544.71 

1762.968 

559 

312481 

174670879 

23.643 

8.238 

246442.00 

1766.110 

560 

313600 

175616000 

23.664 

8.243 

246;!00.S6 

1759.292 

561 

314721 

170668481 

23.686 

8.248 

247181.29 

1762.434 

562 

316M4 

177604328 

23.707 

8.253 

248063.30 

1766.676 

563 

316969 

178463547 

23.728 

8.268 

24S946.87 

176S.717 

564 

318096 

179406144 

23.749 

8.262 

2498.12.01 

1771.858 

565 

319225 

180362125 

23.770 

.S.267 

25(1 7  IS.  73 

1776.000 

566 

320356 

181321496 

23.791 

8.272 

251607.01 

1778.142 

567 

321489 

182284263 

23.812 

S.277 

262496.87 

1781.283 

568 

322624 

183260432 

23.833 

8.282 

263.388.30 

1784.424 

569 

323761 

184220009 

23.864 

8.286 

264281.30 

1787.666 

570 

324900 

185193000 

23.876 

8.291 

256176.86 

1790.708 

571 

326041 

180169411 

23.896 

8.296 

256072.00 

1793. S49 

572 

3271 S4 

18714924S 

23.917 

8.301 

260969.71 

1790.990 

573 

328329 

188132517 

23.937 

8.. 306 

267.S6S.99 

1H0(I.132 

574 

329476 

189119224 

23.958 

8.311 

25S769.84 

1803.274 

575 

330625 

190109375 

23.979 

8.316 

269672.27 

1806.416 

576 

331770 

191102976 

24.0P0 

8.320 

200676.26 

1809.568 

577 

332929 

192100033 

24.021 

8.325 

261 4S 1.83 

1  SI  2. 099 

578 

334084 

193100662 

24.042 

8.330 

20238S.96 

1815.840 

579 

336241 

194104639 

24.002 

8.. 335 

263297.66 

181S.981 

580 

336400 

196112000 

24.083 

8.340 

204207.94 

1822.124 

581 

337561 

196122941 

24.104 

8.344 

265119.79 

1826.205 

582 

83S724 

197137368 

24.125 

8.349 

266033.21 

1826.406 

683 

339889 

lysi 55287 

24.145 

8.354 

26694S.20 

1831.64S 

584 

34105C 

199176704 

24.100 

8.359 

207S64.76 

1834.  c.yo 

585 

342226 

200201625 

24.187 

8.363 

208782.89 

1837.  s:i2 

586 

343396 

201230056 

24.207 

8.368 

269702.59 

184(1.9.33 

587 

344669 

202262003 

24.228 

8.373 

270623.87 

1844.074 

588 

346744 

203297472 

24.249 

8.378 

271546.70 

1847.266 

589 

346921 

204336409 

24.269 

8.3S2 

272470.33 

1850.. 398 

590 

348100 

206379000 

24.290 

8.387 

273397.10 

1863.540 

591 

349281 

206426071 

24.310 

8.392 

274324.65 

1856.682 

592 

360464 

207474688 

24.331 

8.397 

275253.78 

1859.823 

593 

361649 

20S527867 

24.. 352 

8.401 

276184.48 

1862.964 

594 

362836 

209684684 

24.372 

8.406 

277110.74 

1666.106 

595 

354025 

210644875 

24.393 

8.411 

278050.68 

1869.248 

596 

356216 

21170S736 

24.413 

8.416 

278985.99 

1872.390 

597 

356409 

212776173 

24.434 

8.420 

279922.98 

1876.631 

598 

367604 

213847192 

24.464 

8.426 

28(1861.62 

1878.672 

699 

368801 

214921799 

24.474 

8.4.30 

281801.04 

1881.814 

600 

360000 

210000000 

24.495 

8.434 

282743.34 

1884. 9&« 

POWERS. — ROOTS. — CIRCLES. 


491 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square  Root. 

Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

601 

361201 

217081801 

24.515 

8.439 

283686.61 

1888.097 

602 

362404 

218167208 

24.536 

8.444 

284631.44 

1891.238 

603 

363609 

219256227 

24.556 

8.448 

285577.84 

1894.380 

604 

364816 

220348864 

24.576 

8.453 

286525.82 

1897.522 

605 

366025 

221445125 

24.597 

8.458 

287475.36 

1900.664 

606 

367236 

222545016 

24.617 

8.462 

288426.48 

1903.806 

607 

368449 

223648543 

24.637 

8.467 

289379.17 

1906.947 

608 

S69664 

224755712 

24.658 

8.472 

290333.42 

1910.088 

609 

370881 

225866529 

24.678 

8.476  . 

291289.26 

1913.229 

610 

372100 

226981000 

24.698 

8.481 

292246.66 

1916.372 

611 

373.321 

228099131 

24.718 

8.486 

293205.63 

1919.513 

612 

374544 

229220928 

24.739 

8.490 

294166.17 

1922.664 

613 

375769 

230346397 

24.759 

8.495 

295129.86 

1925.796 

614 

376996 

231475544 

24.779 

8.499 

296091.96 

1928.9.38 

615 

378225 

232608375 

24.799 

8.504 

297057.22 

1932.079 

616 

379456 

233744896 

24.819 

8.509 

298024.05 

1936.221 

617 

380689 

234885113 

24.839 

8.513 

298992.45 

1938.362 

618 

381924 

2360290.32 

24.860 

8.518 

299962.40 

1941.504 

619 

383161 

237176659 

24.880 

8.522 

300933.94 

1944.645 

620 

384400 

238328000 

24.900 

8.527 

301907.05 

1947.787 

621 

385641 

239483061 

24.920 

8.5.32 

.302881.73 

1950.928 

622 

386884 

240641848 

24.940 

8.5.36 

303857.98 

1954.070 

623 

388129 

241804367 

24.960 

8.541 

304837.16 

1957.211 

624 

389376 

242970624 

24.980 

8.545 

305815.19 

1960.353 

625 

390625 

244140625 

25.000 

•  8.550 

306796.16 

1963.495 

626 

391876 

245314376 

25.020 

8.554 

307778.69 

1966.636 

627 

893129 

246491883 

25.040 

8.559 

308762.79 

1969.778 

628 

394384 

247673152 

25.060 

8.564' 

309748.47 

1972.919 

629 

395641 

248858189 

25.080 

8.568 

310735.72 

1976.061 

630 

396900 

250047000 

25.100 

8.573 

311724.53 

1979.203 

631 

398161 

2512.39591 

25.120 

8.577 

312714.92 

1982.344 

632 

399424 

252435968 

25.140 

8.582 

313706.87 

1985.486 

633 

400689 

253636137 

25.160 

8.586 

314700.41 

1988.628 

634 

401956 

254840104 

25.180 

8.591 

315695.50 

1991.769 

635 

403225 

256047875 

25.200 

8.695 

316692.17 

1994.911 

636 

404496 

257259456 

25.220 

8.600 

317690.42 

1998.052 

637 

405769 

258474853 

25.239 

8.604 

318690.24 

2001.194 

638 

407044 

259694072 

25.259 

8.609 

319691.61 

2004.335 

639 

408321 

260917119 

25.278 

8.613 

320694.56 

2007.477 

640 

409600 

262144000 

25.298 

8.618 

321699.09 

2010.619 

641 

410881 

263374721 

25.318 

8.622 

322705.19 

2013.760 

642 

412164 

264609288 

25.. 33  8 

8.627 

323712.85 

2016.902 

643 

413449 

265847707 

25.357 

8.631 

324720.52 

2020.043 

644 

414736 

267089984 

25.377 

8.636 

325732.89 

2023.185 

645 

416025 

268336125 

25.397 

8.640 

326745.27 

2026.327 

646 

417316 

2695861.36 

25.417 

8.645 

327759.22 

2029.468 

647 

418609 

270840023 

25.436 

8.649 

328774.74 

2032.610 

648 

419904 

272097792 

25.456 

8.663 

329791.82 

2035.751 

649 

421201 

273359449 

25.475 

8.658 

330810.48 

2038.893 

650 

422500 

274625000 

26.495 

8.662 

331830.72 

2042.035 

492 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


No. 

Sqnare. 

Cube. 

Square  Root. 

Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Cironm. 

661 

423801 

276894451 

26.515 

8.667 

332852.6.1 

2045.177 

062 

426104 

277167808 

25.634 

8.671 

333875.90 

2048.318 

653 

426409 

278445077 

26.564 

8.676 

334900.85 

2051.460 

664 

427716 

279726264 

25.573 

8.680 

335927.38 

2054.602 

666 

429026 

281011375 

26.593 

8.686 

336955.45 

2057.743 

666 

4303.?6 

282300416 

25.612 

8.689 

337985.10 

2060.889 

667 

431649 

283593393 

25.632 

8.693 

339016.32 

2064.026 

668 

4.S2964 

284H90312 

25.652 

8.698 

340019.13 

2067.167 

669 

4342R1 

286191179 

25.671 

«.702 

3410S3.60 

2070.309 

660 

436600 

287496000 

25.690 

8.707 

342119.44 

2073,451 

661 

436921 

288K04781 

25.710 

8.711 

343150.96 

2076.592 

662 

438244 

290117528 

26.720 

8.715 

344196.03 

2079.734 

663 

439669 

291434247 

26.749 

8.720 

3452.<6.69 

2082.876 

664 

440896 

292764944 

25.768 

8.724 

34627S.91 

2086.017 

666 

442225 

294079625 

26.788 

8.729 

847322.70 

20H9.I59 

666 

443666 

296408296 

25.807 

8.733 

84836S.08 

2092.300 

667 

444889 

296740963 

25.826 

8.737 

349415.02 

2096.442 

668 

446224 

298077632 

26.846 

8.742 

350463.51 

2098.58S 

669 

447661 

299418309 

25.865 

8.746 

351513.62 

2101.725 

670 

448900 

300763000 

25.884 

8.750 

352505.24 

2104.867 

671 

460241 

302111711 

25.904 

8.765 

353618.46 

2108.008 

672 

461684 

303464448 

25.923 

8.759 

364673.26 

2111. IM 
2114.291 

673 

462929 

304821217 

25.942 

8.763 

355729.62 

674 

464276 

306182024 

25.962 

8.768 

3567N7.54 

2117.4.33 

676 

455625 

307546876 

25.9S1 

.H.772 

357H47.04 

2120.575 

676 

456976 

308915776 

26.000 

8.776 

35S908.11 

2 12.x  7 16 

677 

458329 

310288733 

26.019 

8.781 

359970.76 

2126.858 

678 

4596S4 

311665752 

26.038 

8.786 

3610.V4.96 

2130.000 

679 

461041 

313046839 

26.058 

«.789 

362100.76 

213:M41 

680 

462400 

314432000 

26.077 

8.794 

36316«.ll 

21  .',6.283 

681 

463761 

315821241 

26.096 

8.798 

304  2.!  7.04 

2139.425 

682 

465124 

317214568 

26.116 

8.802 

305307.54 

2142.566 

683 

466489 

318611987 

26.134 

8.807 

3603H4.66 

2145.708 

684 

467856 

320013504 

26.153 

8.311 

367453.18 

2148.849 

686 

469226 

321419125 

26.173 

8.816 

368.S28.46 

2151.991 

68C 

470596 

322858856 

26.192 

8.819 

369605.23 

2155.133 

687 

471969 

324242703 

26.211 

8.824 

3706S3.59 

215.S.274 

688 

473344 

325600672 

26.230 

8.828 

3717C3.50 

2161.416 

689 

474721 

327082769 

26.249 

8.832 

372845.00 

2164.557 

690 

470100 

328509000 

26.268 

8.837 

37.3928.07 

2167.699 

««1 

477481 

329939371 

26.287 

8,841 

375012.71 

2170.840 

•92 

478864 

331373888 

26.306 

8.845 

37609.'<.91 

2173.982 

«93 

480249 

332812557 

26.326 

8.849 

3771S6.68 

2177.124 

694 

481636 

334255384 

26.344 

8.854 

378276.03 

2180.265 

696 

483025 

335702375 

26.363 

8.858 

379366.96 

2183.407 

696 

4S4416 

3371535.36 

26.382 

8.862 

3s(i459.44 

21 86.548 

697 

4S5809 

33SC08873 

26.401 

8.866 

2S  1553.60 

2189.090 

69S 

487204 

340068392 

26.420 

8.871 

3S2649.13 

2192.832 

699 

488601 

341532099 

26.439 

8.875 

383746.33 

2196.973 

700 

490000 

343000000 

26.458 

8.879 

384845.10 

2199.115 

POWERS. ROOTS. CIRCLES. 


493 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square  Root 

Cube  Root 

Area. 

Circum. 

701 

491401 

.S44472101 

26.476 

8.883 

385945.46 

2202.256 

702 

492804 

345948008 

26.495 

8.887 

387047.34 

2205.398 

703 

494209 

347428927 

26.514 

8.892 

388150.83 

2208.539 

704 

495616 

348913664 

26.532 

8.896 

389255.89 

2211.681 

705 

497025 

360402625 

26.552 

8.900 

390362.62 

2214.823 

706 

498436 

351895816 

26.671 

8.904 

391470.72 

2217.964 

707 

499849 

353393243 

26.689 

8.909 

392580.49 

2221.106 

708 

501264 

354894912 

26.608 

8.913 

393691.82 

2224.248 

709 

502681 

356400829 

26.627 

8.917 

394804.73 

2227.389 

710 

504100 

357911000 

26.646 

8.921 

39.5919.21 

2230.531 

711 

505521 

359425431 

26.665 

8.925 

397035.26 

2233.672 

712 

506944 

360944128 

26.6*3 

8.929 

398152.88 

2236.814 

713 

508369 

362467097 

26.702 

8.934 

399272.07 

2239.956 

714 

609796 

363994344 

26.721 

8.938 

400392.83 

2243.097 

715 

511225 

365525875 

26.739 

8.942 

401515.18 

2246.239 

716 

512656 

367061696 

26.758 

8.946 

402639.09 

2249.380 

717 

514089 

368601813 

26.777 

8.950 

403764.55 

2252.622 

718 

515524 

370146232 

26.796 

8.956 

404891.60 

2255.664 

719 

516961 

371694959 

26.814 

8.959 

406020.22 

2258.805 

720 

518400 

373248000 

26.8.33 

8.963 

407150.41 

2261.947 

721 

519841 

374805361 

26.851 

8.967 

408282.17 

2265.088 

722 

521284 

376367048 

26.870 

8.971 

409415.60 

2268.230 

723 

522729 

377933067 

26.889 

8.976 

410550.39 

2271.371 

724 

624176 

379503424 

26.907 

8.979 

411686.86 

2274.513 

725 

525625 

381078125 

26.926 

8.984 

412824.91 

2277.665 

726 

527076 

382657176 

26.944 

8.988 

413964.54 

2280.796 

727 

528529 

384240683 

26.963 

8.992 

415105.72 

2283.938 

728 

529984 

385828352 

26.981 

8.996 

416248.46 

2287.079 

729 

631441 

387420489 

27.000 

9.000 

417392.78 

2290.221 

730 

532900 

389017000 

27.019 

9.004 

418538.68 

2293.363 

731 

5343(;i 

390617891 

27.037 

9.008 

419684.58 

2296.504 

732 

635824 

392223168 

27.055 

9.012 

420835.18 

2299.646 

733 

637289 

393832837 

27.074 

9.016 

421985.79 

2302.787 

734 

538756 

395446904 

27.092 

9.021 

423137.97 

2305.829 

736 

540225 

397065375 

27.111 

9.025 

424291.72 

2309.071 

736 

541696 

3986S8256 

27.129 

9.029 

425447.04 

2312.212 

737 

643169 

400315563 

27.148 

9.033 

426603.93 

2315.353 

738 

544644 

401947272 

27.166 

9.037 

427762.40 

2318.495 

739 

646121 

403583419 

27.185 

9.041 

428922.43 

2321.637 

740 

547600 

405224000 

27.203 

9.045 

430084.03 

2324.779 

741 

549081 

406869021 

27.221 

9.049 

431247.20 

2.327.920 

742 

550564 

408518488 

27.240 

9.053 

432411.95 

2331.062 

743 

652049 

410172407 

27.258 

9.057 

433576.70 

2334.203 

744 

563536 

411830784 

27.276 

9.061 

434746.16 

2337.345 

745 

555025 

413493625 

27.295 

9.065 

435915.62 

2340.487 

746 

556516 

415160936 

27.313 

9.069 

437086.65 

2343.628 

747 

658009 

416832723 

27..331 

9.073 

438259.24 

2346.769 

748 

559604 

418508992 

27.350 

9.078 

439433.41 

2349.910 

749 

561001 

420189749 

27.368 

9.082 

440609.05 

2353.052 

750 

562500 

421875000 

27.386 

9.086 

441786.47 

2356.194 

494 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL.  ; 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square  Root. 

Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Circum, 

761 

564001 

423564751 

27.404 

9.090 

442965.37 

2359.. 335 

752 

665504 

425269008 

27.423 

9.094 

444146.81 

2362.477 

753 

567009 

426957777 

27.441 

9.098 

445327.83 

2366.619 

754 

56S516 

428661064 

27.469 

9.102 

446611.42 

2368.760 

755 

670025 

430368875 

27.477 

9.106 

447096.69 

2371.902 

756 

671636 

432081216 

27.496 

9.110 

4  4S';S3.33 

2375.044 

757 

573049 

433798093 

27.514 

9.114 

450071.63 

2378.185 

758 

574664 

435619512 

27.532 

9.118 

461261.51 

2381.. 327 

759 

67fiOSl 

437246479 

27.550 

9.122 

462463.05 

23X4.469 

760 

677600 

438976000 

27.668 

9.126 

453646.98 

2387.610 

761 

579121 

440711081 

27.686 

9.130 

454840.67 

2390.752 

762 

6806-14 

442460728 

27.6(W 

9.1.34 

4560.36.73 

2393.893 

763 

6S2169 

444194947 

27.622 

9. 138 

467234.46 

2397.035 

764 

583690 

446943744 

27.641 

9. 142 

46SI.33.76 

2400.176 

765 

686226 

447697125 

27.659 

9.146 

469634.64 

2403.318 

766 

686766 

449466096 

27.677 

9.1.J0 

460837.08 

2406.459 

767 

58«289 

461217663 

27.698 

9.164 

462041.09 

2409.601 

768 

689824 

452984832 

27.713 

9.168 

463246.69 

2412.742 

769 

591361 

454756609 

27.731 

9.162 

464453.84 

2415.884 

770 

592900 

456533000 

27.749 

9.166 

466662.57 

2419.029 

771 

694441 

458314011 

27.767 

9 . 1 70 

466872.87 

2422.167 

772 

696984 

460099648 

27 . 785 

9.174 

468084.74 

2425.809 

773 

697629 

461889917 

27.803 

9-178 

469296.61 

2428.451 

774 

699076 

463684824 

27.821 

9.182 

470613.19 

2431.59.1 

775 

600626 

465484375 

27.839 

9.185 

471729.77 

2434.734 

776 

602176 

467288676 

27.857 

9.189 

472947.92 

2437. H76 

7n' 

603729 

469097433 

27.875 

9.193 

474167.65 

2441.017 

778 

6052S4 

470910952 

27.893 

9.197 

476388.94 

2444.159 

779 

606811 

472729139 

27.911 

9.2(11 

476611.80 

2447.300 

780 

608400 

474552000 

27.928 

9.206 

4778.36.24 

2460.442 

781 

609961 

476379541 

27.946 

9.209 

479062.25 

2463.6x3 

782 

611624 

478211768 

27.^64 

9.213 

480289.83 

2460.726 

783 

6130S9 

48004S687 

27.982 

9.217 

481618.98 
482749.70 

246'.<.><-,7 

784 

614656 

4S 1890304 

28.000 

9.221 

24fi:;.iMi'j 

785 

616226 

483736025 

28.018 

9.226 

4,S3981.98 

2406. 160 

786 

617796 

485687666 

28.036 

9.229 

486215.85 

2469.292 

787 

619369 

487443403 

28.054 

9.233 

486451.27 

2472.433 

788 

620944 

489303S72 

28.071 

9-238 

487688.27 

2475.675 

789 

622521 

491169069 

28.089 

9-240 

4S8926.S5 

2478.718 

790 

624100 

493039000 

28.107 

9-244 

490166.99 

2481.858 

791 

623681 

494913671 

28.125 

9.248 

491408.71 

2486.000 

792 

627264 

496793088 

28.142 

9.262 

492651.98 

2488.131 

793 

628849 

498677257 

28.160 

9.266 

493S96.85 

2491.272 

794 

630436 

600666184 

28.178 

9 .  260 

496143.28 

2494.414 

795 

632026 

502469875 

28.196 

9.204 

496391.27 

2497.666 

796 

633616 

60435S336 

28.213 

9.268 

497640.85 

2500.708 

797 

636209 

506261573 

28.231 

9.272 

498891.98 

2503.  M9 

798 

636804 

608169592 

28.249 

9.275 

600144.69 

2506.^91 

799 

638401 

510082399 

28.267 

1  9.279 

601398.97 

2509.132 

soo 

610000 

512000000 

28.284 

1  9.283 

502654.82 

2513.274 

POWERS. ROOTS. CIRCLES. 


9m 

495 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square  Root. 

Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

801 

641601 

513922401 

28.302 

9.287 

503912.25 

2516.416 

802 

643204 

515849608 

28.320 

9.291 

505J71.24 

2619.557 

803 

644809 

517781627 

28.337 

9.295 

506431.80 

2522.698 

804 

646416 

519718464 

28.355 

9.299 

607693.94 

2526.840 

805 

648025 

521660125 

28.373 

9.302 

508957.64 

2528.982 

806 

649636 

523606616 

28.390 

9.306 

610222.92 

2532.123 

807 

651249 

525557943 

28.408 

9.310 

511489.76 

2535.265 

808 

652864 

527514112 

28.425 

9.314 

512768.18 

2538.406 

809 

654481 

529475129 

28.443 

9.318 

514028.18 

2541.648 

810 

656100 

531441000 

28.460 

9.322 

616299.74 

2544.690 

811 

657721 

533411731 

28.478 

9.326 

516572.87 

2547.831 

812 

659344 

536387328 

28.496 

9.329 

517847.57 

2550.973 

813 

660969 

537366797 

28.513 

9.3.33 

519123.83 

26.64.115 

814 

662596 

539363144 

28.,')31 

9.337 

520401.69 

2657.256 

815 

664225 

541343375 

28.648 

9.341 

521681.10 

2560.398 

816 

665856 

54.3.338496 

28.566 

9.345 

522962.08 

2663.540 

817 

667489 

645338513 

28.583 

9.. 348 

524244.64 

2566.681 

818 

669124 

547343432 

28.601 

9.352 

525528.77 

2569.823 

819 

670761 

54935.3259 

28.618 

9.356 

626814.46 

2672.964 

820 

672400 

651368000 

28 . 636 

9.360 

528101.73 

2576.106 

821 

674041 

553.387661 

28.653 

9.364 

529390.57 

2579.247 

822 

675684 

555412248 

28.671 

9.368 

630680.97 

2582.388 

823 

677329 

557441707 

28.688 

9.371 

631972.95 

2585.530 

824 

678976 

559476224 

28.705 

9.375 

533266.60 

2688.672 

825 

680625 

561515626 

28.723 

9.379 

6.34661.62 

2591.814 

826 

682276 

56.3559976 

28.740 

9.383 

536868.32 

2594.955 

S27 

683929 

565609283 

28.758 

9.386 

537156.68 

2598.097 

828 

685584 

567663652 

28.775 

9.390 

538456.42 

2601.239 

829 

687241 

669722789 

28.792 

9.394 

539757.81 

2604.380 

830 

688900 

571787000 

28.810 

9.398 

541060.79 

2607.522 

831 

690561 

573856191 

28.827 

9.402 

642347.34 

2610.663 

832 

692224 

675930368 

,28.844 

9.405 

643671.49 

2613.805 

833 

693889 

678009637 

28.862 

9.409 

544979.15 

2616.946 

834 

695556 

5S0093704 

28.879 

9.413 

546288.40 

2620.088 

836 

697225 

682182875 

28.896 

9.417 

647699.23 

2623.230 

836 

698896 

584277066 

28.914 

9.420 

548911.63 

2626.371 

837 

700569 

686376253 

28.931 

9.424 

560226.60 

2629.513 

838 

702244 

58S480472 

28.948 

9.428 

651641.14 

2632.654 

839 

703921 

590589719 

28.965 

9.432 

552858.26 

2636.796 

840 

705600 

592704000 

28.983 

9.435 

564176.94 

2638.938 

841 

707281 

694823321 

29.000 

9.439 

556497.19 

2642.079 

842 

708964 

596947688 

29.017 

9.443 

666819.02 

264  5.221 

843 

710649 

599077107 

29.034 

9.447 

568142.42 

26^8.363 

844 

712336 

601211684 

29.062 

9.460 

669467.39 

2651.604 

845 

714025 

603351 125 

29.069 

9.454 

560793.92 

2654.646 

846 

715716 

605495736 

29.086 

9.458 

562122.03 

2657.787 

847 

717409 

607646423 

29.103 

9.462 

563451.71 

2660.929 

848 

719104 

609800192 

29.120 

9.465 

564782.98 

2664.071 

849 

720801 

611960049 

29.138 

9.469 

5661 15. 78 

2667.212 

850 

722500 

614125000 

29.156 

9.473 

567450.17 

2670.354 

".I'ii 

.'^   .  *■•        ■  *• 

•     <  *. 

496 

ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

•    Na 

Sqn&re. 

Cuba. 

Square  Root. 

Cube  Root. 

Ar«K. 

Circuau 

851 

724201 

616-295051 

29.172 

9.476 

568786.13 

2673 .4W 

852 

725904 

6lb470208 

29.189 

9.480 

570123.66 

■2676.637 

SftS 

727«f)9 

62()ti.')()477 

29.206 

9.484 

5714tV2.77 

'2679.778 

8M 

7293  It) 

622S35S64 

'29.2-23 

9.488 

572MI3.45 

2682. OTO 

85r) 

731025 

62.5026375 

29.-240 

9.491 

574145.69 

'2t>86.062 

856 

7327»i 

627222016 

29.257 

9.495 

&7.'>489..54 

•2689. a03 

867 

734449 

6294-22793 

29.-275 

9.499 

576s;M.stt 

•269-2.346 

853 

736164 

63I62'5712 

'29.-292 

9.502 

57sisi,s.') 

•2695.486 

859 

737881 

633S39779 

29..-J09 

9.. 506 

579.Vt(»..38 

-2698.6*^8 

860 

73y6(K) 

63t)()56000 

'29.3-26 

9.510 

.58()S>>(I.48 

2701 .770 

861 

741321 

6.3N277381 

'29.. 34  3 

9.513 

.58-.i.'.r.'.15 

-2704.911 

86-i 

743044 

6^1 0.50  39-28 

-29.360 

9.517 

.583.585.39 

2708.063 

863 

744769 

642735647 

-29.377 

9.521 

584  940. -20 

-2711.1M 

864 

746496 

644y72.'>44 

•29.. 394 

9.524 

5b6-21»6.5H 

'2714.336 

665 

74.S225 

6472146*25 

-29.411 

9.52>' 

587fi.VJ..'M 

'2717.478 

866 

74995*5 

6494()IS96 

•J9.4-28 

9..'>3'.' 

.'.^9(11 4. 0«J 

-27'20.61» 

867 

751689 

651714363 

•29.445 

9.5.-J5 

590.37.''>.I6 

-27-23.700 

868 

753424 

65.3972032 

•29.462 

9.  •'•39 

591737.82 

272«.'.M»-J 

669 

755161 

6.'>«)234909 

'29.479 

9.543 

r»9310'^.<W 

27311.111  1 

870 

756900 

6.5>.5(i3000 

■29.496 

9..MC. 

r..  .  -   ■-     _- 

—          ■ ' . 

671 

75S64 1 

6' ■.0770311 

-29.513 

y.-Vio 

7 

872 

7603!54 

6«i30.'>4i<48 

-29.530 

9.. 054 

,^ .  ■ .  .    , 

.  _  iJj 

873 

762129 

66.')33»617 

•29.547 

9.557 

6l*8.')74.r2 

.ilU.^lO 

874 

763876 

667627024 

•29.563 

9..V1I 

59!»946.81 

-2745.762 

875 

765625 

(VJ992IS75 

29.580 

9 .  .'■.<V) 

ooi:fjo.47 

•274  ".894 

876 

767376 

672-221376 

-29.. 597 

9 . 5«J8 

602695.70 

27.''p-'.(i:i.'> 

\    877 

769129 

674.5-26133 

-29.614 

9.572 

f'.IL  1,.-  <  M 

•<-'.'.    1  -7 

678 

770S&4 

67f>S36152 

•2l».631 

9.. 576 

' 

■" 

879 

772641 

679151439 

29.648 

9.579 

>, 

.  .'.11 

88U 

774100 

6l»  14  7-2000 

29.665 

9.563 

6o-jr.j.:u 

.;7t>4.<i02 

881 

776161 

6S3797NJ1 

29.682 

9.586 

609.'.9.'i.43 

2767.743 

682 

777924 

6!>6r2*>968 

29.698 

9.590 

610980.08 

2770.888 

883 

7796h9 

68b4 65387 

29.715 

9.594 

612:«>>.31 

•2774.026 

884 

7!5l4.'>6 

690S07104 

29.732 

9.597 

61{7.''>4.12 

•2777.168 

8»5 

7S3225 

693154125 

-29.749 

9.601 

615143.48 

•2780  .aw 

886 

784996 

695506456 

•29.766 

9.605 

616.534.42 

27»«3.46l 

687 

7^6769 

6975>64103 

29.783 

9.608 

617926.93 

2786.&W 

68S 

7tJ^544 

700-227072 

-2**.  799 

9.612 

6193<il.02 

•2789.734 

889 

790321 

702.595369 

-29.816 

9.615 

t\-jir  1  >,,  (',('. 

27'#->.S7« 

890 

792100 

704969000 

-29.833 

9.619 

1 

7 

891 

793SS1 

707347971 

29.860 

9.623 

I  . 

1 

b9r2 

795»V.4 

70973-2-288 

-29.^66 

9.(j26 

6-.;1''1:j.io 

.'><J2.300 

893 

797449 

712121957 

'29.(>83 

9.630 

6-26314.98 

-2805.412 

8<J4 

799236 

7I4.'.16984 

-29.900 

9.633 

»-.y--lw      1.. 

'-"-.'■H 

895 

bOI025 

7KV.il  7  375 

29.917 

9.637 

I 

_ ', 

6*»6 

»02S16 

719323136 

29.933 

9.641 

. 

--    i  .^   1 

fci97 

804609 

7217.34273 

'29.950 

9.644 

6.'Ji'j;>5.43 

2818. UU9 

898 

80'>404 

7-241.">0:92 

-29.967 

9.648 

633348.22 

2821. lae 

699 

808201 

72657-2699 

29.983 

9.651      . 

634 759. 5« 

2824.292 

900 

810000 

729000000 

30.  (KM) 

9.655     1 

.636172.51 

282-.4.'i3 

POWERS. ROOTS. CIRCLES. 


497 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square  Root. 

Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

901 

8I1S01 

731432701 

30.017 

9.658 

637587.01 

2830.575 

902 

813604 

733^"()t)08 

30.033 

9.662 

639003.08 

2833.716 

903 

815409 

•  736314327 

30.050 

9.666 

640420.73 

2836.8.58 

904 

SI7216 

738763264 

30.067 

9.669 

641N39.94 

2b 10. 000 

905 

819025 

741217625 

30.083 

9.673 

64.3260.73 

2S13.I41 

906 

820836 

743677416 

30.100 

9.676 

6446S3.09 

2S46.283 

907 

822649 

746142643 

30.116 

9.680 

646107.01 

2^49.424 

90S 

824464 

74S61.^31!3 

30.1.33 

9.683 

647532.51 

2852.. 566 

909 

826281 

751089129 

30.1.50 

9.687 

648959. .58 

2S55.707 

910 

828100 

753571000 

30.166 

9.691 

650.388.22 

2858.849 

911 

829921 

75605S031 

.30.183 

9.694 

651M8.43 

2(561.990 

912 

831744 

75b5.50528 

30.199 

9.69& 

6.53250.20 

2865.132 

913 

833569 

761048497 

30.216 

9.701 

6.54683.56 

2b68.273 

914 

835396 

763551944 

30.232 

9.705 

6,56118.48 

2>71.415 

915 

837225 

766060875 

30. -..Mg 

9.708 

6.57554.98 

2b74..5.57 

916 

839056 

768575296 

30.265 

9.712 

6.58993.04 

2877. 69& 

917 

«408S9 

771095213 

30.2S2 

9.715 

660432.68 

2880.840 

918 

842724 

773620632 

30.299 

9.719 

661873.88 

2!5S3.982 

919 

844561 

776151559 

30.315 

9.722 

663316.66 

2587.123 

920 

S46400 

77S688000 

30.332 

9.726 

661761.01 

2590.265 

921 

848241 

7&  122;  (961 

30.. 34  8 

9.729 

666206.92 

2593.407 

922 

850084 

783777448 

30.364 

9.733 

667654.42 

2596.548 

923 

S51929 

786330467 

30.381 

9.736 

669103.47 

2899.690 

924 

853776 

788889024 

30.397 

9.740 

670554 .07 

2902.832 

f)-,'.") 

855625 

791453125 

30.414 

9.743 

672006.30 

2905.973 

926 

857476 

794022776 

30.430 

.  9.747 

67,'!460.07 

2909.115 

927 

859329 

796597983 

30.447 

9.750 

674915.42 

2912.256 

928 

861184 

799178752 

30.463 

9.7.54 

676.372.35 

2915.398 

929 

863041 

SOI  765089 

30.4»0 

9.758 

677830.82 

2918.539 

930 

864900 

804357000 

30.496 

9.761 

679290.87 

2921.681 

931 

866761 

806&.J4491 

30.512 

9.764 

680752.49 

2924.822 

932 

868624 

809557568 

30., 529 

9.768 

682215.70 

2927.964 

933 

S70489 

812166237 

30.545 

9.771 

683680.46 

2931.106 

034 

872356 

814780504 

30.. 561 

9-775 

685146.80 

2934.247 

935 

874225 

817400375 

30..')  78 

9-778 

686614.71 

2937.389 

936 

876096 

820025856 

30.594 

9-783 

688084.18 

2940.531 

937 

877969 

8226.56953 

30.610 

9-755 

689555,24 

2943-672 

938 

879844 

825293672 

30.(527 

9-789 

691027.86 

2946-814 

939 

881721 

827936019 

30.643 

9-792 

692502.06 

2949.955 

940 

883600 

830584000 

30.659 

9-796 

693977.82 

29,53-097 

941 

885481 

833237621 

30.t576 

9-799 

695455.15 

2956.238 

942 

887364 

835896888 

30.692 

9-803 

696934.05 

2959.380 

943 

889249 

638561807 

30.708 

9.806 

6984 1 4.. 59 

2962.521 

944 

891136 

841232384 

30.725 

9-810 

699896.58 

2965.663 

945 

893025 

84390S625 

30.741 

9-813 

7013S0.19 

2965.805 

946 

894916 

846590536 

30.757 

9-817 

702865.38 

2971.946 

947 

896809 

849278123 

30.773 

9-820 

704351.35 

2975.088 

948 

898704 

851971392 

30.790 

9. 824 

705840.47 

2978.230 

949 

900601 

854670349 

30.806 

9-827 

707330.37 

2981-371 

950 

902500 

857375000 

30.822 

9.830 

708821.84 

2984.513 

S3 


498 


OKUNANCE    MANUAL. 


Ko. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square  Root. 

Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Circom. 

951 

904401 

86008.5351 

30.838 

9.834 

710314.89 

2987.655 

952 

906304 

862801408 

30.8.54 

9.837 

71IS09.47 

2990.796 

953 

9(jb209 

865.723177 

30.871 

9.841 

713305.66 

2'.«)3.9.38 

954 

yioiio 

N6S250664 

30.bb7 

9. 844 

714^03.44 

'JW7.079 

ftOS 

912025 

8709^.1^75 

30.903 

9.><48 

716302.76 

.1(M)0.221 

956 

913936 

873722S16 

30.919 

9.^5 1 

717>'03.65 

.1003.362 

957 

915849 

876467493 

30.9.35 

9.855 

719306.12 

.1006.504 

95b 

917764 

879217912 

.30.952 

9.858 

720'xl0.16 

3009.  (VIS 

959 

919081 

SS1974079 

30.968 

9.b61 

722315.77 

.3012.787 

960 

921600 

8i«4  736000 

.30.984 

9.865 

723«'22.95 

3015,929 

961 

923521 

NS7503681 

31.000 

9.N>8 

72.5331.70 

:M)19.070 

962 

9J5444 

S90277128 

31,016 

9.»72 

726>>42,02 

3(r22.212 

963 

927369 

y.»3<».56.347 

31.032 

9. ''75 

7283.'»3.9I 

•ur25.3.53 

964 

92929(5 

8-.»5s41344 

31.04s 

9.S79 

r29^7.36 

:«)2b.495 

965 

931225 

898632125 

31.064 

9.^^2 

731.3SVS.40 

.3031.637 

966 

933156 

90142*^696 

31.0M1 

'.K^St 

7T>(»'.i.OI 

.30.34. 77S 

967 

935089 

904231063 

31.097 

i|.SS',« 

7144 17. 18 

.•M.37.»<W 

968 

937024 

907039232 

31.113 

9.892 

71.'H:}»'>,96 

.3041.061 

9H9 

938961 

909s532ft9 

31.1-29 

9.896 

7.374.58.25 

.3044.20.3 

970 

940900 

912673000 

31.145 

9.899 

7389s 1.13 

3(M7.345 

971 

942841 

915I9S6I1 

31.161 

'.1.902 

74(l.'»05,.V.i 

.'M).')0,48« 

972 

;<H784 

9 183300 IN 

31.177 

'.i.'.'Oo 

742011 .62 

:«I53.628 

973 

y-Jt)72i' 

921167317 

31.193 

'.<.909 

743.V.'»,22 

30.'.6.769 

974 

948676 

924010424 

31.209 

9.913 

74.'08>?..39 

3a59.9n 

975 

950625 

9268.''>9375 

31.225 

9.916 

746619.13 

3(KJ3.0'»3 

976 

952576 

929714176 

31.241 

9.919 

748151.44 

:«)».6.194 

977 

954529 

932574 833 

31. -J.'.? 

9.923 

749685.32 

.'W.9..T36 

978 

956484 

9r'44 13.52 

31.273 

9 .  '.*26 

751-220.76 

3072.478 

979 

95b44 I 

938313739 

3 1. '.'89 

(i.'.t.lO 

7.52757.80 

.3075.619 

980 

960400 

94!19-,'000 

31.105 

It. '.'33 

7542^*6.40 

.'tt»78.76l 

9S1 

962361 

944076141 

31.321 

H.936 

7.5.5s  .36.. 56 

30S1.903 

982 

964324 

946966168 

31.337 

9.940 

7.'.7.37s..30 

rJ085.(M4 

983 

96628i> 

919'5620S(7 

31.3.53 

K.943 

7.'.s9Oi.ti0 

•  ,.  .  .^    .^r 

984 

96S256 

952763904 

31.. 369 

9. '.'16 

76(t466.48 

" 

985 

970225 

9.')5071G25 

31.3*s5. 

t^.H-'O 

762012.93 

i .  : '  * 

9S6 

972196 

95S.>r)2.'>6 

31.401 

9.953 

763'>«0.95 

3U97.M10 

987 

974169 

961. '.04  803 

31,417 

9.9.56 

7651  oy.. 54 

3100.7.52 

988 

976144 

964430272 

31.432 

9.960 

7»v>-.«n  .70 

3103.893 

989 

97bl2l 

967361669 

31.448 

9.'-»63 

7tivoi4.44 

3107.038 

990 

9S01OO 

970299000 

31.464 

9.967 

7f.976S.74 

3110.177 

991 

9^2091 

973242271 

31.480 

9.970 

771.3-24.61 

3113.318 

992 

9S4064 

976191488 

31.496 

9.973 

7728b2.W 

3ll6.4nO 

993 

9S6049 

97914«i657 

31.512 

9.977 

774141.07 

3119.601 

994 

988036 

982107784 

31.. 5-28 

9.980 

776001 .66 

3122.743 

995 

9;»0025 

985074S75 

31.544 

9.9''3 

777.V;i.M2 

3125.68ft 

996 

992016 

9^804  7;»36 

31.560 

9.HS7 

779r-'7..55 

3129.026 

997 

994009 

991026973 

3 1.. 575 

9.'.*9n 

7bO#-,9'J.S5 

31.32.  I6H 

99S 

996004 

994011992 

31. .591 

9.993 

7V>2.'.9.72 

31.35.310 

999 

99S001 

997002999 

31.607 

9.997 

7838-28.14 

3138. 4M 

1000 

1000000 

1000000000 

31.623 

10.000 

785398.10 

3141.593 

LOGARITHMS   OF   NUMBERS 


From  1  to  10,000. 


No. 

Log. 

No. 

Log. 

No. 

Log. 

No. 

Log. 

1 

0.000000 

26 

1.414973 

51 

1.707570 

76 

1.880814 

2 

0.301030 

27 

1.431364 

62 

1.716003 

77 

1.886491 

3 

0.477121 

28 

1.44715Si 

53 

1.724276 

78 

1.892095 

4 

0.602060 

29 

1.46239S 

54 

1.732394 

79 

1.897627 

5 

0.698970 

30 

1.477121 

55 

1.740.363 

80 

1.903090 

6 

0.77S151 

31 

1.491362 

56 

1.74S1S8 

81 

1. 9084 85 

7 

0.S4509& 

32 

1.505150 

57 

1.7.55S75 

82 

1.913814 

S 

0.903090 

33 

1.518514 

5S 

1.763428 

83 

1.919078 

9 

0.954243 

34 

1.531479 

59 

1.7708.'')2 

84 

1 .924279 

10 

1.000000 

35 

1.54406S 

60 

1.778151 

85 

1.929419 

11 

1.041393 

36 

1.556303 

61 

1.785330 

86 

1.934498 

12 

1.079181 

37 

1.568202 

62 

1.792392 

87 

1.939519 

13 

1.113943 

3S 

1.579784 

63 

1.799341 

88 

1 .944483 

14 

1.146128 

39 

1.591065 

64 

1.806180 

89 

1.949390 

15 

1.176091 

40 

1.602060 

65 

1.812913 

90 

1.954243 

16 

1.204120 

41 

1.612784 

66 

1.819544 

91 

1.959041 

17 

1.230449 

42 

1.623249 

67 

1 .826075 

92 

1.963788 

IS 

1.255273 

43 

1. 63.3468 

68 

1.832509 

<j3 

1.968483 

19 

1.27S754 

44 

1.643453 

69 

1.838849 

94 

1.973128 

20 

1.301030 

45 

1.653213 

70 

1.845098 

95 

1.977724 

21 

1.322219 

46 

1.662758 

71 

1.851258 

96 

1.982271 

22 

1.343423 

47 

1.672098 

72 

1.857332 

97 

1.986772 

23 

1.301728 

48 

1.6S1241 

73 

1.863.323 

98 

1.991226 

24 

1.3S0211 

49 

1.690196 

74 

1.869232 

99 

1 ,995635 

25 

1.397940 

60 

1.698970 

75 

1.875061 

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0775 
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428 
424 
420 
416 
412 
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373 

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360 
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365 
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346 
343 
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335 

333 

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318 
i  316 
314 
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307 
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301 
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297 
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293 
291 

Dift 


L0GAKITHM8    OF    NUMBERS. 


501 


No. 

0 

1 

^ 

3 

4 

' 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

150 

17()091 

6381 

6670 

6959 

7248 

7536 

7825 

8113 

8401 

8689 

289 

1 

8977 

9264 

9552 

9S39 

0126 

0413 

0699 

0986 

1272 

1558 

287 

2 

18184^ 

2129 

2415 

2700 

2985 

3270 

3555 

3839 

4123 

4407 

285 

3 

4691 

4975 

5259 

5542 

5825 

6108 

6391 

6674 

6956 

7239 

283 

4 

7521 

7803 

8084 

8366 

8647 

8928 

9209 

9490 

9771 

0051 

2hl 

5 

190322 

0012 

0892 

1171 

1451 

1730 

2010 

22^9 

2.567 

2846 

279 

6 

3125 

3403 

3681 

3959 

4237 

4514 

4792 

5069 

5346 

5623 

278 

7 

5900 

6176 

6453 

6729 

7005 

728 1 

7556 

7832 

8107 

8382 

276 

8 

8657 

8932 

9206 

9481 

9755 

0029 

0303 

0577 

0850 

1124 

274 

9 

201397 

1670 

1943 

2216 

2488 

2761 

3033 

3305 

3577 

3848 

272 

160 

204120 

4391 

4663 

4934 

5204 

5475 

.5746 

6016 

6286 

6556 

271 

1 

6820 

7096 

7365 

76S4 

7904 

8173 

8441 

8710 

8979 

9247 

269 

2 

9515 

9783 

0051 

0319 

0580 

0853 

1121 

13sS 

1654 

1921 

967 

3 

212188 

2454 

2720 

2966 

3252 

3518 

3783 

4049 

4314 

4.579 

266 

4 

4844 

5109 

5373 

5638 

5902 

6166 

6430 

6694 

6957 

7221 

264 

f) 

7484 

7747 

8010 

8273 

8536 

8798 

9060 

9323 

9585 

9846 

262 

6 

220108 

0370 

0631 

0892 

1153 

1414 

1875 

1936 

2196 

2456 

201 

7 

2716 

2976 

3236 

.3496 

3755 

4015 

4-.c!74 

45.33 

4792 

.5051 

259 

8 

5309 

5568 

5826 

6084 

6342 

6600 

68n8 

7115 

7372 

7630 

258 

9 

7887 

8144 

8400 

8657 

8913 

9170 

9426 

9682 

9938 

0193 

256 

170 

230449 

0704 

0960 

1215 

1470 

1724 

1979 

2234 

2488 

2742 

255 

1 

2990 

3250 

3504 

3757 

4011 

4264 

4517 

4770 

5023 

5276 

2.53 

2 

5528 

5781 

6033 

6285 

6537 

6789 

7041 

7292 

7544 

7795 

252 

3 

8016 

b2<J7 

8548 

8799 

9049 

9299 

9550 

9800 

0050 

0300 

2.50 

4 

240549 

0799 

1048 

1297 

1546 

1795 

2044 

2293 

2.541 

2790 

249 

5 

3038 

3286 

3534 

3782 

4030 

4277 

4.525 

4772 

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5266 

248 

6 

5513 

5759 

6006 

0252 

6499 

6745 

6991 

7237 

7482 

7728 

24t) 

7 

7973 

8219 

8464 

8709 

8954 

9198 

9443 

9687 

9932 

0176 

245 

8 

250420 

0664 

0908 

1151 

1395 

1638 

1881 

2125 

2368 

2610 

243 

9 

2b53 

3096 

333S 

3580 

3b22 

4064 

4306 

4548 

4790 

5031 

242 

180 

255273 

5514 

5755 

5996 

6237 

6477 

6718 

69.58 

7198 

74.39 

241 

1 

7079 

7918 

8158 

8398 

8637 

■8877 

9116 

9305 

9594 

9833 

2.39 

2 

200071 

0310 

0548 

07!37 

1025 

1263 

1501 

1739 

1976 

2214 

238 

3 

2451 

2(js8 

2925 

3162 

3399 

3636 

3873 

4109 

4346 

4.582 

237 

4 

4818 

5054 

5290 

5525 

5761 

5996 

6232 

6467 

6702 

6937 

235 

5 

7172 

7106 

7641 

7875 

8110 

8344 

8578 

8812 

9046 

9279 

234 

6 

9513 

9746 

9980 

0213 

0416 

0679 

0912 

1144 

1377 

1609 

233 

7 

271b42 

2074 

2306 

2538 

2770 

3001 

3233 

3164 

3696 

3927 

232 

8 

4158 

4389 

4620 

4850 

5081 

5311 

5542 

5772 

6002 

6232 

230 

9 

0462 

6692 

6921 

7151 

7380 

7609 

7838 

8007 

8296 

8525 

229 

190 

278754 

8982 

9211 

9439 

9667 

9895 

0123 

0351 

0578 

0806 

228 

1 

281033 

1261 

1488 

1715 

1942 

2169 

2396 

2622 

2849 

3075 

227 

2 

3301 

3527 

3753 

3979 

4205 

4431 

4656 

48«2 

5107 

5332 

226 

3 

5.'-.57 

5782 

6007 

6232 

6456 

fi68l 

6905 

7130 

73.54 

7578 

225 

4 

7802 

8026 

8249 

8473 

8696 

8920 

9143 

9366 

9589 

9812 

223 

5 

2900'i5 

0257 

0480 

0702 

0925 

1147 

1369 

1591 

1813 

2034 

222 

6 

2256 

2478 

2699 

2920 

3141 

3363 

35s4 

3804 

4025 

4246 

221 

7 

4466 

4687 

4907 

5127 

5347 

5567 

5787 

6007 

6220 

6446 

220 

8 

6665 

(i884 

7104 

7323 

7542 

7761 

7979 

8198 

8416 

8635 

219 

9 

8853 

9071 

9289 

9507 

9725 

9943 

0161 

0378 

0595 

0813 

218 

No.  1   0 

1 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

502 


ORDNANOB    MANUAL. 


a*. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

0 

war. 

200 

301030 

1247 

1464 

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1898 

2114 

2331 

2547 

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2980 

217 

1 

3 190 

3112 

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3si4 

4059 

4275 

4491 

4706 

4921 

5136 

216 

2 

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55«»6 

5781 

5996 

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6125 
8561 

6639 

6851 

7068 

7282 

215 

3 

74Wrt 

7710 

7924 

8137 

8351 

8778 

8991 

9-204 

9417 

213 

4 

9(J30 

yvl3 

0056 

0268 

0481 

0093 

0906 

1118 

1330 

1542 

212 

5 

31I7.VI 

1966 

2177 

2389 

2600 

'2812 

3023 

32.'M 

3445 

3656 

311 

6 

38f«7 

4078 

4289 

4499 

4710 

49-20 

5130 

5340 

5551  • 

5700 

310 

7 

r»y7(» 

61*^0 

0390 

6599 

6809 

7018 

7-227 

7  !'■  ' 

"  ' ;  ■ 

7»r»4 

309 

6 

bO'-.r? 

t5272 

8481 

8689 

8S9S 

9106 

9314 

1 

9938 

208 

9 

320146 

0354 

0562 

0769 

0977 

1184 

1391 

i.  .^ 

2012 

207 

210 

322219 

2426 

2633 

2839 

3046 

3252 

3468 

3665 

3871 

4077 

306 

I 

4'282 

4488 

4694 

4899 

5105 

5310 

5516 

5721 

.V.»26 

6131 

305 

2 

fi336 

6541 

6745 

6950 

7155 

7359 

7.'K33 

7767 

7972 

8176 

304 

3 

8380 

8583 

8787 

8991 

9194 

9398 

9001 

9>^5 

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0911 

303 

4 

330414 

0617 

0«>19 

1022 

12-25 

14-27 

1630 

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2236 

302 

6 

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2640 

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3U44 

3-246 

3147 

3649 

4253 

302 

6 

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(,■.^-> 

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5057 

5257 

5158 

5658 

6M0 

301 

7 

f.  1 

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7060 

7-260 

7459 

7659 

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8257 

300 

8 

M 

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9253 

9451 

9650 

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9 

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1039 

1-237 

1435 

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198 

220 

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3212 

3409 

3606 

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4196 

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1 

4392 

4589 

4785 

4981 

5173 

5374 

5570 

6157 

196 

2 

6353 

6549 

6744 

0939 

7135 

7330 

75-25 

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8110 

105 

3 

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8(')94 

8889 

9083 

9278 

9172 

1 

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194 

4 

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0829 

1023 

1216 

1410 

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193 

5 

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2375 

254.8 

2761 

2954 

3147 

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193 

n 

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4493 

4685 

4876 

5068 

5-260 

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7 

6020 

6217 

6108 

6599 

6790 

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7744 

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1161 

1330 

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189 

230 

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1917 

2105 

2294 

2482 

2671 

2839 

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6049 

6236 

64-23 

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8-287 

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9401 

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1253 

1437 

1622 

1806 

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184 

6 

2912 

3096 

3280 

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3647 

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184 

7 

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4932 

5115 

5-298 

5481 

5664 

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6912 

7124 

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7488 

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8216 

162 

9 

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9124 

9306 

9487 

9668 

9819 

0030 

181 

240 

3S0211 

0392 

0573 

0754 

0934 

1115 

1296 

1476 

1656 

1837 

181 

1 

2017 

2197 

2377 

2557 

2737 

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3097 

3277 

3456 

3636 

180 

2 

3s15 

3995 

4174 

4353 

4533 

4712 

4391 

r . 

r  . .  ,., 

5428 

179 

3 

5606 

6785 

5964 

6142 

6321 

6499 

6677 

7212 

178 

4 

7.«»0 

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7746 

79-23 

8101 

8279 

8456 

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8989 

178 

fi 

9166 

9343 

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9698 

9875 

0051 

0228 

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177 

6 

390935 

1112 

1288 

1464 

1641 

1817 

1993 

2169 

2345 

2521 

176 

7 

2697 

2873 

3045 

3224 

3400 

3575 

3751 

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4277 

176 

8 

4452 

4627 

4802 

4977 

5152 

53-26 

5501 

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6025 

175 

9 

6199 

6374 

6548 

67-22 

6896 

7071 

7245 

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7766 

174 

LOGARITHMS    OP    NUMBERS. 


508 


No.  1   0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

' 

• 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

250 

397940 

8114 

8287 

8461 

8634 

8808 

8981 

9154 

9328 

9501 

173 

1 

9674 

9847 

0020 

0192 

0.365 

0538 

0711 

0883 

1056 

1228 

173 

2 

401401 

1573 

1745 

1917 

20&9 

2261 

2433 

2605 

2777 

2949 

172 

3 

.3121 

3292 

3464 

3635 

3807 

3978 

4149 

4320 

4492 

4663 

171 

4 

4834 

5005 

5176 

5346 

5517 

5688 

5858 

6029 

6199 

6370 

171 

S 

6540 

6710 

6881 

7051 

7221 

7391 

7561 

7731 

7901 

8070 

170 

6 

8240 

8410 

8579 

8749 

8918 

9087 

9257 

9426 

9595 

9764 

169 

7 

9933 

0102 

0271 

0440 

0609 

0777 

0946 

1)14 

1283 

1451 

169 

& 

411620 

1788 

1956 

2124 

2293 

2461 

2629 

2796 

2964 

3132 

168 

9 

3300 

3467 

3635 

3803 

3970 

4137 

4305 

4472 

4639 

4806 

167 

260 

414973 

5140 

5307 

5474 

5641 

5808 

5974 

6141 

6308 

6474 

167 

1 

6641 

6b07 

6973 

7139 

7306 

7472 

7638 

7b04 

7970 

8135 

J  66 

2 

8301 

8467 

8633 

8798 

8964 

9r.<j9 

9295 

9460 

9625 

9791 

165 

3 

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0121 

0286* 

0451 

0616 

07&1 

0945 

1110 

1275 

1439 

165 

4 

421604 

176« 

1933 

2097 

2261 

2426 

2590 

2754 

2918 

3082 

164 

5 

3246 

3410 

3574 

3737 

3P01 

4065 

4228 

4392 

4555 

4718 

164 

6 

4882 

5045 

5208 

5371 

5534 

5697 

5»60 

6023 

6186 

6349 

163 

7 

6511 

6674 

6836 

6999 

7161 

7324 

7486 

7648 

7811 

7973 

162 

8 

8135 

8297 

8459 

8621 

8783 

8944 

9106 

9268 

9429 

9591 

162 

9 

9752 

9914 

0075 

0236 

0398 

0559 

0720 

0881 

1042 

1203 

161 

270 

431 364 

1525 

1685 

1846 

2007 

2167 

2328 

2488 

2649 

2809 

161 

1 

2969 

3130 

3290 

3450 

3610 

3770 

3930 

4090 

4249 

4409 

160 

2 

4569 

4729 

4888 

5048 

5207 

5367 

5526 

5685 

5844 

6004 

159 

3 

6163 

6322 

6481 

6640 

6799 

6957 

7116 

7275 

7433 

7592 

159 

4 

7751 

7909 

8067 

8226 

8384 

8542 

8701 

8859 

9017 

9175 

158 

5 

9333 

9491 

964S 

9806 

9964 

0122 

0279 

0437 

0594 

0752 

158 

6 

440909 

1066 

1224 

1381 

1538 

1695 

1852 

2009 

2166 

2323 

157 

7 

2480 

2637 

2793 

2950 

3106 

3263 

3419 

3576 

3732 

3889 

157 

8 

4045 

4201 

4357 

4513 

4669 

4825 

49»1 

5137 

5293 

5449 

156 

9 

5604 

5760 

5915 

6071 

6226 

6382 

6537 

6692 

6848 

7003 

155 

280 

447158 

7313 

7468 

7623 

7778 

7933 

8088 

8242 

8397 

8552 

155 

1 

8706 

8S61 

9015 

9170 

9324 

9478 

9633 

97b7 

9941 

0095 

154 

2 

450249 

0403 

0557 

0711 

0865 

1018 

1172 

1.326 

1479 

1633 

154 

3 

1786 

1940 

2093 

2247 

2400 

2553 

2706 

28.-.9 

3012 

3165 

153 

4 

3318 

3471 

3624 

3777 

3930 

4082 

4235 

4387 

4540 

4692 

153 

5 

4845 

4997 

5150 

5302 

6454 

5606 

5758 

5910 

6062 

6214 

152 

6 

636H 

6518 

6670 

6b21 

6973 

7125 

7276 

7428 

7579 

7731 

152 

7 

7S&2 

8033 

8184 

8336 

8487 

8638 

87^9 

8940 

9091 

9242 

151 

8 

9392 

9543 

9694 

9845 

9995 

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0296 

0447 

0597 

0748 

151 

9 

460S9S 

1048 

1198 

1348 

1499 

1649 

1799 

1948 

2098 

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150 

290 

462398 

2548 

2697 

2847 

2997 

3146 

3296 

3445 

3594 

3744 

150 

1 

3893 

4042 

4191 

4.340 

4490 

4639 

4788 

4936 

5085 

5234 

149 

2 

5383 

5532 

5680 

5829 

5977 

6126 

6274 

6423 

6571 

6719 

149 

.-? 

6868 

7016 

7164 

7312 

7460 

7608 

7756 

7904 

8052 

8200 

148 

4 

8347 

8495 

8643 

8790 

8938 

90b5 

9233 

9380 

9527 

9675 

148 

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9969 

0116 

02(53 

0410 

0557 

0704 

0&51 

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1145 

147 

6 

471292 

1438 

1585 

1732 

1878 

2025 

2171 

2318 

2464 

2610 

146 

7 

2756 

2903 

3049 

3195 

3341 

3487 

3633 

3779 

3925 

4071 

146 

8 

4216 

4.362 

4508 

4653 

4799 

4944 

5090 

5235 

5381 

5526 

146 

9 

5671 

5816 

5962 

6107 

6252 

6397 

6542 

66t)7 

6832 

6976 

145 

No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

504 


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300;47712l 
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9203 

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6000 
7325 

8040 
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1269 
2575 
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5174 
640  J 
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26S2 
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1042 
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5777 
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1400 
2705 
4000 
5304 
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9174 
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1662 
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7700 

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9-267 

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07-25 

1  2010 

SI  59 

1   3445 

3567 

1  4669 

5011 

1  0269 

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7704 

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0520 

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19-22 

2002 

3319 

34.58 

4711 

46.50 

1   00W9 

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7021 

6602 

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1    1607 

1744 

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7046 

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1061 

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1  9040 

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1  5563 

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6985 

1  6145 

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1  9430 

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3391    ' 

;  4534 

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8322 

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1  0830 

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7969 
9431 
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2302 
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5153 
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0801 

2201 
3.597 
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7759 
9137 
0511 
1880 
3240 
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1349 
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7967 

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1922 
3226 
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9687 
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LOGARITHMS    OF    NUMBERS. 


No. 

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4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

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Di«f 

350 

r)44068 

4192 

4316 

4440 

4564 

4688 

4812 

4936 

5060 

5183 

124 

1 

5307 

5431 

5555 

5678 

5802 

5925 

6049 

6172 

6296 

6419 

124 

2 

6543 

6666 

6789 

6913 

70.36 

7159 

7282 

7405 

7529 

7652 

123 

3 

7775 

7698 

8021 

8144 

8267 

8389 

8512 

8635 

8758 

8881 

123 

4 

9003 

9126 

9249 

9371 

9494 

9616 

9739 

9861 

9984 

0106 

123 

5 

550228 

0351 

0473 

0595 

0717 

0840 

0962 

1084 

1206 

1328 

122 

6 

1450 

1572 

1694 

1816 

1938 

2060 

2181 

2303 

2425 

2.'>47 

122 

7 

2668 

2790 

2911 

3033 

3155 

3276 

3398 

3519 

3640 

3762 

121 

8 

3883 

4004 

4126 

4247 

4368 

4489 

4610 

4731 

4852 

4973 

121 

9 

5094 

5215 

5336 

5457 

5578 

5699 

5820 

5940 

6061 

61«2 

121 

360 

556303 

6423 

6544 

6664 

6785 

6905 

7026 

7146 

7267 

7387 

120 

1 

7507 

7627 

7748 

7S68 

79^8 

8108 

8228 

8349 

8469 

&5b9 

120 

2 

8709 

8829 

8948 

9068 

9188 

9308 

9428 

9548 

9667 

9787 

120 

3 

9907 

0026 

0146 

0265 

0385 

0504 

0624 

074.3 

0863 

0982 

119 

4 

561101 

J  221 

1340 

1459 

1578 

1698 

1817 

1936 

2055 

2174 

119 

5 

2293 

2412 

2531 

2650 

2769 

2887 

3006 

3125 

.  3244 

3362 

119 

6 

.3481 

3600 

3718 

3837 

3955 

4074 

4192 

4311 

4429 

4548 

119 

7 

4666 

4784 

4903 

5021 

5139 

5257 

5376 

5494 

5612 

5730 

118 

S 

5848 

5966 

6084 

6202 

6320 

6437 

6555 

6673 

6791 

6909 

118 

9 

7026 

7144 

7262 

7379 

7^97 

7614 

7732 

7849 

7967 

80»4 

118 

370 

568202 

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8436 

8554 

8671 

8788 

8905 

9023 

9140 

9257 

117 

1 

9374 

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9608 

9725 

9842 

9959 

0076 

0193 

0309 

0426 

117 

2 

570543 

0660 

0776 

0893 

1010 

1126 

1243 

1.359 

1476 

1592 

117 

3 

1709 

1825 

1942 

2058 

2174 

2291 

2407 

2523 

2639 

2755 

116 

4 

2872 

2988 

3104 

3220 

3336 

3452 

3568 

3684 

3800 

3915 

116 

5 

4031 

4147 

4263 

4379 

4494 

4610 

4726 

4841 

4957 

5072 

116 

G 

5188 

5303 

5419 

5534 

5650 

5765 

5880 

5996 

6111 

6226 

115 

7 

6341 

6457 

6572 

6687 

6S02 

6917 

7032 

7147 

7262 

7377 

115 

8 

7492 

7607 

7722 

7836 

7951 

»066 

8181 

8295 

8410 

8525 

115 

9 

8639 

8754 

8868 

8983 

9097 

9212 

9326 

9441 

9555 

9669 

114 

380 

579784 

9898 

0012 

0126 

0241 

0355 

0469 

0.583 

0697 

0811 

114 

1 

580925 

1039 

1153 

1267 

1381 

1495 

1608 

1722 

1836 

1950 

114 

2 

2063 

2177 

2291 

2404 

2518 

2631 

2745 

285b 

2972 

3085 

114 

3 

3199 

3312 

3426 

3539 

3652 

3765 

3879 

3992 

4105 

4218 

113 

4 

4331 

4444 

4557 

4670 

4783 

4896 

5009 

5122 

5235 

5348 

113 

5 

5461 

5574 

5686 

5799 

5912 

6024 

6137 

6250 

6362 

6475 

113 

6 

6587 

6700 

6812 

6925 

70.37 

7149 

7262 

7374 

7486 

7599 

112 

7 

7711 

7823 

7935 

8047 

8160 

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8384 

8496 

8608 

8720 

112 

8 

8832 

8944 

9056 

9167 

9279 

9391 

9503 

9615 

9726 

9838 

112 

9 

9950 

0061 

0173 

0284 

0396 

0507 

0619 

0730 

0842 

0953 

112 

390 

591065 

1176 

1287 

1399 

1510 

1621 

1732 

1843 

1955 

2066 

111 

1 

2177 

2288 

2399 

2510 

2621 

2732 

2843 

2954 

3064 

3175 

111 

2 

3286 

3397 

3508 

3618 

3729 

3840 

3950 

4061 

4171 

4282 

111 

3 

4393 

4503 

4614 

4724 

4834 

4945 

5055 

5165 

5276 

53b6 

110 

4 

5496 

5606 

5717 

5827 

5937 

6047 

6157 

6267 

6377 

6487 

110 

5 

6597 

6707 

6817 

6927 

70.37 

7146 

7256 

7366 

7476 

7586 

110 

6 

7695 

7805 

7914 

8024 

81.34 

8243 

8353 

8462 

8572 

8681 

110 

7 

8791 

8900 

9009 

9119 

9228 

9337 

9446 

9556 

9665 

9774 

109 

8 

9883 

9992 

0101 

0210 

0319 

0428 

0537 

0646 

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0864 

109 

9 

600973 

1082 

1191 

1299 

1408 

1517 

1625 

1734 

1843 

1951 

109 

Diff. 


34 


506 


OaDNANGE    MANUAL. 


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3469 

3577 

3686 

3794 

3902 

1010 

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4668 

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4874 

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5197 

108 

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6628 

6736 

6844 

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6919 

7026 

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7662 

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8098 

8206 

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8410 

107 

8526 

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8740 

8847 

8954 

9061 

9167 

9274 

9381 

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107 

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9701 

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0128 

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1086 

1192 

1298 

1406 

1511 

1617 

106 

1723 

1829 

1930 

2042 

2148 

2254 

2360 

2466 

2572 

2078 

106 

410 

6127M 

289(1 

2996 

3102 

3207 

3313 

3419 

3525 

36S0 

3736 

100 

3842 

394  7 

4053 

4159 

4264 

4370 

4476 

4581 

4686 

4792 

106 

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6003 

6IU8 

5213 

6319 

5424 

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1280 

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1592 

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2007 

2110 

104 

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2628 

2732 

2836 

2939 

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3766 

3869 

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6340 

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2052 

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3166 

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3973 

4074 

4175 

4276 

4370 

101 

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4678 

4679 

4779 

4880 

4981 

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6182 

6283 

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6584 

5685 

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9984 

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1077 

1177 

12/6 

1376 

90 

1474 

1573 

1672 

1771 

1871 

1970 

2069 

2168 

2267 

2300 

09 

2465 

2563 

2662 

2761 

2800 

2950 

3058 

3156 

3255 

3364 

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440 

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3551 

3650 

3749 

3847 

3046 

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4242 

4340 

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7579 

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97 

9335 

9432 

9530 

9627 

9724 

9821 

9919 

00 1« 

(•113 

V210 

97 

1650308 

0405 

0502 

0699 

0696 

0793 

0890 

i  ■    - 

"  -  ! 

1181 

97 

1   1278 

1376 

1472 

1669 

1666 

1762 

1859 

2150 

97 

9!  2246 

2343 

2440 

2536 

2633 

2730 

2826 

..... 

-..i'J 

3110 

97 

li«.|   0   1   1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

« 

7 

1^ 

9 

mft 

L0UARITHM8    OF    NUMBERS. 


No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

1   ^ 

5 

6 

8 

9 

|Di<r. 

450 

653213 

3309 

3405 

3502 

3598 

3695 

3791 

3888 

3984 

4080 

1  9a 

1 

4177 

4273 

4369 

4465 

4562 

4668 

4754 

4850 

4946 

5042 

96 

2 

6138 

5235 

6331 

5427 

5523 

5619 

5715 

5810 

5906 

6002 

96 

3 

6098 

6194 

6290 

6386 

6482 

6577 

6673 

6769 

6864 

6960 

96 

4 

7056 

7152 

7247 

7343 

7438 

7634 

7629 

7725 

7820 

7916 

96 

6 

8011 

8107 

8202 

8298 

8393 

8488 

8584 

S679 

8774 

8870 

95 

6 

8965 

9060 

9155 

9250 

9346 

9441 

9636 

9631 

9726 

9821 

95 

7 

9916 

0011 

0106 

0201 

0296 

0391 

0486 

0681 

0676 

0771 

95 

8 

660865 

0960 

1056 

1160 

1245 

1339 

1434 

1529 

1623 

1718 

96 

9 

1813 

1907 

2002 

2096 

2191 

2286 

2380 

2475 

2569 

2663 

95 

460 

662758 

2852 

2947 

3041 

3135 

3230 

3324 

3418 

3512 

3607 

94 

1 

3701 

3795 

3889 

3983 

4078 

4172 

4266 

4360 

4454 

4548 

94 

2 

4642 

4736 

4830 

4924 

5018 

5112 

5206 

5299 

5393 

5487 

94 

3 

5581 

5675 

6769 

5862 

5956 

6050 

6143 

6237 

6331 

6424 

94 

4 

6518 

6612 

6705 

6790 

6892 

6986 

7079 

7173 

7266 

7360 

94 

5 

7453 

7546 

7640 

7733 

7826 

7920 

8013 

8106 

8Ht9 

8298 

93 

6 

838C 

8479 

8572 

8666 

8759 

8852 

8945 

9088 

9131 

9224 

93 

1 

9317 

9410 

9503 

9596 

9689 

9782 

9875 

9967 

0060 

0153 

93 

8 

670246 

0339 

0431 

0624 

0617 

0710 

0802 

0895 

0988 

1080 

93 

9 

1173 

1265 

1358 

1451 

1543 

1636 

1728 

1821 

1913 

2005 

93 

470 

672098 

2190 

2283 

2376 

2467 

2560 

2652 

2744 

2836 

2929 

92 

1 

3021 

3113 

3205 

3297 

3390 

3482 

3674 

3666 

3768 

3860 

92 

2 

3942 

4034 

4126 

4218 

4310 

4402 

4494 

4586 

4677 

4769 

92 

3 

4861 

4953 

5046 

5137 

5228 

5320 

5412 

6503 

5595 

6687 

92 

4 

5778 

5870 

5962 

6053 

6145 

6236 

6328 

6419 

6511 

6602 

92 

5 

6694 

6785 

6876 

6968 

7059 

7151 

7242 

7333 

7424 

7516 

91 

6 

7607 

7698 

,7789 

7881 

7972 

8063 

8154 

8245 

8336 

8427 

91 

7 

8518 

8609 

8700 

8791 

8882 

8973 

9064 

9166 

9246 

9337 

91 

8 

9428 

9519 

9610 

9700 

9791 

9882 

9973 

0063 

0154 

0245 

91 

9 

6S0336 

0426 

0517 

0607 

0698 

0789 

0879 

0970 

1060 

1161 

91 

480 

681241 

1332 

1422 

1513 

1603 

1693 

1784 

1874 

1964 

2065 

90 

1 

2145 

2235 

2326 

2416 

2506 

2596 

2686 

2777 

2867 

2957 

90 

2 

3047 

3137 

3227 

3317 

3407 

3497 

3587 

3677 

3767 

3867 

90 

3 

3947 

4037 

4127 

4217 

4307 

4396 

4486 

4576 

4666 

4756 

90 

4 

4845 

4935 

6025 

5114 

6204 

5294 

5383 

5473 

5663 

5652 

90 

5 

5742 

5831 

6921 

6010 

6100 

6189 

6279 

6368 

6458 

6547 

89 

6 

6636 

6726 

6815 

6904 

6994 

7083 

7172 

7261 

7351 

7440 

89 

7 

7529 

7018 

7707 

7796 

7886 

7975 

8064 

8153 

8242 

8331 

89 

8 

8420 

8509 

8598 

8687 

8776 

8865 

8953 

9042 

9131 

9220 

89 

9 

9309 

9398 

9486 

9575 

9664 

9753 

9841 

9930 

0019 

0107 

89 

490 

690196 

0285 

0373 

0462 

0550 

0639 

0728 

0816 

0905 

0993 

89 

1 

1081 

1170 

1258 

1347 

1435 

1524 

1612 

1700 

1789 

1877 

88 

2 

1965 

2053 

2142 

2230 

2318 

2406 

2494 

2583 

2671 

2759 

88 

3 

2847 

2935 

3023 

3111 

3199 

3287 

3375 

3463 

3551 

3639 

88 

4 

3727 

3815 

3903 

3991 

4078 

4166 

4254 

4342 

4430 

4517 

88 

5 

4605 

4693 

4781 

4868 

4956 

5044 

5131 

6219 

5307 

5394 

88 

6 

5482 

5569 

5657 

5744 

5832 

5919 

6007 

6094 

6182 

6269 

87 

7 

6356 

6444 

6531 

6618 

6706 

6793 

6880 

6968 

7055 

7142 

87  . 

8 

•  7229 

7317 

7404 

7491 

7578 

7665 

7752 

7839 

7926 

8014 

87 

9 

8101 

8188 

8275 

8362 

8449 

8535 

8622 

8709 

8796 

8883 

87 

No. 


50b 


OHDMAMOE  MANUAL. 


If<k 


DiC 


500  098070 

1  U83S 

2  700704 

3  1668 


2431 
32tfl 
4I&I 
6008 

68<W 
0718 


610  707670 

1  8421 

2  V270 

3  710117 

4  0U6H 
6   180 


6 

7 
8 
U 

620 
1 
2 
3 


2060 
34yi{ 
43301 
6167| 
7 16003 1 
6838 
767li 
86021 


4  »331 
6  72016U 
6   0986 


1811 
2634 
3466 


530  724276, 


60961 
69121 
6727 

76411 
8364 
9166 
9974! 

8  730782| 

9  1689| 


640 
1 
2 

3 
4 
6 
6 
? 
8 
9 


732394 
319 
3999 
4800 
6699 
6397 
7193 
7987 
8781 
9672; 


9067 

9144 

9231 

9317 

U924 

0011 

0098 

0184 

0790 

0877 

0963 

1050 

1664 

1741 

1827 

1913 

2617 

2603 

2689 

2776 

3377 

3463 

3649 

3636 

4236 

4322 

4408 

4494 

6094 

6179 

5266 

5360 

6949 

6036 

r>120 

6206 

6803 

6888 

6974 

7059 

7665 

7740 

7826 

7911 

8606 

8691 

8676 

8761 

1  9365 

9440 

9624 

9609 

1  0202 

0287 

0371 

0466 

:  1048 

1132 

1217 

1301 

1892 

1970 

2060 

2144 

2734 

2818 

2902 

2986 

1  3675 

3669 

3742 

3826 

4414 

4497 

4681 

4666 

6261 

6336 

6418 

6602 

i  6087 

C170 

6264 

6337 

6921 

7004 

7088 

7171 

i  7764 

7837 

7920 

8003 

1  8686 

8668 

8761 

8834 

1  9414 

9497 

9680 

9663 

i  0242 

0326 

0407 

0490 

1068 

1161 

1233 

1316  1 

1893 

1976 

2068 

2140 

2716 

2798 

2881 

2963 

3638 

3620 

;i702 

3784 

,  4368 

4440 

4622 

4004 

6176 

6268 

634« 

6422 

6993 

6076 

6166 

6238  1 

6809 

6890 

6972 

7053 

7623 

7704 

7786 

7866 

8436 

86  Ki 

8597 

8678 

9246 

9.i27 

9408 

9489 

!  0066 

0136 

0217 

0298 

1  0863 

0944 

1024 

1105 

1  1669 

1750 

1830 

1911  1 

1  2474 

2666 

2636 

2715 

,  3278 

3368 

3438 

3618 

;  4079 

4160 

4240 

4320 

j  488U 

4960 

5040 

6120 

1  6679 

5769 

5838 

6918 

!  6476 

6666 

6636 

6715 

j  7272 

7362 

7431 

7511 

1  8067  1 

8146 

8225 

S306 

8860  1 

8939 

9018  1 

9097 

,  9661  1 

9731  1 

9810  1 

9889 

9404 
0271 
1136 
1999 
2861 
3721 
4679 
5  J  36 
<>291 
7144 
7996 
8846 
9094 
0640 
1385 
2229 
3070 
3910 
4749 
6686 

6421 
7254 
8060 
8917 
9745 
0573 
1398 
2222 
3046 
3806 

4685 

5503 

6320 

7134 

7948 

8759 

9570 

0378 

118»>  , 

1991 

2796  i 
3698  I 
4400  j 
520U  ; 
5998 
6796  I 
7690  I 
8384 
9177  ; 
9968  I 


9491  I 

0368  I 

1222 

2086  I 

2947 

3807  I 

4666 

5522 

i;;',7rt 

7229 

8081 
8931 
9779 
0626 
1470 
2.il3 

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4.H33 
5('>69 

f...04 
7338 
M69 
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U81 
230J 
3127 
3948 

4767 
55.>5 
6iUl 
7210 
8029 
SS41 
9051 
U459 
1266 
2072 
2.S76 
3679 
4480 
5279 
6078 
6874 
7070 
8463 
9266 
0047 


9678 

9664 

0444 

0531 

1309 

1395 

2172 

2268 

3033 

3119 

3893 

3979 

4751 

48S7 

6607 

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6462 

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7316 

8166 

8261 

9015 

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9863 

0710 

' 

1664 

2397 

J 

3238 

4078 

4162 

4919  I  60UU 
57&S   6836 
6588  I  6«^7I 
7421   : 
8263 
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1663   1'  . 

2387   -1'  < 

3209  .iZ'^l 

4030   4112 

4849   4'^  1 

6667 

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72V7 

8110 

8922 

9732 

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2153 

2956 
3769 
4660 

5359 
6157 
6954 
7749 


1 

1 

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v. 

, 

70 

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7113 

r>« 

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82 
8S 
83 
81 
81 
81 
81 
81 
81 
81 

8« 
8« 

m 

8« 
8« 
80 
7» 
79 
79 
79 


Now 


6 


DUL 


LOGARITHMS   OF    NUMBERS. 


509 


No.j   0   1   1 

2 

1   3 
1 

1  * 

1   ^ 

1   ^ 

7 

1   ^ 

1   ^ 

Diff. 

560 

740363 

0442 

0521 

0600 

0678 

0757 

0836 

0915 

0994 

1073 

1  79 

1 

1152 

1230 

1309 

1388 

1467 

1546 

1624 

1703 

1782 

1860 

79 

2 

1939 

2018 

2096 

2175 

2254 

2332 

2411 

2489 

2568 

2647 

79 

3 

2725 

;  2804 

2882 

2961 

30.39 

3118 

3196 

3275 

3353 

3431 

78 

4 

3510 

3588 

3667 

3745 

3823 

i  3902 

3980 

1  4058 

4136 

4215 

78 

6 

4293 

4371 

4449 

4528 

4606 

4684 

4762 

4840 

4919 

4997 

78 

6 

5075 

5153 

5231 

5309 

5387 

5465 

5543 

5621 

5699 

6777 

78 

7 

5855 

5933 

6011 

6089 

6167 

6245 

6323 

6401 

6479 

6556 

78 

8 

6634 

6712 

6790 

6868 

6945 

7023 

7101 

7179 

7256 

7334 

78 

9 

7412 

7489 

7567 

7645 

7722 

i  7800 

7878 

7955 

8033 

8110 

78 

560 

748188 

8266 

8343 

8421 

8498 

8576 

8653 

8731 

8808 

8885 

77 

1 

8963 

9040 

9118 

9195 

9272 

9350 

9427 

9504 

9582 

9659 

77 

2 

9736 

9814 

9891 

9968 

0045 

0123 

0200 

0277 

0354 

0431 

77 

3 

750508 

0586 

0663 

0740 

0817 

0894 

0971 

1048 

1125 

1202 

77 

4 

1279 

1356 

1433 

1510 

1587 

1664 

1741 

1818 

1895 

1972 

77 

5 

2048 

2125 

2202 

2279 

2356 

2433 

2509 

2586 

2663 

2740 

77 

6 

2816 

2893 

2970 

3047 

3123 

3200 

3277 

3353 

3430 

3506 

77 

7 

3583 

;5660 

3736 

3813 

38><9 

3966 

4042 

4119 

4195 

4272 

77 

8 

4348 

4425 

4501 

4578 

4654 

4730 

4807 

4883 

4960 

5036 

76 

9 

5112 

5189 

5265 

5341 

5417 

5494 

5570 

5646 

5722 

5799 

76 

570 

755875 

5951 

6027 

6103 

6180 

6266 

6332 

6408 

6484 

6560 

76 

1 

6636 

6712 

6788 

6864 

6940 

7016 

7092 

7168 

7244 

7320 

76 

2 

7396 

7472 

7548 

7624 

7700 

7775 

7851 

7927 

8003 

8079 

76 

3 

8155 

8230 

8306 

8382 

8458 

8533 

8609 

8685 

8761 

8836 

76 

4 

8912 

8988 

9063 

9139 

9214 

9290 

9366 

9441 

9317 

9592 

76 

6 

9668 

9743 

9819 

9894 

9970 

0045 

0121 

0196 

0272 

0347 

75 

6 

760422 

0498 

0573 

0649 

0724 

0799 

0875 

0950 

1025 

1101 

76 

7 

1176 

1261 

1326 

1402 

1477 

1552 

1627 

1702 

1778 

1853 

75 

8 

1928 

2003 

2078 

2153 

2228 

2303 

2378 

2453 

2529 

2604 

75 

9 

2679 

2754 

2829 

2904 

2978 

3053 

3128 

3203 

3278 

3353 

75 

580 

763428 

3503 

3578 

3653 

3727 

3802 

3877 

3952 

4027 

4101 

75 

1 

4176 

4251 

4326 

4400 

4475 

4550 

4624 

4699 

4774 

4848 

75 

2 

4923 

4998 

5072 

5147 

5221 

5296 

5370 

5445 

5520 

5594 

75 

3 

5669 

5743 

5818 

5892 

5966 

6041 

6115 

6190 

6264 

6338 

74 

4 

6413 

6487 

6562 

6636 

6710 

6786 

6859 

6933 

7007 

7082 

74 

6 

7156 

7230 

7304 

7379 

7453 

7527 

7601 

7675 

7749 

7823 

74 

6 

7898 

7972 

8046 

8120 

8194 

8268 

8342 

8416 

8490 

8564 

74 

7 

8638 

8712 

8786 

8860 

8934 

9008 

9082 

9156 

9230 

9303 

74 

81 

9377 

9451 

9525 

9599 

9673 

9746 

9820 

9894 

9968 

0042 

74 

9' 

770115 

0189 

0263 

0336 

0410 

0484 

0557 

0631 

0705 

0778 

74 

590 

770852 

0926 

0999 

1073 

1146 

1220 

1293 

1367 

1440 

1514 

74 

1 

1587 

1661 

1734 

1808 

1881 

1955 

2028 

2102 

2175 

2248 

73 

2 

2322 

2395 

2468 

2542 

2615 

2688 

2762 

2835 

2908 

2981 

73 

3 

3055 

3128 

3201 

3274 

3348 

3421 

3494 

3567 

3640 

3713 

73 

4 

3786 

S860 

3933 

4006 

4079 

4152 

4225 

4298 

4371 

4444 

73 

5 

4517 

4590 

4663 

4736 

4809 

4882 

4955 

5028 

5100 

5173 

73 

6 

5246 

5.S19 

5392 

5465 

5538 

5610 

5683 

5756 

5829 

5902 

73 

7 

5974 

6047 

6120 

6193 

6265 

6338 

6411 

6483 

6556 

6629 

73 

8 

6701 

6774 

6846 

6919 

6992 

7064 

7137 

7209 

7282 

7354 

73 

9| 

7427 

7499 

7572 

7644 

7717 

7789 

7862 

7934  1 

8006 

8079 

72 

No.    0   1   1   1 

2   1 

3   1 

4   1 

5   1 

6   1 

7   1 

8   1 

9 

1 

Difif. 

510 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


lfo.{ 

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1   1 

2   1 

8   1 

4   1 

6 

6   1 

7   I 

8   1 

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UA 

600 ! 

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8441 

8513 

8585  1 

8658  1 

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8803 

72 

1 

8S74 

S947 

9017 

9091 

9163 

9236 

9308 

9380 

9452  , 

9524 

72 

2 

»5U» 

9669 

9741 

9813 

9885 

9957 

0029 

0101 

0173 

0245 

72 

3 

780;il7 

0.HK9 

0461 

0533 

0605 

0677 

0749 

0821  1 

0S9:? 

0965 

72 

4 

io:j7 

1109 

1181 

1253 

1324 

1396 

1408 

1540  1 

1012 

1684 

72 

d 

1755 

1827 

1899 

1971 

2042 

2114 

2186 

2258 

2.'!  29 

2401 

72 

6 

2473 

2544 

2616 

2688  , 

2759 

2831 

2902 

2974 

3046 

3117 

72 

7 

3189 

3260 

3332 

3403 

3475 

3546 

3618 

3689 

:!761 

8S32 

71 

8 

8904 

3975 

4046 

4118 

41.H9 

4261 

4332 

4403 

4475 

4546 

71 

9 

4617 

4689 

4760 

4831 

4902 

4974 

5045 

0116 

51  h7 

5259 

71 

610 

785330 

5401 

5472 

5543 

5615 

5886 

5757 

5828 

5899 

5970 

71 

1 

6041 

6112 

6183 

6254 

6325 

6396 

6467 

6538 

6009 

««80 

71 

2 

6751 

6822 

6893 

6964 

7035 

7106 

7177 

724H 

7319 

7390 

71 

3 

7460 

7631 

7602 

7673 

7744 

7815 

7885 

7956 

S027 

K098 

71 

4 

8I6S 

8239 

«3I0 

8381 

8451 

8522 

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HK04 

71 

6 

8S75 

S946 

9016 

9087 

9157 

9228 

9299 

93fi9 

9410 

9510 

71 

6 

95H1 

9651 

9722 

9792 

9863 

9933 

0004 

0074 

0144 

0215 

70 

7 

790285 

0356 

0426 

0496 

0567 

0637 

0707 

077N 

0848 

0918 

70 

8 

0988 

1059 

1129 

1199 

1269 

1340 

1410 

1480 

1550 

1620 

TO 

» 

1691 

1761 

1831 

1901 

1971 

2041 

2111 

2181 

2252 

2322 

70 

620 

792392 

2462 

2532 

2602 

2672 

2742 

2812 

2882 

2952 

3022 

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1 

3092 

3162 

3231 

3301 

3371 

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3651 

3721 

70 

2 

3790 

3S60 

3930 

4000 

4070 

4139 

4209 

4279 

4349 

4418 

TO 

^ 

4488 

4558 

4627 

4697 

4767 

4S36 

4906 

4976 

5045 

5115 

70 

4 

5185 

5254 

5324 

5393 

5463 

5532 

5002 

5672 

5741 

5811 

TO 

& 

5880 

5949 

0019 

6088 

6158 

6227 

6297 

6366 

6436 

650» 

«9 

6 

6574 

6644 

6713 

6782 

6S52 

6921 

6990 

7060 

7129 

7I9# 

99 

7 

7268 

7337 

7406 

7475 

7545 

7614 

7683 

7752 

7821 

7899 

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8 

7960 

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8098  • 

'  8167 

8236 

8305 

8374 

8443 

S513 

8582 

69 

y 

8651 

8720 

8789 

8858 

8927 

8996 

9065 

9134 

9203 

9272 

69 

630 

799.341 

9409 

9478 

9547 

9616 

96S5 

9754 

9823 

9892 

9961 

69 

I 

S00029 

0098 

0167 

0236 

0305 

0373 

(1442 

0511 

0580 

0648 

69 

2 

0717 

0786 

0854 

0923 

0992 

1  lOfil 

1129 

UVt"* 

12fifi 

lSt5 

69 

3 

1404 

1472 

1541 

1609 

1678 

■  1747 

1SI5 

\-    ■ 

2021 

69 

4 

2089 

2158 

2226 

2295 

2363 

2432 

2500 

: 

2705 

68 

6 

2774 

2S42 

2910 

2979 

3047 

3116 

3184 

3389 

68 

6 

3457 

3525 

3594 

3662 

3730 

3798 

3867 

4071 

68 

7 

4139 

4205* 

4276 

4344 

4412 

1  4480 

4548 

i 

4753 

«8 

8 

4821 

4889 

4956 

5025 

5093 

1  5161 

5229 

5297 

5;;65 

54Sa 

•8 

9 

5501 

5569 

5637 

5705 

5773 

1  5841 

5908 

5976 

6044 

ens 

M 

640 

806180 

6248 

6316 

6384 

6451 

6519 

6587 

6655 

6723 

6790 

•S 

1 

6858 

6926 

6994 

7061 

7129 

;  7197 

7264 

7.h:<2 

7400 

7467 

68 

2   7535 

7603 

7670 

7738 

7806 

I  7873 

7941 

RI43 

68 

3{  8211 

8279 

8346 

8414 

8481 

i  8549 

8616 

hhl8 

67 

4   8886 

8953 

9021 

9088 

9156 

9223 

9290 

9492 

67 

5 

9560 

9627 

9694 

9762 

9829 

9896 

9964 

0031 

0098 

0145 

67 

6 

810233 

0300 

0367 

0434 

0501 

1  0569 

0636 

0703 

0770 

08S7 

67 

»■ 
1 

0904 

0971 

1039 

1106 

1173 

'  1240 

1307 

1374 

1441 

1508 

67 

8 

1575 

1642 

1709 

1776 

1843 

1910 

1977 

2044 

2111 

2178 

'  67 

9 

2245 

.  2312 

2379 

2445 

2512 

'  2579 

2646 

2713 

2780 

2847 

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No. 


LOGARITHMS    OF    NUMBERS. 


511 


No. 

D   j 

■    1 

■■^   1 

3   j 

4   1 

5 

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7   j 

8   1 

9   1 

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660 

8129J3 

2980 

3047 

3114 

3181- 

3247 

3314 

3381 

3448 

8614 

67 

1 

3581 

3648 

3714 

3781 

3848 

3914 

3981 

4048 

4114 

4181 

67 

2 

4248 

4314 

4381 

4447 

4614 

4581 

4647 

4714 

4780 

4847 

67 

3 

4913 

4980 

5046 

5113 

5179 

5246 

6312 

6378 

5445 

6611 

66 

4 

6578 

6644 

6711 

6777 

5813 

5910 

5976 

6042 

6109 

6175 

66 

6 

6241 

6308 

6374 

6440 

6506 

6673 

6639 

6705 

6771 

6838 

66 

6 

6904 

6970 

7036 

7102 

7169 

7235 

7301 

7367 

7433 

7499 

66 

7 

7565 

7631 

7698 

7764 

78.30 

7896 

7962 

8028 

8094 

8160 

66 

8 

8226 

8292 

8368 

8424 

8490 

8566 

8622 

b688 

8754 

8820- 

66 

9 

8886 

8951 

9017 

9083 

9149 

9215 

9281 

9346 

9412 

9478 

66 

660 

819544 

9610 

9676 

9741 

9807 

9873 

9939 

0004 

0070 

0136 

66 

1 

820201 

0267 

0333 

0399 

0464 

0530 

0595 

0661 

0727 

0792 

66 

2 

0858 

0924 

0989 

1055 

1120 

1186 

1251 

1317 

1382 

1448 

66 

3 

1514 

1579 

1645 

1710 

1775 

1841 

1906 

1972 

2037 

2108 

65 

4 

2168 

2233 

2299 

2364 

2430 

2495 

2560 

2626 

2691 

2756 

65 

5 

2822 

2887 

2952 

3018 

3083 

3148 

3213 

3279 

3344 

3409 

65 

6 

3474 

36.39 

3605 

3670 

3736 

3800 

3865 

3930 

3996 

4061 

66 

7 

4126 

4191 

4256 

4321 

4386 

4451 

4516 

4681 

4646 

4711 

65 

8 

4776 

4841 

4906 

4971 

5036 

6101 

5166 

6231 

'5296 

6361 

65 

9 

5426 

6491 

5556 

6621 

6666 

5761 

5816 

6880 

5946 

6010 

65 

670 

826076 

6140 

6204 

6269 

6334 

6399 

6464 

6528 

6693 

6668 

65 

1 

6723 

6787 

6852 

6917 

6981 

7046 

7111 

7175 

7240 

7305 

65 

2 

7369 

7434 

7499 

7663 

7628 

7692 

7757 

7821 

7886 

7961 

65 

3 

8015 

8080 

8144 

8209 

8273 

8338 

8402 

8467 

8531 

8596 

64 

4 

8660 

8724 

8789 

8853 

8918 

8982 

9046 

9111 

9175 

9239 

64 

5 

9304 

9368 

9432 

9497 

9661 

9625 

9690 

9754 

9818 

9882 

64 

6 

9947 

0011 

0075 

0139 

0204 

0268 

0332 

0396 

0460 

0625 

64 

7 

880589 

0663 

0717 

0781 

0846 

0909 

0973 

1037 

1102 

1166 

64 

8 

1230 

1294 

1358 

1422 

1486 

1550 

1614 

1678 

1742 

1806 

04 

9 

1870 

1934 

1998 

2062 

2126 

2189 

2253 

2317 

2381 

2446 

64 

680 

832509 

2673 

2637 

2700 

2764 

2828 

2892 

2956 

3020 

3083 

64 

1 

3147 

3211 

3275 

3338 

3402 

3466 

3630 

3593 

3667 

3721 

64 

2 

3784 

3848 

3912 

3975 

4039 

4103 

4166 

4230 

4294 

4357 

64 

3 

4421 

4484 

4648 

4611 

4676 

4739 

4802 

4^66 

4929 

4993 

64 

4 

6066 

5120 

5183 

5247 

6310 

6373 

5487 

5600 

5664 

6627 

63 

6 

6691 

5754 

6817 

5881 

5944 

6007 

6071 

6134 

6197 

6261 

63 

6 

6324 

6387 

6461 

6614 

6677 

6641 

6704 

6767 

6830 

6894 

63 

-  7 

6967 

7020 

7083 

7146 

7210 

7273 

7336 

7399 

7462 

7526 

63 

8 

7688 

7662 

7715 

7778 

7841 

7904 

7967 

8030 

8093 

8156 

63 

9 

8219 

8282 

8245 

8408 

8471 

8634 

8697 

8660 

8723 

8786 

63 

690 

838849 

8912 

8976 

9038 

9101 

9164 

9227 

9289 

9352 

9415 

63 

1 

9478 

9541 

9604 

9667 

9729 

9792 

9856 

9918 

9981 

0043 

63 

2 

840106 

0169 

0232 

0294 

0357 

0420 

0482 

0545 

0608 

0671 

63 

3 

0733 

0796 

0859 

0921 

0984 

1046 

1109 

1172 

1234 

1297 

63 

4 

1359 

1422 

1486 

1647 

1610 

1672 

1735 

1797 

I860 

1922 

63 

5 

1985 

2047 

2110 

2172 

2235 

2297 

2360 

2422 

2484 

2547 

62 

6 

2609 

2672 

2734 

2796 

2869 

2921 

2983 

3046 

8108 

3170 

62 

7 

3233 

3295 

3367 

3420 

3482 

3544 

3606 

3669 

3731 

3793 

62 

8 

3856 

3918 

3980 

4042 

4104 

4166 

4229 

4291 

4363 

4415 

62 

9 

4477 

4639 

4601 

4664 

4726 

4788 

4850 

4912 

4974 

5036 

62 

No.  1   0   1   1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6   1 

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612 


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3090 

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5780 
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7017 
763.1 
8251 
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9481 
0095 
0707 

1320 
1931 
2541 
3150 
3759 
4367 
4974 
55S0 
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67!>9 
7393 
7995 
8597 
"  1 9!> 
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0996 
1594 
2191 
27S7 
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4570 
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6346 
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9290 
9877 
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1047 
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2215 
2797 
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5222 
5S42 
6461 
7079 
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8312 
8928 
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1381 
1992 
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3211 
3820 
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5640 
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6850 
7453 
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1654 
2251 
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8374 
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1442 
2053 
2663 
3272 
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5095 
5701 
6306 
6910 

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1116 
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4096 
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2721 
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5761 
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9379 
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4134  I 
4714  ; 


5408 
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7264 
7SS1 
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9112 
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1504 
2175 
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3394 
4002 
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5216 
5S22 
6427 
7031 

7634 
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b^3s 
9439 
003b 
0o37 
1 23ij 
lb33 
2430 
3025 

3620 
4214 
4bOs 
5400 
5992 
6.''S3 
7173 
7762 
8350 
8938 
9525 
0111 
0G9o 
12M 
1865 
2448 
3030 
3611 
4192 
47:2 


5470 
6090 
670S 
7326 
7943 
8559 
9174 
97S8 
0401 
1014 
1625 
■2236 
2S46 
3455 
4063 
4670 
5277 
5.'«>2 
64S7 
7091 

7694 
8-297 
SS9S 
9499 
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0697 
1-295 
1893 
24S9 
3085 

36S0 
4274 
4S67 
5459 

e^isi 

6642 
7232 
7S21 
8409 
8997 

95S4 
0170 
0755 
1339 
1923 
250<i 
3083 
3669 
4250 
4830 


5532 
6151 
6770 
73K8 
8004 
8620 
9235 
9b49 
(M«'.2 
1075 

16b6 
2-297 
2907 
3516 
4124 
4731 


7152 

7755 

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9559 

015s 

0757 

1  :{55 

1952 

2549 

3144 

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4.' 

55j:^ 

6110 
6701 
7-291 
78!sO 
646S 
9056 

9642 
022b 
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1398 
19sl 
2564 
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5 


5594 
6213 
6032 
7449 
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8t'.b2 
9297 
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1747 
23.5b 
296b 
3577 
4lb5 
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7815 
8417 
(t01^ 
9619 
02  lb 
Obi  7 
1415 
•2012 
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3204 


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6275 
6894 
7511 
8I2S 
8743 
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9972 
0.5b5 
1197 

lb09 
2419 
3029 
3637 
4245 
4b.52 
54  5W 
6(»64 
666s 
7272 

7875 

8477 
907S 
9679 
027b 
0877 
1475 
2072 
2««>b 
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7350 

7409 

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917.3 

62 

62 
62 
62 
62 
62 
61 
61 
61 
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61 
61 
61 
61 
61 
61 
61 
61 
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60 

60 

60 

I  A) 
j  60 

60 
I  60 

60 
I  «50 

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I  60 

59 

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M 
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50 
90 


No. 


LOGARITHMS    OF    NUMBERS. 


513 


No. 

» 

1 

2 

3 

4 

0 

• 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

750 

875061 

5119 

5177 

5235 

5293 

5351 

5409 

5466 

5524 

5582 

58 

1 

5640 

5698 

5756 

5813 

5871 

5929 

5987 

6045 

6102 

6160 

58 

2 

6218 

6276 

6333 

6391 

0449 

6507 

6564 

6622 

6680 

6737 

58 

3 

6795 

6b53 

6910 

6968 

7026 

7083 

7141 

7199 

7256 

7314 

58 

4 

7371 

7429 

74s7 

7544 

7602 

7659 

7717 

7774 

7832 

7889 

58 

5 

7947 

8004 

b062 

8119 

8177 

8234 

8292 

8349 

8407 

8464 

57 

6 

8.522 

8579 

8637 

8694 

87.52 

8809 

8866 

•  8924 

8981 

9039 

57 

7 

9096 

91.53 

9211 

9268 

9325 

9383 

9440 

9497 

9555 

9012 

57 

8 

9669 

9726 

9784 

9841 

9898 

9956 

00  J  3 

OO70 

0127 

0185 

57 

9 

880242 

0J99 

0356 

0413 

0471 

0528 

0585 

0642 

0699 

0756 

57 

760 

880814 

0871 

0928 

0985 

1042 

1099 

1156 

1213 

1271 

1328 

57 

1 

13&.'i 

1442 

1499 

1556 

1613 

1070 

1727 

1784 

1841 

1898 

57 

2 

1955 

2012 

2069 

2126 

2183 

2240 

2297 

2354 

2411 

-.^468 

57 

3 

2.'-)25 

25s  1 

2633 

2695 

2752 

2809 

2866 

2923 

2980 

3037 

57 

4 

3093 

3150 

3207 

S264 

3321 

3377 

3434 

3491 

3548 

3605 

57 

5 

3661 

371« 

3775 

3832 

3888 

3945 

4002 

4059 

4115 

4172 

57 

6 

4229 

42s5 

4342 

4399 

4455 

4512 

4569 

4625 

4682 

4739 

57 

7 

4795 

4»52 

4909 

4965 

5U22 

5078 

5135 

5192 

5248 

53U5 

57 

& 

5361 

5418 

5474 

5531 

5587 

5644 

5700 

5757 

5813 

5870 

57 

9 

5926 

5983 

6039 

6096 

6152 

6209 

6265 

6321 

6378 

6434 

56 

770 

886491 

6547 

0604 

6660 

6716 

6773 

6829 

6885 

6942 

6998 

56 

1 

7054 

7111 

7107 

7223 

7280 

733ti 

7392 

7449 

7505 

7561 

56 

2 

7617 

7674 

7730 

7786 

7842 

7898 

7955 

8011 

8067 

8123 

56 

3 

8179 

8236 

8292 

8348 

8404 

8460 

8516 

8573 

8629 

8685 

56 

4 

8741 

8797 

8S53 

8909 

8965 

9021 

9077 

9134 

9190 

9246 

56 

5 

9302 

9358 

9414 

9470 

9.526 

9582 

9638 

9694 

9750 

9806 

56 

6 

9862 

991>5 

9974 

0030 

0036 

0141 

0197 

02.53 

U309 

0365 

56 

7 

S90421 

0477 

0533 

0589 

0645 

0700 

0756 

0812 

0868 

0924 

56 

& 

09^0 

1035 

1091 

1147 

1203 

1259 

1314 

1370 

1426 

1482 

56 

9 

1537 

1593 

1649 

1705 

1760 

1816 

1872 

1928 

1983 

2039 

56 

7S0 

892095 

2150 

2206 

2262 

2317 

2373 

2429 

2484 

2540 

2595 

56 

1 

2651 

2707 

2762 

2818 

2873 

2929 

2985 

3040 

3096 

3151 

56 

2 

3207 

32'j2 

3318 

3373 

3429 

3484 

3.540 

3595 

3651 

3706 

56 

3 

3762 

3sl7 

3b73 

3928 

3984 

4039 

4094 

4150 

4205 

4261 

55 

4 

4316 

4371 

4427 

4482 

4538 

4.593 

4648 

4704 

4759 

4814 

55 

5 

4&70 

4925 

4980 

5036 

5091 

5146 

5201 

5257 

5312 

5367 

55 

6 

5423 

54  7S 

5533 

5588 

5644 

5699 

5754 

5809 

5864 

5920 

55 

7 

5975 

6030 

6085 

6140 

6195 

025 1 

6306 

6361 

6416 

6471 

55 

8 

6526 

6581 

6636 

6692 

6747 

6802 

6857 

6912 

6967 

7022 

55 

9 

7077 

7132 

7187 

7242 

7297 

7352 

7407 

7462 

7517 

7572 

55 

790 

897627 

7682 

7737 

7792 

7847 

7902 

7957 

8012 

8067 

8122 

55 

1 

8176 

8231 

8286 

8341 

8396 

8451 

8506 

8.561 

8615 

8670 

55 

2 

8725 

8780 

8835 

8890 

8944 

8999 

9054 

9109 

9164 

9218 

55 

3 

9273 

9328 

9383 

9437 

9492 

9547 

9602 

9H56 

9711 

9766 

55 

4 

9821 

9875 

9930 

9985 

0039 

0094 

0149 

0203 

0258 

0312 

55 

5 

900367 

0422 

0476 

0531 

0586 

0640 

0095 

0749 

0804 

0859 

55 

6 

0913 

0968 

1022 

1077 

1131 

1186 

1240 

1295 

1349 

1404 

55 

7 

1458 

1513 

1567 

1622 

1676 

1731 

1785 

1840 

1894 

1948 

54 

8 

2003 

2057 

2112 

2166 

2221 

2275 

2329 

2384 

2138 

2492 

54 

9 

2547 

2601 

2655 

2710 

2764 

2818 

2873 

2927 

2981 

3036 

54 

No. 

0 

1 

? 

3 

4 

'  1 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

35 


514 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


No. 


DIff. 


soo 
1 

2 
3 
4 
ft 

6 
7 
b 
9 

SIO 
I 

2 
3 
4 
.'» 
6 
7 
8 
9 

620 
1 
2 
3 
4 
.•) 
6 
7 
8 
9 

830 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 

840 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 

Nik  I 


903090 
3Q33 
4174 
4716 
5256 
579(5 
6ai5 
0874 
7411 
7949 

90S485 
9021 
9556 

910091 
0(i-2» 
1158 
1690 
2222 
2753 
32f>4 

913S14 
4343 
4b72 
5400 
5927 
6454 
6980 
7506 
8030 
8555 

91907b 
9ti01 

920123 
0645 
1166 
16b6 
2206 
2725 
3244 
3762 

924279 
479C 
5312 
5828 
6342 
6857 
7370 
7883 
8396 
8908 


3144 
3r*7 
4229 
4770 
5310 
ftb50 

6927 
7165 
8002 
8.').39 
9074 
9610 
0144 
(»Ci"s 
1211 
1743 
2275 
2806 
3337 

3S67 
4396 
4925 
5453 
59S0 
6.507 
7033 
7.558 
t"083 
8607 
9130 
9653 
0176 
0697 
121b 
1738 
225b 
2777 
3296 
3bl4 

4331 
484b 
53t'>4 
5b79 
6394 
6908 
7422 
7935 
b447 
SE959 


3199 

3253 

3741 

3795 

4283 

4337 

4824 

4b7« 

5364 

5418 

5904 

.5958 

6443 

6497 

69b  1 

7035 

7519 

7573 

80.% 

8110 

b.592 

8646 

1  91 2N 

91bl 

1  9-163 

9716 

;  0197 

0251 

0731 

0781 

j  1264 

1317 

1  1797 

lb.50 

1  2328 

2.%1 

1  2b59 

2913 

3390 

3443 

3920 

3973 

4449 

4502 

4977 

5030 

5'^>05 

55.5b 

6033 

60b5 

,  6559 

«>612 

70b5 

7138 

,  7611 

7663 

;  8135 

bl88 

1  8659 

8712 

1  9183 

92.35 

1  970«5 

9758 

'  022b 

0280 

0749 

OsOl 

,  1270 

1322 

1  1790 

lb42 

i  2310 

2362 

1  2b29 

2b81 

'  3348 

3399 

3865 

3917 

1  4383 

4434 

'   4b99 

4951 

'  5415 

5467 

i  5931 

5982 

6445 

6497 

1  6959 

7011 

1  7473 

7524 

79b6 

8037 

8498 

8549 

9010 

9061 

3307 
3849 
4391 
4932 
5472 
6012 
6.551 
7089 
7626 
8163 
8699 
9235 
9770 
0304 
0b3b 
1371 
1903 
24.35 
2960 
3496 
4026 
45.55 
5083 
5611 
6138 
6664 
7190 
7716 
8240 
8764 

9287 
9bl0 
0332 
0b53 
1374 
1894 
2414 
2933 
3451 
3969 

4486 
5003 
5518 
6034 
6548 
7062 
7576 
S08b 
8601 
9112 


3.361 
3904 
4115 
49bt) 
552C) 
6006 
6604 
7N3 
7()bO 
8217 
b7.'J3 
92b9 
9?>..'3 
03.'')b 
0>'.)| 
1421 
19.'»6 
24  Sb 
3019 
3519 

407y 
460b 

51 3«; 

5664 
6191 
ti7l7 
7243 
776b 
b293 
bblO 
9340 
9b62 
03b4 
0900 
1426 

ly^o 

24CI5 
2985 
3503 
4021 

4538 
50.54 
5570 
6085 
6600 
7114 
7627 
8140 
8652 
9163 


3416      3470 
395»      4012 

44'.>9  I  45.W 
.5040      5094 

55s0  I  5634 

6119  I  6173      ■ 
66.5b      6712      •^i' 
7196      7250  I   7J04 
7734       77b7   '   7b41 
8270      8.324    i  837b 


8>>07 
9342 
9b77 
0411 
0944 
1477 
2009 
2.541 
3072 
3t;02 

4132 
4  »><•,(» 
51b9 
5716 
6243 
6770 
7295 
7S20 
b315 
bb69 

9392 
9914 
04  3() 
Oy.')b 
147b 
)9V«b 
251b 
3037 
3555 
4072 
4.589 
5106 
5621 
6137 
6651 
7165 
7678 
8191 
b703 
9215 


54 
54 

54 
.')4 
54 
•■4 
54 
.'4 
54 


b431   !  54 


8H(» 
9306 
9930 
0464 
01»S*b 
1530 
2003 
2594 


SIM  4 
9449 
1»9M 
051b 
1051 
!.'*! 
2116 
2647 


3135   3178 
3655  j  370b 

4184   ! 
4713 
5241 
5709  I 
6290 
6622  ,  ' 
734b  1 
7b73 
8397   - 
b'.*21  ,  - 
9444  '  9496 
9967  i  0019 
0489  I  0541 
1010   Ii>62 

1530  ;  :' 

2050 
2570 
3089 
3607 
4124 

4641 

5157 

5673 

6188 

6702 

T216 

7730 

8242 

8754   &-W., 

92«6  '  9317 

I-  I   • 


b9«57 
9503 
04)37 
0571 
1104 
l»i:i7 
2169 
2700 
3231 
3761 


Ji40 
3C5b 
4176 
4rtM3 

_ 

4744 

54 
54 
53 
53 
53 
53 
53 
53 
53 
53 


9.549  !  52 

ftOTI    '   52 


58 


n*. 


LOGARITHMS   OF    NUMBERS. 


m 


No.| 

0   1 

1   j 

2   1 

3   1 

4   1 

=   1 

6   1 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

850 

y29Jl9 

9470 

9521 

9572 

9623 

9674 

9725 

9776 

9827 

9879 

51 

1 

9930 

99s  1 

0032 

00b3 

0134 

0185 

0236 

0287 

0338 

0389 

51 

2 

J30440 

0491 

0542 

0592 

0643 

0694 

0745 

0796 

0847 

0898 

51 

3 

0949 

1000 

1051 

1102 

1153 

1204 

1254 

1305 

1356 

1407 

51 

4 

1458 

1509 

1560 

1610 

1661 

1712 

1763 

1814 

1865 

1915 

51 

5 

1966 

2017 

2068 

2118 

2169 

2220 

2271 

2322 

2372 

2423 

51 

6 

2474 

2524 

2575 

2626 

2677 

2727 

2778 

2S29 

2879 

2930 

51 

7 

2981 

3031 

3082 

3133 

3183 

3234 

3285 

3335 

3386 

3437 

51 

8 

3487 

3533 

3589 

3639 

3690 

3740 

3791 

3S41 

3S92 

3943 

51 

9 

3993 

4044 

4094 

4145 

4195 

4246 

4296 

4347 

4397 

4448 

51 

860 

93449s 

4549 

4599 

4650 

4700 

4751 

4801 

4852 

4902 

4953 

50 

1 

5003 

5054 

5104 

5154 

5205 

5255 

5306 

5356 

5406 

5457 

50 

2 

5507 

5558 

5603 

5658 

5709 

5759 

5809 

5860 

5910 

5900 

50 

3 

6011 

6061 

6111 

6162 

6212 

6262 

6313 

6363 

6413 

6463 

50 

4 

6514 

6564 

6614 

6605 

6715 

6765 

6815 

6&65 

6916 

6966 

50 

5 

7016 

7066 

7117 

7167 

7217 

7267 

7317 

7367 

74  IS 

7468 

50 

6 

7518 

7568 

7618 

7668 

7718 

7769 

7819 

7869 

7919 

7969 

50 

7 

8019 

8069 

8119 

8169 

8219 

8269 

^20 

&370 

8420 

8470 

50 

& 

8520 

8570 

8620 

8670 

S720 

8770 

8820 

8S70 

8920 

8970 

50 

9 

9020 

9070 

9120 

9170 

9220 

9270 

9320 

9369 

9419 

9469 

50 

870 

939519 

9569 

9619 

9669 

9719 

9769 

9819 

9S69 

9918 

9968 

50 

1 

94001!! 

0068 

Oils 

016s 

0218 

0267 

0317 

0367 

0417 

0467 

50 

2 

05 IH 

0566 

0616 

0666 

0716 

0765 

0815 

0S65 

0915 

0964 

50 

3 

1014 

1064 

1114 

1163 

1213 

1263 

1313 

1362 

1412 

1462 

50 

4 

1511 

15«1 

1611 

1660 

1710 

1760 

1809 

1859 

1909 

1958 

50 

5 

2008 

2058 

2107 

2157 

2207 

2256 

2306 

2355 

2405 

2455 

50 

6 

2504 

2554 

2603 

2653 

2702 

2752 

2S01 

2851 

2901 

2950 

50 

7 

3000 

3049 

3099 

314S 

3198 

3247 

3297 

3346 

3396 

.•M45 

49 

8 

3495 

3544 

3593 

3643 

3692 

3742 

3791 

3841 

3S90 

3939 

49 

9 

3989 

4038 

40SS 

4137 

4186 

4236 

42S5 

4335 

4384 

4433 

49 

880 

944483 

4532 

4581 

4631 

4680 

4729 

4779 

4828 

4877 

4927 

49 

1 

4976 

5025 

5074 

5124 

5173 

5222 

5272 

5321 

5370 

5419 

49 

2 

5469 

551S 

5567 

5616 

5665 

5715 

5764 

5813 

5862 

5912 

49 

3 

5961 

6010 

6059 

6108 

6157 

6207 

6256 

6305 

6354 

6403 

49 

4 

6452 

6501 

6551 

6600 

6649 

669t 

6747 

6796 

6845 

6S94 

49 

5 

6943 

6992 

7041 

7090 

7140 

7189 

7238 

7287 

7336 

7385 

49 

6 

7434 

7483 

7532 

7581 

7630 

7679 

7728 

7777 

7S26 

7875 

49 

7 

7924 

7973 

8022 

8070 

8119 

8168 

8217 

8266 

8315 

8364 

49 

8 

8413 

8^162 

8511 

8560 

8609 

8657 

8706 

8755 

8804 

8853 

49 

9 

8902 

8951 

8999 

90JS 

9097 

9146 

9195 

9244 

9292 

9341 

49 

890 

949390 

9439 

9488 

9536 

9585 

9634 

9683 

9731 

9780 

9829 

49 

1 

987S 

9926 

9975 

0024 

0073 

0121 

0170 

0219 

0267 

0316 

49 

2 

950365 

0414 

0462 

0511 

0560 

0608 

0657 

0706 

0754 

0803 

49 

3 

0851 

0900 

0949 

0997 

1046 

1095 

1143 

1192 

1240 

12b9 

49 

4 

1338 

13S6 

1435 

1483 

1532 

1580 

1629 

1677 

1726 

1775 

49 

5 

1823 

1^72 

1920 

1969 

2017 

2066 

2114 

2163 

2211 

2260 

48 

6 

2308 

2356 

2405 

2453 

2502 

2550 

2599 

2647 

2696 

2744 

43 

7 

2792 

2841 

2S89 

293S 

2986 

3034 

3083 

3131 

3180 

3228 

48 

8 

3276 

3325 

3373 

3421 

3470 

3518 

35b6 

3615 

3663 

3711 

48 

9 

3760 

3808 

3856 

3905 

3953 

4001 

4049 

4098 

4146 

4194 

48 

No. 


Diff. 


M« 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


No.  I 


8 


DUL 


954243 

4291 

4339 

4387 

4435 

4484 

4532 

4580 

4725 

4773 

■  4821 

4>G9 

4918 

4966 

5014 

5062 

5207 

5255 

5:<03 

5351 

5399 

5447 

5495 

5543 

5t  OS 

5736 

5784 

5s32 

58S0 

59'28 

5976 

60-24 

OKiS 

6216 

6265 

6313 

6361 

6409 

6457 

6505 

6(549 

6697 

6745 

6793 

6840 

6888 

6936 

69S4 

7r2b 

7176 

7224 

7272 

7320 

7368 

7416 

7464 

7(i07 

7055 

7703 

7751 

7799 

•7847 

7894 

7942 

60!»6 

bl34 

8181 

8229 

8277 

8325 

h373 

8121 

b5(34 

8612 

8659 

8707 

8755 

8803 

8s50 

8S98 

959041 

90S9 

9137 

9185 

9232 

9280 

9328 

9375 

95  IS 

951)6 

9614 

9tit)l 

9709 

9757 

9S04 

9852 

99;<5 

0042 

0090 

0138 

0185 

0233 

0-280 

03-28 

960471 

05  IS 

0566 

0»j|3 

0661 

0709 

0756 

0S04 

0916 

0994 

1041 

10S9 

1136 

1184 

1-23 1 

1279 

1421 

1469 

1516 

1563 

1611 

1658 

1 706 

1753 

1S95 

1943 

1990 

2038 

2085 

2132 

2180 

2227 

2:i<)9 

2417 

2461 

251 1 

2559 

2606 

2653 

-2701 

2S43 

2S90 

2937 

29s5 

3032 

3079 

3; '26 

3174 

3316 

3363 

3410 

3457 

3504 

3552 

3599 

3646 

9fi37SS 

3s35 

38S2 

3929 

3977 

40-24 

4071 

4118 

42>>0 

4307 

4354 

4401 

4448 

4495 

4542 

4590 

4731 

4778 

4825 

4S72 

4919 

4966 

5(113 

5061 

5202 

5249 

5296 

5343 

5390 

5437 

5484 

5531 

5672 

5719 

5766 

5&I3 

5s»j0 

5907 

5!(54 

6001 

6142 

6189 

6236 

62S3 

6329 

6376 

61-23 

6470 

6611 

6658 

6705 

6752 

6799 

6845 

6^92 

6939 

70S0 

7127 

7173 

7220 

7267 

7314 

7361 

740b 

754  s 

7595 

7642 

76s8 

7735 

77812 

7S-29 

7S75 

8016 

8062 

8109 

8156 

8203 

8-249 

8296 

8343 

96S4S3 

6530 

8576 

8623 

8670 

8716 

I.-..., 

^-0  j 

h950 

S9y6 

9043 

9090 

9130 

9183 

9416 

9163 

9509 

9556 

9602 

9649 

,J 

9SS2 

9928 

9975 

0021 

0068 

0114 

0161 

0<iU7 

970347 

0393 

0440 

04  S6 

0533 
0997 

0579 

0626 

0«)72 

OS  12 

0S5S 

0904 

0951 

1014 

1090 

1137 

1276 

1322 

1369 

1415 

1461 

1508 

15r>4 

1601 

1740 

17S6 

1832 

1879 

19-2.5 

1971 

•2018 

2064 

2203 

2249 

2295 

2342 

2388 

2434 

-^481 

2527 

2666 

2712 

2758 

2804 

•2b51 

2897 

'2943 

29&9 

973128 

3174 

3220 

3266 

3313 

3359 

3405 

3451 

3590 

3636 

3682 

3728 

3774 

3S'20 

3s66 

3913 

4051 

4097 

4143 

41S9 

42r.5 

4281 

4327 

4374 

4512 

4558 

4604 

4650 

4696 

4742 

4-88 

4S34 

49T2 

5018 

5064 

5110 

5156 

5202 

5-248 

5-294 

5432 

5478 

5524 

5570 

5616 

5662 

5707 

5753 

.•seoi 

5937 

5983 

6029 

6075 

6121 

6167 

6212 

6350 

6396 

6442 

64S& 

6533 

6579 

66-25 

6671 

6s0>^ 

6s54 

6900 

6946 

6992 

7037 

70&3 

7129 

7266 

7312 

735S 

7403 

7449 

7495 

7541 

7580 

4628 
5110 
5592 
6072 
6563 
7032 
7512 
7990 
8468 
8946 

9423 
9900 
0376 
0851 
1326 
1801 
2275 
2748 
3221 
3693 
4165 
4637 
5108 
5578 
6U48 
6517 
6986 
7464 
79-22 
8390 

8856 
93-23 
9789 
0-254 
0719 
1183 
1647 
2110 
•2573 
3035 

3497 
3950 
44-20 
48'>0 
5*10 
5799 
6-258 
6717 
7175 
7632 


4677 
5i:i8 
5640 
61-20 
6601 
7080 
7559 
8038 
s.".  1 1) 
8994 
9471 
'.»947 
0423 

08in) 

1374 

1848 

2322 

2795 

3-'i'.S  i 

3741 

4212 
4(W4 
51. ',5 

.v.  J.'; 

6ij;'5 
6.v;i 

7033 
75i)l 
79' 19 
S436 
I  S'.'O'J 

9;i'.9 

9S.f.'> 
031  »0 
071.5 

1 093 
2i:i7 
-2619 
30S2 

3513 
40<j5 
44'>3 
4926 
53.s«j 
5845 

67'j3 
7220 
7678 


VOL 


LOGARITHMS    OF    NUMBERS. 


517 


No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

' 

« 

Diff. 

950 

977724 

7769 

7815 

7861 

7906 

7952 

7998 

8043 

8089 

8135 

46 

1 

8181 

8226 

8272 

8317 

8363 

8409 

84.54 

8500 

8.546 

8,'->9l 

46 

2 

8637 

8683 

872» 

8774 

8819 

8>65 

8911 

8956 

9002 

91 '4  7 

46 

3 

9093 

9138 

9184 

9230 

9275 

932! 

9366 

9412 

94.57 

9503 

46 

4 

9.')4S 

9.594 

9639 

9685 

9730 

9776 

9821 

9b67 

9912 

9y.'i8 

46 

5 

9S0003 

0049 

0094 

0140 

0185 

02(1 

0276 

0322 

03(57 

0412 

45 

6 

Oir)8 

0.503 

0.549 

0.594 

0640 

06M5 

0730 

0776 

0821 

0867 

45 

7 

0912 

0957 

1003 

1048 

1093 

1139 

1184 

1229 

1275 

1320 

45 

8 

1366 

14U 

14.56 

1.501 

1.547 

1.592 

1637 

1(583 

1728 

1773 

45 

9 

1819 

1864 

1909 

19.54 

2000 

2045 

2090 

2135 

2181 

2226 

45 

960 

9S2271 

2316 

2362 

2407 

2452 

2497 

2.543 

2588 

2633 

2678 

45 

1 

2723 

2769 

2814 

2'^.59 

2904 

2!)49 

2994 

3040 

30b5 

3130 

45 

2 

31 7.-1 

3220 

3265 

3310 

3356 

3401 

3446 

3491 

3->36 

3r,J>l 

45 

3 

3()26 

3671 

3716 

3762 

.3N07 

3.'552 

38'.  7 

3942 

39s7 

4032 

45 

4 

4077 

4122 

4167 

4212 

42.57 

4.302 

43)7 

4392 

4437 

4482 

45 

5 

4527 

4572 

4617 

4062 

4707 

4752 

4797 

4842 

4S87 

4932 

45 

6 

4977 

5022 

5067 

5112 

5157 

5202 

5247 

5292 

5337 

5382 

45 

7 

r>426 

5471 

5516 

5561 

560(1 

.5651 

5696 

5741 

57b0 

6b30 

45 

8 

r)87.''i 

5920 

5965 

6010 

60.55 

6100 

6144 

6189 

6234 

6279 

45 

9 

6324 

6369 

6413 

6458 

6.503 

6518 

6593 

6637 

66S2 

6727 

4.'} 

970 

986772 

6817 

6861 

6906 

6951 

699(5 

7040 

7085 

71.30 

7175 

45 

1 

7219 

7264 

7309 

7353 

7398 

7443 

7488 

7532 

7577 

7(522 

45 

2 

7666 

7711 

77.56 

7800 

7845 

7890 

7934 

7979 

8024 

8068 

45 

3 

8113 

8157 

8202 

b247 

15291 

b336 

83'5l 

8425 

8470 

8514 

45 

4 

8.')r)9 

8604 

«64S 

8693 

8737 

8782 

882(5 

!5871 

8916 

8960 

45 

5 

9005 

9049 

9094 

9138 

9183 

9227 

9272 

9316 

9.361 

9405 

45 

6 

9450 

9494 

9539 

9583 

9(528 

9672 

9717 

9761 

9^06 

9850 

44 

7 

9895 

9939 

99b3 

0028 

0072 

0117 

0161 

0206 

0250 

0294 

44 

8 

990339 

0383 

0428 

0472 

0516 

0561 

0605 

0050 

0(594 

0738 

44 

9 

0783 

0h27 

0871 

0916 

0960 

1004 

1049 

1093 

1137 

1182 

44 

980 

991226 

1270 

1315 

13.59 

1403 

1448 

1492 

1536 

1580 

1625 

44 

I 

1669 

1713 

1758 

1802 

1846 

1890 

1935 

1979 

2023 

2067 

44 

2 

2111 

2156 

2200 

2244 

2288 

2333 

2377 

2421 

2465 

25i)9 

44 

3 

25.54 

2598 

2642 

2086 

2730 

2774 

2819 

2»63 

2907 

2951 

44 

4 

2995 

3039 

30b3 

3127 

3172 

3216 

3260 

3304 

3318 

3392 

44 

5 

3436 

34  SO 

3.524 

3568 

3613 

3657 

3701 

3745 

3789 

3833 

44 

6 

3877 

3921 

3965 

4009 

40.53 

4097 

4141 

4185 

4229 

4273 

44 

7 

4317 

4361 

4405 

4449 

4493 

4537 

45M 

4625 

4669 

4713 

44 

8 

4757 

4801 

4845 

4S89 

4933 

4977' 

5021 

5065 

5108 

51.52 

44 

9 

5196 

5240 

5284 

532!3 

5372 

5416 

5460 

5504 

.5.547 

5.591 

44 

990 

995635 

5679 

5723 

5767 

5811 

5854 

5S9S 

.5942 

5986 

6030 

44 

1 

6074 

6117 

6161 

6205 

6249 

6293 

6337 

6380 

6424 

6468 

44 

2 

6512 

65.55 

6599 

6643 

6(i87 

6731 

6774 

6818 

6862 

6906 

44 

3 

6949 

6993 

7037 

70S0 

7)24 

7I6« 

7212 

7255 

7299 

7343 

44 

4 

7386 

7430 

7474 

7517 

7'i61 

7605 

7648 

7692 

7736 

7779 

44 

5 

7823 

7S67 

7910 

79.54 

799s 

8041 

8085 

8129 

8172 

8216 

44 

6 

8259 

8303 

8347 

8390 

8434 

8477 

8.521 

8564 

8608 

8652 

44 

7 

8695 

8739 

8782 

8826 

8869 

8913 

8956 

9000 

9043 

9087 

44 

8 

9131 

9174 

9218 

9261 

9305 

9348 

9392 

9435 

9479 

9.522 

44 

9 

9565 

9609 

9652 

9696 

9739 

y783 

9826 

9870 

9913 

9957 

43 

No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1   ^ 

1  Diff. 

618 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Table  of  NaturcU  Sines  and  Tangents. 


Deg. 

Min. 

Sine. 

Tangent. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Bine. 

Tangent. 

0 

10 

00290H9 

00'29089 

12 

30 

2164396 

2216047 

ir. 

0043«:J3 

0043634 

45 

220«i974 

•2262769 

3lJ 

Oas7ifi5 

00b 7269 

13 

00 

2-2495 11 

230b682 

45 

oi;u)S9« 

0130907 

15 

V!29-20U4 

'2:i.'>46h7 

1 

(K) 

0174521 

0174.551 

30 

2334454 

'2iWl7b.S 

ir» 

0*21  Hi  4y 

0210-201 

45 

237.te.'»9 

'2l469b4 

30 

0'2t»17<i9 

0261b59 

14 

00 

2419219 

'249.T2bO 

45 

03053»5 

0305528 

15 

2461533 

•253^*676 

2 

00 

0niSft95 

0349208 

M 

2503800 

•2.\S6176 

15 

03y'25l>» 

039-2901 

45 

2546019 

•2<'t.1-27»0 

30 

043>il94 

0436609 

15 

00 

2588190 

2679492 

45 

04797SI 

04<>03:)4 

15 

2630312 

■  ■""•  ■'  ( ''. 

3 

OU 

0.523360 

0524078 

30 

267-2384 

15 

050«9*28 

0567b4l 

45 

2714404 

30 

Of)104H5 

0611626 

16 

00 

2756374 

^xr.itA 

4:. 

0«5.'>403l 

0655433 

15 

27Vto2tfO 

WMIU 

4 

00 

0t)975Ch5 

069y2t)8 

30 

2840153 

'  "■'' 

15 

07410S5 

07431-28 

45 

2881963 

31 » 

07s4.'i9l 

07>70I7 

17 

UO 

2W23717 

45 

0^•2^0f^•2 

0b30936 

15 

2905416 

3i<>'>(jka 

-6 

00 

0S715.')7 

Ub74bb7 

no 

3007UdH 

31.''',»9NS 

15 

0yi.5(H») 

091bb71 

45 

3048643 

3it 

0'.t5s45>» 

090-2b90 

18 

00 

3090170 

45 

l(»(tl^bl 

10(Hi947 

13 

3131636 

6 

00 

1(»45'2n5 

10.')  1042 

30 

3173U47 

15 

l(l>>MSt><» 

109.M7S 

43 

32t43M 

30 

1132«.'ja 

1139350 

10 

00 

3255682 

45 

117.5374 

I lb3578 

15 

32(I0M6 

7 

00 

r21t>.i93 

1227b46 

30 

3338069 

15 

r2fi|*'0 

1272161 

45 

3379167 

30 

130.5-2»V2 

131  (35-25 

ao 

00 

3420201 

% 

45 

134S')09 

1360940 

15 

3461171 

00 

1391731 

140.5408 

30 

33IRJ014 

15 

143li42»5 

1449931 

45 

3542910 

3(1 

1I7S091 

1494510 

21 

00 

35t»3670 

45 

1.5-21  ..'34 

1. '"•■<"'  17 

IS 

3624380 

.,--  .     .  :., 

9 

00 

1.564.345 

1:-   -;; 

30 

366-5012 

3HW106 

15 

lf!074-2rt 

1.,.-.  ,, 

45 

3705574 

fW«<»fr9ft 

30 

16.51(476 

l')734-20 

1    22 

00 

3746066 

45 

1693495 

17lb3l4 

1 
1 

15 

3786486 

10 

00 

17364S2 

1763-270 

1 

30 

3826^34 

15 

1779435 

lNib-295 

45 

>«7110 

30 

lb-2'23^5 

Iv^^-'ftW 

23 

00 

3907311 

45 

lN)5-240 

1       1>9>5.'»9 

IS 

3047430 

11 

00 

190«>090 

1     I9i:{yt3 

30 

3987401 

15 

19.50903 

]       ]'.*•>'.»  124 

45 

4027467 

30 

1993679 

1       20:j4.''.23 

24 

00 

4067366 

45 

20364IS 

20^(>(t03 

IS 

4107189 

.      .    .  _ 

tt 

00 

2079117 

2r2.V.66 

30 

4146032 

4557-263 

15 

2121777 

2171213 

' 

45 

1     4186507 

4610063 

NATURAL   SINES    AND   TANGENTS. 


519 


Table  of  Natural  Sines  and  Tangents — Continued. 


Deg. 

Min. 

Sine. 

Tangent. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Sine. 

Tangent. 

25 

00 

4226183 

4663077 

50 

00 

7660444 

11917.536 

30 

4305111 

4769755 

30 

7716246 

12130970 

26 

00 

43S3711 

4877.326 

51 

00 

77714b0 

1234b972 

30 

4461978 

49S5S16 

30 

7826082 

12571723 

27 

00 

4539905 

509.5254 

52 

00 

7880108 

12799416 

30 

4617486 

520.''.671 

30 

7933533 

13032254 

28 

00 

4694716 

5317094 

53 

00 

7986355 

13270448 

30 

4771588 

5429557 

30 

8038569 

13514224 

29 

00 

4848096 

5543091 

54 

00 

8090170 

1376.3819 

30 

4924236 

5657728 

30 

8141155 

14019483 

30 

00 

5000000 

5773503 

55 

00 

8191520 

142i3l480 

30 

50753b4 

5891)4.50 

30 

8241262 

14550090 

31 

00 

5150381 

600NG06 

56 

00 

8290376 

14825610 

30 

5224986 

6128008 

30 

8338858 

15108352 

32 

00 

5299193 

62|sr,!)4 

57 

00 

838h706 

15398ri50 

30 

5372996 

6370703 

30 

8433914 

15696856 

33 

00 

5446390 

6494076 

58 

00 

&4b0481 

16003315 

30 

5519370 

6618'556 

30 

8.526402 

163KS517 

34 

00 

5591929 

6745085 

59 

00 

8571673 

16642795 

30 

5664062 

6S72810 

30 

6616292 

1097<)t)31 

35 

00 

5735764 

7002075 

60 

00 

8660254 

17320508 

30 

5807030 

71.32931 

61 

00 

8746197 

18040478 

36 

00 

5s77s53 

7265425 

62 

00 

8829476 

18807265 

30 

594S22S 

7399611 

63 

00 

8910065 

I962H105 

37 

00 

6018150 

7.535.54 1 

64 

00 

8987940 

2050303S 

30 

60S76H 

7673270 

65 

00 

9063078 

2144.5069 

38 

00 

6156615 

7bl2s.56 

66 

00 

91354.55 

22460368 

30 

0225146 

7954359 

67 

00 

9205049 

23558524 

39 

00 

6293204 

8097N40 

68 

00 

9271839 

24750869 

30 

6360782 

8243364 

69 

00 

933.5804 

26050891 

40 

00 

6427»76 

8390996 

70 

00 

9396926 

27474774 

30 

6494480 

8.54  0b07 

71 

00 

94.55186 

29042109 

41 

00 

6r)60590 

S692«(i7 

72 

00 

9510.565 

30770835 

30 

6626200 

8S  4  72.53 

73 

00 

9:6.3048 

32708526 

42 

00 

6691306 

9004040 

74 

00 

96 126 1 7 

34874144 

30 

6755902 

91*13312 

75 

00 

9659258 

37.320508 

43 

00 

6>^199S4 

9325151 

76 

00 

9702957 

40107S09 

30 

68S3546 

9489646 

77 

00 

974.3701 

4.331 4759 

44 

00 

6946584 

96568NS 

78 

00 

9781476 

4704f;301 

30 

7009093 

9826973 

79 

00 

9816272 

51445540 

45 

00 

7071068 

10000000 

80 

00 

984S078 

.56712818 

30 

7132504 

1017f;()74 

81 

00 

987(ibS3 

63137515 

46 

00 

7193398 

103.55303 

82 

00 

99026S1 

7115«)97 

30 

7253744 

10.537»01 

83 

00 

992.5462 

8144.3464 

47 

00 

7313537 

107236^7 

84 

00 

9945219 

95143645 

30 

7372773 

10913ns5 

85 

00 

9961947 

114300520 

48 

00 

7431448 

11 1061 25 

86 

00 

9975641 

143006(V)0 

30 

7489557 

11302944 

87  • 

00 

99Sr.295 

190811370 

49 

00 

7547096 

11503684 

88 

00 

9993908 

2863r,2ri30 

30 

7604060 

1 170^^496 

89 

00 

999^>477 

572S99620 

520 


ORDNANCE  MANUAL. 

LooARiTHMS  Sine. 


JKAl 


8.241»6 
8.64281 
8.71880 
8.8-1368 
8.04029 
9.011'23 
9.085S9 
9.U366 
9. 194. {8 
9.2;59fi7 
9.28069 
9.:U7S7 
9..S6208 

9.41299 
9.44033 
9.48693 
0.48998 
9.61264 
9.53406 
9.55432 
9.57.367 
9.591S7 
9.60931 
9.62694 
9.64IS4 
9.66704 
9.67160 
9.68667 
9.69897 
9. 71 1  S3 
9.72421 
9.73610 
9.74766 
9.75869 
9.76921 
9.77946 
9.78934 
9.79SS7 
9.80806 


lO* 


7.46372 
8.30879 
8.67766 
8.74226 
8.86128 
8.96440 
9.03108 
9.09606 
9.16249 
9.20223 
9.24677 

9.28704 
9.32378 
9.36762 
9.38871 
9.41768 
9.44472 
9.47004 
9.493S6 
9.51629 
9.53760 

9.55760 
9.57668 
9.69484 
9.61214 
9.62861 
9.61442 
9.66951 
9.67397 
9.6H7R1 
9.70116 

9.71.393 
9.7:'f>22 
9.73.S04 
9.74942 
9.76039 
9.77096 
9.78113 
9.79096 
y.S0042 
9.S0966 


9.81694 

9.81839 

9.82551 

9.82691 

9.83378 

9.83613 

9.84177 

9.84;i07 

9/ 


7.26475 
8.. 36677 
8.60973 
8.76461 
8.87828 
8.96824 
9.04262 
9.10699 
9.16116 
9 . 20999 
9.25376 
9.29.3.39 
9.. 32959 
9.36288 
9.39:!6S 
9.42231 
9.44906 
9.47411 
9. 49768 
9.61991 
9.54093 

9.66086 
9.57977 
9. .69778 
9.61494 
9.63132 
9.61698 
9.66197 
9.67632 
9 . 69009 
9.70331 


ao* 


7.94084 
8.41791 

8.63968 
8.7S667 
8.89464 
8.98167 
9.06385 
9.11669 
9.16970 
9.21760 
9.26063 

9.29966 
9.3:i;>33 
9.. 368 18 
9.3'.tH60 
9.42689 
9.463.34 
9.47814 
9.60147 
9.62.349 
9.54432 

9.66407 
9.68284 
9.60070 
9.61772 

y.633yH 

9.649.-.2 
9.66410 
9.67866 
9.69233 
9.70646 


40" 


8.06677 
8.46366 
8.6676H 
8.80.''.S6 
8.91040 
8.99449 
9.064S0 
9.12.MS 
9.17S07 
9.22.'i09 
9.267.39 
9.306S1 
9.340y9 
9.37341 
9.40346 
9.43142 
9.46768 
9.48212 
9.60623 
9.62704 
9.64768 

9.56726 
9.68687 
9 . 60369 
9.62048 
9.(>3rt02 
9 . 6.'.206 
9.666«2 
9.6soy8 
9.61*466 
9.70760 


W 


my 


iV 


9 

71601 

9 

71 80S 

9 

72014 

9 

72h22 

9 

7.i0*.M 

9 

7;5219 

9 

73997 

9 

74188 

9 

74379 

9 

76128 

9 

76.;  12 

V 

76496 

9 

76217 

9 

76396 

9 

76672 

9 

77267 

9 

77438 

9 

77609 

<l 

78279 

9 

7S444 

9 

78608 

y 

79266 

9 

79416 

9 

79573 

<j 

80197 

9 

80361 

9 

80603 

9 

81106 

9 

S1264 

9 

81401 

9 

819S3 

9 

82126 

9 

82268 

9 

82830 

9 

82968 

9 

83105 

9 

83C47 

9 

837^1 

9 

83914 

9 

84437 

9 

84666 

9 

84694 

40' 

ao' 

» 

8.16268 
8.. 60504 
8.69399 
8.82613 
8.92660 
9.00704 
9.07648 
9.13447 
9.18628 
9.2.3244 
9.27404 


.31189 
,34667 
.37867 
.40826 
,43690 
,46178 
,48607 
,60896 
,63066 
,66102 


9.67043 
t. 58889 
9.60646 
9.62322 
9.6.3924 
9.66466 
9.66922 
9.68328 
9.69677 
9.70773 

9.72218 
9.7.3416 
9.74668 
9.76678 
9.76747 
9.7T778 
9.78772 
9.797.30 
9.80665 
9.81548 

9.82410 
9.83242 
9.84«45 
9.84831 


UK 


W 


8.2418.') 
8.54281 
8.71880 
8.84.358 
8.94029 
9.01923 
9.08689 
9.14366 
9.19433 
9.23967 
9.28069 

9.31787 
9.36208 
9.38367 
9.41299 
9.440.33 
9.46693 


89 
88 
87 
8« 
85 
84 
83 
82 
81 
80 
79 
78 
77 
76 
75 
74 
78 


9.6a432-|i  69 


9.67367 
9.69IH7 
9. 609.il 
9.62694 
9.(inH4 
9.(J6704 
9.07160 
9.0K667 
9.C9897 
9.7118.3 


68 
67 
f'.6 
65 
64 
r,:5 
62 
r,\ 
no 

69 


9..H4177       40 
9.H4948  ,.  46 


LtWAursa  OoanL 


LOGARITHMS    OF    SINES. 
LooARiTRMB  Sine. 


521 


tab 

0' 

10' 

9.86074 

20' 
9.85199 

30' 

40' 

50' 

60' 

Q 

45 

9.84948 

9 . 85324 

9.85448 

9.85571 

9.85693 

44 

46 

9.85693 

9.86815 

9.85936 

9.86056 

9.86176 

9.86294 

9.86412 

43 

47 

9.86412 

9.865.30 

9.86647 

9.86763 

9.86878 

9.86993 

9.87107 

42 

48 

9.87107 

9.87220 

9.87333 

9.87445 

9.87557 

9.87667 

9.87778 

41 

49 

9.87778 

9.87887 

9.87996 

9.88104 

9.88212 

9.88319 

9.88425 

40 

50 

9.88425 

9.88531 

9.88636 

9.88740 

9.88844 

9.88947 

9.89050 

39 

51 

9.89050 

9.89152 

9.89253 

9.89364 

9.89454 

9.89564 

9.89653 

38 

52 

9.89653 

9.89751 

9.89849 

9. 8994 6 

9.90043 

9.90139 

9.90234 

37 

53 

9.90234 

9.90329 

9.90424 

9.90617 

9.90611 

9.90703 

9.90795 

36 

64 

9.90795 

9.90887 

9.90978 

9.91068 

9.91168 

9.91247 

9.91.336 

35 

55 

9.91336 

9.91424 

9.91512 

9.94699 

9.91686 

9.91771 

9.91857 

34 

56 

9.91857 

9.91942 

9.92026 

9.92110 

9.92194 

9.92276 

9.92369 

33 

57 

9.92359 

9.92440 

9.92522 

9.92602 

9.92683 

9.92762 

9.92842 

32 

58 

9.92842 

9.92920 

9.92998 

9.93076 

9.93153 

9.93230 

9.93.306 

31 

59 

9.95306 

9.93382 

9.93457 

9.93632 

9.93606 

9.9.3679 

9.93763 

30 

60 

9.93753 

9.93825 

9.93898 

9.93969 

9.94040 

9.94111 

9.94181 

29 

61 

9.94181 

9.94251 

9.94321 

9.94389 

9.94458 

9.94526 

9.94693 

28 

62 

9.94593 

9.94660 

9.94726 

9.94792 

9.94858 

9.94923 

9.94988 

27 

63 

9.94988 

9.95052 

9.95115 

9.96179 

9.96241 

9.95304 

9.95366 

26 

64 

9.95366 

9.95427 

9.95488 

9.96548 

9.95608 

9.95668 

9.95727 

25 

65 

9.95727 

9.95786 

9.95844 

9.95902 

9.95959 

9.96016 

9.96073 

24 

66 

9.96073 

9.96129 

9.96184 

9.96239 

9.96294 

9.96348 

9.96402 

23 

67 

9.96402 

9.96466 

9.96509 

9.96561 

9.96613 

9.96665 

9.96716 

22 

68 

9.96716 

9.96767 

9.96817 

9.96867 

9.96917 

9.96966 

9.97015 

21 

69 

9.97015 

9.97063 

9.97111 

9.97168 

9.97205 

9.97252 

9.97298 

20 

70 

9.97298 

9.97344 

9.97389 

9.97434 

9.97479 

9.97523 

9.97567 

19 

71 

9.97667 

9.97610 

9.97653 

9.97695 

9.97737 

9.97779 

9.97820 

18 

72 

9.97820 

9.97861 

9.97901 

9.97942 

9.97981 

9.98020 

9.98069 

17 

73 

9.98059 

9.98098 

9.98136 

9.98173 

9.98210 

9.98247 

9.98284 

16 

74 

9.98284 

9.98320 

9.98365 

9.98391 

9.98425 

9.98460 

9.98494 

15 

75 

9-98494 

9.98528 

9.98561 

9.98594 

9.98626 

9.98658 

9.98690 

14 

76 

9.98690 

9.98721 

9.98752 

9.98783 

9.98813 

9.98843 

9.98872 

13 

77 

9.98872 

9.98901 

9.9S930 

9.9S968 

9.98986 

9.99013 

9.99040 

12 

78 

9.99040 

9.99067 

9.99093 

9.99119 

9.99144 

9.99169 

9.99194 

11 

79 

9.99194 

9.99219 

9.99243 

9.99266 

9.99289 

9.99312 

9.99335 

10 

&0 

9.99335 

9.99367 

9.99378 

9.99400 

9.99421 

9.99441 

9.99462 

9 

81 

9.99462 

9.99481 

9.99601 

9.99520 

9.99539 

9.99567 

9.99576 

8 

82 

9.99576 

9.99692 

9.99610 

9.99626 

9.99643 

9.99669 

9.99675 

7 

83 

9.99675 

9.99690 

9.99705 

9.99719 

9.99734 

9.99748 

9.99761 

6 

84 

9.99761 

9.99774 

9.99787 

9.99799 

9.99811 

9.99823 

9.99834 

5 

85 

9.99834 

9.99845 

9.99866 

9.99866 

9.99876 

9.99886 

9.99894 

4 

86 

9.99894 

9.99902 

9.99911 

9.99918 

9.99926 

9.99933 

9.99940 

3 

87 

9.99940 

9.99946 

9.99952 

9.99968 

9.99964 

9.99968 

9.99973 

2 

88 

9.99973 

9.99977 

9.99981 

9.99985 

9.99988 

9.99991 

9.99993 

1 

89 

9.99993 

9.99996 

9.99997 

9.99998 
30' 

9.99999 

9.99999 

0' 

0 

e 

P 

W 

50' 

40' 

20' 

10' 

bb 

LooARiTHM  Cosine. 


522 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


L0OARITRM8  TAltSBKT. 


1 

0' 

10' 

•ay 

ay 

40* 

60' 

80' 

1 

0 

7.46372 

7.76476 

7.94085 

8.06580 

8.16272 

8.24192 

89 

I 

8.24192 

8.30888 

8.. 36689 

8.41806 

8.46384 

8.50526 

8.54308 

8 

1 

8.64308 

8.67787 

8.61009 

8.64009 

8.66816 

8.69452 

8.719.39 

8 

8 

8.71939 

8.74292 

8.76524 

8.78648 

8.80674 

8.82610 

8.84464 

80 

4 

8.84464 

8.86243 

8.87952 

8.89598 

8.91184 

8.92715 

N. 94195 

86 

6 

8.94195 

8.95626 

8.97013 

8.98.357 

8.09662 

9.00929 

9.02162 

84 

« 

9.n21«2 

9.03360 

9.04528 

9.05665 

9.06775 

9.07857 

9.08914 

83 

7 

9.08914 

9.09946 

9.10955 

9.11942 

9.12908 

9.13854 

9.14780 

83 

8 

9.14780 

9.15687 

9.16577 

9.17449 

9.18305 

9.19146 

9.19971 

81 

0 

9.19971 

9.20781 

9.21578 

9.22360 

9.23130 

9.23887 

9.24631 

80 

10 

9.24631 

9.25364 

9.26086 

9.26796 

9.27496 

9.28185 

9.28863 

7» 

11 

9.28865 

9.29534 

9.30195 

9.30846 

9.3148S 

9. .32122 

9.. 32747 

78 

IS 

9.32747 

9.33364 

9.. 33973 

9.. 34575 

9.35169 

9.35756 

9.. 36336 

'77 

18 

9.36336 

9.36909 

9.37475 

9.. 38035 

9.38588 

9. .39136 

9.39677 

76 

14 

9.39677 

9.40212 

9.40741 

9.41265 

9.41784 

9.42297 

9.42s(t.S 

75 

lA 

9.42805 

9.43308 

9.43805 

9.44298 

9.447S7 

9.45270 

9.4:.:  :  ■ 

.  1 

16 

9.45749 

9.46224 

9.46694 

9.47160 

9.47622 

9.4'<i>>'0 

9.4- 

17 

9.48533 

9.48983 

9.49429 

9.49872 

9.50310 

9.50746 

9.511,  , 

1  * 

18 

9.51177 

9.51605 

9.52030 

9.52452 

9.52H70 

9.53285 

9.5.3697 

71 

1« 

9.53697 

9.54106 

9.54511 

9.54914 

9.55314 

9.55712 

9.56106 

70 

SO 

9.56106 

9.56498 

9.56887 

9.57273 

9.57657 

9.58038 

9.58417 

|6g 

81 

9.58417 

9.68794 

9.59168 

9.595.39 

9.59909 

9.60276 

9.60641 

68 

ss 

9.60641 

9.61003 

9.61.364 

9.61722 

9.62078 

9.62-133 

9.627M5 

67 

ss 

9.62785 

9.63135 

9.63483 

9.63,s30 

9.64174 

9.64517 

9.64H.,h 

66 

S4 

9.64858 

9.65197 

9.65534 

9.65S7(I 

9.6«204 

9.e,r,'-- 

,.  ,. .  .- 

(■  ■ 

S6 

9.66867 

9.67196 

9.67523 

9.67849 

9.6M74 

9.6-  . 

S6 

9.68818 

9.6l»138 

9.69456 

9.69773 

9.7ltO'>9 

9.71  i 

S7 

9.70716 

9.71028 

9.71.^38 

9.71647 

9.71955 

9.722fi2 

9.7:' 

» 

9.72567 

9.72871 

9.73174 

9.73476 

9.73777 

9.74076 

9.71 

t9 

9.74374 

9.74672 

9.74968 

9.75264 

9.7555H 

9.758il 

9.7<.i 

SO 

9.76143 

9.76435 

9.76725 

9.77014 

9.77:'.o:t 

9.77.'-9o 

9.77 

SI 

9.77677 

9.78163 

9.78447 

9.7: - 

...  . 

ss 

9.79578 

9.7i»859 

9.80139 

9.^ 

ss 

9.81251 

9.81527 

9.81803 

9.>:  . 

S4 

9.82898 

9.83170 

9.83442 

9.837 la 

S5 

9.84522 

9.84791 

9.85«.')9 

9.»*.'»:^2« 

86 

9.86126 

9.8(5:191 

9.- 

sr 

9.87711 

9.S7974 

9.- 

88 

9.89281 

9. 895 11 

9.^,   . 

1 

89 

9.90836 

9.91<iy:« 

9.9i:<:.2 

9.91010 

40 

9.92381 

9.926.S- 

9.92^94 

9.93149 

41 

9.93916 

9.94171 

9.94497 

9.946M) 

9.949.16 

9.96lHy 

9.9... 

4S 

9.96443 

9.95697 

9.95926 

9.96205   9.964J!> 

9.96712 

9 . '.»' 

48 

9.96965 

9.97218 

9.97471 

9.97725   9.97U7M 

9.98230 

44 

9.98484 

9.98736 

9.989S9 

9.99242 

9.99494 

9.99747 

'~ 

! 

Vf 

W 

40' 

30' 

V 

W 

V 

i 

LoftAI 

IRES  Coujn 

un. 

LOGARITHMS    OF   TANGENTS. 

LOOARITRMS  TaNOKNT. 


523 


!^ 

S" 

c 

0' 

10' 

20' 

30' 

40' 

50' 

60' 

O 

45 

0.00000 

0.00252 

0.00505 

0.00758 

0.01010 

0.01263 

0.01616 

44 

46 

0.01516 

0.01769 

0.02022 

0.02275 

0.02528 

0.02781 

0.03034 

43 

47 

0.03034 

0.03287 

0.03541 

0.03794 

0.04048 

0.04302 

0.04566 

42 

48 

0.04556 

0.04810 

0.05064 

0.05319 

0.05573 

0.05828 

0.06083 

41 

49 

0.06083 

0.06339 

0.06594 

0.06850 

0.07106 

0.07362 

0.07618 

40 

50 

0.07618 

0.07875 

0.08132 

0.08389 

0.08647 

0.08904 

0.09163 

39 

51 

0.09163 

0.09421 

0.09680 

0.09939 

0.10199 

0.10458 

0.10716 

38 

62 

0.10719 

0.10979 

0.11240 

0.11502 

0.11763 

0.12025 

0.12288 

37 

53 

0.12288 

0.12551 

0.12815 

0.13079 

0.13343 

0.13608 

0.13873 

36 

54 

0.1.3873 

0.14139 

0.14406 

0.14673 

0.14940 

0.16208 

0.15477 

35 

66 

0.15477 

0.15746 

0.16016 

0.16286 

0.16557 

0.16829 

0.17101 

34 

56 

0.17101 

0.17374 

0.17647 

0.17921 

0.18196 

0.18472 

0.18748 

33 

57 

0.18748 

0.19025 

0.19302 

0.19581 

0.19860 

0.20140 

0.20421 

32 

58 

0.20421 

0.20702 

0.20984 

0.21268 

0.21562 

0.21836 

0.22122 

31 

59 

0.22122 

0.22409 

0.22696 

0.22985 

0.23274 

0.23664 

0.23856 

30 

60 

0.23856 

0.24148 

0.24441 

0.24735 

0.26031 

0.25327 

0.26624 

29 

61 

0.25624 

0.25923 

0.26222 

0.26523 

0.26825 

0.27128 

0.27432 

28 

62 

0.27432 

0.27737 

0.28044 

0.28352 

0.28661 

'0.28971 

0.29283 

27 

63 

0.29283 

0.29596 

0.29910 

0.30226 

0.30543 

0.30861 

0.31181 

26 

64 

0.31181 

0.31503 

0.31826 

0.32150 

0.32476 

0.32803 

0.. 33132 

25 

65 

0.. 331 32 

0.33463 

0.33796 

0.34129 

0.34465 

0.34802 

0.35141 

24 

66 

0.35141 

0.35482 

0.35825 

0.36169 

0.36516 

0.36864 

0.37214 

23 

67 

0.37214 

0.37567 

0.37921 

0.38277 

0.38635 

0.38996 

0.39359 

22 

68 

0.39359 

0.39723 

0.40090 

0.40460 

0.40831 

0.41206 

0.41582 

21 

69 

0.41682 

0.41961 

0.42342 

0.42726 

0.43112 

0.43501 

0.43893 

20 

70 

0.43893 

0.44287 

0.44685 

0.45086 

0.45488 

0.45893 

0.46302 

19 

71 

0.46302 

0.46714 

0.47129 

0.47548 

0.47969 

0.48394 

0.48822 

18 

72 

0.48822 

0.49254 

0.49689 

0.50127 

0.50570 

0.51016 

0.61466 

17 

73 

0.514()() 

0.51919 

0.52377 

0.52839 

0.53305 

0.53775 

0.54250 

16 

74 

0.54250 

0.54729 

0.55213 

0.55701 

0.56194 

0.56692 

0.57194 

15 

75 

0.57194 

0.57702 

0.58215 

0.58734 

0.59268 

0.59787 

0.60322 

14 

76 

0.60322 

0.60864 

0.61411 

0.61964 

0.62524 

0.63090 

0.63663 

13 

77 

0.63663 

0.64243 

0.64830 

0.65424 

0.66026 

0.66635 

0.67252 

12 

78 

0.67252 

0.67877 

0.68511 

0.69153 

0.69804 

0.70465 

0.71134 

11 

79 

0.71134 

0.71S14 

0 . 72503 

0.73203 

0.73913 

0.74635 

0.75368 

10 

SO 

0.75368 

0.76112 

0.76869 

0.77639 

0.78422 

0.79218 

0.80028 

9 

SI 

0.S0028 

0.80853 

0.81694 

0.82550 

0.8,3422 

0.84312 

0.85219 

8 

S2 

0.85219 

0.86145 

0.87091 

0.88067 

0.89044 

0.90053 

0.91085 

7 

S3 

0.91085 

0.92142 

0.93224 

0.94334 

0.95471 

0.96639 

0.97838 

6 

84 

0.97838 

0.99070 

1.00337 

1.01642 

1.02986 

1.04373 

1.05804 

5 

So 

1.05804 

1.07284 

1.08815 

1.10401 

1.12047 

1.13756 

1.16535 

4 

86 

1.15535 

1.173S9 

1.19325 

1.21351 

1.23475 

1.25707 

1.28060 

3 

S7 

1.28060 

1.30547 

1.33184 

1.35990 

1.38990 

1.42212 

1.45691 

2 

88 

1.45691 

1.49473 

1.53615 

1.58193 

1.63310 

1.69111 

1.75807 

1 

S9 

1.75807 
60' 

1.83727 

1.93419 

2.05914 

2.23623 

2.63627 

0' 

0 

50' 

40' 

30' 

20' 

10' 

bb 

n 

LODARITHM  COTANOBNT. 


ADDENDA. 


« 


RIFLE  GUNS. 


Very  little  has  been  said  in  this  Manual  relative  to  the  Rifle  guns,  or  their  ammu- 
nition, which  have  been  in  use  during  the  existing  war.  Of  all  the  calibres  thus 
far  tried,  the  2J-in.  Mountain  Rifle,  the  .3-in.  field  piece,  and  the  4.62  siege  piece 
only,  have  been  incorporated  into  the  service  calibres.  It  is  more  than  probable, 
however,  that  even  these  last  will  be  superseded  by  the  10-pdr.,  20-pdr.,  and  30-pdr. 
Rifled  guns  of  Mr.  Parrott,  which,  with  their  peculiar  ammunition,  have  given 
very  good  results  in  the  field.  A  number  of  them  have,  accordingly,  been  directed 
to  be  fabricated. 

The  Whitworth  breeeh-loading  Rifle  cannon,  of  which  half  a  dozen  are  in  service, 
is  steel,  with  a  wrought-iron  band  at  the  breech.  The  breech  screws  off  and  works 
in  a  collar  turning  on  a  hinge.  The  calibre  of  the  inscribed  circle  is  2.71  inches. 
The  sides  of  the  hexagon  have  one  turn  in  il^  /net.  The  projectile  is  a  hexagonal 
prismoid  in  form. 

Table  of  Dimensions  of  the  Parrott  and  Whitworth  Guns. 


Principal  Dimensions  op 


30-i)dr. 


20-pdr. 


lO-pdr. 


Whit- 
worth. 


Diameter  of  bore 

True  windage 

Length  of  bore 

Length  of  bore  in  diameters 

"      from  rear  of  base  ring  to  face  of  muzzle. 

Whole  length  of  the  piece 

Semi-diameter  of  base  ring 

"  •  of  swell  of  muzzle 

Distance  between  these  semi-diameters 

Distance  from  rear  of  base  ring  to  rear  of  trunn- 
ions   

Diameter  of  base  ring 

Distance  between  rimbases 

Length  of  trunnions 

Diameter  of  trunnions 

Distance  from  axis  of  trunnions  to  face  of  muz- 
zle   

Number  of  grooves 

Depth  of  "       

Twist,  one  turn  in 

Weight 

Band,  width  and  thickness 

Outside  diameter 


4.2 

0.05 
119.5 
28.45 
127. 
1.S2. 

7.225 

4.6 
126.5 

45.85 
14.45 
16.8 

4.75 

5.3 

78.5 

5 

0.1 

24     et. 

4.190  lbs. 

19X2 

18.45 


3.67 

0.05 
77. 
20.98 
83. 
90. 

5.75 

3.6 
82.2 

30.69 

11.5 

12. 

3.5 

4.62 

50. 

5 

0.1 
24  feet. 

16  Xl-5 
14.5 


2.9 

0.05 

69.875 

24.095 

72.875 


375 

75 

125 

875 


24.265 
9.575 
9.5 
2.75 
3.67 

46.775 

3 

0.1 
24  feet. 

13X1.18 
11.375 


2.71 
0.03 
101.4 
37.41 
94. 
112. 
4.0 


37.8 
9.2 
9.2 
3.6 
3.8 

56.3 

6 
0.135 
4  i  feet. 


ADDENDA. 


525 


Elevation,  Ranges,  and  Times  of  Flight  of  lO-pdr.  Parrott  Gun. 


Time. 


Remarks. 


Deg.  Min. 

Seconds. 

Yards. 

With  long  muzzle-sight  giving  line 

0    00 

1 

i 

1 

300 
450 

of  sight  parallel   to  axis,  aim  direct 
up  to  300  yards. 

2 

2 

900 

3 

3 

1.300 

4 

4i 

1,600 

4    30 

5 

1,760 

5 

6 

1,950 

5     30 

64 

2,200 

6 

7 

2,300 

7 

H 

2.600 

10 

lOi 

3,000 

12 

12i 

3,600 

15 

16 

4.100 

20 

191 

5.000 

25 

23i 

5,600 

:^o 

27i 

6,900 

35 

31i 

6,200 

The  range  of  3-inch  Rifle  gun,  with  7,  or  11,  or  13  grooves,  does  not  vary  mate- 
rially from  this  up  to  2,300  yards— 6°  elevation  giving  2,250  yards. 

The  Armntrong  Gun  is  a  breech-loading  Rifle  cannon,  made  of  wrought-iron  tubes 
welded  together ;  each  tube  is  from  two  to  three  feet  long,  and  is  formed  by  twist- 
ing a  square  bar  of  iron  around  a  mandrel,  and  welding  the  edges  together,  as  a 
good  fowling  piece  is  made.  In  the  rear  of  the  trunnions  it  is  enveloped  with  two 
additional  thicknesses  of  tubes.  The  outer  consists  of  a  spiral  coil,  but  the  inner 
is  formed  of  an  iron  slab  bent  into  a  circular  shape  and  welded.  This  intermediate 
layer  has  chiefly  to  sustain  the  pressure  on  the  bottom  of  the  bore. 

lireech.— The  breech  is  closed  with  a  vent  piece,  which  is  slipped  with  the  hand 
into  a  slot  cut  into  the  breech  of  the  piece,  and  held  in  its  place  by  a  breech  screw, 
which  supports  it  from  behind.  This  screw  is  made  in  the  form  of  a  tube,  so  that 
its  hollow  forms  a  part  of  the  bore  prolonged,  when  tbc  vent  piece  is  withdrawn, 
and  through  this  hollow  tube  the  charge  is  passed  into  the  chamber. 

Jiore.— The  bore  of  the  field  gun  is  three  inches  in  diameter,  and  is  rifled  with 
thirty-four  narrow  grooves.     Twist,  one  turn  in  9  feet. 

Projectile.— It  consists  of  a  very  thin  east-iron  shell,  enclosing  forty-two  seg- 
ment-shaped pieces  of  cast-iron,  built  up  so  as  to  form  a  cylindrical  cavity  in  the 
centre.     The  exterior  of  the   shell  is  thinly   coated  with   lead.     The  lead  is  also 


526 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


allowed  to  percolate  among  the  segments  so  as  to  fill  up  the  interstices,  the  central 
cavity  being  kept  open  by  the  insertion  of  a  steel  core.  In  this  state  the  projectile 
is  so  compact  that  it  may  be  fired  through  six  feet  of  hard  timber  without  injury. 
while  its  resistance  to  a  bursting  charge  is  so  small  that  less  than  one  ounce  of 
powder  is  required  to  burst  it. 

Ranges  of  the  Armstrong  Gun,  \-inch  bore. 

[Determined  at  West  Point.  N.  V..  1860.) 


POWDBB. 

PROJBCTtLE. 

Elbtatioh. 

Rabob. 

TlllB. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

o         / 

Yard*. 

BeoondB. 

3§ 

29  (solid) 

5°     0' 

2,099 

7°     0' 

2,SU4 

10°     0' 

8,700 

12°     0' 

4,1V« 

15°     0' 

4.77« 

20°     0' 

6,070 

25°     0' 

«,5»0 

80°     0' 

7,65& 

81. 

35°     0' 

9,000 

Twiiit  of  Hijie  Cannon. — Great  diversity  exists  as  to  inclination  of  grooTM. 
Taking  H^nl)  to  express  the  relation  betwi-en  the  diameter  of  the  piece  and  the 
length  of  one  turn,  Major  Terssen,*  of  the  Belgian  Artillery,  finds  for  the  value 
of  n  .• 

Whitworth  12-pdr IS. 47 

Armstrong  32-pdr 18.93 

French  30  and  18-pdr 36.77 

The  pieces  in  our  service  would  give  for  the  value  of  h  .• 

3-inch  Kifle  gun ^ 60. 

32-pdr.  Gun  rifled ^ 67.5 

Parrott  30-pdr 6« .  57 

"        20-pdr    78.63 

J.  GORGAS,  Colonel,   Chief  of  Ordnan««. 

Ordnance  Office,  Richmond,  Va.,  October  21,  1862. 


*  Canons  Raycs. — Relations  entre  les  pas  des  helices  et  les  calibrea  des.boncbec  i  fea,  par  K. 
Terssen.  Major  de  I'Artillerie  Beige.  Paris,  1860. 


INDEX. 


ACCIDENTS:  Precautions  against,  in  laboratory,  244. 

ACCOUTREMENTS,  Infantry:  Nomenclature,  215.  — Dimensions,  219.  — Rifle, 
217.— Cavalry.  217.— Artillery,  218.— Weights,  222. 

ACETATE  OF  LEAD  :  A  white  salt  of  a  sweetish  taste;  Spec.  grav.  2.345,  249. 

AIR,  ATMOSPHERIC:  Density,  =y 4?!  to  g^g  of  that  of  water,  421,  465.  ^ 

ALLOYS  :  Of  various  metals,  composition,  408.  —  Of  coins,  431. 

ALTITUDE  :  Above  the  level  of  the  sea,  of  Washington,  St.  Louis,  Santa  Fe, 
and  San  Antonio,  446. 

AMMUNITION:  For  Small  Arms,  253.  —  Dimensions  and  weights,  257.  For 
Field  and  Mountain  Guns,  258. — Fixing,  263.  —  Packing,  265.  —  Dimensions  and 
weights,  266.  For  Siege  and  Garrison  Guns,  268. — Dimensions  and  weights,  274. — 
Preservation  and  storage,  .300. — Breaking  up  unserviceable,  302. — Quantity  in  each 
ammunition-chest,  319,  320. — Quantity  for  field-train,  345;  for  siege-train,  349;  for 
armament  of  forts,  353. 

AMMUNITION-CHESTS:  For  Field-Carriages  :  Nomenclature,  46.  —  Bill  of 
timber,  77. —  Bill  of  iron,  87. —  Dimensions  and  weight,  70. —  Interior  arrangement, 
316,  317.  — Contents,  319,  320. —Weights,  packed,  343.  — Boards  for  interior,  .344. 
For  Mountain  Howitzers :  Nomenclature,  50. — Dimensions  and  weight,  68. — Bill  of 
timber,  80. — Bill  of  iron,  91. — Interior  arrangement,  318. — Contents,  320. — Contain 
700  musket  cartridges,  347. — Number  for  a  battery,  347. 

ANGLE  OF  SIGHT,  NATURAL:  Definition,  11.— Of  guns,  14,  15, 

ANIMAL  POWER:  The  working-power  of  men  and  horses,  438,  454. 

ANTHRACITE  COAL  :  Quality;  Weight  per  cubic  foot,  412. 

ANTIMONY:  Spec.  grav. ;  Melting  point ;  Impurities,  249. 

ANVIL-BLOCK,  for  Portable  Forge:  Dimensions  and  weight,  123. 

APPENDAGES  FOR  MUSKETS:  Inspection,  180. 

AREAS  :  Of  plane  and  curved  surfaces,  457,  458. — Tables  of  areas  of  circles,  479. 

ARITHMETICAL  PROGRESSION:  Formula  for,  461. 

ARMAMENT  OF  FORTIFICATIONS:  Guns,  carriages,  and  ammunition  re- 
quired for,  353. 

ARMORER'S  TOOLS:  Number  for  arsenals,  200.— For  field-park,  347. 

ARMS,  SIDE  :  Nomenclature,  211. — Dimensions  and  weights,  213. — Spare  parts 
fior  repairs,  215. 


528  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

ARMS,  SMALL:  Nomenclature,  170.  — Dimensions  and  weights,  174. —Inspec- 
tion of  new  arms,  174.— Browning,  18.S.  — Packing,  184.— Preservation  in  store, 
187. — Issuing,  188.  —  Preservation  in  service,  188.  —  Incpeetion  of  arms  in  soryice, 
194. — Repairs,  195.— Irreparable,  l'J6.— Of  foreign  countries,  470. 

ARTILLERY:  Proportion  of,  for  a  field  train,  346. —  For  a  siege  train,  348.— 
For  armament  of  forts,  35;i. — For  mountain  service,  347. 

ARTILLERY  PRACTICE:  Ranges,  367.  — Initial  velocities,  376.— Loss  of  ve- 
locity by  windage,  378. — Penetration  in  masonry,  379.— In  oak,  37tf. — In  fascines 
and  wool,  382.— With  hot  shot,  386. 

ARTILLERY  SWORD,  Foot:  Nomenclature  21 1.— Dimensions  ami  weight,  213. 

ASH,  WHITE:  Properties;   Uses,  389.— Strength;  Spec,  grav.,  414. 

ATMOSPHERE  :  Weight  of,  per  square  inch,  439. 

AXE.  FELLING:  Dimensions  and  weight,  123. 

AXLE-TREES:  Dimensions  and  weights  of  different  kinds,  61. 

B. 

BABBITT'S  METAL:  Composed  of  tin  9  parts,  copper  1  part,  408. 

BALANCE,  Common:  For  weighing,  462. 

BALLISTICS:  Equaiiou  of  the  trajectory  in  vacuo,  463. — In  air,  465. 

BALLS:  Lead:  Diameters  and  weights,  31. — Mauncr  of  making,  253. — Penetra- 
tion, 386.  Cant-Iron:  Diameter  and  weight,  29,  32. —Specilic  jcravily,  32. —  Com- 
putation of  weight,  32.— Inspection,  33. — Piling,  34. — Tables  of  piles,  36. — Peuelrs- 
tion,  37'J. 

BARBETTE  CARRI.'VGES:  Nomenclature,  55.  —  Dimensions  and  weights  of: 
H'oo(/c;i,  71,  72,  75;  Iron,  7C. —  Bills  of  irou,  97,  101.  —  Implements  and  equip- 
ments, 355. — Mechanical  manoeuvres,  364. 

BAR-IRON  :  Manufacture,  397.— Properties,  399.— Tests,  399. — Strength,  415.-- 
Shearing,  416. — Punching,  416. 

BAROMETER  :  Measurements  of  heights  by  means  of,  445. 

BARRELS  OF  MUSKETS:  How  made,  172. —  Dimensions  and  weighU,  174.— 
Inspection  and  proof,  175. — Browning,  183. — Strength  and  durability,  196. 

BARRELS,  POWDER:  Fabrication,  228.— Dimensions,  229. 

BARS:  Manoeuvring,  elevating,  pinch,  truck,  roller  :  Dimensions;   Weight*,  130. 

BASKET,  for  mortar  service:  Dimensions  and  weight,  123. 

BASS-WOOD  :  Properties,  390.— Strength,  Spec,  grav.,  414. 

BATTERY,  of  Field-ArtiUery  :  Composition,  346. — Ammunition,  346.  —  Moun- 
tain howitzers,  347.     Galvanic,  the  best,  238. 

BATTERY-WAGON:  Nomenclature,  45. — Dimensions  and  weights,  70.— Bill  of 
timber,  79. — Bill  of  iron,  90. — Equipment  for  field  b»ttery,  325. —  Equipment  for 
field-park,  332. — Weights  packed,  344. 

BAYONET:  Musket:  Nomenclature,  170.  —  Length  and  weight,  174.  —  laspec- 
tion,  179.     Sword:  Nomenclature,  172. — Length  and  weight,  174- 

BAYONET-SCABBARD:  Nomenclature;  Length,  216. 


INDEX. 

BEAMS:  Transverse  strength  ;  Defleetitm.  419. 

BEAUME'S  AREOMETER:  Scale  in  equivalent  spec,  grav.,  42.3. 

BEECH:    White:  Red:  Used  for  saddle-trees,  fuzes,  etc.,  389.— Strength,  414, 

BELL-METAL:  Composed  of  copper  28  parts,  tin  22  parts,  408. 

BELLOWS  :  for  field  forge  ;  Nomenclature,  44. — To  put  it  in  place,  44. 

BELTS:  Cartridge-box,  216.— Waist,  216.— Sword  shoulder,  216.— Sabre,  217. 

BILLET,  Leather:  Definition,  1;17. 

BILL-IIOOK:   Dimensions  and  weight,  12.3. 

BILLS  :  Of  timber  for  artillery  carriages,  77. — Of  iron,  82. 

BITUMINOUS  COAL:  Kinds,  411.— Qualities  of ;  Weight,  412. 

BLACK  STAIN,  for  wood:  Composition;  Ajiplication,  167. 

BLOCKS  AND  ROLLERS,  for  mechanical  manoeuvres:  Dimensions  and 
weights,  114. 

BLUE  LIGHTS  :  Preparation,  29.3.— Composition  for,  293,  311. 

BOARDS  :  Measurement  of,  429.— Table  of  superficial  feet  of,  394. 

BOILING  POINTS,  of  liquids,  441. 

BOLTS:   Classification  and  dimensions,  64,  65. 

BOOKS  :  For  siege  equipment,  3.52. 

BOOTH'S  PATENT  GREASE  for  axles:   Composition,  169. 

BORMANN  FUZE:  Fabrication,  281— Dimensions,  283. 

BOXES:  For  packing  muskets,  184. — Rifles,  185. — Small  arm  cartridges,' 255. — 
Musket  balls,  256. — Field  ammunition,  265. — Percussion  caps,  288. 

BRASS:  Composition  of,  408. — Strength  and  specific  gravity,  415. 

BREECH-SIGHT  :  For  heavy  guns,  123.— Graduations,  132. 

BRIDLE:  For  Artillery,  137.— For  Mountain  Artillery,  144.— For  Cavalry,  148. 
—Weight,  156,  160. 

BRONZE:  Composition,  17. — Properties,  17. — Analysis,  17. — Use  in  laboratory, 
249. — Strength ;  Spec,  grav.,  415. 

BROOM,  for  mortar  batteries  :  Hickory  or  birch,  weight  3.75  lbs.,  123. 

BROWNING  ARMS:  Instructions  for,  183. 

BROWNING  MIXTURE,  for  gun-barrels:  Composition,  183. 

BUCKLES,  137.— Classification,  157. 

BUCKSHOT  CARTRIDGES,  contain  15  buckshot,  253.— Dimensions,  257. 

BUDGE-BARREL:  Fabrication;  Dimensions;  Weight,  123. 

BURNS  :  Application  for,  245. 


CAISSON:  Nomenclature,  40.  —  Dimensions  and  weights,  70.  —  Bills  of  timber, 
78. — Bill  of  iron,  88. — Equipment  for  field,  321. — Weight,  equipped,  343. — Number 
of  rounds  of  ammunition,  343. — Number  with  a  field  battery,  346. 

CANISTERS:  For  Field  Service:  Fabrication,  262. — Dimensions  and  weights, 
266.      For  Siege   and    Garrison  Service,  269. —  Dimensions    and   weights,   274. — 
Preservation  and  storage,  301. 
36 


530  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

CANISTER-SHOT:  Dimensionsi  and  weights,  31.— Storage,  301. 

CANNON  :  For  sicgo  train,  348. 

CAPS,  Paper:   For  field  ammunitiuD,  2fi3. 

CAPS,  Percussion,  for  small  arms:  Fabrication,  285.  —  Packing,  289. — Waight, 
288.— Materials  for,  288. 

(;AP-P0UC1I:  Nomenclature;  Dimensions,  216. 

CAHHINE:  No  model  Bdoy)tcd  ;  Several  kinds  in  service,  170. 

CARBINE  SLIN(«  :   Nomenclature;  Dimen.xioni",  217. 

CAKHINK  THIMHLK,  150. 

CARRIAtiES:   j\<tmeiirlfitiirf  :   Field,  38. — Prairie,  47.— K"r  mnuntnin  howiircr, 

49. Siege,  52. — Mortar  wagons,  64. —  IJarl>ette,  55. — CMcmate,  58.— Flank  defence, 

59.     Ditiictfiout  <imi  Wri.jhf  :  Field,  67,  70.— Siege,  6»,  70.— Wooden  barbell*,  71, 

72. Columbind  barbette,  75.  —  Proscrvatii.n,  00.     Hill*  •>/  Timbrr  :  Field,  77. — 

Mountain  howitier,  80.— Siege,  81.  Hilli  n/  Iron  :  Field,  82.— Mountain  howitier, 
91._};icgc,  91.— llarbctte,  97. — Casemate,  102.  Number  for  a  Held  balt*rj,  S46.— 
For  a  siege  train,  348. — For  armament  of  fortificationf,  353. 

CAMT,  Prairie  Ammunition  :  Nomenclature,  49.— Track,  49.  Slimg :  NoacorU- 
ture,  105.  —  Dimensions  and  weights,  112.  —  IJillii  of  timber,  114.  —  MMbanical 
manopuvres,  305. 

CARTlUDtJE-BAtJS:  F»r  Field  Gun*,  258,  266.  Fur  Sifje  and  (Jarrtton  Omtu, 
268. — Dimensions,  274. — Preservation  and  storage,  301. 

CARTRIDGE-BLOCKS:  For  Field  Uun*  :  Fabrication,  269 ;  Dimensions,  JM. 
For  Si),/r  nint  Garriion  Gu»*,  269. — Dimensions,  274. 

CARTRIDGE-BOX  :  Infantry,  216,  219.— Rifle,  216,  219.— Caralry,  217,  219. 

CARTRIDGES:  For  Small  Arm*:  Making,   253.  —  Dimeosions   and    weigbu, 

257. Blank,  256. —  Preservation  and  storage,  301.     Fur  Fitid  Ouhi  :  Dimensions 

and  weights,  266. — For  ricochet  Cring,  268. — Preservation  and  storage,  301. — F<»r 
proving  ordnance,  269.  For  Sieye  and  Qarri*un  Hum*,  268.  —  Dimensions  Mid 
weights,  274. — Preservation,  301. 

CASEHARDENING  :  Mode  of,  403. 

CASEMATE  CARRIA(JES  :  Nomenclature,  58.  — Dimensioui  and  weighU  :  Of 
wooden,  73,  74.  —  Iron,  7C.  —  Bills  of  iron,  102.  —  E<|uipment,  354.  —  Mechanical 
manoeuvres,  363. 

CASEMATE  GIN.— Nomenclature,  115.— Dimensions  and  weights,  112.— Bill  of 
timber,  115. — Bill  of  iron,  117. — Mechanical  manoeuvres  with,  362. 

CASEMATE  TRUCK:  Nomenclature,  108.— Dimensions  and  weight,  112. 

CASK  GAUGING:  Rules  fur,  459. 

CAST  IRON:  For  guns,  19.— Spec.  grav. ;  Tenacity,  19.— Strength  of,  415. 

CAVALRY  SABRE  :  Nomenclature,  211. — Dimensions  and  weigbu,  213. 

CENTRES  OF  GRAVITY  :   Of  lines;  Areas;  Solids:  To  determine,  460. 

CHAINS:   Classification  and  dimensions,  65. — Weight;  Strength,  423. 

CUAPE,  Leather:  Definition,  137. 

CHARCOAL  :  Preparation,  226,  245,  410.— Properties,  226,  246,  41L 


INDEX.  531 

CHARGES:  Fir  proving  ordnance,  25.  —  For  proving  small  arms,  175. —  For 

omall  arms,  257. — For  field  service,  266. — For  siege  and  garrison  service,  274. For 

field  shells  and  sjiherical-case  shot,  266. — For  large  shells.  274. 

CIIASSIS;   Barbette:  Nomenclature,  57.  —  Dimensions  and  weights,  71,  72,  75, 
76.      Cftsemate  :   Nomenclature,  59. — Dimensions  and  weights,  73,  74,  76. 

CHEMICAL  EQUIVALENTS  of  elementary  bodies,  413. 

CHLORATE  OF  POTASSA:  Density;  Purity;  How  purchased,  247. 

CHOCKS  :  For  casemate  carriage,  123.— Gun  ;  Wheel;  Roller,  114. 

CIl'CLES  :  Tables  of  areas  and  circumferences,  479. 

CLEANING:  Arras,  191.— Swords,  215. 

COAL:  Charcoal,  410.— Bituminous,  411. — Anthracite,  411.— Weights,  412. 

COAL-BOX  :  For  field  forge,  44. 

COAL-SACK  :  For  portable  forge,  123. 

COAL  TAR:  How  obtained,  412.— A  lacker  for  guns,  165. 

COEHORN  MORTAR:  Dimensions  and  weight,  16.— Bed,  60. 

COINS:    United  States  :  Dimensions,  weights,  and  alloy,  431.     Foreign:  436. 

COKE:   How  made;  Qualities,  412. 

COLORED  FIRES:  Preparation,  307.— Composition  for,  311. 

COLUMBIADS:  Nomenclature,  11,  12.— Dimensions  and  weights,  13,  15. 

COLUMNS  ;  Strength  of,  418. 

COMBUSTIBLES:  Heating  powers  of,  444. 

CONDUCTORS:  Lightning,  239.— Of  electricity,  best,  440. 

CONE-PICK:  Steel  wire  No.  18;  carried  in  cap-pouch,  216. 

COPPER:  For  manufacture  of  bronze  guns,  17.  — For  laboratory  use,  249.— 
Tinning,  408.— Strength  of,  415. 

CUBES  :  Tables  of,  479. 

CURRYCOMB  :  Nomenclature;  Dimensions  and  weight,  161. 

CYLINDERS  :  Torsional  strength  of,  420,  421.— Area,  458.— Solidity,  459. 
CYPRESS:  Properties;  Uses,  390.— Strength;  Spec,  grav.,  414. 

D. 

DECORATIONS,  for  rockets  :  Stars,  serpents,  streamers,  etc.,  296. 

DENSIMETER,  Mercury  :  Description  and  use,  231. 

DIALS,  Sun  :  Construction  of,  446. 

DISJUNCTOR:  Use  of,  in  the  Electro-Ballistic  Pendulum,  237. 

DISMOUNTING  small  arms,  189. 

DISPART:   Definition,  11.— Of  guns,  14,  15. 

DOGWOOD:  Properties;  Uses,  390.— Strength ;  Spec,  grav.,  414. 

DRAG-ROPE  :  Dimensions  and  weight,  123. 

DRAWING  PAPER:  Dimensions  of,  431. 

DYE  for  blacking  belts  :   Composition;  Preparation,  168. 


532  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

E. 

EFFECTS  of  shot  on  cast  iron,  386. 

ELECTKICITY  :  Relative  conducting  powers  of  metal*,  440. 

ELECTKO-HALLISTIC  PENDULUM  :  Description,  237.— Use,  2."?7. 

ELM  :   UHe«l  for  fcllien  an«l  small  naves,  389.— Strength  ;  Spec,  grar.,  414. 

E.MIJRASURE  SHUTTERS  :  Number  of,  for  siege  train,  351. 

EylATION  OF  TIME,  417. 

EyriPMENT:  Of  field  carriages,  316.— Of  prairie  carriages,  318.— Of  mountain 
howit7.ir,  318.— Of  forge  for  field  battery,  32.1.— Of  battery-wagon  for  flild  battery, 
325.— Of  f.irge  f..r  park,  330.— Of  battery-wagon  for  park.  332.— Of  forge  for  moun- 
Uin  howit7.or,  340.— Of  field  train,  345.— Of  siege  train,  348.— Of  fortre»f  carrlafci, 
353.— Of  mortar  batteries,  355. 

EXPANSION  :  Of  sho^,  when  heated  red-hot  for  firing,  S88.— Of  Tarioui  bwdUa 
by  heal,  442. 

EYE-PINS  :  Dimensions  of,  06. 

F. 

FALLINtJ  BODIES  :  Motion  of,  448. 

FASCINES,  Pitchid:  Preparation,  28tf.— Preservation,  l#S. 
FELLlNCi  AXE  :   Dimensions  and  weight,  123. 

FIELD  CAKRlAtiES  :  Nomonclature,  38. — Dimcnsioni  aad  weighu,  67. — BlIU 
of  timber,  77.— Bills  of  iron,  82.— Equipment,  321.— Weight*,  343.— For  field  Iraia, 
346,347. 

FIELD  GIN  :  Nomenclature,  104. — Dimensions  and  weighu,  112. — Billi  of  tim- 
ber, 115. — Bill  of  iron,  116. — Mechanical  mauuuvres,  361. 
FIELD  PARK  :   Composition  of,  347. 
FIELD  TRAIN  :  How  regulated;  Composition  of,  Si&. 
FILES:   Kind;   Dimen.^ions;   Uow  to  select,  406. 
FIRE-BALLS  :  Fabrication,  291.— Preservation  in  store,  301. 
FIREWORKS:  Ornamental,  303. — Compositions  for,  311. 

FIXED  AMMUNITION  :  Manner  of  making,  263.  — WeighU  and  Dimeniloot, 
266. 

FLANK  DEFENCE  CARRIAGE  :  Nomenclature,  59.— Dimeniions  and  weight*, 
73,  74. 

FOOT-POUND:  Definition.  448. 
FORAGE  :  Weights  of  different  kinds,  439. 

FORGE  :  Field:  Nomenclature.  42. — Dimensions  and  weight*,  70.— Bill  of  tim- 
ber, 78.— Bill  of  iron,  88.— For  field  battery.  323.— For  field  park,  330.— Weight*, 
equipped,  344.     Portable:  Nomenclature,  51. — Weight,  68. 
FORGE  BUCKET  :  For  portable  forge,  124. 

FORMULAE  :  In  mechanics,  447. — In  mensuration,  457. — In  trigonometry,  461. 
FRACTIONS  of  a  pound:  Equivalents  in  ounces,  435. 
FREEZING  POINTS  of  liquids,  444. 


INDEX.  583 

FRICTION  :  Laws  of,  452.— Of  plane  surfaces  upon  each  other,  453. 

FRICTION-PRIMERS :  Fabrication, 283— Packing,  285.— Preservation  in  store, 
301. 

FRIGORIFIC  MIXTURES  :  How  made,  445. 

FULMINATE  OF  MERCURY:  Preparation  of.  285.— Preservation,  286. 

FULMINATING  POWDER:  Composition  of ;  Manipulation,  248. 

FUNNEL:  Dimensions  and  weight,  124. 

FURNACES  :  For  laboratory,  243.— For  heating  shot,  386. 

FUZE  IMPLEMENTS:  Cutter;  Extractor;  Setter;  Saw:  Mallet;  Dimensions 
and  weights.  124. 

FUZE-PLUGS  :  For  heavy  guns,  273. 

FUZES:  For  Mortnr  Shellt :  Fabrication,  279.  —  Dimensions  and  weights.  233. 
For  Hear)/  dung:  Fabrication,  280. — Packing,  281. — Dimensions  and  weights,  283. 
For  Field  Guns:  Fabrication,  281. —  Dimensions  and  weights,  283.  —  Preservation 
in  store,  301. 

G. 

GARRISON  GIN:  Nomenclature,  105.— Dimensions  and  weights,  112.— Bills  of 
timber,  115. — Bill  of  iron,  117. — Mechanical  manoeuvres,  362. 

GAUGES:  For  shot  and  shells,  30.— For  rifle  musket,  204.— For  rifle,  209.— For 
gunpowder,  230. 

GAUGING  CASKS:  Rules  for,  459. 

GEOMETRICAL  PROGRESSION:  Law  of,  461. 

GIN  FALLS:  Dimensions  and  weight,  112. 

GIN  HANDSPIKES:  Nomenclature,  129.— Dimensions  and  weight,  130. 

GINS:  Nomenclature,  104. — Dimensions  and  weight,  112. — Bills  of  timber,  115. 
— Bill  of  iron,  117. — Mechanical  manoeuvres,  361. 

GLUE:  Qualities  of,  251.— To  dissolve,  252. 

GOLD  RAIN:  How  made,  297.— Composition.  311. 

GOMER  CHAMBER:  Definition,  10. 

GRAPE:  Stands  of,  270. — Dimensions  and  weights,  274. 

GRAPE-SHOT:  Dimensions  and  weights,  31. 

GRATES  for  heating  shot,  387. 

GRAVITY:  Specific,  of  fluids,  421.— Force  of,  448.— Centres  of,  of  lines,  areas, 
solids,  460. 

GREASE  :  For  carriage  wheels,  169.— Booth's  patent,  J69. 

GRENADES  :  Hand;  Rampart,  31.— Firing  from  mortars,  271. 

GROMMETS:  or  ring-wads:  How  made  and  attached,  272. 

GUM  ARABIC:  Qualities  and  preparation  of,  251. 

<jUM,  BLACK  :  Properties  and  uses,  390. — Strength  ;  Spec,  grav.,  414. 

GUN  CARRIAGES  :  Field:  Nomenclature,  38.— Dimensions  and  weights,  67.— 
Bills  of  timber,  77.— Bills  of  iron,  82.— Equipment,  321.— Weights,  equipped,  343. 
Siege:  Nomenclature,  52. — Dimensions  and  weights,  69. — Bills  of  timber,  81. — Bills 


534  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

of  iron,  93. — Equipment,  350.  Barhettf,  wooden  :  Dimensions  and  weights,  71,  75. 
— Equipment,  354.  Imn  :  Nomenclature,  55. —  Dimensions  and  woiRht^,  76. —  Bill 
of  iron,  97. —  Equipment,  351.  Cntemate,  irooden  :  Dimensions  and  wcij^hts,  73. — 
Equifimont.  .T.')!.  Iron:  Nomenclature,  57. — Dimensions  and  weights,  81. — Bill  of 
iron,  102. — Equipment,  355.  Monutntn  ffotetlzcr  :  Nomcnclaturp,  49.  — Dimenfions 
and  wci;{lit.  f.«.— Bill  of  limber,  80.— Bill  of  iron,  91— Kqiiipincnt,  322.  I'riirit : 
Nomenclature,  49. — Preservation  of,  60. — Dimensions  and  weights.  67. — Equipment, 
322. 

GUN  MKTAL:  Bronte,  17.— Cost  iron,  19.  — Wmughl  iron  and  steel,  M.— 
Strength:   Spec  grav.,  415. 

(U'NXKKS  IMPLEMENTS:  (limlct:  Callipers:  Jlavtriaok ;  Perpendicular; 
Piurcrs  :   Qiiadriuit,  124. — Sleeve,  125. — Dimension.*  and  weights,  124. 

GUNPClWKKR  :  Kinds,  22.'t.— Materials,  223.— Manufacture,  227 —Proportions, 
227. —  Granulating,  228.— (ilaz-ing,  228.— Drying,  228.  —  Parking,  228. —  Round. 
229.  —  InKpcction  and  proof,  230. —  Qualities,  230. —  Site  of  grain,  230.  —  Densitj, 
231.  —  Analysis,  232.  —  Restoring  unserviceable,  233. —  Preterration,  storage,  and 
transportation,  233. — Foreign,  235. —  Pressure  of,  in  guns,  456. 

GUNS:  Dimensions  and  weights,  14,  15,  16.— Proof,  24. — Preaerraiion  of,  J8. — 
Ranges,  3C7,  373. 

GUN  SLING  :  Dimensions,  216. 

n. 

HALE'S  ROCKETS:   Fabrication.  299.— Dimensions,  300.-Ranir*s,  S75. 

HALTER:   For  artillery,  138.— For  mounUin   artillery,  144 —For  caralrj,  149. 

HAND  BARROW:  Nomenclature,  110. 

HANDBILL  (see  Bill-Hook):  Dimensions  and  weights,  12S. 

HANDCART:  Nomenclature,  108.— Dimensions  and  weigbU,  112. 

HAND  SLING-CART:   Nomenclature,  107.— Dimensions  and  woighU,  llj. 

HANDSPIKES  :  Nomenclature,  129.— Dimensions  and  weights.  130. 

HARNE."^S  :  For  Field  and  Siege  Carriaget :  Nomenclature.  136. —  Required  for 
each  horse,  156. — Weight,  156.  —  Dimensions  of  parts,  158.  —  Inspection  of,  152. — 
Materials  for  making,  159. — Storage,  153. — Spare  part*  for  repairs,  329,  335. — For 
a  battery,  346.      For  Mountain  Sertice :   Nomenclature,  144. — Weight,  68. 

HAUSSE,  Pendulum,  for  field  service:  Description  of,  125. — Graduations  for, 
126. 

HAVERSACK,  Gunnep's  :  Dimensions  and  weights,  124. 

H.\Y  :   Dimensions  and  weights  of  bundle?,  439. 

HEAT.  441.  —  Expansion  of  various  substances  by,  442. — Conduction  of,  44t. — 
Specific;   Latent,  443. — Of  combustion  of  different  substances,  444. 

HEIGHTS:  Measurement  of,  by  barometer,  445.  —  Of  Washington,  St.  Louis, 
Santa  Ft-,  San  Antonio,  446. 

HICKORY:  Properties;  Uses,  389.— Strength  ;  Spec,  grav,  414. 

HORSE-BRUSH  :  Nomenclature,  151. — Dimensions  and  weight,  151. 


INDEX.  635 

HORSE-POWER :  550  lbs.  raised  1  foot  in  1  minute,  448,  455. 

HORSES:  Number  required  for  a  field  battery,  346. — Number  required  for  a 
iiege  train,  .348. — Work  of,  438. — Work  done  by,  454. 

HORSESHOEING:  General  directions  for,  164. 

HORSESHOES:  Nomenclature;  Dimensions  and  weights,  153.  Uor»e»hoe 
Naih  :  Nomenclature;  Weights,  154. 

HOTBLAST  :  Use  of  increases  the  yield  of  iron,  39fi. 

HOT  SHOT  :  Firing,  .388.— Expansion  of,  388. 

HOWITZERS:  Kinds  and  calibres,  9.- — Nomenclature,  12.  —  Principal  dimen- 
sions and  weights,  15. — Inspection,  22. — Proof,  25. — Preservation,  28. 

HYDRAULIC  JACK  :  A  substitute  for  the  lifting-jack  :  Dimensions,  weight,  109. 

HYDRAULIC  RAMS  :  Proportions  of,  450. 

HYDROMETER  :  Construction;  Dimensions;   Use,  422. 

I. 

ICE  :  Strength  of  differont  thicknesses  of,  445. 

IMPLEMENTS:  For  Field,  Motmtain,  Sicje,  and  Garrison  Service:  Nomencla- 
ture, 121. — Dimensions  and  weights,  132. — Preservation  in  store,  134. — Bill  of  tim- 
ber, 135.  Kind  and  Xiimbcr ;  For  field  carriages,  321.  —  For  prairie  carriages, 
322. —  For  mountain  howitzers,  322. —  For  siege  carriages,  350. —  For  fortress  car- 
riages, 354,  355.— For  firing  hot  shot,  387. 

INCLINED  PLANE:  Power  of,  451. 

INFANTRY  ACCOUTREMENTS:  Nomenclature,  215.  —  Dimensions  and 
weights,  219,  222.— Materials  for  making,  220. 

INITIAL  VELOCITIES  :  Of  cannon  balls,  376.— Of  lead  balls,  377.— Formula 
for  computing,  468. 

INJURIES  of  ordnance,  caused  by  service,  26. 

INSPECTION  :  Of  ordnance,  22.  — Of  shot  and  shells.  3.3.  — Of  harness,  152.— 
Of  small  arms,  171. — Of  barrels,  175. — Of  small  arms  which  have  been  in  service, 
194. — Of  swords,  213. — Of  gun-carriage  iron,  396. 

INSTRUMENTS:  For  inspecting  ordnance,  20. — For  inspecting  shot  and  shells, 
3.3.— For  siege  train,  352.— For  armament  of  forts,  357. 

IRON,  BAR:  Manufacture;  Properties  and  test,  399.— Forging,  400.— Strength 
415.— Tables  of  weight,  424-426. 

IRON,  CAST  :  For  guns,  19.— Specific  gravity  ;  Tenacity,  19.— Varieties,  395.— 
Properties,  395. — Strength;  Spec,  grav.,  415. 

IRON  PIPES  :  Weight  of  different  sizes,  427. 

IRON  WIRE:  Strength  of  different  sizes,  417. 

IRON,  WROUGHT:   For  guns,  20.— Strength  ;    Spec,  grav.,  415. 

IRREPARABLE  ARMS,  196. 

ISSUE  OF  ARMS,  188. 

J. 

JACK:  Liftinrj :  Nomenclature,  109. — Dimensions  and  weight,  113.  Hydraulic: 
Dimensions  and  weight,  109.  Screw:  For  field  service:  Dimensions  and  weight 
127.     L.ver  :  Nomenclature,  110. — Dimensions  and  weight,  113. 


536  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

K. 

KIT:  Composition;  Preparation,  168. 

KNOTS :  Uow  to  tie  them,  368. 

L. 

LABORATORY:  Buildings  for,  242  — Fixtures  and  furniture.  242. —Materials, 
245. — Tools  and  itnpletneuts,  352. 

LACKKR  :  For  iron  ordnance,  165. — For  small  arms,  166. — For  bright  work,  !••• 

L.\DLEiS:  Fabrication,  122. — Dimeniiions  and  weii^ht*,  132. — Number  required, 
350,  354. 

LANCES:   Fabrication,  30.S.— Composition  for,  311.  — Rate  of  burning,  311. 

LANYARD  for  friction-primers:   Dimensions  and  weight,  125. 

LARI.AT:   Dimensions  and  weight,  152. 

LAKUINO-ROl'E  for  mountain  howitzer:  Dimensions  and  weight,  146. 

LAYER.   Leather:   Definition,  137. 

LEAD:  Proj)ertic8,  248. — Purity,  how  known;  To  reduce  oxide,  248. — Strength; 
Spec,  gray.,  415. 

LEAD  BALLS:  Diameters  and  weights,  31.— To  compuU-  weight  of,  32.— Fabri- 
cation, 25.S. — Preservation,  300. 

LEADERS  for  fireworks  :  How  made,  307. 

LEATHER:  Kinds  of,  136. — Quality  for  harness  an<l  cavalry  e<juipm<nts,  152. — 
Required  for  one  set  of  harness,  159.  —  For  accoutrements,  21s.  —  (Quantity  for 
accoutrements,  220. 

LEG-rtl'ARD:  Nomenclature,  143.— Weight,  156. 

LEVER:  Power  of,  451. 

LEVER-JACK:  Nomenclature,  110. — Dimensiuus  and  weight,  113. 

LIFTING-JACK  :  Nomenclature,  109.— Dimensions  and  weight,  113. 

LIGHT  ARTILLERY'  SABRE:  Nomenclature,  211.— Dimensions,  weight,  213. 

LIGHT-BALLS:  Fabrication.  29.3. 

LIGHTNING   RODS:  Best  materials  for,  239.— To  put  up,  240. 

LIGHTS:  Fabrication.  305. — Compositions  for,  311. 

LIMBER:  Xomfiirlatnre  :  Field,  39. — Prairie,  48. — Siege,  53.  Dimmtium  and 
Wtiyhtu  :  Field  and  prairie,  67. — Siege,  70.  JJilU  of  Timber  :  For  field,  78. — For 
siege,  81.      Billi  of  Iron  :   For  field,  86. — For  siege,  95. 

LIMBER-CHEST:  For  travelling  forge  and  battery-wagon,  47.— Weight*,  70. 

LINCHPINS:  Dimensions  and  Weights,  62. 

LINE  OF  SIGHT.  Natural:  Definition,  II.— Of  guns,  14,  15. 

LINES  :  Mensuration  of.  457. 

LINIMENT,  for  burns,  245. 

LINK  :   Dimensions  and  weight,  152. 

LOCK-CH.\INS.  for  field  and  siege  carriages  :  Dimensions,  63. 

LOCK.  MUSKET:  Nomenclature,  171. — luspeclion,  177. — To  take  apart,  190. — 
To  clean.  192. 

LOGARITHMS,  461.— Of  numbers,  499.— Of  circular  parts,  520. 

LOOPS,  Iron,  137.— Classification,  157. 


INDEX.  537 

M. 

MACHINES  for  siege  and  garrison  service:  Nomenclature,  104. —  Dimensions 
and  weights,  112,  113.— Number  for  siege  train,  .351. — Number  for  garrison,  356. 

MAGAZINES  for  gunpowder:  Arrangement;  How  entered;  Aired;  Guarded,  233. 

MAGNETIC  NEEDLE  :  Declination,  at  different  places  ;  Dip,  446. 

MANCEUVRING  HANDSPIKE  :  Nomenclature,  129.— Dimensions,  weights,  130. 

MARKS  :  On  ordnance,  25. — On  musket  barrels,  177. — On  musket  locks,  178. — 
On  muskets,  178. — On  powder  barrels,  232. 

MARRONS  :  Fabrication  and  use.  297. 

MATCH:  Slow:  Uses;  Preparation,  276.     Quick  :  Uses;  Preparation,  277. 

MATERIALS:  Required  for  making  accoutrements,  220.  —  For  laboratory  use, 
245.  — For  10,000  friction-primers,  285.  — For  1,000,000  caps,  288.  — For  construc- 
tions, 389.  For  repairing  siege  carriages,  351.  —  For  repairing  fortress  carriages, 
356. — Strength  of;  Specific  gravity  of,  414-416. 

MATHEMATICAL  formula  and  data,  457. 

MAUL  for  driving  pickets  :  Dimensions  and  weight,  125. 

MEASUREMENT  of  timber,  394. 

MEASURES:  United  States:  Length,  428.  —  Surface,  429.— Solidity,  429.— Ca- 
pacity, 429.— Weight,  430. —Value,  431.  Foreign:  Length,  431.  — Surface;  So- 
lidity ;  Capacity,  433.— Weight,  434.— Value,  436. 

MECHANICAL  MAN(EUVRE8,  358.— With  gins,  361. 

MECHANICAL  POWERS,  451. 

MELTING  POINTS  of  solids,  441. 

MEN  :  Working  power  of,  438,  454. 

MEN'S  HARNESS:  Dimensions  and  weight,  125. 

MENSURATION  of  timber  and  boards,  394,  429. 

MERINO,  for  cartridge-bags,  251. 

METALS:  For  constructions,  storage,  and  preservation,  409.  —  Strength,  415. — 
Relative  malleability ;  Ductility;  Capacity  of  conducting  electricity,  440. — Expan- 
sion by  heat,  442. 

METRES :  Length  of,  432,  437.— Table  for  reduction  to  inches,  476. 

MONEY  :  United  States,  431.— Foreign,  436. 

MORTAR-BEDS  :  Nomenclature,  59. 

MORTARS  :  Kind  and  calibres,  9. — Nomenclature,  12. — Dimensions  and  weights, 
16,  21.  — Proof,  25.  —  Preservation,  28.  — Beds,  59.— Platforms,  110,  113.  — Imple- 
ments and  equipments,  360. — Mechanical  manoeuvres,  365. 

MORTAR-WAGON:  Nomenclature,  54.  —  Dimensions  and  weights,  70.  —  Bill  of 
•timber,  81.— Bill  of  iron,  96. 

MOULDS,  for  wads  :  Dimensions,  274. 

MOUNTAIN  HOWITZER:  Dimensions  and  weight,  15.  Carnage:  Dimensions 
and  weight,  68. — Packing,  146. — Composition  of  a  battery,  347. 

MOUNTINGS:  For  Musket:  Nomenclature,  171.  — Inspection,  178.  — Cleaning, 
192.     For  Eijle  :  Nomenclature,  172. 


538  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

MUSICIANS'  SWORDS:  Nomenclature,  212.— Diinpnpi<.iif  and  wcijfhU,  21.1. 

MUSKET:  Rijh:  Nomenclature,  171.  —  Dimensions  and  weight,  174.  Model 
of  1842:  Nomenclature,  172.  —  Dimensions  and  weight,  174.  —  Inspection,  174. — 
Packinic.  184. 

MUSKET  CARTRIDGES  :  Fabrication.  254.— Rundling,  255.— Packing,  265. 

N. 
NAILS:    Wrought  and  Cut :   Dimensions,  66.     Hortcthar  :  Weight,  154. 
NAVE-BOXES:  DimenMons.  61. 
NEEDLE.  MAGNETIC  :    Doolinntion  and  dip.  446. 

NON  COMMISSIONED  OFFICER'S  SWORD:  Nomenclatnre.  212.  —  Dimen- 
sions and  wpi):ht,  213. 

NON-COM.MISSIONED  OFFICER'S  SWORD-BELT:   Dimensions.  5I«. 
NOSE-BAG:  Nomcnclntiirc:  Dimensions,  143. 
NUTS  :  Dimensions  and  weights,  64. 

0. 

OAK.  WHITE:  Properties;  Uses.  389.— Strength  :  Rp«c.  frar.,  414. 

OATS  :   Weight  of  a  bujhtl;   Of  a  cubic  foot,  439. 

ORDNANCE:  Kinds  and  calibres,  9. — Definitions  of  parts,  10. — Nomenclature, 
11.  —  Designation,  12  —  Principal  dimensions  and  weights,  IS,  14,  15,  16.  —  Inspee- 
tion,  22. — Proof,  24. — Marks,  25. — Injuries  in  service,  26. — Spiking  and  unspiking, 
27. — Preservation,  28. — Proportion  for  a  field  train.  346. — F<ir  a  siege  train,  348. — 
Of  England.  471. —  Of  France;  Belgium,  472.— Spain;  Prussia.  473.  —  Russia  ; 
Sweden,  474. — Saxony;  Austria,  475.— Of  the  Navv  of  the  United  States,  475. 

P. 

PACKING  :  Small  arms.  184.— With  straw,  186.— Swords,  214.— Small  arm  car- 
tridges, 255.— Muskct-baMs.  256.— Cartridge-bags.  259.— Field  ammunition,  265.— 
Ammunition-boxes,  265. — Percussion-caps,  288. 

PACKING-BOXES:  For  muskets,  184.  — For  rifles,  185.  — For  small  arm  car- 
tridges, 255. — For  rau.<ket-ballg,  256. — For  field  ammunition,  265. — For  port-flrM, 
283. — For  percussion-caps.  2S8. — For  war-rockets,  300. 

PACKS,  for  mountain  service:  Weights,  68. 

PACK-SADDLE:  Nomenclature,  144.— Weight,  68.— Bill  of  timber,  80;  Bill  of 
iron,  92. 

PAINT:  Preparation  and  composition,  162.  —  Brainard's.  164.  —  Quanlilj  and 
kind  required  for  a  carriage.  169.  * 

P.^PER,   Laboratory:   Kinds:   Proof;   Dimensions  and  weights,  250. 

PAPER  SHELLS:  Fabrication,  306.— Dimensions  and  weighU,  310. 

PARK.  FIELD:  Composition  of,  346. 

PASS-BOX:  Dimensions  and  weight,  125. 

P.ASTE  :  To  prepare  the  different  kinds  of,  252. 


INDEX.  539 

PENDULUM.  Ballistic:  Used  to  determine  initial  velocities,  231. 

PENDULUM.  Captain  Benton's:  Description,  237,— To  use,  237. 

PENDULUM-IIAUSSE:  Description  of.  125.— Graduations,  126. 

PENDULUMS:  Length  of:  Time  of  vibration  of,  449.  Revolving:  Time  of 
revolution,  450. 

PEXE  RATION:  Of  Shot:  In  masonry,  379.  — In  oak,  379.  3'54.  — In  earth 
380.— In  granite  and  brick,  382.— In  fascines  and  wool,  382.  Of  Shelli,  381.  Of 
Small  Armn,  386.      Of  Spherical  PrnjectUfn,  468. 

PENT-IIOUSE:  Nomenclature,  110.— To  put  on,  111.— Bill  of  lumber.  119.— 
Bill  of  iron,  120. 

PERCUSSION-CAPS:  Fabrication,  2S5.—Packing,  288.— Number  required  for 
cartridges.  255. 

PETARD:  Use;  Fabrication;  Effects;  Substitute  for  a,  300.— For  ornamental 
fireworks,  305. 

PEWTER  :   Composed  of  tin  4  parts,  lead  1  part.  408. 

PICKAXE:   Dimensions  and  weight,  125. 

PIG  IRON:  Process  of  manufacture,  396.— Strength,  415. 

PILING   BALLS,  .34.— To  find  the  number  in  a  pile,  35.— Tables  of  piles,  36. 

PINE:  White,  pitch,  yellow  :  Properties,  390. — Strength;  Specific  gravity,  415. 

PINTLE:  Weight  of:  Barbette,  72,  75.— Casemate,  74. 

PINTLE-CROSS:  For  temporary  batteries,  110. 

PIPES:  Thickness  of,  417,  418.— Weight  of  iron,  427. 

PISTOL:  A  repeating,  issued  to  the  cavalry  and  light  artillery,  170. 

PITCH  :   How  made  ;  For  what  used.  413. 

PITCH  CEMENT:  Compo.sition,  169. 
ITCHED  FASCINES  :   Preparation  of,  289.— How  used,  290. 

PLANTON'S  COMPOSITION  for  preserving  wood  or  iron,  167. 

PLATES:  Cartridge-box,  216.— Waist-belt.  216.— Sabre-belt,  217. 

PLATFORM,  for  siege  guns  and  mortars,  110. — Dimensions  and  weigh'?,  113. 

PLATFORMS:  For  Sieije  Gnnn :  Nomenclature,  110. — Dimensions  and  weights. 
113. — Bills  of  timber,  115.  For  Sirge  Mortars  :  Nomenclature,  110. — Dimensions 
and  weights.  113. — Bills  of  timber,  115. 

PLUMMET,  for  mortars:  Line  and  Bob.  weight  1  lb.,  127. 

POINTIN(}-WIRE,  for  mortars:  Iron  wire  No.  7,  20  inches  long,  127. 

POLE-PAD:  Nomenclature;   Use;  Preservation,  143. 

POPLAR.  White:  Properties;  Uses,  389.— Strength;  Spec,  gravity,  415. 

PORTABLE-FORGE,  for  mountain  howitzers:   Nomenclature,  51.— Weight,  68. 

PORT-FIRES:   Fabrication,  278.— Packing,  278.— Preservation  in  store,  301. 

POWDER.     (See  Gunpowder,  223.) 

POWDER-BARRELS:  Fabrication,  228.— Dimensions,  229. 

POWDER-MEASURES:  Description;  Dimensions;  Weights,  126. 

POWERS  OF  NUMBERS:  Tables  of,  479. 


540  OBDNA.NCE    MANUAL. 

PRAIRIE  CARRIAGE:  Nomenclature,  47.  —  Dimensious  and  wcighU,  67.— 
Equipiiunt.  .'?22. 

PREPONDERANCE:  Definition,  11.— Of  guns,  13,  14.— Of  howitierB.  16. 

PREt^ERVATlON:  Carriages,  CO.  — Implements.  134.— llarncsK,  1.53.— BrnnH 
arms,  187.— Small  arms  in  service,  188.— Ammunition  and  fireworks,  SOU.— Metals, 
409.— Finished  work,  409. 

PRESSURE-PISTON.  Captain  Rodman's:  Descriplion  and  use,  238. 

PRI.MERS.  FRICTION:  Fabrication,  28.3.— Packing,  285.  — Number  required 
for  field  ammunition,  319.— For  siege,  349.— For  forts,  354. 

PRIiMlNtJ-WIRE,  for  field  and  garrison  guns:   Dimensionn  and  weights,  127. 

PROCiRESSION:    Aritbmelical  and  geometrical,  4fll. 

PRO.JECTILE:    Motion  <if:    In  vacuo,  46.1.  — In  the  air,  465.— Penetration,  468. 

PROLON(jE:  Description;  Dimensions;  Weight,  127. 

PROOF:  Of  ordnance,  24.— Of  shot  and  chells.  33.— <»f  mui>ket  barrels,  175.— Of 
springs,  177. — Of  sworils  and  sabres,  213.— Of  gunpowder,  230.— Of  chains,  i2i. 

PULLEY:   Power  of,  451. 

PULLEY-RLOCKS,  for  gins:  Nomenclature,  104,  105. 

PUNCHING   METALS:  Force  required  for,  416. 

PYROMETER,  Wedgewoods:  Scale,  441. 


QUANTITY   OF   WORK:   Definition,  448.— Done  by  men  and  hors«s,  454,  455. 
QUICK-MATCU:  Preparation,  277.— Preservation  in  store,  SOI. 
QUOIN,  for  siege  mortars:  Dimensions;  Weight,  127. 

R. 

RACKS,  for  small  arms.  187. 

RAIN  :  Quantity  that  falls  annually,  446.— Of  fire,  297.— Gold,  2«7. 
RAM.MER-HEADS:  Fabrication,  121.- Dimensions  and  weights,  132. 
RAMMERS:   Fabrication,  121. — Dimei^ions  and  weighta,  132. 
RAMRODS:  Nomenclature,  171. — Inspection,  1&7. 

RANGES:  Of  field  guns,  367,  368,  3C9.— Of  mouuUia  bowitaers,  309.— Of  siege 
guus,  370. — Of  heavy  guns,  371.  • 

RASPS:  Kinds  and  siies.  406. 
RATIONS:  Weight  and  bulk  of,  439. 
RECOIL  of  iron  carriages:   How  regulated,  376. 
RED-HEAT  of  iron:  Temperature  of,  441. 

REPAIRS:  Of  small  arms,  19j.— Of  swords,  215.— Of  accoutrements,  220. 
REPORT  OF  INSPECTION:  Of  musket  barrels,  182.- Of  powder,  232. 
RESISTANCE  of  the  air  to  motion  of  projectiles,  465. 
RIFLE:  Nomenclature,  172. — Dimeut>ioDs  and  weights,  174. 
RIFLE-GUNS:  524. 
KIFLE-MUSKET:  (see  Musket:)  Nomenclature,  170. — Dimensions,  weight,  174. 


INDEX.  64l 

RINffS:  For  Chaint:  Dimensions,  66.  For  Strapping  Shot  and  Shell:  Dimen- 
sions, 260. 

RIVETS:  Classifications  and  dimensions,  65. — Copper,  221. 
•  ROCKETS,   SIGNAL:    Fabrication,  293. —Decorations  for,  296.  — Dimensions 
and  weights,  298. 

ROCKP'IRE:  Preparation,  2R9.— Preservation  in  store,  302. 

ROMAN  CANDLES:  Fabrication,  .307. 

ROPES:  Size,  how  designated,  409.-  Quality,  251,  409.— Strength,  409.— Preser- 
vation, 410. 

ROSIN:  How  obtained;  Its  quality,  412. 

8. 

SABOTS:  For  Field  Gunn:  Fabrication,  259.— Dimensions,  266.  For  Siege  and 
Garrinon  Guns:   Fabrication,  269. — Dimensions,  274.      0/  Shavings,  272. 

SA15UES:  Nomenclature,  211. — Dimensions  and  weights,  21.3. 

SADDLE-BAGS:  Nomenclature,  151.— Weight,  161. 

SADDLE-BLANKET:  Quality;  Dimensions  and  weight,  151. 

SADDLES:  Artillery:  Drivers',  1.39.  — Valise,  140.  — Weight,  150.  Cavalry, 
149 —Weight.  160. 

SAFE,  LEATHER:  Definition,  137. 

SALTPETRE:  Properties,  223.— Where  found,  224.— Test  of  crude,  224.— Refin- 
ing, 224.— Test  of  refined,  225.— Pulverizing,  225,  245.— Purity  for  gunpowder,  225. 

SCRAPER,  for  siege  mortars:  Dimensions  and  weights,  127. 

SCREW:  Mechiinical  power  of,  452. — Table  of  wood-screws,  407. 

SCKEW-.IACK,  for  field  service:  Dimensions  and  weight,  127. 

SERPENTS,  for  rockets:  Fabrication,  296— Weight,  299. 

SHAFTS,  for  mountain  howitzer  carriage,  50. 

SHEARING  METALS:  Force  required  for,  416. 

SHEET  IRON:  Qualities,  404.— Thickness  and  weights,  405. 

SHEET  STEEL:  Qualities,  404.— Thickness  and  weights,  405. 

SHEET  TIN:  Manufacture,  404.— Dimensions,  405. 

SHELLS:  Dimensions  and  weights,  32.— To  compute  the  weight  of,  32.— To  find 
the  quantity  of  powder  to  fill,  32. — General  directions  for  fabricating,  32. — Inspec- 
tion, 33.  — Piling,  34.— Charging,  261,  266.  — Strapping,  269.  — Filling,  270.— Un- 
loading, 303.— Range.s,  368-373.— Penetrations,  379. 

SHELL-HOOKS:  Dimensions  and  weight,  127. 

SHOD  HANDSPIKES:  Nomenclature,  129.— Dimensions  and  weights,  130. 

SHOT:  Dimensions  and  weights,  29. — To  compute  weight  of,  32.  —  Inspection, 
33. — Piling  and  preservation,  34. — Strapping,  269,  —  Ranges,  367. — Penetrations, 
379,  384. — E.xpansion  when  heated,  388. 

SHOVEL:  Nomenclature;  Dimensions  and  weight,  127. 

SIEGE  ARTILLERY:  Guns:  Kind,  9.- Dimensions  and  weights,  13,  14,  15.— 
Proportion  in  a  siege  train,  348.     Carriages:  Nomenclature,  52. — Dimensions  and 


542  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

wciglits,  69. — Bills  of  timber,  81.— Bills  of  iron,  93. — Equipment,  350. — Mechanical 
manoeuvres,  ;{61. 

SIEGE  CARRIAGES:  Nomenclature,  .02.— Dimension;"  and  weights,  69,  70.— 
Equipment,  355.  \ 

S1K(JE  TRAIN,  Composition  of,  348. 

SIEVES  :  For  laboratory,  309.— For  gunpowder,  2.'i0. 

SIGNAL  ROCKETS:  How  denominated,  293.— Fabrication,  293.— Dimensions 
and  weights,  298. — Decorations  for,  296. — Preservation  in  store,  302. 

SINES:  Tables  of  natural,  518.— Tables  of  logarithms  of,  499. 

SLING-CARTS:  Nomenclature,  105.— Dimensions  and  weights,  112.  Hand: 
Nomenclature,  107.  —  Dimensions  and  weights,  112. —  Bill  of  timber,  115. —  Bill  of 
iron,  1 18. 

SLING-CIIAINS:  Description:   Length,  107.— Weight.  112. 

SLOW-MATCH  :   Preparation  and  packing,  276.— Preservation  in  8ti>re,  301. 

SMALL  AH.MS:  Nomenclature,  170.  —  Dimeiibions  and  weights,  174. —  Inspec- 
tion, 174.  —  Packing,  184.  —  Care  in  store,  188.  —Repairs,  195.  —  For  armament  of 
forts,  354. — Of  foreign  countries,  470. 

SMELTING   IRON  :   Process  of;    Fuel  and  flux  used  in,  395. 

SOLDER:  Silver;  Hard;  Plumber's';  Tinner'!" ;   I'ewt«rcr'» ;  Composition,  408. 

SOLDERlNti,  Liquor  for  :  Compo.sition,  40S. 

SOLIDS:   E.\pansiou  by  heat,  4J2. — .Men.-^uralion,  459. — Centre  of  gravity,  460. 

SOUND:   Velocity,  about  1,100  feet  in  a  second,  ^39. 

SPARE  PARTS:  For  repairs  of  small  arms,  198. — Swords,  215. — Accoolrements, 
219. — Field  carriages  and  equipments,  347. — Siege  carriages,  351. — Fortress  car- 
riages, 356. 

SPATULA,  for  mortars  :  Dimensions  and  weight,  127. 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITIES:  Of  fluids,  421. 

SPHERICAL-CASE  SHOT  :  Dimensions  and  weights.  30.— For  rifled  guns,  30. 
— Inspection,  34. — Filling  and  charging  :  Charge  for  firing ;  Weights,  fixed.  261  -266. 
— Packing,  265. —  Proportion  in  ammunition-chest,  319. —  For  a  battery.  346. — For 
a  siege  train,  349. — Ranges  and  time  of  flight,  367. —  Initial  velocity,  376. — Veloci- 
ties of,  at  X  distance  from  the  gun,  466,  467. 

SPIKING   GUNS:  Manner  of,  27.— To  fire  spiked  guns,  27. 

SPLICING   ROPES:  Manner  of,  360. 

SPONGE-BUCKET:  Nomenclature;  Dimensions  and  weight,  127. 

SPONGE-COVERS:   Fabrication,  122.— Dimensions  and  weights,  132. 

SPONGE-HEADS:   Fabrication,  121. — Dimensions  and  weights,  132. 

SPONGES:  Fabrication,  121. — Dimensions  and  weights,  132. — For  mortars,  134. 

SPURS:   Nomenclature;   Dimensions  and  weight,  151. 

SQUARES  AND  ROOTS  of  numbers.  479. 

STARS,  for  rockets:  Fabrication,  296.— Compositions,  311. 

STAVES,  for  implements:  Fabrication,  122. — Dimensions,  135. 

6TEAM:  Elastic  force  of,  456. — Steam  horse-power,  455. 


INDEX.  543 

STEEL:  Guns,  20. — Manufacture,  401. — Kinds  and  properties,  402. —  Hardening 
and  tempering,  402. — Strength,  416. 

STEEL,  CAST:  Manufacture;  Properties;  Test  of,  402.  —  Strength;  Specific 
gravity,  416. 

STEEL,  PUDDLED;  Manufacture;  Properties;  Strength,  401. 

STEEL,  SHEAR:  Kinds;  Manufacture,  401. 

STOCKS,  MUSKET:  Nomenclature,  171.— Inspection,  179. 

STORE-TRUCK  :  Nomenclature,  109.— Dimensions  and  weights,  112. 

STRAPPING  shot  and  shells:  Diflerent  modes  for:  Field,  260.— Siege  and  Gar- 
rison, 269. 

STRAPS,  for  strapping  shot  and  shells:  For  field  guns,  260,  266.— For  siege 
»nd  garrison  guns,  269. 

STREAMERS,  for  rockets:  Fabrication,  296.— Composition,  311. 

STRENGTH:  Of  iron  for  guns,  19.— Of  musket  barrels,  196.— Of  materials, 
414-416. — Of  chains,  423. — Of  hemp  and  iron-wire  ropes,  417. — Of  ice,  445. 

STRENGTH  OF  MATERIALS:  Tensile;  Transverse;  Resistance  to  compres- 
sion, 414,  415. — Resistance  to  punching  and  shearing,  416. 

SULPHUR:  Where  found,  227.— Properties,  227.— Refining,  227.— Pulverizing, 
227,  247. 

SUN-CASES:  Fabrication,  304. — Composition  for,  311. — Dimensions;  Rate  of 
burning,  310. 

SURFACES:  Mensuration  of,  457.— Friction  of  different  plane,  453. 

SWORDS:  Non-commissioned  oflScers';  Musicians',  212. — Foot-officers',  213. 


TABLES  :  Ordnance,  13-16.— Shot  and  shelKs,  29-31.— Lead  balls,  31.— Cast  iron 
balls,  32. — Piles  of  balls,  36. — Bolts,  nuts,  and  washers,  64.  Dimensions  and  iceights  : 
Of  artillery  carriages,  67-76. —  Of  machines,  112,  113. — Of  gins,  112. — Of  platforms, 
113.  —  Traverse  circles,  114.  —  Blocks  and  rollers,  114.  —  Buckles,  loops,  and  rings, 
167. — Rockets,  298. —  Leather  parts  of  harness,  158. —  Cavalry  equipments,  160. — 
Small  arms,  174.  —  Cartridge-boxes,  219.  —  Cartridges  for  small  arms,  257. —  Field 
ammunition,  266. —  Siege  and  garrison  ammunition,  274.  —  Fuzes,  283. — Heights  of 
breech-sights,  374.  —  For  estimating  distances,  375.  —  Initial  velocities  of  cannon- 
balls,  376. — Initial  velocities  of  balls  fired  from  small  arms,  377. — Loss  of  velocity  by 
windage,  378. — Penetration  of  shot  in  masonry,  379. — Penetration  of  shot  in  oak, 
379,384.  —  In  compact  earth,  380.  —  Penetration  of  shells,  381. —  Penetration  in 
granite  and  brick,  382. — Penetration  of  small  arms,  386. — Measuring  timber,  394. — 
Dimensions  of  sheet  tin;  Thickness  and  weight  of  sheet  metals,  405. — Kinds  of 
files  and  rasps,  406. — Wood-screws;  Cut  nails,  407. —  Chemical  equivalents  of 
bodies,  413. — Strength  of  woods,  414.^0f  metals,  415. — Punching  and  shearing 
metals,  416.  —  Strength  of  hemp  and  wire  rope,  417. —  Specific  gravity  of  fluids, 
421. — Weight  of  iron,  424-426. — Of  iron  pipes,  427. — Weights  and  measures.  United 
States,  428-430. — Coins,  431. — Foreign  measures  and  weights,  431-435.  —  Foreign 


544  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

coins,  436.  —  Equivalents  of  ounces  in  decimal  fractions  of  a  pound,  435.  —  Com- 
parison of  French  and  United  States  measures,  437.  —  Regular  polygons,  458. — 
Velocities  of  spherical-case  shot,  467.  —  Foreign  small  arms,  470.  —  Foreign  ord- 
nance, 471. — Navy  ordnance,  475. — For  converting  metres  into  inches.  476. — Kilo- 
grammes into  pounds,  and  grammes  into  grains,  477. — Density  of  water  at  different 
temperatures,  478. — Natural  sines  and  tangents,  518. — Powers  and  roots  of  num- 
bers, 479.  —  Logarithms  of  numbers,  499.  —  Logarithms  of  sines,  520.  —  Of  tan- 
gents, 622. 
TANGENTS:  Table  of  natural  tangents,  518. 
TAR:  How  obtained;   Uses,  412. 

TAR-BUCKET:  Nomenclature;  Dimensions  and  weight,  128. 
TARPAULINS,  of  three  sizes:  Dimensions  and  weights,  128. 
TARRED  LINKS:  Preparation  of,  291.  — Burn,  how  long,  2»1.  —  Prosenration 
in  store,  302, 

TENACITY  of  woods  and  metals,  414,  415. 

TEST:  Of  bronze;  Copper;  Tin,  17. —  Gun  iron,  19.  —  Paltj.etrc,  crude,  224.— 
Refined,  225.— Lead,  248.— Bar  iron,  399.— Steel,  402.— Files,  406. 
TIIER.MOMETERS:  Comparison  of  different  scalee,  441. 
THREAD,  Cartridge,  251.— Quantity  for,  257. 

THUMBSTALLS:  Dimensions  and  weights,  128.— Number  required,  321. 
TIMBER:  Kinds,  389.— Selection,  390.  — Felling,  390. -Getting  out,  .^91.- In- 
spection, 391.  —  Defects,  392.  —  Seasoning  and  preservation,  392.  —  Kyanizing,  393. 
-Steaming,  393.  — Piling,  393.  —  Kiln-drying,  393.— Charring.  393.  —  Measuring, 
394. — Specific  gravity  and  strength  of,  414.  Billi  of :  For  field  carriages,  77. — For 
siege,  81. — For  mountain  howitzer,  80. — For  repair  of  carriages,  351,  356. 

TIN:  For  manufacture  of  brouze  guns,  17. — Analysis,  17.    Sheet:  404. — Dimen- 
sions, 405. 

TINNING  IRON  AND  COPPER:  Manner  of,  408. 
TOOL-CIIESTS:  For  portable  forge,  51.— Contents,  341,  342. 
TOOLS:  Armorer's  for  an  arsenal,  200.— Laboratory,  312.- For  field  forge,  324. 
— For  field  battery-wagon,  326. — For  park  forge,  330. — For  park  battery-wagon, 
333. — For  siege  train,  352. — For  armament  of  forts,  357. — For  forge  for  mountain 
service,  340-342. 

TOP-CARRIAGE:  Barbette:   Nomenclature,  56. — Dimensions  and  weights,  71, 
72,  75,  76.     Casemate:  Nomenclature,  58. — Dimensions  and  weights,  73,  74,  76. 
TORCHES:  Preparation  of,  290. 

TORSION  :  Resistance  of  cylinders  of  different  metals  to,  420. 
TOURBILLON:  (Piece  of  ornamental  fireworks:)  How  made,  306. 
TOURTEAUX.     (See  Tarred  Links,  291.) 

TOW-HOOK,  for  unpacking  ammunition-chests;  Dimensions  and  weight,  128. 
TRAIL  HANDSPIKE  :  Nomenclature.  129.— Dimensions  and  weights,  130. 
TRAJECTORY  of  a  Ball :  In  vacuo,  463.— In  the  air.  465. 
TRAVERSE-CIRCLES  :  Dimensions  and  weights,  114. 


INDEX.  546 

TRAVELLING  FORGE:  Nomenclature,  42. —  Dimensions  and  weights,  70. — 
Bill  of  timber,  78.— Bill  of  iron,  88.— For  field  battery,  32.3.— For  field  park,  330.— 
Weights  equipped,  344. 

TRIGONOAftlTRY  :  Formulae,  461,  462. 

TRUCKS  :  Casemate  :  Store  :  Nomenclature,  108,  109. — Dimensions,  weighte,  112. 

TRUNNION-CHAINS:  Number;   Use;  Dimensions;  Weights,  107. 

TUBE-POUCH:  Nomenclature;  Dimensions  and  weight.  128. — Number  required 
to  a  piece,  321. 

TURPENTINE:  How  obtained,  412. —  Spirits  of,  412.  — Weight,  162.  — Propor- 
tions in  paint,  163,  164. 

r. 

UNLOADING  SHELLS:  Implements;  Precautions  in  ;  Manner  of,  303. 
UNSERVICEABLE  STORES,  breaking  up,  .302. 
UNSPIKING  CANNON,  27. 

V. 

VALISE:  Nomenclature,  141.— Weight,  156. 

VALISE  SADDLE:   Use;  Nomenclature,  140.— Weight,  156. 

VALUE  of  foreign  coins,  436. 

VARIATIONS  allowed  in  ordnance,  24. 

VARNISH  :  For  holsters,  167.  —  Copal,  167.  —  Japan,  1-68  —  For  browned  arms, 
184. — For  percussion-caps,  287. 

VELOCITIES,  Initial :  To  determine,  238.—  Of  iron  balls,  376.  — Of  lead  balls, 
377. — Loss  by  windage,  378. — General  formulae  for  computing.  468. 

VELOCITY  :  of  Balls :  Loss  of,  by  resistance  of  the  air,  466. — Of  descent  in  air, 
468.— Of  sound,  439.— Of  the  wind,  440. 

VENT:  Position,  11. — Replacing,  26. 

VENT-COVER,  for  field-pieces  ;  Dimensions  .and  weight,  128. 

VENTILATION:  How  much  required.  439. 

VENT-PIECE,  for  rifled  and  hroozo  guns,  11,  12. 

VENT-PUNCH:  Dimensions  and  weight,  128. 

W. 

WADS:  Fabrication;  Weight,  271 — Dimensions  and  weights;  Moulds  for,  274. 

WALNUT,.  BLACK:  Uses;  Properties,  389. — Strength;  Spec,  grav.,  415. 

WAR-ROCKETS  :  Fabrication,  299.— Packing,  300.— How  fired,  300.— Preserva- 
tion in  store,  302. 

WASHERS:  Linch  :  Shoulder:  Dimensions  and  weights,  62.     For  Holts,  6i. 

WATER:  Weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of,  421,  430.  —  Allowance  for  man  and  horse, 
438. — Density  at  different  temperatures,  442. — Displaced  by  the  same  glass  bulb, 
at  difi"erent  temperatures,  478. 

WATER-BUCKET:  Dimensions;  Weight,  129. 

WATERING  BRIDLE,  for  cavalry :  NomencLature,  149. 
37 


6i6  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

WATERING  BUCKET,  for  field  serTice;  Dimonsion«  and  weight,  128. 

WEDGE:  Power  of,  452. 

WKI(;iITS:  Of  ^r„„H  of  1862,  l.*?.— Guns  of  1S44,  H— HowiUerx.  1&.— MorUn, 
16._Pr„..f-phiirgcs  f.jr  gun?,  25.— Shot  and  Shells,  29.— i<|.lierioal-ca«e  nhot,  80.— 
Grspe-ihol.,  .'<1. — Lead  balU,  31. — Cast  iron  baJls,  32. — Axle-treeg,  fit. — Lincbptna, 
62. — WiidliPrs,  •2.  —  Nati,  64.  —  Field  gun-carriageB,  67.  —  MounUin  howitEM*  car- 
riage, &K. — Siog«  carriage,  69,  70. — Mortar-bedv,  70. —  Barbette  carria^ii.  wooden. 
71,  72. —  CKfcmatc  carriugfi<,  wooden,  73,  74. — Columliind  barbette  carriage*,  76.-^ 
Wrought  iron  carriages,  74. — Sling-carts  and  tracks,  112. — Gin*,  112.— Jacka,  flj^ 
— lMatforu)i<,  113.— Travcrfe-circles,  114.— Blockr  and  r«IUr«,  11-4.  —  Uan4«|illiM, 
130. — Bars,  130. —  Iinplcmenti',  132. — Wonnc,  134. — Sponges  for  mortari^,  1S4. — 
HorFCshocs,  158. — ]Ior5c.sboc  nuiU,  153. — Ilarncsr,  156. — Caralry  e<|ui{)inoDta,  160. 
— Small  arms,  174. —  Proof-charges  fur  luusketj*,  175.— Box  of  rniall  arms,  IM. — 
Swords  and  sabres,  213. —  Cartridge-boxes,  222. —  Laboratory  paper,  251. — Car- 
tridges for  siuall  arms,  257. —  Field  auiuunition,  266.— Siege  and  seacoast  aaiBn- 
nition,  274. — Fures,  2.'<3. —  Gun-carriages  and  cai^Mtns,  c({uip|>c<l  for  service,  S48. — 
Forges  and  battery-wagons,  e({ui|iped  for  gorvice,  344. — Sheet  metals,  405. — Coals, 
412. — To  break  bcmp  and  wire  rope,  417.— Bar  iron,  424.— Cast  iron  pipe*,  4tT. — 
United  States  weights,  42S. — Foreign,  431. —  Raii-o<l  liy  men  and  horses,  4i4,  466. 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES:  United  States  42^-^31.— Foreiga,  4S1-4SI.— 
Comparison  of  French  and  United  States,  437. 

AVELDINtJ   COM  POSITION:  For  iron  or  steel.  403. 

WHK.\T:  Weight  of  a  bushel;   Of  a  cubic  foot,  439. 

WHEEL  AND  AXLE:  Mechanical  power  of,  451. 

WUKKL-CASES:  For  fireworks,  306.— Dimensions,  Sl». 

WHEELS:  Classification,  60.     .SliiKj-cart :  Nomenclature,  106— Weight,  lit. 

WHEELS  AND   PINIONS:  Power  of,  451. 
.     WHIPS:  143.— Weight:  Number  required,  156. 

WIND:  Velocity  and  force  of,  440. 

WINDAGE  OF  BALLS:  Definition,  10.— Amount.  13-15.— Loss  of  ralocity  bj, 
378. 

WIPER,  for  mortar?:  Tow  cloth,  1  yard  square,  129. 

WIKE-tJAUGE:  Thickness  of  wire  and  shet-f  metals  by,  405. 

WIRE  ROPE.  Iron:  Strength  of,  in  lbs.  and  equivalent  hemp  rope,  417. 

WOODS:  (See  Timber,  389:)  Strength  and  spec.  grav.  of,  414,  415. 

WOOD-SCREWS:  Classification  and  dimensions,  407. 

WORMS:  Fabrication,  122. — Dimensions  and  weights,  134. 

Y. 

YELLOW-WASH,  for  buildings :  Composition  and  application,  18S. 

Z. 
ZINC:  Properties:  Specific  gravity:  Uses:  How  purehasol.  24?. 


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